DOCSLIB.ORG

Research.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

IMPACTS OF FOREST MANAGEMENT ON MEDICINAL HERBS IN THE MISSOURI OZARKS __________________________________________________________________________ A Thesis presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School at the University of Missouri-Columbia ______________________________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science ______________________________________________________ by BADGER BALDWIN JOHNSON Dr. Shibu Jose, Thesis Supervisor MAY 2017 The undersigned, appointed by the dean of the Graduate School, have examined the thesis entitled IMPACTS OF SILVICULTURAL MANAGEMENT ON MEDICINAL HERBS IN THE MISSOURI OZARKS presented by Badger Baldwin Johnson, a candidate for the degree of Master of Science and hereby certify that, in their opinion, it is worthy of acceptance. ____________________________________________ Shibu Jose, Ph.D. ____________________________________________ Rose-Marie Muzika, Ph.D. ____________________________________________ James L. Chamberlain III, Ph.D. ____________________________________________ Leszek Vincent, Ph.D. ____________________________________________ Chung-Ho Lin, Ph.D. DEDICATION I dedicate this research work to all well-intentioned foresters, farmers, scientists, activists, bureaucrats, politicians, teachers and students who help our society care for the earth. May we come together in the ways we need to and up our game in the 21st century. Thank you Gaia, in your intelligent and loving embrace I move and live and have my being. Thank you to my Gunga, and my mom Nancy Sullivan, who steadfastly supported my connection with Gaia from a young age. Thank you to my dad Mac Johnson for loving me and for being a solid job coach these days. Beyond that, I feel so much gratitude to all the teachers who have particularly helped me develop along the way. The list is long, but starts with Eileen Frechette, all the staff at Edge of Appalachia Reserve, Jack Muir Laws, Misha Golfman, Starhawk, Joe Hollis, Israel Regardie, Charles Griffin, Art Trese, Frances Gander, John Schmieding, Rudy Nickens and Tim Jackins. Your mentorship has been invaluable. Finally, thanks to my family of choice. Together we can do anything! ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Much gratitude goes out to my thesis committee. An especial thank you to Dr. Shibu Jose for believing in me, Drs. Rose-Marie and Jim Chamberlain for your careful attention to detail on the manuscripts, Dr. Leszek Vincent for your warm words and encouragement, and Dr. Chung-Ho Lin for inspiring me. An extra thanks is due to Shibu, Rose-Marie, Jim and Leszek, as well as to Ryan Dibala and Michael Borucke for reviewing this manuscript. Each of you helped turn this from a few term papers into what will hopefully be published as a series of articles in peer-refereed journals. Additional thanks are owed to Dr. Mike Gold, Dr. Ben Knapp and Dr. John Kabrick for being there when I needed someone to extrovertly geek out with, or had a question they could efficiently answer. To our primary collaborator at the Missouri Department of Conservation, Dr. Liz Olson, as well as Dr. Dawn Henderson. The generosity with your time, and your clarifying support has been indispensable. Cal Maginel, thank you for your ongoing help in getting my bearings in Missouri ecosystems. Thank you to Alicia Struckhoff for assisting with our adoption of the Ecosystem Site Description typology. Thank you to Thomas Fieldan and Doug Ladd of The Nature Conservancy Missouri, your unreserved data sharing was a real boon to the project. Thank you Elly Lang and Bo Young for your field support at HARC and Doug Allen’s! Wow! And though I don’t know all of their names, thank you to all the people who were out there botanizing as seed tick bombs went off all around you in 100 ° F weather, at MOFEP and CCMA. Piggybacking on your efforts allowed us at the Center for Agroforestry to do a lot more than we ever could have on our own. Thanks is due to Calvin Maginel, friend, Missouri native and botanist extraordinaire for helping me understand and adapt to the Ozark context of these forest farming projects. Finally, thanks to my comrades at Fretboard Coffee (Aba, Sarah, Dan, Austin et al.) for creating a supportive atmosphere for writing this thesis. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................... ii TABLE OF TABLES .................................................................................................................................... v TABLE OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................ix ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 PROBLEM STATEMENT ............................................................................................................ 2 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES ......................................................................................................... 4 CHAPTER 2: GROWTH, REPRODUCTION AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF FOUR HERBS IN CANOPY GAPS OF HARDWOOD FORESTS IN CENTRAL MISSOURI .................................................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 9 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................. 11 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................... 15 AVERAGE DAILY PAR AND NTFP PHYSIOLOGY ............................................................. 21 SOIL FERTILITY AND PRECIPITATION DIFFERENCES BY SITE ................................ 29 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 30 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 3 IMPACTS OF TIMBER HARVEST ON MEDICINAL HERBS IN THE MISSOURI OZARKS ......................................................................................................... 35 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 35 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................. 39 iii Study Area ....................................................................................................................... 39 Statistical Analyses ......................................................................................................... 40 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................... 44 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 53 CHAPTER 4: EFFECTS OF PRESCRIBED FIRE ON MEDICINAL HERBS IN THE MISSOURI OZARKS ......................................................................................................... 58 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 58 MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................................. 61 RESULTS ...................................................................................................................................... 65 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................ 71 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................................... 77 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................. 78 LITERATURE CITED ............................................................................................................................... 81 APPENDIX 1 ............................................................................................................................................... 98 APPENDIX 2 ............................................................................................................................................... 99 APPENDIX 3 ............................................................................................................................................. 102 iv TABLE OF TABLES Table 1 Summary statistics (mean, standard deviation, range) and description of explanatory variables in the forest farming study. SD=standard deviation. Units of measurement indicated in brackets. .................................................................. 17 Table 2 Results of ANOVA with for canopy gap treatment, by site. Significance value P=0.05. Sample size n=80 for each site by treatment combination. ............................... 21 Table 3 Accumulated precipitation in cm, annually and during the growing season, for both sites and treatments.
Recommended publications
  • The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants

