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Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Foundation Document
NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Foundation Document Overview Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Colorado Contact Information For more information about the Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Foundation Document, contact: [email protected] or (719) 438-5916 or write to: Superintendent, Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site, 910 Wansted, POB 249, Eads, CO 81036-0249 Purpose Significance Significance statements express why Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site resources and values are important enough to merit national park unit designation. Statements of significance describe why an area is important within a global, national, regional, and systemwide context. These statements are linked to the purpose of the park unit, and are supported by data, research, and consensus. Significance statements describe the distinctive nature of the park and inform management decisions, focusing efforts on preserving and protecting the most important resources and values of the park unit. • The site of the Sand Creek Massacre has sacred significance © Dan Esarey to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, particularly those tribal members who are descended from victims and survivors of the massacre. The purpose of SAND CREEK MAssACRE • The site is a reminder of the tragic extremes of the 500 years of conflict between American Indians and European NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE is to protect and Americans over land that now comprises the United States. preserve the landscape of the massacre site and interpret the associated • The intense distrust resulting from the Sand Creek cultural values to enhance public Massacre influenced virtually all subsequent conflicts understanding of the massacre and between American Indians and the U.S. -
Crossroads in Eden: the Development of Fort Lupton, 1835-2000
CROSSROADS IN EDEN: THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORT LUPTON, 1835-2000 A HISTORICAL CONTEXT Submitted to: Historic Preservation Board City of Fort Lupton, Weld County, Colorado Prepared by: Adam Thomas SWCA Environmental Consultants State Historical Fund Project 02-02-075, Deliverable 3: Fort Lupton Historic Survey and Context SWCA Cultural Resource Report 2003-141 October 2003 CROSSROADS IN EDEN: DEVELOPMENT OF FORT LUPTON, 1835-2000 A HISTORICAL CONTEXT Submitted to: Historic Preservation Board City of Fort Lupton, Weld County, Colorado Prepared by: Adam Thomas SWCA Inc. Environmental Consultants 8461 Turnpike Drive Suite 100 Westminster, Colorado 80031 Bill Martin, Project Manager Kevin W. Thompson, Principal Investigator State Historical Fund Project 02-02-075, Deliverable 3: Fort Lupton Historic Survey and Context SWCA Cultural Resource Report 2003-141 October 2003 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: Timeless Connections iv A Note on Sources v Chapter 1: South Platte River Basin Prehistory to 1860 1 European Exploration 2 • Fort Lupton and Early Settlers 6 Chapter 2: A City Develops 12 Commercial and Civic Development 14 • Residential Development 17 • Social Life and Entertainment 20 • Public Services and Utilities 22 • Churches 24 • Schools 26 Chapter 3: The Freighter’s Campground: History of Transportation in Fort Lupton 28 Stage Lines and Toll Roads 28 • Railroads 29 • The Automobile Age 33 Chapter 4: Bounty of the Earth: Agriculture, Food-Processing, and the Oil and Gas Industries 37 Ranching 37 • Farming and Irrigation 39 • Food-Processing Industry 41 • Oil and Gas 46 Chapter 5: A Town of Diversity: Ethnic Heritage of Fort Lupton 48 Germans from Russia 48 • Hispanics 50 • Japanese 55 Conclusion: A Historical Crossroads 58 Notes 59 Bibliography 66 FIGURES, MAPS, AND TABLES Fig. -
Sand Creek Massacre NHS L
Park News National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Sand Creek Massacre NHS Summel r, 2004 Site Update and Historical Background Welcome to the second Sand Creek Massacre NHS newsletter. In this issue, Park Ranger Craig Moore continues the historical and biographical sketches of some of the many people who have been in one way or another associated with the Sand Creek Massacre and who connect its legacy to the present day. The Sand Creek staff continues to give many public programs to schools, historical societies, civic organizations, and other grourps. Staff is also researching archives and photo collections, and most importantly, visiting with descendents of those who were there on the Big Sandy Creek on November 29, 1864, recording genealogical information and collecting family photos. One article summarizes the Cheyenne and Arapaho oral history projects that were major components of the Sand Creek Massacre Site Location Study in 1999 and that continue as ongoing efforts among the tribes today. The historical memory passed from one generation to the next provides a deep pool of knowledge that will help guide the National Historic Site’s planning and management efforts as the site becomes established. Currently, together with the Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes, other federal, state, and local agencies, and local landowners, the NPS is working with various researchers to understand what the site area looked like in 1864 and how has it changed since then; how to prevent fire and manage it should it occur; how to manage the short grass prairie without cattle for the first time in more than a century; how to make the site accessible to the public after the formal establishment occurs, and many other issues. -
