Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 157 (2014) 83–93 brill.com/tve

Synopsis of species, biological agents for pest control on vegetables in Vietnam, with description of one new species Khuat Dang Long & Dang Thi Dzung

The biology of four allied species of the Cotesia Cameron is reviewed. All these species were reared from larvae of pest mainly belonging to the families Lymantriidae, , and Plutellidae. They are larval endoparasitoids and considered as important agents for biological control of pest insects infesting different vegetable crops in Vietnam, such as cabbage, kohlrabi, small colza, cauliflower, peanut, soybeans, and various other legumes. Of those four species, Cotesia clethrogynae Long sp. n., is described as new and illustrated; the biology and distribution of the other three allied species are given, they are illustrated and compared, and a key to four species is provided. This paper resulted from the identification of a new species of Cotesia reared from limantrid larvae of Clethrogynae turbata Butler and the necessity to compare related species. The host is an important pest infestant on soybean, different beans, peas and peanut in Vietnam. Keywords: , , , Cotesia, biological control, new species, , vegetable, Vietnam. Khuat Dang Long*, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam. [email protected] Dang Thi Dzung, Ha Noi Agricultural University, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Ha Noi, Vietnam

Introduction In Vietnam, two Cotesia species, Cotesia Cameron, 1891 is one of the largest genera (Haliday) and C. glomerata (L.), have so far been of the family Microgastrinae and the genus is taxo- recorded as important parasitoids of serious in- nomically one of the most difficult. Cotesia species sect pests on cabbage. The first one is the lar- occupy a special position among the Microgastrinae val of diamondback Plutella xy- because of their economic importance. They are re- lostella (L.) (Plutellidae), and the second one is the ported to parasitize larvae of lepidopterous species; common parasotioid of white cabbage butterflies, the range of hosts and distribution of Cotesia species rapae (L.) and P. c a n i d i a (L.) (Pieridae); two can be found in Yu et al. (2013). further parasitoids were revealed from alternative Several species of the genus Cotesia are recorded hosts, namely C. vestalis (Haliday), occasionally re- as highly potential agents for biological control of ported to parasitize larvae of the budworm Heli- pest insects infesting agricultural crops in Vietnam. coverpa armigera (Hubner) (Noctuidae), and C. ru- This paper deals only with four Cotesia species of the ficrus (Haliday), which was reared from larvae of genus that are closely related and coexist in vegetable several noctuids, such as the leafworm Spodoptera fields. litura (Fabricius), the budworm H. armigera, several

Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 157: 83–93, Tables 1–3. Figs 1–24. [ISSN 0040-7496]. brill.com/tve © Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden. Published 20 November 2014. DOI 10.1163/22119434-00002042

Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 10:39:28AM * Corresponding author via free access 84 Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, volume 157, 2014 armyworms such as Mythimna loryei (Duponchel), 1. Mesoscutum shiny without area of course ru- M. separata (Walker), and M. venalba (Moore) and gosity posteriorly, sparsely punctate (Fig. 10); the rice green semilooper Naranga aenescens Moore. scutellum shiny, nearly smooth; mesopleuron Here we describe a new species of the genus Cote- largely smooth, finely and sparsely punctate sia Cameron, Cotesia clethrogynae Long sp. n., which anteriorly (Fig. 12); first metasomal tergite was reared from larvae of Clethrogynae turbata Butler parallel-sided(Fig.11)...... C. glomerata (L.) (Lymantriidae), a serious pest on soybean, different – Mesoscutum dull, with area of course rugos- beans, peas and peanut in Vietnam. ity posteriorly or largely punctate (Figs 1, 16, 20); scutellum punctate all over; meso- pleuron punctate, except smooth medial area Material and methods (Fig. 2); first metasomal tergite widened api- In this paper we deal with all specimens of the par- cally(Fig.5,16,21)...... 2 asitoid mainly obtained by painstakingly rear- 2. Setae on third metasomal tergite restricted ing larvae of insects infesting vegetable crops, except on basal haft (Fig. 16); fore wing with vein for a few parasitoid wasps that either emerged from r shorter than vein 2-SR, vein 1-CU1 of cocoons collected from vegetables or were collected fore wing distinctly shorter than vein 2-CU1 by sweep nets and Malaise traps set in fields of veg- (Fig.19);cocoonsgregarious...... etable crops. A total of 182 lymantriid larvae of dif- ...... C. ruficrus (Haliday) ferent instars collected from soybean were reared and – Sparse setae covered all over third metasomal from those 45 parasitic wasps emerged in the lab- tergite (Figs 5, 21); fore wing with vein r as oratory. Based on all the specimens of other para- long as or a little longer than vein 2-SR, vein sitic wasps reared from certain hosts, a description of 1-CU1 of fore wing slightly shorter than vein the new species and redescriptions of three already 2-CU1 (Figs 9, 23); cocoons solitary ...... 3 known species were made. 3. Scapus yellow, dark brown subapically; me- Thespecimensofthehost,Clethrogyna turbata soscutum punctate without area of course Butler, were identified by comparing with specimens rugosity medio-posteriorly, scutellum evenly deposited in the collection of insects at National punctate (Fig. 1); hind coxa yellow apically, Institute of Plant Protection (Ha Noi, Vietnam), shiny and punctate dorso-basally (Fig. 8); where this species was stored under Orgyia turbata. hind tibial inner spur rather long, 0.55–0.60 For the terminology used in this paper, see van timesaslongashindbasitarsus...... Achterberg (1993); for diagnosis of Cotesia,seeMa- ...... C. clethrogynae sp. n. son (1981) and of the glomeratus-group of , – Scapus black or dark brown entirely; mesos- see Nixon (1965, 1974). cutum dull with area of course rugosity All the photographs were made by the first au- medio-posteriorly, scutellum rugose (Fig. 20); thor with a Canon G15 digital camera attached to an hind coxa black entirely, rugose dorso-basally Olympus SZ61 binocular microscope; the measure- (Fig. 24); hind tibial inner spur shorter, 0.36– ments of wasps were made under an Olympus SZ40 0.46 times as long as hind basitarsus ...... binocular microscope. All type specimens (holotype ...... C. vestalis (Haliday) and paratypes) are kept in the Vietnam National Mu- Comparative morphological characters of four seum of Nature (VNMN), the Institute of Ecology species of the genus Cotesia are given in Table 1. and Biological Resources, Ha Noi, Vietnam (IEBR) and the Netherlands Center for Natu- Descriptions ralis Leiden, the Netherlands (RMNH). Cotesia clethrogynae Long sp. n. Abbreviations used in the paper are as follows OD: diameter of posterior ocellus; POL: postocel- (Figs 1–9) lar line; OOL: ocular-ocellar line; MT: Malaise trap; Type material. Holotype,  (VNMN), Mic.1348, N Mic.+number: code number indexing for specimens Vietnam: Ha Noi, Gia Lam, ex Clethrogyna turbata of the Microgastrinae in the collection; N: North- on soybean, iv.2012, leg. DT Dzung. ern; NE: Northeastern; NW: Northwestern; NP: Na- Paratypes. 4 females (VNMN, RMNH), Mic.1328, tional Park. Mic.1346, Mic.1347, 6 males (VNMN, RMNH), Mic.1328a, Mic.1329, Mic.1329a, Mic.1330, Mic. 1330a, Mic.1331, Ha Noi, Gia Lam, ex Clethrog- Key to four Cotesia species from Vietnam as potential yna turbata on soybean, iv.2012, DT Dzung; 6 agents for biocontrol on vegetables females (VNMN), Mic.926, Mic.926a, Mic.926b, Mic.926c, Mic.927, Mic.927a, N Vietnam:Ha Tay, Hoai Duc, Van Con, ex Clethrogyna turbata

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Table 1. Comparative morphological characters of four parasitoid species used for biological control of pest insects on vegetables in Vietnam.

