Come explore the world ofgardens in the W'orld W'here America gre'W March 21 st through 26th, join us for five event­ filled days as Colonial Williamsburg, in associa­ tion with the American Horticultural Society, celebrates the 30th Annual Garden Symposium with workshops, panel discus­ sions and lectures on everything from an histori­ cal perspective on Ameri­ can botany to the fine art of flower photography. In addition to a once-a­ year opportunity to learn from some oftoday's lead­ ing flower arrangers, landscape architects, and horticulturists, th@re'll be tours of Colonial Williams­ burg's own gardens, can­ dlelight concerts, a special Yorktown Bicentennial tour and much, much more during this Bicentennial Year Symposium. Reservations must be accepted as they are received, and we strongly recommend that you make plans to attend now. We promise an experience that's sure to make you grow. Bookshop for Gardeners

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THE ORCHIDS: SCIENTIFIC STUDIES THE TREES OF CHRISTMAS FERNS FOR GARDEN AND GREEN- Carl L. Withner $22.50 Edna Metcalfe (comp) $ 7.95 HOUSE This 1974 edition is no t a revision of The Horticul tural Society of Davidson Philip Swindell s $ 7.50 1959 edition. New Material. County, Tennessee whose annual exhibit THE RHODODENDRON VOL. II "Chris tm as T rees of Many Land s" was THE NATURAL GARDENS OF NORTH Published by both the in spiration for and basis fo r CAROLINA: WITH KEYS AND DE­ The Leslie Urquhart Press $3 5.00 this book. SCRIPTIONS OF THE HERBACEOUS WILD FLOWERS FOUND THEREIN 18 reproductions from paintings by FLORA OF THE PACIFIC NORTH­ $ 7.95 Carlos Riefel. WEST: AN ILLUSTRATED MANUAL B. W. Well s MICRO-CLIMATE: THE BIOLOGICAL C. Leo Hitchcock $25.00 ENVIRONMENT A taxonomic treatment of all the species CREATE A BUTTERFLY GARDEN Norman J . Rosenberg $13 .5 0 of flowering plants, co ni fers, ferns, and L. Hugh Newman $ 2.00 fern-related plants native to or estab­ WILDFLOWER TRAILS OF THE lished in Washington, northern Oregon ALPINES FOR TROUBLE FREE GARD­ PACIFIC NORTHWEST and Idaho, western Mo ntana and south­ ENING Art Chipman $15 .00 ern British Columbia. Alan Bloom $ 5.00 236 full color illus. Over 10,000 illu s. PLANTS OF SHAKESPEARE DWARF BULBS CARNIVOROUS PLANTS Adelm a Grenier Simmons $ 2.50 Brian Mathew $12.95 Randall Schqartz $ 6.95 Published in association with the Royal How to find , grow, feed and care for THE COOL GREENHOUSE TODA Y Horticultural Society . 700 species covered. more than 40 species. A unique myth Deenagh Goold-Adams $12.50 and mystery chapter with cartoons, com­ A SAMPLER OF WAYSIDE HERBS : 250 genera described. Construction, ics and old engravings. REDISCOVERING OLD USES FOR equipment, management. FAMILIAR WILD PLANTS THE PHILADELPHIA AREA GREEN FERNS OF MICHIGAN Barbara Pond $17 .50 PAGES: A HANDBOOK FOR GREEN­ Cecil Billington $ 5.00 ING OF PHILADELPHIA Fern allies, rushes, club mosses included. One of the most exquisite books ever $ 3.00 stocked by Laurie Todd;s - sought A HISTORY OF THE ORCHID after even by the non-gardening biblio­ An indispensible guide for any gardener phile. 32 full-color paintings, 60 fin e living in Philadelphia Area. Published by Merle A. Reinikka $15 .00 line pencil drawings. Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. Foreword by Rebecca Northen

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Horticulturists: Certified, Sealed, and Delivered