    The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants

    medicines Review The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants William N. Setzer 1,2 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519 2 Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA Received: 25 October 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines. Keywords: Cherokee; Native American; traditional herbal medicine; chemical constituents; pharmacology 1. Introduction Natural products have been an important source of medicinal agents throughout history and modern medicine continues to rely on traditional knowledge for treatment of human maladies [1]. Traditional medicines such as Traditional Chinese Medicine [2], Ayurvedic [3], and medicinal plants from Latin America [4] have proven to be rich resources of biologically active compounds and potential new drugs.
  • Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (Aflp) to Identify Black Cohosh (Actaea Racemosa)1

    Using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (Aflp) to Identify Black Cohosh (Actaea Racemosa)1

    USING AMPLIFIED FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISMS (AFLP) TO IDENTIFY BLACK COHOSH (ACTAEA RACEMOSA)1 NYREE J. C. ZEREGA,SCOTT MORI,CHARLOTTE LINDQVIST, QUNYI ZHENG, AND TIMOTHY J. MOTLEY Zerega, Nyree J. C., Scott Mori (New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA), Charlotte Lindqvist (Norwegian Forest Research Institute N-1432 As, Norway), Qunyi Zheng (Pure World Botanicals, Inc., South Hackensack, NJ, USA), and Timothy J. Motley (New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458, USA). USING AMPLIFIED FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMOR- PHISMS (AFLP) TO IDENTIFY BLACK COHOSH (ACTAEA RACEMOSA). Economic Botany 56(2):154– 164, 2002. The rhizome of Actaea racemosa L., commonly called black cohosh, is a popular botanical dietary supplement used to treat female health concerns. The rhizomes used in black cohosh products are often collected from the wild. To ensure quality control, it is imperative that plants be correctly identified. This paper examines the use of the DNA fingerprinting technique, AFLP, as an analytical means of identifying A. racemosa from three other closely related sympatric species. To this end, 262 AFLP markers were generated, and one unique fingerprint was identified for A. racemosa, whereas two, six, and eight unique fingerprints were identified for the closely related species A. pachypoda, A. cordifolia, and A. podocarpa, re- spectively. Two commercial black cohosh products were also subjected to AFLP analysis and shown to contain only A. racemosa. The results of this study suggest that AFLP analysis may offer a useful method for quality control in the botanical dietary supplements industry. DIE VERWENDUNG VON AFLP-MUSTERN ZUR IDENTIFIKATION VON BLACK COHOSH (ACTAEA RACE- MOSA).
  • Black Cohosh Seed Germination and Conservation W