Species Ratio Medial length Hind tibial inner Discal cell Metacarp/distance from r/2-SR 1-CU1/2-CU1 (tergite2/tergite3) spur/hind basitarsus (length/height) metacarp to apex of marginal cell

C. clethrogynae Long sp. n. 0.63–0.80 0.55–0.60 1.08–1.20 3.71–4.20 1.08–1.27 0.62 C. glomerata (L.) 0.73–0.83 0.39–0.44 1.21–1.37 2.80–3.71 1.10–1.15 0.85 C. ruficrus (Haliday) 0.75–0.87 0.36–0.46 1.20–1.22 2.71–3.20 0.75–0.80 0.66 C. vestalis (Haliday) 0.89–1.00 0.40–0.46 1.20–1.30 2.10–2.55 1.15–1.25 0.75 on soybean, 22.vi.2007 KD Long; Mic.931 id. C. clethrogynae is similar to C. vestalis but differs but 7.ix.2005; 4 females (VNMN), Mic.257, N from the latter by having (a) the first metasomal ter- Vietnam: Ha Tay, Thach That, peanut, MT 10– gite longer, weakly widened apically and 1.20–1.36 20.iii.2002, KD Long; Mic.752, N Vietnam: Ha times as long as apical width (the first metasomal ter- Tay, Hoai Duc, Song Phuong, Clethrogyna turbata gite of C. vestalis shorter and round broaded apically, on green pea, 21.ix.2005, KD Long; Mic.1124, 1.00–1.08 times as long as wide); (b) the third ter- N Vietnam: Ha Noi, Gia Lam, Da Ton, MT 4– gite smooth basally (third tergite of C. vestalis rugose- 14.vi.2001; Mic.1144, NW Vietnam: Hoa Binh, punctate subbasally); (c) hind coxa yellow apically, Yen Thuy, garden, MT 20–29.ii.2002, KD Long; shiny, punctate dorso-basally (in C. vestalis black Mic.1342, N Vietnam: Ha Tay, Thach That, garden, entirely, rugose dorso-basally); (d) hind tibial inner 21°00 40 N 105°32 13 E 25 m, MT 25–31.iii.2002, spur long, 0.55–0.60 times as long as hind basitar- KD Long; 3 females (IEBR), Mic.430, NW Viet- sus (0.40–0.47 times in C. vestalis) and (e) metacarp nam: Hoa Binh, Yen Thuy, forest, 21°23 06 N rather long, 3.71–4.20 times as long as distance from 105°34 11 E 315 m, MT 10–20.i.2003, KD Long; it to apex of marginal cell (2.10–2.55 times in C. Mic.1363, N Vietnam: Ha Tay, Quoc Oai, Dong vestalis). Quang, soybean, 15.v.1997, KD Long; Mic.1364, id. but 01.viii.1996. Description Holotype, , body length 2.9 mm, fore wing length Diagnosis and comments 2.5 mm, antenna 2.8 mm (Fig. 4). Cocoons solitary, white. Scapus yellow, dark brown Head. Ocelli in low triangle, anterior ocellus apically; mesoscutum punctate, posterior end of no- touching anterior tangent of posterior ocelli, POL: taulic course nearly rugo-punctate (Fig. 1); scutel- OD:OOL = 5:2:5, distance between anterior ocellus lum punctate with polished spaces between punc- and posterior ocellus as long as OD; width of face 0.8 tures; mesopleuron smooth medially, punctate ante- times as long as length of face and clypeus combined riorly (Fig. 2); mesosternum punctate; inner side of (13:16); distance between tentorial pits 2.7 times as fore telotarsus without spine; hind coxa evenly punc- long as distance from pit to eye margin; in dorsal tate dorso-basally, dark brown basally, yellow apically view length of eye 1.8 times as long as temple (9:5); (Fig. 8); hind tibial inner spur slightly longer than face shiny, punctate. half of hind basitarsus. Metacarp rather long, 3.71– Mesosoma. Length of mesosoma 1.32 times as long 4.20 times as long as distance from it to apex of as high (41:31); mesoscutum largely punctate; scutel- marginal cell; vein r of fore wing arising from mid- lum punctate with shiny polished interspaces beween dle of pterostigma, longer than vein 2-SR (Fig. 9); punctures (Fig. 1); mesopleuron largely smooth me- length of discal cell of fore wing 1.2 times as long dially; precoxal sulcus rather broad, crenulate medi- as its height (14:11); parastigma rather long, 2.0 ally, largely punctate anteriorly and ventrally (Fig. 2); times vein 1-SR (3:1.5); 1-CU1 0.62 times as long metapleuron smooth anteriorly, carinate medially, as 2-CU1 (Fig. 9); vein M + CU of hind wing as rugose-punctate posteriorly. long as vein 1-M. Hind coxa yellow apically, shiny, Wings. Fore wing: Pterostigma 3.0 times as long punctate dorso-basally (Fig. 8); hind tibial inner spur as wide (21:7); parastigma 1.75 times as long as vein 0.5 times as long as hind basitarsus. First metasomal 1-SR (3.5:2); metacarp 3.43 times as long as distance slightly widened apically, 1.45 times as long as api- from it to apex of marginal cell (24:7); vein r of fore cal width (16:11) (Fig. 5); apical width of first ter- wing 1.2 times vein 2-SR (6:5) (Fig. 9); length of gite 1.45 times width of basal field of second tergite; discal cell of fore wing 1.08 times as long as its height second tergite distinctly shorter third medially; third (14:13); 1-CU1 0.62 times as long as 2-CU1; vein 2- and fourth tergites smooth, sparsely setose; hypopy- SR + M0.7timesaslongas2-SR.VeinM+ CU of gium short, setose ventrally, in ventral view straight hind wing as long as vein 1-M. apically.

