THAILAND Last Updated: 2007-05-23

Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line L 2007P Pre-SAC by Karen village: Mae Hae Tai B 1.00-6.99 51 63.0 5812 * Pre-SAC by Karen village: Mae Raek B 1.00-6.99 49 0.0 Pre-SAC by Karen village: Mae Yot B 1.00-6.99 54 1.5 Pre-SAC by village and gender: Mae Hae Tai F 1.00-6.99 24 58.0 100.0 0.63 0.13 Pre-SAC by village and gender: Mae Hae Tai M 1.00-6.99 27 67.0 100.0 0.60 0.17 Pre-SAC by village and gender: Mae Raek F 1.00-6.99 18 0.089.0 1.20 0.21 Pre-SAC by village and gender: Mae Raek M 1.00-6.99 31 0.094.0 1.14 0.22 Pre-SAC by village and gender: Mae Yot F 1.00-6.99 31 3.094.0 1.16 0.28 Pre-SAC by village and gender: Mae Yot M 1.00-6.99 23 0.093.0 1.14 0.26

L 2003 Khon Kaen province: PW: Total F 15.00-41.99 94 3.3 5688 * PW by group: Primipara F 15.00-41.99 51 3.9 1.15 0.24 PW by group: Multipara F 15.00-41.99 43 2.5 1.29 0.32

D 2002 -2003 Trakan Phutphon district: SAC by group: Unfortified B 5.50-13.4 268 3.720.5 1.30 0.36 5521 * Trakan Phutphon district: SAC by group: Fortified B 5.50-13.4 259 3.118.5 1.30 0.33

2002 -2003 Northeast Thailand/5 provinces: Adults: Total B 23.00-75.99 744 2.30 0.70 5673 * Adults by gender: Women F 23.00-75.99 400 2.03 0.58 Adults by gender: Men M 23.00-75.99 344 2.61 0.70 Adults by age B 23.00-35.99 85 2.26 0.76 Adults by age B 36.00-50.99 519 2.26 0.69 Adults by age B 51.00-75.99 140 2.46 0.69 Women by age F 23.00-35.99 51 1.97 0.61 Women by age F 36.00-50.99 287 1.99 0.55 Women by age F 51.00-75.99 62 2.31 0.65 Men by age M 23.00-35.99 34 2.71 0.74 Men by age M 36.00-50.99 232 2.60 0.07 Men by age M 51.00-75.99 78 2.59 0.69 Adults by province: Khon Kaen B 23.00-75.99 396 2.35 0.69 Adults by province: Kalasin B 23.00-75.99 34 2.49 0.70 Adults by province: Maha Sarakham B 23.00-75.99 147 2.19 0.61 Adults by province: Loei B 23.00-75.99 99 2.40 0.84 Adults by province: Nakhon Ratchasima B 23.00-75.99 68 2.00 0.64 Women by province: Khon Kaen F 23.00-75.99 214 2.08 0.59 Women by province: Kalasin F 23.00-75.99 10 2.00 0.60 Women by province: Maha Sarakham F 23.00-75.99 94 2.08 0.58 Women by province: Loei F 23.00-75.99 43 2.00 0.57

© WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin and Mineral Nutrition Information System (VMNIS) WHO Global Database on Vitamin A Deficiency The Vitamin A Deficiency database includes data by country based on xerophthalmia and/or serum or plasma retinol concentration

THAILAND Last Updated: 2007-05-23

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

2002 -2003 Women by province: Nakhon Ratchasima F 23.00-75.99 39 1.71 0.46 5673 Men by province: Khon Kaen M 23.00-75.99 182 2.66 0.66 Men by province: Kalasin M 23.00-75.99 24 2.69 0.65 Men by province: Maha Sarakham M 23.00-75.99 53 2.38 0.62 Men by province: Loei M 23.00-75.99 56 2.71 0.88 Men by province: Nakhon Ratchasima M 23.00-75.99 29 2.38 0.67

LR 2002 10 rural sub-districts: SAC: Total B 6.00-12.99 518 3.0 23.0 5227 * SAC by Hb type: AA B 6.00-12.99 312 1.31 0.38 SAC by Hb type: AE B 6.00-12.99 178 1.25 0.30 SAC by Hb type: EE B 6.00-12.99 28 1.27 0.28