SYMBOLS a B C ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty
©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd entertainment 206-7 travel within 128-9 384 festivals & events 200-1 walking tours 112 food 203-5 Boulder Creek Festival 25, 114 internet access 207 Breckenridge 34, 169-79, 170 medical services 207 accommodations 175-6 shopping 207 activities 172-4 sights 194-5 courses 174-5 tourist information 208 drinking 177-8 travel to/from 208 entertainment 178-9 travel within 208 festivals & events 175 Aspen Music Festival 25, 201 food 176-7 ATMs 373 history 169, 178 shopping 179 SYMBOLS sights 169-72 ‘14ers’ 12, 31, see also mountains B tourist information 179 & peaks Bachelor Loop 285 tours 174-5 internet resources 19 backpacking, see hiking Bailey 220-1 travel to/from 179 Basalt 209-10 travel within 179 A bears 363 Breckenridge Spring Massive 24 accommodations 368-70 Beaver Creek 191-4 brewpubs, see microbreweries activities 31-8, see also individual Buck, Ken 347 activities beer 6, 22, see also microbreweries budget 18 air travel Coors Brewery 96 Buena Vista 217-20 to/from Colorado 375-6 festivals 25-6, 67, 266, 278 Buffalo Bill 96 within Colorado 376 Bennett, Michael 347 bus travel Alamosa 311-13 Bent, Charles 341, 353 to/from Colorado 376 amusement parks Bent, William 341, 353 within Colorado 377 Elitch Gardens 63 Bent’s Old Fort National Historic Site 341 business hours 370 Glenwood Caverns Adventure Park 238 Biber, Stanley 340 Peak 8 Fun Park 173-4 bicycle travel, see cycling & C mountain biking Royal Gorge Bridge & Amusement Cache la Poudre River 151 Big Sweep 61 Park 334 camping 368-9 bighorn sheep -
The Environmental History of Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site
CENTER FOR PUBLIC HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITY The Environmental History of Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Final Draft Elizabeth Michell July 31 2009 An abbreviated version intended as guide for visitors OYL/iJ INTRODUCTION On late spring day visitor stands on slight rise on the banks of Big Sandy Creek from where across Cheyenne chief Black Kettles village once stood whole lot of he nothing comments laconically It is quiet place its peacefulness giving it timeless But quality the visitor is wrong and the timelessness is deceptive You can never visit the past again The Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site is in southeastern fifteen Colorado about miles northeast of the small town of Eads This is high plains country dusty and flat the drab greens of grass and scrub melding into the relentless browns of desiccated vegetation sand and soil The surrounding landscape is crisscrossed dirt by trails and fence lines dotted with windmills outbuildings and stock watering tanks At the site groves of cottonwoods tower along the gently sloping banks of Big Sandy Creek in fact it would be difficult to follow the stream course without the line of trees For most of the year water does not flow and the creek bed is choked with sand sagebrushes and other the site dry prairie species Though is part of shortgrass most of the land is prairie actually sandy bottomland that may eventually become It in Black Kettles tallgrass prairie was dry time and it is still dry evident by how much more sagebrush species there are now -
Colorado Local History: a Directory
r .DOCOMENt RESUME ED 114 318 SO 008 689. - 'AUTHOR Joy, Caro). M.,Comp.; Moqd, Terry Ann; Comp. .Colorado Lo41 History: A Directory.° INSTITUTION Colorado Library Association, Denver. SPONS AGENCY NColorado Centennial - Bicentennial Commission, I Benver. PUB DATE 75 NOTEAVAILABLE 131" 1? FROM Ezecuti p Secretary, Colorado Library Association, 4 1151 Co tilla Avenue, littletOn, Colorado 80122 ($3.00 paperbound) t, EDRS PR/CE MF-$0.76 Plus Postage. Not Available from EDRS. DESCPIPTORS. Community Characteristics: Community Study; Directories; Historiography; *Information Sources; Libraries; *Local HistOry;NLocal Issues; Museums; *Primary Sources; ReSearch Tools; *Resource Centers; *Social RistOry; 'Unitbd States History - IpDENTIFIPRS *Colorado;. Oral History ABSTPACT This directory lists by county 135 collections of local history.to be found in libraries, museums, histoc4,01 societies, schools, colleges,gand priVate collections in Colorado. The -directory includes only collections available in ColoradO Which, contain bibliographic holdings such as books, newspaper files or 4 clippings, letters, manuscripts, businessrecords, photoge*chs, and oral. history. Each-entry litts county, city, institution and address,, subject areas covered by the collection; formfi of material included, size of .collection, use policy, and operating hours. The materials. are.indexed by subject' and form far easy refetence. (DE) 9 A ******* *****************t***********.*********************************** Documents acquired by EtIC'include.many inforthal unpublished *- * materials. not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort *- * to obtain the bett copy available., Nevertheless, items of marginal * - * reprodlicibility are often(' encountered and this affects tye,qual),ty..* * of the.microfiche'and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes availibke * * via the ERIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS). EDRS is not * .responsible for the quality. -