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Figs 1–9. Cotesia clethrogynae Long sp. n. – 1, mesonotum; 2, mesopleuron; 3, hypopygium and ovipositor (lateral view); 4, female (habitus); 5, metasomal tergites 1 + 2 + 3; 6, fourth instar larvae of Clethrogyna turbata Butler; 7, Clethrogyna turbata moth; 8, hind coxa (dorsal view); 9, fore wing.

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Legs. Hind coxa discretely punctate dorso-basally Table 2. Life cycle of Cotesia clethrogynae sp.n.feeding (Fig. 8), this character differs from other species on larvae of the soybean moth Clethrogyna turbata. (largely rugose in C. ruficrus and C. vestalis,andshiny Development Number of host Development duration (days) sparsely punctate in C. glomerata); hind tibial inner stage of parasitoid larvae reared Min. Max. Average spur 0.55 times as long as hind basitarsus (10:18). Metasoma. First tergite 1.45 times as long as api- Inside host 30 5 11 6.93 ± 1.86 Outside host 32 4 6 4.47 ± 0.62 cal width (16:11) (Fig. 5); medial length of second Pre-oviposition 15 0 1 0.53 ± 0.32 tergite 0.64 times than third (7:11); suture between period second and third tergites punctate; third tergite 1.25 Life cycle 15 9 18 12.47 ± 2.50 times as long as fourth (10:8) (Fig. 5); first and me- dian field of second tergite strongly rugose; remain- Note: Average temperature 29.2 ± 2.3°C and RH = 75.9 ± 6.4%. der smooth, third and fourth tergites sparsely setose; hypopygium short, setose (Fig. 3), in ventral view Table 3. Host instar larva selectivity of Cotesia clethrog- truncate apically. ynae females. Colour. Dark brown, antennae brown; scapus yel- llow, brownish apically; head and metasoma dark Parameter Instars of host larva brown; tegula yellow; fore and middle legs yellow; 12345 hind leg yellow, except hind coxa basally and tips Number of host larva offered 40 40 40 40 40 of hind femur and tibia, hind tarsus apically dark Number of host larva parasitized 024308 0 brown; third and fourth tergites and sternites yellow. Percentage of parasitism 06075200 Variation. Paratypes: length of body 2.7–2.9 mm, of fore wing 2.4–2.6 mm; antenna 2.5–2.6 mm (fe- Note: Average temperature 27.9 ± 2.4°C and RH = 72.5 ± 4.6%. males), 3.0–3.2 mm (males). Body length of fe- male slightly longer than fore wing and antenna; but and fourth larval instars of Clethrogyna turbata are length of body and antenna of male shorter. Meso- accepted for oviposition, the percentage of the sec- soma length 1.25–1.37 times as long as its height; ond, third and fourth host larvae parasitized by Cote- hind tibial inner spur 0.55–0.60 as long as hind ba- sia clethrogynae is 60, 75 and 20 percent, respectively sitarsus; length of pterostigma 2.85–3.36 times as (Table 3). long as its width; parastigma 1.80–2.00 times longer than vein 1-SR; vein r of fore wing 1.08–1.27 times (L., 1758) longer than vein 2-SR; length of discal cell of fore (Figs 10–15) wing 1.08–1.20 times as long as its height; length of Ichneumon glomeratus L., 1758: 568. second metasomal tergite 0.63–0.80 times as long as Microgater glomeratus: Haliday, 1833: 262. third tergite medially. Apanteles glomeratus: Marshall, 1885: 176; Nixon, 1974: 492. Cotesia glomerata: Mason, 1981: 112 (transferred from Apante- Etymology les s.l.); Papp, 1989: 191. The new species named after the generic name of its host, Clethrogyna turbata Butler. Diagnosis and comments Cocoons gregarious and white or occationally Biology yellowish-white (Fig. 15). Body length, 1.8–2.1, fore Host: larvae of moth Clethrogyna turbata Butler wing length 1.9–2.0 mm and antenna 2.0–2.1 mm (Figs6,7),mainlyapestofsoybean,differentbeans, (female) and 2.3–2.4 mm (male). Mesosoma length peas and peanut in northern Vietnam, such as black 1.23–1.29 times as long as its height; scapus yellow, and French beans, Chinese and green peas. The bi- brownish apically; mesoscutum convex, shiny on the ological characteristics of the new species, Cotesia whole because of smooth interspaces between dis- clethrogynae Long sp. n., are given in Table 2. crete punctures (Fig. 10); scutellum very shiny with The life cycle of parasitoid Cotesia clethrogynae sp. sparse fine punctures; mesopleuron shiny, largely n. feeding on larvae of the moth Clethrogyna tur- ± smooth (Fig. 12); metapleuron with oblique crenu- bata is 12.47 2.50 days, the development dura- late groove divided into an anterior smooth area and tion of parasitoid inside and outside host larvae is a posterior rugose part, that distinctly differs from 6.93 ± 1.86, 4.47 ± 0.62, respectively; the pre- ± the other three species; mesosternum smooth; first oviposition period of adults lasted 0.53 0.32 days metasomal tergite parallel-sided (Fig. 11). The wing (Table 3). The percentage of parasitoid wasps emerg- venation of C. glomerata is similar to the venation ing from cocoons varies from 70 to 80%, the sex of C. ruficrus and C. vestalis, but the length of the ratio (male:female) is about 2:1. The second, third pterostigma is 2.66–3.42 times as long as its width;

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Figs 10–15. Cotesia glomerata (L.). – 10, mesonotum; 11, metasomal tergites 1 + 2 + 3; 12, mesopleuron; 13, fore wing; 14, fourth instar larvae of Pieris canidia; 15, cocoons on cabbage.