How reliable is the information available to gardeners advanced gardeners, therefore, must play major roles and in the United States? Many of us have "Dear Abby's" to handle many of the jobs communicating the hows, whys, help guide us with gardening problems. Yet, with do's and don'ts of the plant world. thousands of varieties of plants to be grown, few general All horticultural courses in our universities, arboreta, horticulturists are available to answer the countless ques­ botanic gardens and local clubs are now brimming with tions which arise. The problem is further compounded by students. Many do not expect to weave this gardening incompetent "sayers and sages" who present misleading, knowledge into a profession. They just want to acquire a inaccurate, and obscure methods of solving horticultural few basic skills. However, some of these people will want problems. to become professionals. This is why AHS started the Each of us has limits to our knowledge and gardening Horticultural Certification Program. At the Washington initiative. Th is is why "I iars panels" or "plant cI in ics" rate Congress-October, 1974, AHS awarded the first certifi­ high in the needs of every gardener. But they do not cates to five people. They had shown through a written provide the ultimate solution. Each of us tends to select or test and a demonstration of practical skills that they had hear only the flow of words that we want to hear and the basic knowledge to be recognized as a " horticul­ often disregard the rest. Seldom does one hear later that turist." We are currently restructuring and expanding this "your suggestion did a (pick one) good, poor, lousy, program with the cooperation of the American Associa­ fantastic job for me." Most of us forget where a gardening tion of Botanical Gardens and Arboreta and its more than idea came from anyway. This information is blended with 100 member institutions. We are developing a way for other ideas and distortions to produce new impressions. qualified individuals to gain professional recognition. When I was a beginning gardener, I sought the advice and Horticulturists must have more than ski lis, they must be continuing guidance of seasoned gardeners. Sometimes communicators of sensible and clear gardening informa­ they suggested procedures that later on did not bear up tion. I have had the opportunity to gain a national audi­ under the scrutiny of a "so called" technical education, ence through the written and spoken word. Recently, I but at least they got me headed in the right direction. It is appeared on the NBC TODAY Show forthe eighth time in not usually poss ible to learn someth ing the "correct" way two years. Each show emphasized the discovery of new the first time. plants and gardening techniques that were feasible for How do you acquire basic gardening knowledge? Very everyone. All scripts were reviewed by other horticul­ few of us decide that acquiring gardening information turists and stressed the best and the most up-to-date in­ will be the major pursuit of our lives. Even in my days as formation. Perhaps this is the only course of checks and an undergraduate in the horticultural department in my balance open to us : read the materials published, make state university-our numbers were small. Few of my comments about material that is unsufficient or mislead­ classmates in the undergraduate and even graduate pro­ ing and fire it back to the author. This magazine, Ameri­ grams are still working with plants today as a vocation. can Horticulturist, serves only when it provides the best Real estate, banking or association work uhimately be­ information for all gardeners. None of us can claim to be came their professions. The American Society for Hor­ master gardeners, but all of us can claim to be growing ticultural Science lists about 3000 professional horticul­ gardeners. Henry M. Cathey 2 turists in the U.S.-hardly enough to go around. The President, AHS American

Herticulturist Volume 54 Number 6 December 19.75 for United HorticultLlre ... the pa rti cular O. KE ISTER EVA NS, Executive Director obj ects and business of The Ameri can MURRAY KEENE, Editor Horti cultural Soc iety are to promote and JANE STEFFEY , Edi tori al Assistant encourage nati onal interes t in sc ientific DONALD WY MAN, Horticultural Consultant resea rch and educati on in horti culture in ALEX BERR Y, Art Director a II of its branches. The Ameri ca n Horticultural Society, Pu bli sher AMERICAN H O RTICULTURIST is the of­ Mount Vern on, Vi rgi nia 22 121 fi cial publicati on of The American Horti ­ 7031768-5700 cultural Soc iety, 793 1 East Bouleva rd Drive, Alexandria, Virginia 22308, and is iss ued in February, April, June, August, October and December. Membershi p in 2 An Editorial the Society automati ca lly includes a sub­ scription to American Horticu lturist and 42 AHS Horticultural Travel Plans $1.5 0 is designated for each iss ue of thi s publicati on. Membershi p dues start at $15. 00 a yea r. 39 Books

Refer editorial matters to: Murray Keene Plants for Christmas Ameri ca n Horti culturist 4 A New Era for Poin sett ias: Perform ance and Resistance-Dr. Henry M. Cathey Mount Ve rnon, Virginia 22 121 18 Hollies for Chr istm as and th e Landscape- William F. Kosar Refer adverti sing matters to: 22 Sprays of Holly-Martha Pr ince Publisher Services, In c. 621 Duke Street 34 Christmas Tre es fr om Coast to Coast-Philip H. Jones Alexandria, Virginia 223 14 14 Plants of Christma s and Before- Sally Meeting

Address requests for reprints of arti cles to The Ameri can Urban Horticulture Horti cultural Society, 10 From Pa vement to Garden- Linda Yang Mount- Vernon, Virginia

AMERICAN H O RTICULTURIST is devoted Historical Horticulture to the disseminati on of knowledge in the 12 " Liberty Hyde Ba iley as I Knew Him"-L.H. MacDaniels sc ience and art of grow ing orn amental pl ants, fruits, vegetables, and related sub­ jects. Original papers w hi ch increase Gardener's Notebook knowledge of plant materials of economi c 26 Garden Ornaments-Wild and Whimsical-Lorraine Marshall Burgess and aestheti c importance are invited. For 24 Brookgreen Gardens in South Carolina-Lorraine Marshall Burgess manuscript specificati ons please address the Exec utive Director, Mount Vernon, 36 "Stewartia pseudocamellia"-JA Witt Virginia 221 21. 28 Miyabe Maple: A Tree Worth Knowing More About-Walter Eickhorst Replacement iss ues of AMERICAN H O R­ TICULTURIST are available at a cost of Education $2.50 per copy, but not beyond twelve 31 "Paramongaia weberbaueri Velardi A Peruvian Plant New to Cultivation" months prior to date of current iss ue. Dr . Russell J. Seibert The opinions expressed in the articles which appear in AMERICAN H O RTICUL­ TURIST are those of the authors and are not necessarily those of the Society. They are presented as contributions to contem­ porary thought.