N 2000 National: Elderly B 60.00-97.99 2366 6.1 5818 * D 1999 Maecham: LW: Total F NS 262 1.9 4162 * LW by age F NS-19.99 45 1.98 0.60 LW by age F 20.00-29.99 164 1.92 0.58 LW by age F 30.00-NS 53 1.99 0.55 LW by ethinic group: Hill tribes F NS 205 1.91 0.59 LW by ethnic group: Thai F NS 57 2.10 0.51

N 1995 National: Pre-SAC: Total B 0.00-5.99 4067 0.00 3961 * 1 National: SAC: Total B 6.00-14.99 1187 0.00 2 National: Adults: Total B 15.00-59.99 5396 0.15 3 Pre-SAC by sex F 0.00-5.99 1970 0.00 4 Pre-SAC by sex M 0.00-5.99 2097 0.00 5 Pre-SAC by area: Urban B 0.00-5.99 710 0.00 6 Pre-SAC by area: Rural B 0.00-5.99 3357 0.00 7 Pre-SAC by region: Central B 0.00-5.99 834 0.00 8 Pre-SAC by region: North B 0.00-5.99 838 0.00 9 Pre-SAC by region: North East B 0.00-5.99 1673 0.00 10 Pre-SAC by region: South B 0.00-5.99 725 0.00 11 SAC by sex F 6.00-14.99 596 0.00 12 SAC by sex M 6.00-14.99 591 0.00 13 SAC by area: Urban B 6.00-14.99 167 0.00 14 SAC by area: Rural B 6.00-14.99 1020 0.00 15 SAC by region: Central B 6.00-14.99 161 0.00 16 SAC by region: North B 6.00-14.99 306 0.00 17

THAILAND Last Updated: 2007-05-23

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

N 1995 SAC by region: North East B 6.00-14.99 433 0.00 3961 18 SAC by region: South B 6.00-14.99 287 0.00 19 Adults by sex F 15.00-59.99 3922 0.13 20 Adults by sex M 15.00-59.99 1475 0.20 21 Adults by age B 15.00-19.99 NS 0.00 22 Adults by age B 20.00-29.99 2107 0.05 23 Adults by age B 30.00-39.99 1576 0.25 24 Adults by age B 40.00-49.99 727 0.28 25 Adults by age B 50.00-59.99 2107 0.13 26 Adults by area: Urban B 15.00-59.99 876 0.00 27 Adults by area: Rural B 15.00-59.99 4520 0.18 28 Adults by region: Central B 15.00-59.99 993 0.00 29 Adults by region: North B 15.00-59.99 1194 0.00 30 Adults by region: North East B 15.00-59.99 2389 0.00 31 Adults by region: South B 15.00-59.99 821 0.97 32

S 1992 -1993 5 Southern provinces: Pre-SAC: Total B 2.00-5.99 460 0.90 0.87 155 * 33 Pre-SAC by province: Narathivat B 2.00-5.99 95 0.00 34 Pre-SAC by province: Pattani B 2.00-5.99 93 0.00 35 Pre-SAC by province: Satun B 2.00-5.99 97 1.00 Pre-SAC by province: Songkhala B 2.00-5.99 89 0.00 Pre-SAC by province: Yala B 2.00-5.99 86 3.50 5 Southern provinces: Pre-SAC: Total B 2.00-5.99 373 0.5 11.0 54.4 Pre-SAC by sex F 2.00-5.99 189 11.6 Pre-SAC by sex M 2.00-5.99 184 10.3 Pre-SAC by age B 2.00-2.99 124 13.0 Pre-SAC by age B 3.00-3.99 102 15.7 Pre-SAC by age B 4.00-4.99 85 9.4 Pre-SAC by age B 5.00-5.99 65 6.2 Pre-SAC by province: Narathivat B 2.00-5.99 70 1.4 41.7 Pre-SAC by province: Pattani B 2.00-5.99 65 1.5 45.2 Pre-SAC by province: Satun B 2.00-5.99 95 0.0 67.4 Pre-SAC by province: Songkhla B 2.00-5.99 82 0.0 62.2 Pre-SAC by province: Yala B 2.00-5.99 61 0.0 47.5