    Black Cohosh Seed Germination and Conservation W

    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Biology Faculty Publications Biology 2018 Black Cohosh Seed Germination and Conservation W. John Hayden University of Richmond, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.richmond.edu/biology-faculty-publications Part of the Biology Commons, and the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Hayden, W. John. “Black Cohosh Seed Germination and Conservation.” Sempervirens Winter 2017/2018: 6-7. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biology at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biology Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 6 Sempervirens , Winter 2017-2018 Article and illustrations by W. John Hayden, Botany Chair ike many plant enthusiasts, I have the natural progression of seasons. but epicotyls remained inactive spent a considerable amount of Seeds that mature and disperse in late until mid-March. Seeds of Hepatica time planting seeds. Every year I summer or fall will be exposed, fi rst (Anemone acutiloba ), also studied grow many vegetables—my garden to warmth and moisture, and then to by Baskin and Baskin (1985), show a always includes some annual bedding the cold temperatures of winter, before similar pattern. plants—and I sow seeds of cover germinating in the warmth of spring. Baskin and Baskin (1985) offered crops (winter wheat, winter rye, and The savvy native plant gardener several hypotheses for the adaptive buckwheat) by the tens of thousands. employs a process called stratifi cation value of epicotyl dormancy observed While I have committed vast numbers to mimic this natural cycle; seeds sown in Black Cohosh and Hepatica.
  • Black Cohosh & Endangered Species Actaea Racemosa L

    Black Cohosh & Endangered Species Actaea Racemosa L

    Natural Heritage Black Cohosh & Endangered Species Actaea racemosa L. Program State Status: Endangered www.mass.gov/nhesp Federal Status: None Massachusetts Division of Fisheries & Wildlife DESCRIPTION: Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa, formerly Cimicifuga racemosa) is a striking herbaceous perennial plant of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae), with alternate, compound leaves and four to nine malodorous, wand-like, white inflorescences. Though indigenous to rich woodlands, Black Cohosh is also a common garden and herbal medicinal plant, and goes by the other common names Black Snakeroot, Squawroot, and Bugbane. AIDS TO IDENTIFICATION: The leaves of Black Cohosh are 15 to 60 cm (~6–23 in.) in length, smooth, and two to three times “ternately” (i.e., divided in three) compound, with 20 to 70 toothed leaflets. The flowering stem can be quite tall, reaching up to 2.5 m (~8 ft.) in height; it is branched, with several racemes of fetid, white flowers. Individual flowers appear as a mass of stamens with white filaments 5 to 10 mm long, topped by rounded anthers. The fruit is a thick-walled follicle, 5 to 10 mm in size. SIMILAR SPECIES: The leaves of Black Cohosh resemble those of Red Baneberry (Actaea rubra), and White Baneberry (Actaea pachypoda). Like Black Cohosh, baneberries are known from rich woodlands and have compound leaves with toothed leaflets, but they are typically much smaller plants. The most distinguishing characters are the inflorescence and the fruit; in baneberries, the inflorescence is an unbranched raceme, and the fruit are berries, not follicles. HABITAT: In Massachusetts, Black Cohosh inhabits very rich deciduous forests typically with moist alkaline soils.
  • A Morphometric Analysis of Actaea Racemosa L. (Ranunculaceae)

    A Morphometric Analysis of Actaea Racemosa L. (Ranunculaceae)