Second class postage paid at Alexandria, OUR COVER PHOTO-Red and white Poinsettas courtesy of USDA, Beltsville, Md. Virginia and at additional mailing offices. 3 Copyright © 1975 by The Ameri can Hor­ PRINTING: RAY PRINTING. KANSAS CITY. MISSOURI ticultural Society. Annette Hegg Diva

Performance and Resistance

H enry M. Ca they, Pres ident America n H orticultural Soc iety Chief and Resea rch H orticulturist U. S.D.A. Beltsville, MD.

My phone calls and mail during April to June bring landscape use in the tropics. The use of poinsettias as a almost daily stories of the discovery of a new " wonder" pot plant began with the introduction of OAK LEAF in poinsettia plant. Callers say their poinsettia is in almost 1923. From 1923 to the mid 1960' s all of the principal the same condition it was when purchased the previous varieties were mutations (sports with only minor varia­ December. They feel that their plant just has to be some tions from the original seedl ing) from the OAK LEAF excl usive " sport." " I never had one last so long before," seedling selected and developed primarily by Paul Ecke they say. The voice on the other end becomes even more of Cal iforn ia. confused when I say, " You have one of the NEW ERA Dr. Robert N. Stewart, research horticulturist (USDA varieties of poinsettia. All of the accomplishments can be Beltsville, MD), has helped commercial breeders of poin­ traced back to the past 13 years with the discovery of settias understand the potential for breeding many new completely new poinsettia types, new methods to regu­ desirable characteristics: stiff stems, pollution tolerance, late size, flowering, pollution tolerance, and new control large bracts, new colors, and lasting qualities. Much of. measures to ward off pests and diseases." the informatio.n regarding characteristics of the mutations The poinsettia, more than any other plant in our has been based on h is work. lifetime, has become the highest unit-value flowering Any red poinsettia can occur in 4 basic color forms: plant sold by the florist industry. Compare it on a time x Red, pink, dawn, and white. The appearance of the bracts cost performance rating with any other flowering gift is based on the absence or presence of anthocyan ins in plant. A one time investment means the purchase of a the 3-layers of every leaf and bract. One cannot breed for decorative plant which gives 2, 4, or 5 months of display a pink or dawn poinsettia since the germ cells are formed without a significant change. Since I have been involved in layers. They must be selected as mutations from large in NEW ERA poinsettia research I' ll pass along some ideas populations of plants. to help you enjoy them more fully. New Era Varieties PAUL MIKKELSEN (1963) was the first variety In 1825 Joel Robert Poinsett collected 16 original with stiff stems and retained its bracts and leaves for long plants near Taxco, Mexico. From his greenhouse in periods of time . Greenville, South Carol ina, he distributed plants to botan­ . . . ANNETTE HEGG, the first multi-flowering vari­ ical gardens and friends. Nurseyman, Robert Buist, made ety, was a Norwegian introduction in 1964. It was unique the first poinsettias available to the public. Until 1923, in that 5 to 10 side shoots, each with a set of bracts and cuttings from the original introduction were grown <;:yathia (true flowers), were produced from the removal of 4 primarily in botanic gardens or as a flowering shrub for a single growing point. The cuttings rooted easier and

conditions. As long as one does not water log the growing media. Given a moderate level of mineral nutrients, plants will survive 8 to 12 feet away from an undraped window. For the development of large and brightly col­ ored bracts, however, direct sunl ight for 4 to 6 hours daily is required throughout the plant's development. Once its bracts are brightly colored, however, the plant may be moved to a dim spot for weeks of continuous display.