R 1990 North and North East regions: Pre-SAC B 2.00-6.99 499 2.20 0.00 145a * North and North East regions: Pre-SAC: Total B 2.00-6.99 485 0.6 7.835.8 1.30 0.54 Pre-SAC by province: Mae Hong Son B 2.00-6.99 NS 4.0 17.0

THAILAND Last Updated: 2007-05-23

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

R 1990 Pre-SAC by province: Nan B 2.00-6.99 NS 24.0 75.9 145a Pre-SAC by province: Phayao B 2.00-6.99 NS 11.0 46.5 Pre-SAC by province: Phitsanulok B 2.00-6.99 NS 2.0 6.3 Pre-SAC by province: Khon Kaen B 2.00-6.99 NS 5.0 48.8 Pre-SAC by region and province: North East: Mukd B 2.00-6.99 NS 2.0 12.5 Pre-SAC by province: Sakon Nakhon B 2.00-6.99 NS 5.0 35.7 Pre-SAC by province: Surin B 2.00-6.99 NS 4.0 32.1

R 1990 North and North East regions: Pre-SAC B 2.00-6.99 484 3.10 1.00 145b * North and North East regions: Pre-SAC: Total B 2.00-6.99 485 0.6 14.8 56.7 1.02 0.34 Pre-SAC by province: Mae Hong Son B 2.00-6.99 NS 39.0 87.5 Pre-SAC by province: Nan B 2.00-6.99 NS 6.0 43.8 Pre-SAC by province: Phayao B 2.00-6.99 NS 19.0 67.0 Pre-SAC by province: Phitsanulok B 2.00-6.99 NS 2.0 24.0 Pre-SAC by province: Khon Kaen B 2.00-6.99 NS 2.0 45.7 Pre-SAC by province: Mukdohon B 2.00-6.99 NS 4.0 38.8 Pre-SAC by province: Sakon Nakhon B 2.00-6.99 NS 24.0 67.7 Pre-SAC by province: Surin B 2.00-6.99 NS 10.0 58.3

S 1990P North East provinces: SAC B 7.00-13.99 283 0.4 10.2 52.3 277 * D 1988 Ponepisai district: SAC B 6.00-11.99 236 3.0 38.6 152 * S 1988 3 provinces: Pre-SAC: Total B 1.00-5.99 367 3.0 7.4 1.87 0.73 3312 * Pre-SAC by age B 1.00-1.99 79 1.3 6.4 Pre-SAC by age B 2.00-2.99 70 0.0 0.0 Pre-SAC by age B 3.00-3.99 103 0.0 0.0 Pre-SAC by age B 4.00-4.99 59 0.0 0.0 Pre-SAC by age B 5.00-5.99 56 0.0 1.8

L 1987 Kantararom and Trakarn: SAC B NS 2434 2.80 0.16 142 * Kantararom and Trakarn: SAC B NS 225 1.3 18.1 1.04 0.32

S 1985 Sakon Nakhou province: Urban: Pre-SAC/SAC B 3.00-7.99 271 0.00 278 * Sakon Nakhou province: Urban: Pre-SAC B 3.00-5.99 144 0.00 Sakon Nakhou province: Rural: Pre-SAC/SAC: Tot B 1.00-7.99 1373 1.30 Sakon Nakhou province: Rural: Pre-SAC: Total B 1.00-5.99 806 0.40 Pre-SAC by age and area: Rural B 1.00-1.99 82 1.20 0.00

THAILAND Last Updated: 2007-05-23

Prevalence of xerophthalmia (%) Serum / plasma retinol concentration (µmol/l)

Prevalence (%) Reference Notes Age Sample Mean SD Level Date Location and sample descriptor Sex (years) size Current Previous X1B X2 X3A X3B XS <0.35 <0.70 < 1.05 XN XN General Line

