Around the World: Tuesday, 16th June 2020

The flag of was designed in 1959 and first officially hoisted on 1 October Nigeria 1960. The flag has three vertical bands of green, white, green. The two National Day: 1st October – Independence Day. green stripes represent It marks Nigeria's declaration of independence from British rule on 1 October 1960. Nigeria's natural wealth, while the white band Influential person: Victor Moses represents peace. Born in Kaduna in Lagos, Nigeria,1990. Lives in the United Kingdom and Turkey. National Emblem: Victor Moses is one of the most famous Nigerian football players of all The black shield times. His life story inspires people all around the world. He moved to the represents Nigeria's fertile soil, while the UK as an asylum seeker after his parents were killed when he was only 11 two supporting horses or chargers on years old. each side represent dignity. The eagle He was placed in a foster family and started playing football at school. represents strength, while the green and Before being approached by Crystal Palace, he played for a local Tandridge white bands on the top of the shield league. represent the rich soil. The red flowers at Throughout his successful career, he’s played for teams like Crystal Palace, the base are spectabilis,Nigeria's Liverpool and Stoke City. He’s currently completing a season in the Turkish national flower. club Fenerbahçe, where he is on loan from Chelsea. Nigeria: Where in the world is it?

• Nigeria is in West Africa.

• Its southern coast is on the Gulf of in the Atlantic Ocean. Nigeria: Key Facts

• Nigeria is the most populated country in Africa. • Its oil and other natural resources make it the continent’s wealthiest country, but two thirds of the population live in poverty. • The country is made up of an incredibly mixed group of people from more than 250 196 million different ethnic groups and a number of different religions. Muslim 50%, Christian 40%, indigenous beliefs 10%. • Its landscape is just as varied; ranging from tropical rainforests and swamps, to deserts and open grasslands, to mountains and plateaus. Abuja – Capital city of Slum houses in Lagos Nigeria

Lagos – the largest city in Nigeria and was the capital until 1991

Countryside in Nigeria Languages of Nigeria Yoruba 1 ikan 1. Hello - Pẹlẹ o • English is the official 2 meji 2. Good morning - E kaaro language of Nigeria, and is 3 meta used in education, business 3. Goodbye - O dabọ and for official purposes. 4 merin 4. Please - Jowo 5. Thank you - e dupe 5 marun • In rural areas, indigenous 6. My name is - Orukọ mi ni 6 mefa languages of and Yoruba 7. What is your name? - Ki 'ni oruko re? Igbo are more commonly 7 meje spoken. There are also many 8. I live in (England) - 8 mejo other languages. Mo n gbe ni (England) 9. I would like an ice cream please - 9 mesan Emi yoo fẹran yinyin kan 10 mewa 10. How much is that? - Elo ni iyẹn?

Can you write these sentences in Yoruba: 1. Hello, my name is ... 2. I would like an ice cream please. How much is that? 3. Thank you. Goodbye. Imagine you have gone on holiday to Nigeria.

Use the Key facts and the pictures of Nigeria on slides 3 and 4 to write a postcard to a friend or family member describing what the country is like.

You could also include a key phrase or two from slide 5. The Importance of Nigeria

It has one of It has great the fastest cultural growing richness and economies in diversity the world

It is one of It holds the historic important centres of natural African Unity resources Nigeria: Some background history

• The Nri Kingdom in the Awka area was founded in about 900 AD in North Central Igboland, and is considered the oldest Kingdom in Nigeria. • Create a • In the 1400 to 1500s A.D. the kingdom of developed in the south central part timeline of of Nigeria. This lasted into the 1800s. In 1897 the British army invaded and made it some of the part of the British Empire. key aspects of Nigerian • The Nok civilisation of Central Nigeria flourished between 1,500 B.C. and AD 200, history by producing life-sized terracotta figures of humans and animals. placing the • Starting in the 1600s A.D., European traders began to establish coastal ports for events in trading with the local peoples. At first the primary export was slaves, but this was the correct replaced with palm oil and timber once slavery was abolished by the British. order. • From 2,000 to 750 B.C. Iron Age people lived in South East Nigeria. • In 1914 Nigeria became a British colony. It would stay a British colony until 1960 • E.g. when it became an independent country. Much of its history since has been marked • 100,000 B.C. with military rule. Stone Age • Archaeological evidence has shown that stone age people were living in south- people lived eastern Nigeria 100,000 years ago. in South- East Nigeria. • In the 1800s A.D. the Fulani leader Usman dan Fodio brought most of northern Nigeria under the control of his empire and converted many to the religion of Islam. • To the north were the Hausa kingdoms developed around 1000 A.D.. In the south the Yoruba kingdom of the Oyo developed around 1400 A.D. Nigerian History: A focus on the Kingdom of Benin