Artificial Light OLD: Poinsettia plants grown under incandescent­ filament lamps produce stems with long internodes, a few aborted cyath ia surrou nded by crippled bracts. NEW: Fluorescent lamps can provide an adequate light environment to grow and flower poinsettia plants throughout the year. The most rapid flowering occurs when the recently rooted cuttings are exposed 6 inches away from fluorescent lamps, 10 hours daily, excluded from light of an y kind for the remaining 14 hours. The day Red, white and pink foliage Poinsettia plants of the temperature should be 65°F, the night can be as low as Hegg variety. 55°F. flowered earlier than the previously known seedlings. Temperature Requirement This variety is most commonly sold by mass market out­ OLD: Poinsettias had to be grown at a minimum night lets and will thrive under cool (55°) growing conditions. temperature of 65°F, otherwise leaf drop occurred soon .. . ECKESPOINT C-1, the first extra large variety with after flowering began. smooth-surfaced, upright bracts wh ich required a NEW: The New Era varieties, particularly the Mik­ minimum of staking was introduced in 1968; this variety kelsen and Hegg types, possess characteristics wh ich is most commonly sold by florists and requires a permit their culture at temperatures as low as 55°F. The minimum temperature of (65°) to develop properly. stockplant must be grown and cuttings rooted at tempera­ ... USDA SEEDLINGS such as Stoplight (Spectrum tures above 65°F. Once the plants have rooted, they may red), Rudolph (Intense red), Truly Pink (genetic pink) and be grown at progressively cooler temperatures and will Ruff and Reddy (intense red and rough surfaced bracts develop brightly colored bracts for Christmas. with a high level of tolerance to air pollution) were intro­ duced by Dr. Stewart to supply fertile breeding lines with Media and nutrients known genetic potential for use by commercial breeders. OLD: Dig up the clay from the subsoil level-break up Other varieties available may not have national the clogs, let it dry. Pot 4 in. hardwood cuttings in the dry distribution. mix. Water and watch some of the cuttings strike root. The New Era Poinsettia varieties are giving rise to muta­ tions with all kinds of BRACTS (intense red , orange, NEW: Prepare an artificial growing media consisting shocking pink, mauve, bicolors, transparent white to al­ of 2 parts sphagnum peat moss, 2 parts vermiculite, 1 part most yellow), STEMS (stiff, highly branched, procum­ perlite, and 1 part builder's sand. To each cubic yard of bent), LEAVES (magnol ia, oak or holly shaped, variegated mix add 1 lb. of calcium nitrate, 2Y2 Ibs. of superphos­ and anthocyanin filled). This variability is most remarka­ ph ate, 5 Ibs. of dolomitic lime,S Ibs. calcium carbonate, ble since all poinsettias are considered to be derived from and 1 lb. iron sulfate. Add a completely water soluble a single species. fertilizer to the water-you should be able to count at least 12 elements in the mix. Apply 60 g of 20-16.66-8.3 Light Requirement NPK dissolved in 1 liter of water twice a week through an OLD: The OAK LEAF type varieties required direct injector in the ratio of 1 = 100. daily bright light throughout their life to retain their cyathia (flowers), bracts, and leaves. The plants seldom Promote rooting survived as pot plants past January 10 of any Christmas Season. OLD: Select leafless stems, cut into 3 to 4 in. sections. NEW: The long lasting varieties such as Paul Mikkelsen Insert into a bench in a greenhouse filled with builder's 6 and Annette Hegg will survive well even under dim light sand. Water and maintain temperature above 60°F. Even- tually some of the hardwood cuttings will root. NEW: Se lect 3-4 in. cuttin gs from rapidly developing vegetative stock plants. The softwood cuttings must be free from disease, experi ence no moisture stress and be maintained at a minimum temperature of 70°F and a maximum of 85°F. Wash all working area surfaces with 5% bousehold bleach (d iluted 1 to 9 parts water). Leave all leaves on the cutting. Dip base of cutting into a dust containing 2500 PPM of indolebutyric acid. Insert cut­ tings into rooting media, water thoroughly and start mist. To keep a fi I m of water on the leaves at all ti mes, mist 5 seconds every 5 minutes during the daylight hours. The propagation area may have to be covered with shade (saran or wh itewash) to reduce light duri ng periods of bright weather. When the cuttings form a ca ll us (i n 7 to 10 days) one can start to ferti lize the plants. The cuttings are removed from the rooting bed when the roots are at least 1 in. long (in 14 to 18 days).

"POLLINATING": The hands of Franz Freuhwirth, Inhibit Flowering hybridizer, delicately pollinating unnamed Eckes­ point@ Seedlings . OLD: Flowering eventuall y occurred, regardless of growing situation. NEW: Poinsettias are one of the most sensitive photo­ periodic plants to artificial light at night. Even 0.01 foot candle (equiva lent to the li ght from one cand le 100 feet away) is sufficient I ight to sta ll the development of flow­ ers. One foot cand le, regard less of sou rce, shining all night w ill indefinitely inhibit the flowering of all varieties of poinsettias. For the minimum energy use to inhibit flowering, mount 7% watt incandescent lamps 4 feet above the plants, 4 feet apart. Li ght the lamps 3 seconds every minute from 11 p.m. to 1 a.m. daily to insure continued vegetative growth of all varieties of po in settias .