S 1985 Pre-SAC by age and area: Rural B 2.00-2.99 77 2.60 0.00 278 Pre-SAC by age and area: Rural B 3.00-3.99 204 1.00 0.50 Pre-SAC by age and area: Rural B 4.00-4.99 237 1.30 0.40 Pre-SAC by age and area: Rural B 5.00-5.99 206 1.00 0.50 SAC by age and area: Rural B 6.00-6.99 275 2.20 0.00 SAC by age and area: Rural B 7.00-7.99 292 0.70 0.00 Sakon Nakhon province: Pre-SAC/SAC by sex: Tot F 1.00-8.99 548 0.76 0.30 Sakon Nakhon province: Pre-SAC/SAC by sex: Tot M 1.00-8.99 512 0.72 0.26 Pre-SAC by sex, age and area: Rural F 1.00-2.99 62 27.4 83.9 0.54 0.32 Pre-SAC by sex, age and area: Rural M 1.00-2.99 65 20.0 80.0 0.52 0.22 Pre-SAC by sex, age and area: Urban F 3.00-5.99 52 0.0 23.1 0.87 0.22 Pre-SAC by sex, age and area: Rural F 3.00-5.99 218 6.9 38.5 0.81 0.33 Pre-SAC by sex, age and area: Urban M 3.00-5.99 48 0.0 20.8 0.90 0.23 Pre-SAC by sex, age and area: Rural M 3.00-5.99 198 12.0 43.8 0.75 0.26 SAC by sex, age and area: Urban F 6.00-8.99 54 1.9 44.5 0.78 0.21 SAC by sex, age and area: Rural F 6.00-8.99 162 5.6 37.7 0.79 0.30 SAC by sex, age and area: Urban M 6.00-8.99 54 3.7 48.1 0.73 0.22 SAC by sex, age and area: Rural M 6.00-8.99 153 3.3 47.1 0.74 0.26

Reference No: 5812 General notes: Survey of all children from the minority ethnic group of 3 Karen hill tribe villages (Mae Hae Tai, Mae Yot, Mae Raek) of Mae Chaem district. The Karen is the largest mountain ethnic minority "hill tribe" group in Thailand.

Reference No: 5688 General notes: Facility based study (antenatal clinics in 3 district hospitals and 4 health centers). Survey conducted in first trimester PW to compare nutritional status of primiparous and multiparous women in poor settings in the Khon Kaen province, northeast Thailland. Reference No: 5521 General notes: Randomized controlled trial designed to investigate efficacy of fortified seasoning powder on hematological and biochemical micronutrient indices. Facility based study (all children in primary schools with largest enrollment in each of 10 rural poor sub-districts) in Trakan Phutphon district, Ubon Ratchathani province, Northeast Thailand. Study excluded those with CRP >10 mg/L. Baseline values. Reference No: 5673 General notes: Convenience sample of apparently healthy subjects at Khon Kaen University. Subjects from urban population, mostly residing in Khon Kaen, with only a few residing in Kalasin, Maha Sarakham, Loei and Nakhon Ratchasima provinces. Reference No: 5227 General notes: Facility based study (primary schools with largest enrollment in each of 10 rural poor sub-districts) around Trakarn Phutphon in Ubon Ratchathani province. Stratified by age and sex with equal numbers selected from each strata. Reference No: 5818 General notes: Cross-sectional survey that was part of a comprehensive survey of older people in Thailand. One district in each of the 4 regions of the country was randomly selected. Reference No: 4162 General notes: Sample selected from 3 sub-districts in Maecham, Chiang Mai Province. Sample comprised Thais and members of Karen and Lahu hill tribes. Reference No: 3961 General notes: Multi-stage stratified cluster sampling based on households with 0-5 years of age children. Disaggregated data available for adults by age, area and region, data not included in the database. Note 1 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 2 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 3 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.02% Note 4 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 5 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 6 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 7 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 8 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00%; excluding Bangkok Metropolitan. Note 9 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 10 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 11 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 12 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 13 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 14 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 15 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00%

Note 16 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00%; excluding Bangkok Metropolitan. Note 17 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 18 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 19 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 20 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 21 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.07% Note 22 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 23 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 24 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 25 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 26 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.13% Note 27 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 28 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.02% Note 29 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.10%; excluding Bangkok Metropolitan. Note 30 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 31 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Note 32 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.00% Reference No: 155 General notes: Multi-stage sampling. Sample selected from 1 district within each of 5 provinces. Provinces with high incidence of VAD reported. Note 33 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.43% Note 34 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 0.10% Note 35 Combined prevalence (X3A, X3B): 1.10%