Downloaded from Brill.com10/09/2021 10:39:28AM via free access Long & Dzung: Synopsis of Cotesia with description of a new species 89 parastigma 1.60–2.00 times as long as vein 1-SR; Apanteles manilae Ashmead, 1904: 19. Synonymised by metacarp 2.80–3.71 times as long as distance from Wilkinson, 1932: 309. it to apex of marginal cell; vein r 1.10–1.15 times Apanteles (Protanpanteles) narangae Viereck, 1913: 642. Syno- as long as vein 2-SR (Fig. 13); length of second dis- nymised by Wilkinson, 1932: 309. cal cell 1.21–1.37 times as long as its height; 1-CU1 Apanteles ruficrus (Haliday): Nixon, 1974: 494. 0.85 times as long as 2-CU1 (Fig. 13). Hind wing Cotesia ruficrus: Mason, 1981: 113 (transferred from Apanteles s.l.); Papp, 1989: 197. rather broad, M + CU about 0.9 times as long as vein 1-M, first tergite gradually widened from base to apex but slightly narrowed apically. Hind coxa Diagnosis and comments shiny, sparsely punctate; hind inner spur 0.39–0.44 Cocoons gregarious and white. Body length 1.9– times as long as hind basitarsus. Length of first ter- 2.4 mm, fore wing length 1.8–2.1 mm, antenna gite 1.11–1.20 times as long as apical width; length 2.2–2.3 mm (female) and 2.3–2.4 mm (male). Sca- of second tergite 0.73–0.83 times than third medi- pus yellow, brown apically. Mesosoma length 1.43– ally; first and second metasomal tergites shiny, api- 1.44 times as long as its height; mesoscutum densely cal half of first tergite and second tergite finely rugo- punctate without smooth interspaces between punc- punctate, third tergite largely smooth, sparsely setose tures (Fig. 16); scutellum punctate as mesoscu- apically (Fig. 11); hypopygium very short, sparsely tum; mesopleuron smooth medially, punctate ante- setose, in ventral view concave apically. riorly and dorsally; mesosternum punctate. Length of pterostigma 3.00–3.20 times as long as its width; parastigma 2.00–2.50 times as long as vein 1-SR; Biology metacarp 2.71–3.20 times as long as distance from Hosts: larvae of white cabbage butterflies Pieris cani- it to apex of marginal cell; vein r of fore wing aris- dia (L.) and P. r a p a e (L.) (Pieridae) mainly infesting ing after middle of pterostigma (Fig. 19), 0.75–0.80 cabbage (Fig. 14). Sex ratio (male:female) is 1:3.2; times shorter than vein 2-SR; length of discal cell the first and second instar larvae of white cabbage of fore wing 1.20–1.22 times as long as its height; butterflies were recorded as the preferable hosts of parastigma 2.6 times vein 1-SR; 1-CU1 0.66 