Promote Flowering

OLD: Flowering usua lly occurred sometime during the winter months. It cou ld be as early as Thanksgiving or as late as Valentine's Day-but one could expect some display by Christmas time. NEW: Flowering is controlled by reg ulating the growth, daylength and temperature of the plants during October and November. Poinsettias are plants and need daily periods of 13 hours light-ll hours dark to begin to initiate flower buds. To control the daylength-a black plastic or a sateen cloth (a minimum of 68 X 104 threads to the inch), is applied to cover the plants for 14 hours daily, usually from 5 p.m. to 7 a.m. For off-season flower­ ing , the long night treatments must continue until the bracts are well developed, otherwise chl orophyll may develop in the bracts and discolor them. Year round/ flowering may be achieved by inhibiting and promoting flowering through the use of artificial light and opaque JINGLE BELLS, Red and Pink Novelty-Discovered by John Fantom, Baltimore, Maryland. coverings. 7 Weeks to Flower rotted areas, the grower would stop fertilizing and cease to water the plants for long periods. Many of the plants Annette Hegg types ...... 8 wks. died, others survived sufficiently long to produce flower­ Paul Mikkelsen types ...... 9 wks. ing plants. Most plants sold were contam inated. Eckespoint C-1 types ...... 10 wks. NEW: Poinsettia plants are subject to Rhizoctonia USDA: Ruff'n Reddy ...... 10 wks. (s tem and root rot), Pythium (water mold root rot), Stopl ight ...... 10 wks·. Thieiaviopsi£ (black root rot), Botrytis (gray mold), Er­ Truly pink ...... 10 wks. winia (bacterial soft rot) and Corynebacterium (bacterial canker). Height control These organisms may be transported in water, so il, on contaminated tools, and on the hands of workers. Sanita­ OLD: In late summer, stop watering the plants-let tion is the prime control. Eliminate al l weeds and debris. the leaves wilt. While the plant is in flaccid, fold the stems Wash down all surfaces; with a household bleach. Keep into a S-shape. Use wires to hold the bent stems to stakes. all hoses, tools, growing media, and benches free of The twisted leaves eventually right themselves and the contamination. Rogue out obviously infected plants­ cracks on the stem heal over. drench growing media with fungicides to supress the NEW: Use a chemical growth retardant to control continued development of the organisms. Benlate@, internode elongation without altering the number of Dexon 35@, and Terraclor 75WP@ have demonstrated l€laves formed or the time of flowering. Cycocel@, that control of the diseases without plant injury is possi­ B-Nine@ and A-Rest@, are registered for poinsettia use. ble. Use accord ing to label. By adjusting the concentration and time of application of the chemicals, one can grow plants of any size. The first Insect Control benefit observed from growth regul ator appl ication is the darken i ng of the green fol iage. Overtreatment can cause a OLD: Flare-ups of whiteflies occurred throughout the reduction in the size and the crinkl ing of bracts. The label growing season . The infestation of white flies could be­ suggests the proper procedure for using the chemical come so heavy in certain areas that the plants start to get retardant safely and efficiently. dirty, black, sooty-mold look. Scraping the eggs off the leaves and washing with warm soapy water were the only Air pollution control methods. NEW: The approach now is the use of an integrated OLD: Plants in late summer or early fall often lose control program, combining cu ltural, insect predators;, most of the bottom leaves. The loss is due in part to pyrenones (synthetic pyrethum) with extremely low oxidants (ozone, Sulfur dioxide) in the air from industrial mammalian toxicity. The plants are grown at night tem­ and auto exhausts. Plant a quick growing fern in the peratures 68° to 75°F (warmer than the optimum one for growing media to help disguise the bare stems. the plants) to promote the growth of predator. The NEW: Select one of the new varieties in the Ruff'n pyrenone is used to kill the adults prior to introduction of Reddy from USDA breeding program, Annette Hegg or the predatory wasps to control the hatching of the C-1 families which possess increased tolerance to ozone whitefly eggs. Near complete control of the whitefly and sulfur dioxide. Plants treated with Cycocel@, population is possible. The label of the pyrenone tells B-Nine® and A-Rest® keep their stomates closed, have how to use the chem ical safely and effectively. reduced intercellular air spaces and thus have less visible injury to air pollution than plants grown without the Toxicity treatments. Sensitivity to Sulfur dioxide OLD: The poinsettia belongs to the Spurge Family (Euphorbiaceae) that comprises approximately 7000 Greatest Intermed i ate Least herbs, shrubs and trees . The latex of spurges caus;es skin irritation, diarrhea, photosensitization, and cyanogenetic Annette Hegg Dark Red Ruff' n Reddy poisoning to cattle, horses, and humans. In Mexico the Annette Hegg leaves have been applied as poultices for skin infections Trulypink Eckespoint C-1 Red and brewed and taken internally by nursing mothers to increase the flow of milk. Paul Mikkelsen NEW: There are many claims but little original documented evidence can be found on the toxic agents in Control rot diseases poinsettia plants. Stone and Collins reported in 1971 that 160 rats showed no apparent ill effects when given large 8 OLD: At the