State of the Park Report: Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site
National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior State of the Park Report Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Colorado 2017 National Park Service. 2017. State of the Park Report for Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site. State of the Park Series No. 51. National Park Service, Washington, DC. On the cover: Sunset at Sand Creek. NPS Photo. Disclaimer. This State of the Park report summarizes the current condition of park resources, visitor experience, and park infrastructure as assessed by a combination of available factual information and the expert opinion and professional judgment of park staff and subject matter experts. The internet version of this report provides the associated workshop summary report and additional details and sources of information about the findings summarized in the report, including references, accounts on the origin and quality of the data, and the methods and analytic approaches used in data collection and assessments of condition. This report provides evaluations of status and trends based on interpretation by NPS scientists and managers of both quantitative and non-quantitative assessments and observations. Future condition ratings may differ from findings in this report as new data and knowledge become available. The park superintendent approved the publication of this report. Executive Summary The mission of the National Park Service is to preserve unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of national parks for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. NPS Management Policies (2006) state that “The Service will also strive to ensure that park resources and values are passed on to future generations in a condition that is as good as, or better than, the conditions that exist today.” As part of the stewardship of national parks for the American people, the NPS has begun to develop State of the Park reports to assess the overall status and trends of each park’s resources. -
Bent's Fort Primary Resource
1 Bent’s Fort: Trade in Transition How did family relationships influence trade relationships on the southern Colorado plains? What role did Bent’s Fort play in the westward expansion of the United States? What does the story of Bent’s Fort suggest about the relationship between trade and war among American Indians and Colorado settlers? By Jennifer Goodland* Standards and Teaching Strategies by: Corey Carlson, Zach Crandall, and Marcus Lee** Paid for by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Sciences * Jennifer Goodland has a master’s in history from University of Colorado Denver, where she concentrated on history tourism and the American West. She taught history at Metro State in Denver. Goodland runs a history research business called Big Year Colorado. ** Corey Carlson teaches 4th grade at Flatirons Elementary in Boulder, Zach Crandall teaches 8th grade U.S. Society at Southern Hills Middle in Boulder, Marcus Lee teaches and is the chair of the social studies department at George Washington High School in Denver. 2 Contents Standards Addressed Overview Essay Resources Growing the Border 1. The Louisiana Purchase and Missouri Territory 2. Bent and St. Vrain Families 3. Colorado’s Changing Borders 4. Bent’s Fort and the Border 5. Cheyenne Territory Travel and Trade 6. Bent’s Fort Floor Plan 7. Fur Trappers and the Bent, St. Vrain and Company Network 8. Jean-Baptiste Charbonneau 9. Fugitive at Bent’s Fort 10. Mexico Retaliates 11. Battleground: Bent’s Fort 12. Kearny’s March 13. Rebellion in Taos 14. Cut Off 15. Destruction of the Fort 16. -
Indians and Whites: the Sand Creek Massacre
Lesson Plan Primary Sources Lessons 12 – 13 Native American Experience/Compare & Contrast Primary Source Lesson Plan Indians and Whites: The Sand Creek Massacre Name of Primary Source Colorado Standards • The Sand Creek Massacre: Colonel Chivington’s Account, George Bent’s Account, Lieutenant Joseph • Social Studies Standard 1 History: History develops Cremer’s Account, John Smith’s Acclount. moral understanding, defines identity, and creates and appreciation of how things change while building skills http://www.legendsofamerica.com/NA- in judgment and decision making. History enhances SandCreek.html Additional Source – Legends of the ability to read varied sources and develop the America, Native American Legends, The Sand Creek skills to analyze, interpret, and communicate. Massacre. This can be used to provide background • Grade level expectation: Use a variety of sources to information. distinguish historical fact from fiction. • Reading and Writing 1: Read and understand a variety How primary source ties into text of materials • Reading and Writing 3: Write and speak using • Qualifies: The primary sources include four different conventional grammar, usage, sentence structure, accounts of the Sand Creek Massacre by people punctuation, capitalization, and spelling present that day. Big Idea • Elaborates: Each primary source gives a different perspective of the events that took place at the Sand • Literacy - Compare and Contrast different points of Creek Massacre. Three accounts are told from the view. perspective of the white men who were present at the attack. One is told from the Native American • History - students understand that history is a written perspective. The Legends of American source gives an account often based on conflicting evidence. -