• Use the next slides to design a Tourist Guide to Benin in the 1600 and 1700s.

• You should include: • Where is Benin? • Who was the leader of Benin and how did he show his power? • What was the city of Benin like? • Why was Benin so wealthy and powerful? Nigerian History: A focus on the Kingdom of Benin HOW DID THE OBA SHOW HIS POWER? In Benin society the king, or Oba, was all-powerful. Study the objects and text, and see how he managed to persuade people to obey him. Look at what animals he is linked to, and how he is shown in the plaques.

Source 1 All land for farming purposes or residence was communal and controlled by the Oba on behalf of the people. Payment of tribute was given by each village to the Oba. Osadolor 2001: 84

Source 3 Leo Africanus, in the early 16th century, recorded that [the Oba] is served with such high reverence... [that on] his death his chief favourites count it the greatest point of honour to be buried with him. Graham 1965: 327

Source 4 The king himself was in charge of trading slaves, ivory and other important goods, so that all the profit went to support his court and government. Other merchants could only trade with the king’s permission. British Museum Nigerian History: A focus on the Kingdom of Benin

WHAT WAS THE CITY OF BENIN LIKE? Only a few Europeans actually saw Benin City in its heyday, yet enough is known from remaining evidence to realise that the length of the walls was enormous.

Source 1 The king’s palace or court is a square, and is as large as the town of Haarlem and entirely surrounded by a special wall, like that which encircles the town. It is divided into many magnificent palaces, houses, and apartments of the courtiers, and comprises beautiful and long square galleries, about as large as the Exchange at Amsterdam, but one larger than another, resting on wooden pillars, from top to bottom covered with cast copper, on which are engraved the pictures of their war exploits and battles... Dutch writer Olfert Dapper on Benin City, based on descriptions he had heard from European travellers, in Dapper 1668: 4

Source 2 The defensive fortification of Benin City, the capital, consisted of ramparts and moats, enclosing 4,000km2 of community lands. In total, the Benin wall system contained over 10,000km of earth boundaries. They are the world’s second largest Source 5: A drawing of man-made structure after China’s Great Wall, in terms of length, and the series of earthen ramparts are the most extensive earthwork in the world. Benin City, based on Wysinger 2008 17th-century traveller’s reports, in Dapper Source 3 1668: opposite 486 [It] has thirty very straight and broad streets, each a hundred and twenty feet wide... [and] the houses stand built in rows, in good order close by one another, as here in Europe. Dapper on Benin City, quoted in Graham 1965: 324

Source 4 Benin City was at least four miles large. The streets were exceptionally long and broad, in which continual markets are kept. The houses that were in use were large and handsome, with clay walls, and their architecture was ‘passable’. Sir Richard Burton’s description of Benin when he visited in 1862, quoted in Graham 1965: 324 Nigerian History: A focus on the Kingdom of Benin

HOW DID THE KINGDOM OF BENIN BECOME SO WEALTHY? It was a combination of factors that caused Benin to become such an important kingdom in the 15th and 16th centuries. Its geographical situation helped as it linked the coast with the trans-Sahara trade routes.