first sign of the development of black, doses of hornogenates made from the leaves, bracts, or flowers of th e poinsettia, variety Eckespoint C- 1 Red. In 4. Water plants thoroughly when you get th em home. 1967, Dominquez, Khastgir and Prad han found extracts The entire soi l area should be thoroughly saturated. of poinsettia to contain common plant ste rols or triter­ 5. Later, take it easy on watering, because the plants penes, none commonly considered toxic. We sti ll await I won't need very much. Water every three or four days. additional ev idence from other workers on the toxic con- 6. Fertilize plants within severa l days. They are without stituents of the many varieties of poinsettias which are plant food during the entire marketing process and wi ll available to consumers. As with all items of special va lue need a feeding by then. in our living space, poinsettias should be kept out of the 7. If you keep curt ain s drawn during the day to conserve way of people who do not know how to handle them heat, remember that Poinsettias must have at least six ca refully. Keep your hand wet when you handle the hours of bri ght indirect light daily to thrive. plants and wash your hands thoroughly afterward s. 8. Keep plants away from drafts, radiators and hot air registers. Uses What to do to flower a plant a second time OLD: Poinsettias were used as flowering shrubs. In th e tropics or as c ut flowers (with the stems burn ed to sea l OLD: Soon after Chri stmas, the plant dropped all of its the latex flow) for a Chri stmas display. leaves . You left the plant in a dry cool spot until April­ NEW: Poinsettias are successfu l and dependable May. You then repotted the plant placed it in a bright spot plants for year round use. in the window, started to water and fe rtilize. Shoots even­ 1. Form-train as an 8 ft. tree or a 6 in. minipan-single tua ll y developed. You continued to grow it in the window ste m or multiflowered. Group as single plant or in masses. until the Fall. From October 1 to December yo u put the 2. Texture-mix red; p ink, dawn, and white forms of a pi ant in a I ight-tight closet every night to give the plant 14 variety with green and variegated fo liage. hours of dark from 5 p.m. to 7 a.m. A few brightly colored 3. Space-Make multi-flowering poinsettias into a hang­ bracts developed in time for Christmas. ing basket. When bracts are beginning to develop co lor, take out of pot and wrap entire plant in a sheet of paper. NEW: The New Era varieties never stop growing­ Cut 4 to 15 8in. hol es in the side of a lOin., se lf-ad hering they reta in their leaves and bracts for many months. You saucer, plastic hang in g basket. Fill with artificial growing continue to give the plant water and fertilizer at 3 to 4 day media up to holes. Pull a plantfrom the inside out in the 4 intervals. Side shoots beg in to develop in January. By holes. Fill in more media and add 3 plants on top. Water June, if these shoots are not removed, your plant may and fertilize as before, plants wi ll turn and fit into a solid have developed into a 4 foot fo liage tree-with many bal l of bracts and fo liage. branches and large leaves. Repot the plant into a larger 4. Cut Pl ant-Wash growing media off the roots of a (8 x l 0 x l 2 in .) conta in er. Move the plant out-of-doors for flowering plant. Scrub with a brush to remove all adher­ the summer. By October 1 you can have an 8 ft. fo l iage ing debris. Use in arrangements as a cut flower, plants tree with more than 100 growin g points. Give th e plant 4 w ith roots will last longer and retain better bract and to 6 hours of direct light a day and 14 hours (5 p.m. to 7 leaf-color than branches cut off and sea led w ith boi ling a.m .) of darkness. Put on wheels-move into a li ght tight water or fi reo closet in your livin g space to give the plant a 14 hour 5. Bedding plant-Plant into ga rd en beds along with night. Maintain th e temperature at 65°F at night, continue annuals to create at the time of planting, they should be to water and fertilize at 3 to 4 day interva ls. You should watered and fertilized at frequent interval s until their have a massive display of brightly colored bracts begin ing roots knit into the bed. The bracts wi ll develop a ru sty cast the first week of December. as ch lorophyll forms in the cell s. Expect the disp lay to la st until frost. OR You may cut back the plant anytime during th e growing What to do to buy and care for a Poinsettia plant season, making the last prun ing in mid August, to control the size of the plant. Th e c uttings may be rooted in a pot 1. Se lect plants w ith green foliage al l the way down to filled with your artificial growing media. Dust the base of the soil line. This is a good indication that plants have the cutting w ith a rooting powder. In sert cutting into active, healthy roots. media, water thoroughly and place pot and cuttings into a 2. Look for plants that have small green buttons (Cyathia) large polyethylene bag. Seal and place it in a brightly in the middle of the bracts. These buttons wi ll eventually lighted area at 65°-75°F. Roots will begin to form in 14 to develop into flowers. 18 days. Punch holes in the bag when the cuttings begin 3. When transporting plants home, make sure they are to grow. Remove bag and grow plants just I ike all of your protected from temperatures lower than 50 degrees. other plants. Chi lling causes the leaves to drop. P.S .: Enjoy your new-era of poinsettias! 9 Rom Pavement toGarden