times wasps. as long as 2-CU1 (Fig. 19). Vein M + CU of hind Distribution. NW Vietnam: Lao Cai, Hoa Binh; wing as long as vein 1-M. Hind coxa dark brown, yel- NE Vietnam: Vinh Phuc, Tam Dao NP; Red River low apically, largely rugose dorso-basally; hind tibial Delta: Ha Noi. inner spur 0.36–0.46 times as long as hind basitar- Recently, mostly C. glomerata is observed on cab- sus. First metasomal round, widened apically, 1.1– bage in high mountainous areas in northern Viet- 1.2 times as long as apical width (Fig. 17); apical nam, occasionally in winter this species appears in width of first tergite 0.8–0.9 times width of basal lowland areas. field of second tergite; length of second tergite 0.75– Specimens checked. 6 females (VNMN), Mic. 0.87 times than third medially; third tergite finely 688, Mic.685, Mic.686, Mic.688, Mic.689, Mic. punctate basally, smooth apically; hypopygium very 691, Mic.932, 2 males (VNMN), Mic.687, Mic. short, sparsely setose, in lateral view more or less 690, NW Vietnam: Lao Cai, Sa Pa, 10.vi.2004, ex sharp (Fig. 18), in ventral view straight. Pieris spp. on cabbage, gregarious cocoon; 1 female (VNMN), N Vietnam: Ha Tay, Thach That, Hoa Lac, MT tea garden, 15–25.iv.2002, KD Long; 6 fe- Biology males (VNMN), Mic.1167, Mic.1167a, Mic.1168, Hosts: larvae of Spodoptera litura, Helicoverpa armi- Mic.1168a, Mic.1169, Mic.1169a; 3 males (IEBR), gera (Noctuidae), on different vegetable crops. Sex Mic.1167b, Mic.1168b, Mic.1169b (VNMN), N ratio (male:female) is 1:2.2. Cotesia ruficrus is also Vietnam: Ha Tay, Quoc Oai, soybean field, gre- frequently reared from larvae of the rice green garious cocoon, 16.v.1996, KD Long; 1 female semilooper Naranga aenescensi and the armyworm (VNMN), Mic.1482, NE Vietnam: Vinh Phuc, Tam complex, viz. Mythimna loreyi, M. separata and M. Dao NP, sweeping, 10.v.1990. venalba, infesting rice and maize. The parasitoid fe- males attack mostly first and second instars, but rarely the third instar larva is used. Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday, 1834) Distribution. This species was found throughout (Figs 16–19) Vietnam. ruficrus Haliday, 1834: 253. Specimens checked. 2 females (IEBR), Mic.1459, Apanteles ruficrus: Reinhard, 1880: 368; Wilkinson, 1932: 309. Mic.1460, N Vietnam:HaNoi,TuLiem,ricefield, Apanteles antipoda Ashmead, 1900: 355. Synonymised by gregarious cocon ex Spodoptera mauritia, 5.v.1983, Wilkinson, 1932: 309. TC Phong; 5 females (IEBR), Mic.1461, Mic.1462, Mic.1501, Mic.1502, Mic.1503, N Vietnam: Ha