Reference No: 145a General notes: Multi-stage cluster sampling from the 40 most malnourished districts in North and North Eastern regions. Survey carried out during the wet season. Same survey reported in reference No. 2022. Reference No: 145b General notes: Multi-stage cluster sampling from the 40 most malnourished districts in North and North Eastern regions. Survey carried out during the dry season. Same survey reported in reference No. 2022. Reference No: 277 General notes: Multi-stage random sampling. Sample selected from 29 village schools in North East Thailand. Reference No: 152 General notes: Sample selected from 13 schools in Ponepisai district in Nongkhai province. Survey designed to investigate relationship between biochemical and functional parameters. Reference No: 3312 General notes: Cluster sampling (30 villages, 12 children per village volunteered for blood sampling). Provinces (Ubon Ratchathani, Si Sa Ket and Surin) selected as areas with high prevalence of PEM in children below 5 years. Reference No: 142 General notes: Sample from two towns (Kantararom and Trakorni) in two provinces (Sri Sa Ket and Ubon), but sampling procedure not specified. Serum retinol determined only for subsample.

Reference No: 278 General notes: Sample selected from 16 rural villages in Sakon Nakhon province and 4 districts in city of Sakon Nakhon. Same survey reported in references No. 1846 and 2934.

Reference 142 Viriyapanich T, Udomkesmalee E, Kachondham Y et al. Night blindness testing in assessment of vitamin A status. Thailand, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, .

Reference 145 Nutrition Division, Department of Health, Institute of Nutrition. Report on the prevalence of inadequate vitamin A nutriture in preschool children of north and northeast Thailand. Bangkok, 1991.

Reference 152 Udomkesmalee E et al. Assessment of marginal vitamin A deficiency in Thai school children by impression cytology, dark adaptometry and serum retinol. Bangkok, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, .

Reference 155 Ministry of Public Health, Department of Health, Nutrition Division. Vitamin A deficiency among preschool children in five southernmost provinces of Thailand. Malaysia, Ministry of Public Health, 1995.

Reference 277 Udomkesmalee E, Dhannamitta S, Yhoung-Aree J, Rojroongwasinkul, Smith JC. Biochemical evidence suggestive of suboptimal zinc and vitamin A status in schoolchildren in northeast Thailand. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1990, 52 :564-567.

Reference 278 Bloem MW, Wedel M, Egger RJ, Speek AJ, Chusilp K, Saowakontha S, Schreurs WHP. A prevalence study of vitamin A deficiency and xerophthlamia in northeastern Thailand. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1989, 129 :1095-1103.

Reference 3312 Ministry of Public Health, Department of Health, Nutrition Division. Report on survey to determine the existence and extent of vitamin A deficiency in Thailand. 1988.

Reference 3961 Ministry of Public Health, Department of Health. The Fourth National Nutrition Survey of Thailand 1995. Bangkok, Ministry of Public Health, Department of Health, 1998.

Reference 4162 Panpanich R, Vitsupakorn K, Harper G, Brabin B. Serum and breast-milk vitamin A in women during lactation in rural Chiang Mai, Thailand. Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, 2002, 22 :321- 324.

Reference 5227 Thurlow RA, Winichagoon P, Green T, Wasantwisut E, Pongcharoen T, Bailey KB, Gibson RS. Only a small proportion of anemia in northeast Thai schoolchildren is associated with iron deficiency. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005, 82 :380-387.

Reference 5521 Winichagoon P, McKenzie JE, Chavasit V, Pongcharoen T, Gowachirapant S, Boonpraderm A, Manger MS, Bailey KB, Wasantwisut E, Gibson RS. A multimicronutrient-fortified seasoning powder enhances the hemoglobin, zinc, and iodine status of primary school children in North East Thailand: a randomized controlled trial of efficacy. Journal of Nutrition, 2006, 136 :1617- 1623.

Reference 5673 Boonsiri P, Pooart J, Tangrassameeprasert R, Hongsprabhas P, Khampitak T, Yongvanit P. Serum vitamin A and zinc levels of healthy people in northeast Thailand. Clinica Chimica Acta, 2006, 373 :132-138.

Reference 5688 Andert CU, Sanchaisuriya P, Sanchaisuriya K, Schelp FP, Schweigert FJ. Nutritional status of pregnant women in Northeast Thailand. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006, 15 :329-334.

Reference 5812 Tienboon P, Wangpakapattanawong P. Vitamin A status of the minority ethnic group of Karen hill tribe children aged 1-6 years in Northern Thailand. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007, 16 :158-162.