by Linda Yang

Ms. Yang is author of " The Terrace Gardener's Handbook" . Doubleday, N.Y.

adapted from "Garden s on Parade" Th e Queens Botani ca l Garden Society Inc., N. Y.

Lucky the terrace gardener who has room for al fresco dining among his plants .

Several square feet of pavement is largely because an experienced nur­ only home the roots and soil can all you need if you want to have a seryman will only carry those plants have. A good quantity of soil is garden. That's right . . . pavement! which he has found to be tolerant of necessary not only to store the vital City folk, limited to apartments with local climate and air conditions. By nutrients and moisture, but for hardy balconies, terraces, rooftops or small beginning with reasonably mature plants which remain outside all year, houses with patios or decks, often (that doesn' t have to mean big) the soil is also an insulator that pro­ assume thay can't grow trees, flow­ plants, you will know that they have tects the roots from the cold. ers, or veg@tables. But this is one as­ been given a good start in life. Thus, Because the tub size affects the sumption which " ain 't necessarily they will be better able to adjust to plant's survival, I have found that for so. " For any plant which can be the "cultural shock" of the move to woody plants on terraces in this area, grown outside IN the ground, can your terrace. a safe, yet practical minimum con­ also be grown outside ON TOP OF Another advantage to buying di­ tainer size is 14 inches in diameter. the ground . .. in tubs. But it just rectly from a nearby nurseryman is Wherever possible, I try to use tubs takes a bit more work. that you will be able to se lect the very which are larger, but for hardy trees, One secret of successful terrace spe c imen you I ike, choosing the shrubs or vines, never use anything gardening, especially where woody plant with the most suitable height, smaller. plants are concerned, is to start with width, leaf tone and form, and of If you survey your " property" care­ either B & B (balled and burlapped) course, flower color. But best of all, fully, you can easily see how many or container-grown nursery stock. by using mature plants, your terrace big plant containers you can fit in and These are plants which have a good is transformed instantly into a garden. still have room for humans. One amount of fine roots, intact, and are It may be fine on a country estate to method which will help you deter­ surrounded by the soil in which they wait 10 years for a shrub to look like a mine the size and location of the tubs were originally grown . Although shrub ... buton a tiny terrace, that's is to use chalk and draw outlines right more expensive, they are well worth 10 years too long! on the floor. Chalk is easily removed the extra money. And it is best to buy Another ingredient for successful and permits you to change your mind them from a reputable dealer in your terrace gardening is to use as gener­ as much as you like. vicinity, orwithin a radius of less than ous size containers as you have room If yours is a tiny space, plan to 10 40 miles or so . This is important, for. This is vital since the tub is the make the most of your corners and ends for plant locations. Bu t it's fas­ cin ating to be abl e to see your trees and shrubs from in doors all year as they change w ith the seaso ns. Thu s, w here poss ible, place th em w ithin view of your w indows or glass doors. And rath er th an lining them up in rows, like so ldiers aga inst the w all , be sure to arrange th em in groups. This w ill make your ga rden more in­ teresting as w ell as give th e illusion of greater depth and spac iousness. As fo r th e cho ice of containers, it's relati ve ly easy to build wooden ones if you're of th e do-it-yourse lf sc hool. But I gave up on th at w hen I found th at an am az ing asso rtment of ready-mades were to be fo und not onl y at ga rd en ce nters but at junk­ ya rd s, brewerys and o th er suc h pl aces . In fac t, nea rl y anything ca n se rve as a contain er for plants, pro­ vided it is weath er-res istant and non­ toxic and ca n have holes drilled in th e bottom for drain age . Sin ce vegetabl es and fl ow ers are grown outside in th e area onl y during th e summer, th e minimum tub size required for w oody pl ants does not apply. I've seen th ese w arm-weath er pl ants growing quite happily in dis­ carded tires (no kidding!), driftwood, o ld milk ca ns and even broken teapots. One fin al factor for successful ter­ race pl anting is th at th e ga rdener must be acquainted with th e actual light available. Th ere are nursery pl ants to be found for every light condition ranging from full sun to dense shade. But before you can de­ cide what to buy, you have to know what the home you are giving it is like. Remember thatthe compass will tell you I ittle about your true garden­ ing conditions, especially in densely built areas. The amount of sunlight changes not only throughout the day, but throughout the year. The only way to know the space you really have is to get out there and look, not once, but many ti mes oMo st likely what you find will be quite dif­ Different garden spaces are created by this small trellis covered with a ferent from what you thought you sliverlace vine. would find. 11 uberty Hyde Bailey asIKnewHim L. H. MacDaniels Professor Emeritus, Cornell University