Source 1 The rise of Benin... is closely connected with the European demand for slaves... The profits from the trade with the Europeans gave the rulers and merchants of Benin an incentive and also, in the form of firearms, the means, to extend their rule. (Graham 1965: 318)

Source 2 One method used successfully to expand Benin domination of the east-west trading system was the founding of the Olokun cult. Olokun, as the god of wealth, provided a religious excuse for the pursuit of commercial profit. The Olokun priests were usually relatives of the Oba. (Sargent 1986: 411)

Source 4 17th-century chroniclers mention Benin’s export of dyed cotton cloth, jasper stones, leopard skins, blue coral, pepper, and ivory, as well as women slaves. (Graham 1965: 321)

Source 5 The development of specialised craft production in the palace not only provided exchange goods but also created a need for raw materials. Leather, copper and other items were imported in increasing quantities. To provide export goods, increased Source 3: Cowrie shells production of salt, gold, camwood, ivory, beads, cloth and metal implements was demanded. (Sargent 1986: 412) British Museum Used as an exchange item Source 6 both within the country and Benin traded with Europeans to obtain guns, powder, metals, salt and cloth in exchange for palm oil, ivory, cloth, beads, in trade with the Europeans pepper and slaves. Except for slaves, the other exports do not seem to have come from local sources. Apparently one of the keys to Benin’s wealth was its location at a junction of east-west and north-south trade. (Shillington 2005: 133) Geography Nigeria: Why is it an important country today? • Play a game of Battleships with someone at home.

• Each of you will have information about the importance of Nigeria and each of you will have questions to ask your opponent.

• You have 30 seconds to find the information and answer the question. If you get the question right you gain a point, if you get it wrong or can’t answer in the time then your partner gains a point. Nigeria: Why is it an important country in Africa?

Your Information – use this to answer your opponents questions.

Nigeria's place in Africa: • Questions to ask your opponent • Nigeria has one of the fastest growing economies in Africa. • In 2014 it had the highest Gross Domestic Product (how much all goods and services are worth) in Africa. 1. Where in Africa is Nigeria located? • It's population of 196 million is the largest in Africa. 2. What is growing very quickly in Nigeria? 3. Where does most of Nigeria’s Political Power money come from? • Since independence from British rule in 1960 Nigeria has suffered with political instability, but 4. What is the time difference this appears to be improving. between Nigeria and the UK? • Nigeria is now the 5th biggest contributor to United Nations peace keeping missions. 5. Where is most of Nigeria’s oil found? 6. Why is Nigeria known as “the Agriculture: giant of Africa”? • In 1999 70% of workers were employed in agriculture (farming), by 2012 this had reduced to 33% with more people 7. What are exports and what does now working in industry and services. Nigeria export? • The majority of these are subsistence farmers, growing only what they need to survive. 8. Name three of Nigeria’s natural resources? • Agricultural products are cocoa, peanuts, palm oil, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs; timber; fish.

Huge Potential: • Despite it's problems, (corruption, poor infrastructure, inequality, power cuts,) the country has massive potential. • ExPresident Obama - "Nigeria is critical to the rest of the continent and if Nigeria does not get it right, Africa will really not make progress." Nigeria: Why is it an important country globally (in the world)?

Your Information – use this to answer your opponents questions. • Questions to ask your opponent Nigeria is a Newly Emerging Economy: • This means that it's experiencing rapid economic growth. In 2014 it was the world's 1. How big is Nigeria’s 21st largest economy, but by 2050 it's predicted it will be 11th. population? 2. Which country did Nigeria become Nigeria's place in the world: independent from in 1960? • Nigeria is a country in West Africa. 3. What did ex- President Obama say • It lies just north of the equator and is only one hour ahead of the UK. about Nigeria? • It's sometimes referred to as 'the giant of Africa' due to having the largest population. Currently 196 million people. 4. What job do most people do in Nigeria? 5. What did Nigeria Natural Resources: have in 2014? •Natural gas, petroleum, tin, iron ore, coal, limestone, niobium, lead, zinc, arable land for farming. 6. Name three crops grown in Nigeria. 7. How is Nigeria Oil Wealth: involved with the United Nations? • Most of Nigeria's money comes from oil. It's the 12th largest global 8. Which three job (world) producer, accounting for 2.7% of the global supply. sectors do Nigerians work in? • Oil accounts for 95% of the country's export earnings (money that is made from the country selling products abroad). • Most of the oil in Nigeria is found around the Niger river Delta. • A lot of countries like Nigeria’s oil because it has low levels of sulphur. Science: How is climate change affecting Nigeria?