    Journal of Medicinally Active Plants Volume 1 Issue 2 January 2012 A morphometric analysis of Actaea racemosa L. (Ranunculaceae) Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Gardner, Zoe E.; Lorna Lueck; Erik B. Erhardt; and Lyle E. Craker. 2012. "A morphometric analysis of Actaea racemosa L. (Ranunculaceae)." Journal of Medicinally Active Plants 1, (2):47-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7275/R5M906KB https://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap/vol1/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Medicinally Active Plants by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Gardner et al.: A morphometric analysis of Actaea racemosa L. (Ranunculaceae) Journal of Medicinally Active Plants Volume 1 | Issue 2 June 2012 A morphometric analysis of Actaea racemosa L. (Ranunculaceae) Zoe E. Gardner University of Massachusetts, Amherst, [email protected] Lorna Lueck University of Massachusetts, Amherst, [email protected] Erik B. Erhardt University of New Mexico, [email protected] Lyle E. Craker University of Massachusetts, Amherst, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap Recommended Citation Gardner, Zoe E., Lorna Lueck, Erik B. Erhardt, Lyle E. Craker. 2012. "A morphometric analysis of Actaea racemosa L. (Ranunculaceae)," Journal of Medicinally Active Plants 1(2):47-59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7275/R5M906KB Available at: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap/vol1/iss2/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst.
  • Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Isolation and Detection of Formononetin in Black Cohosh (Actaea Racemosa L.)

    Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Isolation and Detection of Formononetin in Black Cohosh (Actaea Racemosa L.)

    Journal of Medicinally Active Plants Volume 1 Issue 1 January 2012 Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Isolation and Detection of Formononetin in Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap Part of the Plant Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Al-Amier, Hussein; Stephen J. Eyles; and Lyle Craker. 2012. "Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Isolation and Detection of Formononetin in Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.)." Journal of Medicinally Active Plants 1, (1):6-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7275/R5CR5R84 https://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap/vol1/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Medicinally Active Plants by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Al-Amier et al.: Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Isolation and Detection of F Journal of Medicinally Active Plants Volume 1 | Issue 1 January 2012 Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Isolation and Detection of Formononetin in Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.) Hussein Al-Amier Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt, [email protected] Stephen J. Eyles University of Massachusetts, [email protected] Lyle Craker University of Massachusetts, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap Recommended Citation Al-Amier, Hussein, Stephen J. Eyles, Lyle Craker. 2012. "Evaluation of Extraction Methods for Isolation and Detection of Formononetin in Black Cohosh (Actaea racemosa L.)," Journal of Medicinally Active Plants 1(1):6-12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7275/R5CR5R84 Available at: http://scholarworks.umass.edu/jmap/vol1/iss1/5 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst.
  • Native Perennials with Pharmaceutical Pasts

    Native Perennials with Pharmaceutical Pasts

    CommerCially marketed Herbal Natives They reach between two and four feet tall, miNt-Family mediCiNals Among the most well known and well re- and bloom all summer long. Many native plants with herbal prop- searched medicinal native perennials are Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis, Zones erties belong to the mint family (Lami- coneflowers (Echinacea spp.). Ethnobotan- 4–9, 8–4) is another widely used and well aceae). They share traits such as square ical studies have revealed that numerous known medicinal native perennial. Histori- stems, opposite leaves that may be aro- Native American tribes used coneflowers cally it has been used for ailments involving matic, and small two-lipped flowers ar- in a variety of herbal remedies for hundreds mucus membranes. For example, Iroquois ranged in whorls or clusters. Those that of years. Today, millions of people around healers used a decoction of the root to treat spread with rhizomes may need a firm the world use echinacea-based products to whooping cough, diarrhea, stomach ail- hand to keep them within bounds. bolster their immune system or to diminish ments, earache, and eye irritation. Its thick The genus Salvia boasts quite a few the duration and severity of a cold. yellow rhizomes also have been used to North American species that are both The species most commonly used for make a dye. After early explorers export- medicinally significant and highly or- these purposes are purple coneflower (E. ed the plant to Europe, it became popular namental. From the West Coast, hum- purpurea, USDA Hardiness Zones 3–9, there for medicinal purposes, too.
  • Nomination Background: Black Cohosh (CASRN: 84776-26-1)