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Figs 16–19. Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday). – 16, mesonotum; 17, metasomal tergites 1 + 2 + 3; 18, hypopygium and ovipositor (lateral view); 19, fore wing. Cotesia vestalis (Haliday, 1834) Tay, Ha Dong, 11 km E Ha Noi, ex Spodoptera (Figs 20–24) mauritia, 01.x.1996, KD Long; 3 females (IEBR), Mic.1341, Mic.1343, Mic.1344, N Vietnam: Ha Apanteles plutellae Kudjumov, 1912: 226; Wilkinson, 1939: Noi,GiaLam,exMythimna separata on maize, 80; Nixon, 1974: 495. 26.iii.1997, KD LONG; 2 females (VNMN), Mic. Cotesia plutellae: Mason, 1981: 113 (transferred from Apanteles 814, Mic.815, ibid. but 30.iii.2006, KD LONG; 2 s.l.); Papp, 1989: 196. Cotesia vestalis: Shaw, 2003: 188. females (VNMN), N Vietnam: Ha Noi, Gia Lam, ex Mythimna separata on maize + beans, 13.iv.2006; 1 female (VNMN), ibid. but 20.v.2008, KD LONG.

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Figs 20–24. Cotesia vestalis (Haliday). – 20, mesonotum; 21, metasomal tergites 1 + 2 + 3; 22, hypopygium and ovipositor (lateral view); 23, fore wing; 24, hind coxa (dorsal view).