Thesis Methods of Dating Glass Beads From
THESIS METHODS OF DATING GLASS BEADS FROM PROTOHISTORIC SITES IN THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER BASIN, COLORADO Submitted by Christopher R. von Wedell Department of Anthropology In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado Fall 2011 Master‟s Committee Advisor: Jason M. LaBelle Sammy J. Zahran Mary Van Buren ABSTRACT METHODS OF DATING GLASS BEADS FROM PROTOHISTORIC SITES IN THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER BASIN, COLORADO Morphological characteristics and chemical trace elements counts acquired using Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry analyses were documented for glass trade beads from 24 protohistoric archaeological assemblages in the South Platte River Basin. The resulting database was used to provide quantitative descriptions of each recorded assemblage and to characterize the types of glass beads currently reported in the region. Statistical analyses were then conducted to determine if and to what extent morphological and chemical traits change through time. Characteristics of beads in dated contexts were then used to develop a linear regression model in an attempt to determine if it is possible to estimate the age of beads from undated contexts. It is concluded that morphological and chemical characteristics of glass beads in dated contexts can be used to estimate the age of glass beads in undated contexts using linear regression. The results of this thesis demonstrate that morphological characteristics are currently more accurate and precise than chemistry although both methods hold potential for revision and improvement as more dated sites become available to supplement the statistical models. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis was made possible by the encouragement, support, and gentle nudging of many individuals and institutions. -
Sand Creek Massacre U.S
` National Park Service SAND CREEK MASSACRE U.S. Department of the Interior Sand Creek Massacre National Historic Site Cheyenne camp circa 1860’s – William S. Soule Photograph The Sand Creek Massacre Its victims numbered in the hundreds. Cheyenne and Arapaho survivors were displaced, relocated to Indian Territory. Its aftermath included congressional investigations, bitter critics, and staunch defenders, – reprisal, revenge, the mustering out of a Colonel and the resignation of a Governor. Sand Creek also gave rise to a new generation of federal Indian policies, new treaties at the Little Arkansas and Medicine Lodge – and the next generation of fighters and fights: Beecher Island, Washita, Summit Springs, Palo Duro Canyon, Sappa Creek, and the Little Big Horn. Sand Creek is among our nation’s most profound historic places. The event remains a powerful, and to some, sacred symbol of sacrifice and struggle. Seeds of Conflict As Colorado Territory grew, so to did the Fremont’s Orchard foreshadowed war. By tension and fear between settlers and June, the murders of the Hungate family native tribes. The settlers’ desire for near Denver and lingering fears of Indian land and prosperity was confronted by attacks like those at New Ulm, Minnesota nations who lived, hunted, and traveled which had claimed hundreds of lives, across the same areas. Negotiations increased tension among pioneers and between leaders – governors, agents Colorado officials. Assurances of amnesty and officers on one-side, chiefs and for “friendly” tribesmen were tempered by headmen on the other, failed. A a proclamation to “kill and destroy” reservation established in 1861 was hostiles. By summer, war would erupt insufficient for the nomadic Cheyenne across the plains of Nebraska, Kansas, and Arapaho. -
March 2008 Volume 4, Issue 1
NEWSLETTER OF THE COLORADO ROCK ART ASSOCIATION (CRAA) A Chapter of the Colorado Archaeological Society http://www.coloradorockart.org March 2008 Volume 4, Issue 1 Inside This Issue Letter from the President Happy Spring CRAA Members! We have been Youth Education very busy putting together the May La Junta Symposium ………………………………………….……page 2 and this newsletter is jam packed with all the information you Symposium will need to register for the weekend, sign up as a vendor and ………………………………….……………page 3 learn more about what we have planned. As you might know Historical Fund Grant Awarded this takes a lot of effort and we really need more volunteers ………………………………….……….…..page 8 to step up and support CRAA. Thanks to all of the Meet Our President current board members and committee chairs - your ………………………………….……….…..page 9 dedication and support to CRAA is greatly appreciated Field Trips by us all and is key to the success of this organization. Be ……………………………………....…….page 11 sure to review the proposed by-law changes in this edition. CAS News We will be voting on them at the meeting in May. If you have ……………………………………....…….page 13 issues with any of the changes please contact me in advance. Recommendations Elections are coming up in May and we have a few ………………………………………..……page 14 openings on the board. So please, if you have any interest Update to By-Laws at all in serving on the CRAA board or being a committee ……………………………………………...page15 chair, contact any of the board members on the back page of Ethics the newsletter. I will be stepping down in May and hope …………………………..……………..….page 16 someone else will be able to take over my position.