    Nomination Background: Black Cohosh (CASRN: 84776-26-1)

    SUMMARY OF DATA FOR CHEMICAL SELECTION Black cohosh 84776-26-1 BASIS OF NOMINATION TO THE CSWG Black cohosh is presented to the CSWG as part of a review of botanicals being used as dietary supplements in the United States. Despite a previous FDA classification of black cohosh as a medicinal herb of undefined safety, deregulation brought about by the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act now permits this substance to be marketed to women who want to use it to treat menstrual and menopausal symptoms. Many of the studies on the safety and efficacy of black cohosh have been conducted on Remifemin™, a popular German phytomedicine that is an alcoholic extract of black cohosh. Published reports contain few experimental details, making an independent assessment of the toxicity of black cohosh difficult. Overall, black cohosh extracts appear to affect luteinizing hormone secretion, although demonstrations of estrogenic/antiestrogenic activity are inconclusive. The combined effects of black cohosh and hormone replacement therapy are unknown. The presence of an active ingredient that influences blood pressure is a further concern. INPUT FROM GOVERNMENT AGENCIES/INDUSTRY Dr. John Walker, Executive Director of the TSCA Interagency Testing Committee (ITC), Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), indicated that the ITC has deferred action on black cohosh. Ms. Kara Dinda, Director of Education at the American Botanical Society, indicated that an expanded report on black cohosh will be included in a revised Commission E Monograph due to be released
  • Native Vascular Flora of the City of Alexandria, Virginia

    Native Vascular Flora of the City of Alexandria, Virginia

    Native Vascular Flora City of Alexandria, Virginia Photo by Gary P. Fleming December 2015 Native Vascular Flora of the City of Alexandria, Virginia December 2015 By Roderick H. Simmons City of Alexandria Department of Recreation, Parks, and Cultural Activities, Natural Resources Division 2900-A Business Center Drive Alexandria, Virginia 22314 [email protected] Suggested citation: Simmons, R.H. 2015. Native vascular flora of the City of Alexandria, Virginia. City of Alexandria Department of Recreation, Parks, and Cultural Activities, Alexandria, Virginia. 104 pp. Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 2 Introduction ...................................................................................................................................... 2 Climate ..................................................................................................................................... 2 Geology and Soils .................................................................................................................... 3 History of Botanical Studies in Alexandria .............................................................................. 5 Methods ............................................................................................................................................ 7 Results and Discussion ....................................................................................................................
  • C9 Build Me up Buttercup

    C9 Build Me up Buttercup

    Why do you build me up, Buttercup Baby? Revised 04 May 2015 BUTTERCUP TABLE OF CONTENTS RANUNCULACEAE Aconitum Coptis Actaea Delphinium Anemone Hepatica Anemonella Hydrastis Aquilegia Isopyrum Caltha Ranunculus Cimicifuga Thalictrum Clematis Trollius Consolida RANUNCULACEAE AL de Jussieu 1789 BUTTERCUP FAMILY A family of ca 62 genera & 2450 spp of herbs, shrubs, & vines, of temperate & boreal regions. N Almost all genera have narcotic properties, some of them being ‘highly prejudicial to animal life’. These properties are lessened by boiling heat or by drying, or heightened by spirits & sugar. Fruits are achenes, berries, or follicles. The BUTTERCUP family has many species with hydrophilic, or recalcitrant, seeds. Care must be taken in their proper use in restoration. The follicles of some species resemble medieval jester hats. Some Saxifragaceae produce similar fruits, ie the garden Peonie. why do you build me up (build me up) buttercup baby? just to let me down (let me down) and mess me around? and then worst of all (worst of all) you never call baby like you say you will (say you will) but I love you still I need you (I need you) more than anyone darlin you know that I have from the start so build me up (build me up) buttercup don’t break my heart Mike D’Abo & Tony Macaulay 1968 Folliculi, a typical fruit type in Ranunculaceae, on Aquilegia ACONITUM Linnaeus 1753 MONKSHOOD, ACONITE, WOLF-BANE Ranunculaceae Aconitum from the Latin name, aconitum, the Monk's Hood, a poisonous plant, from ancient Greek ακονιτον, akoniton, loosely translated as unconquerable poison or according to Pliny, the name aconite is from the Black Sea port of Aconis.
  • 2017 Virginia Wildflower of the Year