Reference 5818 Assantachai P and Lekhakula S. Epidemiological survey of vitamin deficiencies in older Thai adults: implications for national policy planning. Public Health Nutrition, 2007, 10 :65-70.

Reference 120 Nutrition Unit, UNBRO. Samet Nutrition Survey, June, 1986. Thailand, 1986.

Reference 147 Bloem MW. Vitamin A deficiency, anemia and infectious disease in Northeast Thailand [dissertation]. Meppel, Krips Repro, 1988.

Reference 153 Valyasevi A, Charoenkiatkul S. Dietary approaches for prevention of vitamin A deficiency. Bangkok, Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, 1984.

Reference 295 Varavithya W, Stoecker B, Chaiyaratana W, Kittikool J. Vitamin A status of Thai children with measles. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 1986, 38 :359-361.

Reference 296 Udomkesmalee E, Dhanamitta S, Sirisinha S, Charoenkiatkul S, Tuntipopipat S, Banjong O, Rojroongwasinkul N, Kramer TR, Smith JC Jr. Effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on the nutriture of children in northeast Thailand. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1992, 56 :50-57.

Reference 1846 Bloem MW, Wedel M, van Agtmaal EJ, Speek AJ, Saowakontha S, Schreurs WHP. Vitamin A intervention: short-term effects of a single, oral massive dose on iron metabolism. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1990, 51 :76-79.

Reference 2021 Bloem MW, Wedel M, Egger RJ, Speek AJ, Schrijver J, Sastri S, Schreurs WHP. Mild vitamin A deficiency and risk of respiratory tract diseases and diarrhea in preschool and school children in northeastern Thailand. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1990, 131 :332-339.

Reference 2022 Wanaratna L, Sinawat S, Vasantavisuthi E, Thaineua V. The prevalence of inadequate vitamin A nutriture in preschool children of north and northeast Thailand. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 1997, 80 :139-145.

Reference 2175 Suthutvoravoot S, Olson JA. Plasma and liver concentrations of vitamin A in a normal population of urban Thai. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1974, 27 :883-891.

Reference 2918 USAID, Institute of Nutrition Mahindol University. Social marketing vitamin A-rich foods in Thailand. A model nutrition communication for behavior change process. 1993.

Reference 2934 Bloem MW, Wedel M, Egger RJ, Speek AJ, Schrijver J, Saowakontha S, Schreurs WH. Iron metabolism and vitamin A deficiency in children in northeast Thailand. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1989, 50 :332-338.

Reference 3388 Schipani A, van der Haar F, Sinawat S, Maleevong K. Dietary intake and nutritional status of young children in families practicing mixed gardening in northeast Thailand. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2002, 23 :175-180.

Reference 4456 Maleevong K, Durongdej S, Wasantawisut E, Pradipasen M, Pattaraarchachai J, Sinawat S. Development of screening indicators for ranking areas at risk of vitamin A deficiency in Thailand. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 2004, 87 :150-156.

Reference 5052 Banjong O, Menefee A, Sranacharoenpong K, Chittchang U, Eg-kantrong P, Boonpraderm A, Tamachotipong S. Dietary assessment of refugees living in camps: a case study of Mae La Camp, Thailand. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2003, 24 :360-367.

Reference 5344 Thurlow RA, Winichagoon P, Pongcharoen T, Gowachirapant S, Boonpraderm A, Manger MS, Bailey KB, Wasantwisut E, Gibson RS. Risk of zinc, iodine and other micronutrient deficiencies among school children in North East Thailand. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2005, 60 :623-632.

Reference 5367 Winichagoon P, Pongcharoen T, Yhoung-Aree J. Current situation and status of micronutrient policies and programs in Thailand. Paper presented at a workshop on "Successful Micronutrient Programs" held at the International Union of Nutritional Sciences. 2001.

Reference 5817 Krittaphol W, Bailey KB, Pongcharoen T, Winichagoon P, Thomson C, Gibson RS. Primary school children from northeast Thailand are not at risk of selenium deficiency. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2006, 15 :474-481.

Reference 5827 Viroonudomphol D, Mahaisiriyodom A, Mingkhawn R, Sadomthian P, Korchasri N, Jittngamkhum S, Sangcakul A. Relationship between serum antioxidant vitamins A, E, and C and lipid profiles in priest subjects at the Priest Hospital. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 2005, 36 (4):246-253.