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Diagnosis and comments Plutella xylostella, 10.v.2004, KD Long; 1 female Cocoons solitary, white or yellowish-white. Body (VNMN), Mic.892c, N Vietnam: Ha Tay, Hoai length 2.6–2.7 mm, fore wing length 2.3–2.5 mm, Duc, Van Con, peanut field, 25.v.2005, KD Long; 5 antenna 2.4–2.6 mm. Scapus black or dark brown females (VNMN), N Vietnam: Ha Tay, Hoai Duc, entirely; mesosoma length 1.20–1.30 times as long Song Phuong, ex Plutella xylostella on cabbage + as its height; mesoscutum rugose posteriorly, poste- beans, 26.iv.2005; 2 females (VNMN), Mic.1397, rior end of notaulic course nearly foveolate (Fig. 20); Mic.1398, NW Vietnam: Hoa Binh, Ky Son, cab- scutellum rugose-punctate; mesopleuron smooth bage, ex Plutella xylostella, 01.iii.2003, KD Long; medially, punctate anteriorly and dorsally; mesoster- 3 females (IEBR), Mic.1448, Mic.1449, Mic.1450, num punctate; hind coxa black, rugose dorso-basally N Vietnam: Ha Noi, Gia Lam, Long Bien, ex (Fig. 24). Length of pterostigma 2.63–2.85 times Plutella xylostella, 10.xii.1992, KD Long; 2 females as long as its width; parastigma 2.50–2.70 times as (IEBR), Mic.813, ibid. but 30.iii.2006, KD Long long as vein 1-SR; metacarp 2.10–2.55 times as long and Mic.1451 (IEBR), ibid. but 25.xii.1991, KD- as distance from its to apex of marginal cell; vein Long; 2 females (IEBR), Mic.1106a, Mic.1107, r of fore wing arising from middle of pterostigma ibid. but 7.ix.2007, KD Long; 1 female (VNMN), (Fig. 23), 1.15–1.25 times longer than vein 2-SR Mic.1452 (IEBR), N Vietnam: Ha Tay, Thuong vein r and 2-SR weakly angled (Fig. 23); length Tin, kohlarabi, single cocoon, 16.x.1997, KD Long; of discal cell of fore wing 1.20–1.30 times as long 1 female (VNMN), Mic.1453, S Vietnam: Lam as its height; 1-CU1 0.75 times as long as 2-CU1 Dong, Da Lat, cabbage, 27.vii.2002, KD Long; 4 (Fig. 23). Vein M + CU of hind wing 0.85 times as females (IEBR), Mic.1454, Mic.1455, Mic.1456, long as 1-M. Hind coxa black, largely rugose dorso- Mic.1456a, N Vietnam: Ha Noi, Tu Liem, Mai basally; hind tibial inner spur 0.40–0.47 times as Dich, cabbage, ex Plutella xylostella, 05.x.1990, KD long as hind basitarsus. The first metasomal tergite Long. 1.00–1.08 times as long as apical width (Fig. 21); apical width of first tergite 0.8–0.9 times width of basal field of second tergite; length of second tergite Acknowledgements 0.89–1.00 times third medially; first and basal field This paper has been funded by the Vietnam National of second tergite strongly rugose; third tergite punc- Foundation for Science and Technology Develop- tate subbasally, smooth apically; hypopygium short, ment (NAFOSTED) under grant number 106.15- in ventral view straight apically; ovipositor sheath 2012.62. The authors would like to express their short (Fig. 22). thanks to Dr James M. Carpenter from the Ameri- Cotesia vestalis differs from Cotesia clethrogynae sp. can Museum of Natural History (New York) and Dr n. by having an entirely black or dark brown scapus Gavin R. Broad, from the Natural History Museum (largely yellow, brown subapically in C. clethrogynae); (London, UK) for providing the inaccessible litera- inner hind tibial spur distinctly shorter than half of ture; the authors also express their deep gratitude to hind basitarsus; hind coxa rugose dorso-basally, dark Dr Cees van Achterberg from the Naturalis Biodi- brown to black entirely; first metasomal tergite 1.00– versity Center (Leiden) and two reviewers for critical 1.08 times as long as apical width; second metasomal comments. tergite slightly shorter than or subequal to third tergite medially. References Austin, A.D. & P.C. Dangerfield, 1992. Synopsis of Aus- Biology tralasian Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Host: larvae of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Plutellidae) with a key to genera and description of new taxa. – In- mainly on cabbage, occasionally reared from lar- vertebrate Taxonomy 6: 1–76. vae of the bud worm Helicoverpa armigera infesting Bhatnagar, S.P., 1948. Studies on Apanteles Foerster (Vipi- several kinds of beans and peas, peanut. Sex ratio onidae: Parasitic Hymenoptera) from India. – The In- (male:female) is about 1.0:1.1. On cabbage, the par- dia Journal of Entomology 10: 134–203. asitoid wasps were found attacking first, second and Long, K.D., 2007. Three new species of the subfamily third larvae of P. xylostella. Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Viet- Distribution. NW Vietnam: Lao Cai, Hoa Binh; NE: nam. – Ta.pChíSinhHo.c 29(3): 25–31. Bac Ninh; Red River Delta: Ha Noi, Hung Yen; Long, K.D., 2010. Five new species of the genus Apanteles South Vietnam: Lam Dong (Da Lat). (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from Viet- Specimens checked. 1 female (VNMN), Mic. nam. – Ta.pChíSinhHo.c 32(4): 69–79. 735, 2 males (VNMN), Mic.736, Mic.737, N Viet- Long, K.D. & S.A. Belokobylskij, 2003. A preliminary nam: Ha Noi, Hoai Duc, Van Con, cabbage, ex list of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) of Vietnam. – Russian Entomological Journal 12: 385–398.

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