    2017 Virginia Wildflower of the Year

    2017 Virginia Wildflower of the Year John Clayton Chapter of the Virginia Native Plant Society Actaea racemosa CommonText by W. John Hayden, Black VNPS Botany Cohosh Chair The slender wands of flowering Common Black Cohosh beckon us to explore woodlands Common Black Cohosh is a perennial rhizoma- tous forest herb. Its horizontal rhizomes bear numerous adventitious roots on the underside and aerial stems of annual duration on the upper side, along with knobby scars left from aerial stems of pre- vious years. Leaves are alternate, twice or thrice com- pound in ternate or pinnate patterns, and large—up to 1 m long. Individual leaflet size and shape vary with position in the large compound leaves, with po- sition of a leaf on the stem, and from population to population. Most often leaflets N DE are coarsely serrate, lobed to deeply incised, with a Y A truncate to cuneate base and an acute to acuminate HN H apex; they are 3–10 cm wide and 2–10 cm long. O Inflorescences are ter- minal, held well above the J W. leaves, sparsely branched, and up to about 1 m long, resulting in a total height of robust flowering specimens to 2 m or so; flowering commences at the as either petals or staminodes (sterile stamens); bottom of each raceme and pro- gresses apically. these are oblanceolate to oblong, about 3 mm long, The white flowers possess 4 or 5 con- cave sepals and bear a pair of somewhat irregular lobes at the about 5 mm long that promptly drop at anthesis.
  • Nutritive Differentials

    Nutritive Differentials

    5/18/2017 Red, white, black, and blue: Differentiating the cohoshes Paul Bergner Traditional Roots Conference Portland, OR May 20-21, 2017 Paul Bergner North American Institute of Medical Herbalism http://naimh.com Notes and slides http://naimh.com/roots All materials copyright Paul Bergner 2015 1 5/18/2017 A template for study Accurate plant name(s) Humoral/energetic properties Definite clinical actions Tissues affected Uniqueness of the plant Uses Useful pairs and formulas Safety considerations Constituents/scientific trials if relevant. Humoral/energetic properties Hot or cold, with degree (very hot, hot, warm, slightly warm, neutral, slightly cool, cool, cold, very cold) etc. Dry or moist, with degree as above Tonic/astringent vs Relaxant May add constitutional terminology from other systems 2 5/18/2017 Clinical actions Reliable and visible clinical effect to be expected Diffusive/Diaphoretic Diuretic Expectorant Antispasmodic Carminative Laxative Sedative Anodyne etc Tissues affected Connective tissue Skin Mucous membranes Nerves Secreting glands of GI/Liver Smooth muscle Skeletal muscle Capillary circulation Immune Etc 3 5/18/2017 Materia medica differentials First study groups of herbs with similar uses and properties to see their similarity. This is useful for clinical flexibility and substitution Then differential between herbs in the group on the basis of unique property or specific use if relevant. Actaea (Cimicifuga) racemosa Black Cohosh Actaea rubra/pachypoda (alba) Red/white Cohosh Actaea spicata European baneberry Caulophyllum thalictroides Blue Cohosh 4 5/18/2017 Actaea /rubra/alba/pachypoda “For clinical uses, Actaea racemosa and rubra/alba/pachypoda may be used interchangeably in all regards “(J.U.