• If the percentage of gases in the atmosphere changes even So what is climate change? slightly this can have dramatic effects. • There is a special type of atomic bond that greenhouse gas molecules have. When infrared energy (or heat energy) comes • Earth’s atmosphere is made up of different gases. in contact with a molecule of CO2, it causes the CO2’s bonds to vibrate. This vibration gives the molecule kinetic energy, and sends it off, bumping into other molecules around it. This • friction between molecules generates more heat and the cycle Can you work out the correct percentage for each gas? continues.

• Nitrogen (N2) • Oxygen (O2) • Argon (Ar) • Carbon dioxide (CO2) • Other gases

0.93% 78.07% 20.95% 0.04% less than 0.01%

Key term: Greenhouse gas is a gas that absorbs and emits radiant energy within the thermal infrared range. Greenhouse gases cause the greenhouse effect on planets. The primary greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Science: How is climate change affecting Nigeria?

• Can you divide these fuels into Fossil fuels and Non-fossil What causes climate change? fuels?

• During the industrial revolution humans started burning • wood coal oil fossil fuels for vehicles, factories, heating, cooking, etc. wind solar gas • Prior to the last 200 years, there was a fluctuating, yet relatively steady amount of carbon in our atmosphere. Many factors play into a complicated system of , animals, land, and oceans that generate and recycle carbon in and out of the atmosphere. This system is called the carbon cycle. Fossil fuels put a kink in the complex carbon cycle. • Fossil fuels are derived from forms of carbon that have been stored underground for a very long time. They come from biological material that has been forming for millions of years under the earth’s surface. When we burn these materials, we are releasing new amounts of carbon that have not been part of the cycle for millions of years. The natural cycle can not balance out the large amounts of carbon being added. • Another quality of fossil fuels is that they do not regenerate quickly. Because of the length of time they take to form, they are considered non-renewable energy sources, and if we continue to use them at our current worldwide rate, they will disappear. Science: How is climate change affecting Nigeria?

• Climate change events affect all aspects of human How is climate change affecting life and health. Clean air is becoming polluted which is increasing the frequency of allergic and Nigeria? respiratory disorders. • One major event revolving around climate change in Nigeria is the drying up of Lake . Some years back, Lake Chad covered an estimated area of • Safe drinking water and food shortages are caused over 40,000 km2, while presently it now covers by Lake Chad drying up. Fertile land is more 1300 km2. difficult to find and there is limited water to irrigate crops. • Land is laying waste by rising temperature which is leading to the southwards expansion of the Sahara • Higher temperatures are causing a higher risk of desert. Farmlands and surrounding villages have cancers. become barren due desertification. The effects of this have led to the massive migration of people in search of more fertile land.

• Climate change has also caused rising temperature, more intense and frequent weather events and sea level rises. Due to Nigeria’s population, the consequences are increased water and food shortages, higher exposure to heat stress and ultraviolent radiation. Science: How is climate change affecting Nigeria?

• Design a poster warning about climate What can be done to help? change and its effects on Nigeria. • Limit your energy usage: Walk or ride a bike when possible. Turn off lights and • You should include: appliances when not in use. • What climate change is • What causes climate change • Explore alternative energy sources: You • How climate change is affecting Nigeria don’t need to be a top scientist to learn • What can be done to help about and use renewable energy! (See the next slide - The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind!)

• EDUCATE OTHERS! Many are unaware of, or don’t understand what Climate Change means for our world. Pass on what you know!

• Can you think of any more? Science/Technology and English/Literacy “The Boy who harnessed the wind” by William Kamkwamba and Bryan Mealer

• 28th September, 2009— -- William Kamkwamba grew up amidst poverty and famine in rural parts of the African nation of • “The preparation was complete, so I waited. The muscles in my . Seeking to save his village from the drought, William arms still burned from having worked so hard, but now I was devised a plan to build a windmill to power an electric water finished. The machinery was bolted and secured. The tower was pump . With the use of discarded motor parts, a PVC pipe and steady and unmoving under the weight of twisted steel and an old bicycle wheel, Kamkwamba created a windmill to harness plastic. Looking at it now, it appeared exactly as it was— one of the only resources available to the people of Malawi: something out of a dream. wind. With the help of his friends William built a full-size wind turbine which leads to a successful crop being sown. He was • News of the machine had spread to the villages, and people only 14. were starting to arrive. The traders spotted it from their stalls and packed up their things. The truckers left their vehicles along the roads. Everyone walked into the valley, and now gathered in its shadow. I recognized these faces. Some of these people had Design a machine that uses natural power (wind, water, mocked me for months, and still they whispered, even laughed. More of them were coming. It was time. solar) to help the people of Nigeria. What are you going to • A sudden gust muffled the voices below, then picked up into a help them with and how? What materials will you need? steady wind. It took hold of my T-shirt and whistled through the tower rungs. Reaching over, I removed a bent piece of wire that locked the machine's spinning wheel in place. Once released, Using the extract from “The Boy who harnessed the wind” the wheel and arms began to turn. They spun slowly at first, then faster and faster, until the force of their motion rocked the to help you, write an extract from your memoirs tower. My knees buckled, but I held on. describing your invention, how you felt about it and how • Don't let me down. people in the local area reacted. • I gripped the reed and wires and waited for the miracle. Finally it came, at first a tiny light that flickered from my palm, then a surging magnificent glow.“ Maths: Foreign Aid

• As you have already learnt • In 2017, the United States spent over $46 billion in foreign aid. Over 38.5% much of Nigeria is very poor, of that budget went to just ten countries: two thirds of the population live in poverty. • Nigeria ($644 million) • Israel ($3.18 billion) • The richer countries in the • South ($922 million) world like the US and the UK • Afghanistan ($4.89 billion) provide Aid to the poorer countries to try to help them • Jordan ($1.38 billion) get out of poverty and improve people’s lives. • ($899 million) • ($608 million). • Sometimes money is loaned to • ($943 million) countries. Loans are sums of • Iraq ($3.36 billion) money that at some time in the future have to be paid • Pakistan ($892 million) back with interest. • Can you rank these countries in order according to how much Aid they • Aid is gifts of money, goods, received from the US in 2017. Remember billion is 1000 million. food, machinery, technology and trained workers. The aims • Where does Nigeria rank? is to raise standards of living. • Challenge: Can you work out the percentage of Aid given to Nigeria by America. America gave $46 billion in Aid, Nigeria received $644 million. Maths: How is the Foreign Aid spent?

How was Foreign Aid spent in Nigeria How was Foreign Aid spent in Nigeria in in 2013? 2013? Health care 59% 70 Education 6% 60 Provision of clean water and removal of 50 waste 14% 40 Roads and transport 7% 30 Production 7% 20 Other 7% 10 0

Draw a bar graph to show where Foreign Aid was spent in Nigeria in 2013. Healthcare is done for you. Sport in Nigeria – let’s get active

• Football (soccer) is popular in Nigeria, • Basketball is also popular in Nigeria. the national team known as the "Super Eagles" have made 5 appearances at the World Cup, won • Nigeria's national basketball team the African Cup of Nations 3 times and qualified for the 2012 Olympics and won the football gold medal at the the country has exported a number of 1996 Olympics. players to America's NBA including Hakeem Olajuwon.

Try these football challenges •How many times can you kick the ball in the air without it dropping on the ground? •Throw the ball in the air, head it, catch •Foot to knee – how many times can you do this? •Set up a course using objects in your home e.g. tins to dribble the ball around Masquerades

Masquerades are a huge aspect of Nigerian culture. Masked costumed figures are considered to embody the spirits, and serve as a fundamental part of Nigerian religious tradition. Design your own masquerade costume. You Nowadays they double up as entertainment and appear can draw or paint this or if you have some during weddings and festivals, particularly at Christmas old material at home maybe you could make time. a costume. Nigeria has over 250 ethnic groups, each with its own masquerade. The masks and costumes are visually striking. They can be made from a variety of materials such as grass, animal horns and teeth, and the young men who wear them sometimes cover their limbs in black palm oil to mesmerizing and scary effect. The masquerades travel through the villages, performing dances, acrobatics and reciting incantations. They chase terrified villagers with bows and arrows or whips is also part of the tradition, so get ready to move your feet.