The first time I saw Liberty Hyde During the early days of Dr. Bailey was in 1907 when he gave a Bailey's retirement from the Univer­ lecture at Oberlin College in Ohio. sity, I did not know him well. I was an All I recall is that I remember him instructor in Botany and went to him wh~n many other lecturers are forgot­ occasionally to identify a plant or for ten. I don't remember what the lec­ advice on some matter relating to ture was about, except that some­ botany. Going to see him was usually where along the line he recited an experience to be remembered. He poetry, some of which I do recall. My would look at the plant, give it the next contact with him was 1912, correct name, and say someth ing when I came to Cornell as a graduate like, /I I collected this species on the student. He was then Dean of the south slope of Mt. Katahdin in July, College of Agriculture where he was 1922./1 He would then go to the her­ busy with the growth of the College. barium case and show you the plant New departments of Plant Pathology which he had collected. I learned and of Floriculture, among others, that he was intolerant of ignorance, were formed and the Department of inefficiency and sham, and that itwas Botany was organized in Agriculture well notto bother him with trivia. On rather than in the Arts College. the other hand, if you had a legiti­ At tha,t time Dean Bailey drove to mate question, he would listen and his office in an open carriage, wear­ would give you a considered answer. ing gray gauntlet gloves and a light In 1925, Dr. Bailey asked me to gray, broad-brimmed, Texas-style write the articles on fruits for Hortus hat. The hat and gloves were a sort of II. The assignment was precise: one hallmark that appeared in photo­ resignation as Dean of the College of hundred dollars for the lot, each with graphs of the time. Agriculture. This was not officially specified number of words and dead­ As is well known, Dr. Bailey had a accepted at first. To show that he line. The work was completed except plan for h is career. The first twent'y'­ meant it, Bailey closed the door of his for an article on growing grapes five years would be spent in learning office as Dean and never returned. under glass, when I went to him ex­ a profession, the next quarter century The rest of his life was spent with plaining that I was unable to finish it in gainful employment, and the rest headquarters at his home on Sage before going on sabbatic leave. He of his life in doing as he pleased. So it Place where his daughter, Ethel Zoe simply said, /I I want the article before 12 happened that in 1913 he offered his Bailey, still lives. you go./I It was written in a hotel in Sa n Francisco just before th e ship th ese, reference materi als for active recall, he sa id th at he wrote Th e Ho ly sa il ed. Th e above is releva nt onl y as it projects w ere asse mbled, each in a Ea rth in one w eek wh i Ie on sh ip­ shows his own ri gorous, di sc iplined separate ce nter. Thus it was poss ible board . Th e book has been reprinted work habits. to move from one to th e oth er with­ several times and shows a broad In my opinion, Dr. Bailey's greates t out cl earing th e des k. concept of conservati on far ahead of conce rn in his later years was th e Anoth er attribute of his w as an out­ its time. Hortorium. He use d th e term mea n­ stand i ng memory. Apparently he w as M ore th an any other perso n, Dr. in g " of th e ga rden" to des ignate an sure enough of it so th at it was not Bail ey was res ponsible for th e con­ institution ded icated to th e botany of necessary to check back in a manu­ cept of th e Corn ell Plantations. As a c ultiva ted pl ants in th e broadest sc ri pt to kn ow w hat was w ritten be­ member of its Policy Committee, he se nse. Botany departm ents, then and fo re. I reca ll a talk to th e Rotary Club suggested th e name and outlined its now, give little attention to cultiva rs. in which he stated th at th e night be­ developmental guidelines as a land Bail ey's contention was that to un­ fo re at eleven o'clock he stopped use pl an for th e University compris­ derstand cul tivated plants , it is neces­ working on a manu sc ript in the mid­ ing "a giant horses hoe" anchored on sa ry to stu dy th eir o ri gin and ecolog i­ dle of a se ntence. Th e nex t morning th e campus, including th e Fall Creek ca l adaptati on, and th at it is f irst he finished th e se ntence w ithout re­ va lley, extending over Turkey Hill necessa ry to give th e pl ant a name so rea ding th e beg inning. How many of and down Ca scadilla Creek valley to th at we wi ll kn ow w hat we are talk­ us could do th at? th e ca mpus aga in. These are still the ing about. Insofa r as I am aware, th e At one time in th e dead of w inter, guidelines be in g followed in the de­ Hortorium is the onl y orga ni za ti on Dr. Bail ey was working on a probl em ve lopment of Cornell Plantations. which is concern ed w ith cultivated w ith nut grass (Cyperus) and wanted A c el ebration of Dr. Ba iley' s pl ants in this fundamental way. To to check so me detail of its growth . He ninetieth birthday was planned for sec ure continuity in th e in stitution, ca ll ed the late Walter C. Muensc her 194 8. Th e festivities had to be post­ th e Hortorium was given to Corn ell on the phone and asked if he kn ew poned becau se Bailey was far away Unive rsity and was moved from Sage w here th e plant was growin g. Dr. on a palm-collecting trip. When the Pl ace to its present quarters in M ann Muensc her did and said th at, come party w as held after his return, it was Library. spring, he would be glad to show him quite an occasion with many distin­ A the time of this gift, th e Adviso ry w here it was. Bail ey replied th at he guished persons coming from far and Committee for th e L. H . Bail ey Ho r­ wanted to fi nd it now, and although nea r. His talk was full of plans for the torium was o rga nized . Fo r m any six in c hes of snow were o n th e future, although his tribute to the past years I w as sec retary and was later gro und, th ey went into th e field, w as his closing sentence " my life has ch airm an . The term " Adv isory found th e pl ant, and answered the been a continuing fulfillment of Committee" w as a misnomer, in th at ques tion. This se nse of urgency in dreams." the committee certainl y did not ad­ getting things done contributed to H is dream of the future did not ma­ vise Dr. Bailey as to what he w ould Bail ey's accompli shments. He would teri alize. In January, 1949, while in do. It did, however, se rve as com­ go through " hell and high w ater" to New York City arranging for a col­ munication between the Hortorium complete h is objectives. There was lecting trip to Africa, he was jostled and the University Administration, no w aiting until tomorrow. while going through a revolving and perhaps more important, gave Undoubtedly a major contribution door, fell down some steps, and Bailey an opportunity to tell the to Dr. Bail ey's success was the de­ broke a hip. He never fully recov­ committee of about a dozen con­ voted cooperation of his daughter, ered. For many months he would sit cerned biologists about his philoso­ Ethel Zoe Bailey. A botanist in her by the window of his home looking phy and work, and particularly about own right, she was curator of the her­ out over State Street. I visited him his expeditions in search of palms. barium at Sage Place. She typed there several times. Once he was It was at these meetings that I m anuscripts, anwered correspon­ reading a book and remarked that he learned what the Hortorium stood for dence and, in general, attended to was doing it to keep his mind alert and what its founder was trying to do. details, thus freeing her father for and able to read technical writing. In retrospect, and as I write, I try to productive work. In my opinion Dr. Bailey was one determine what it was that made pos­ In addition to Dr. Bailey' s ac­ of the really great men of his time. sible this man's outstanding ac­ complishments as administrator, Most of us work at lesser tasks, do our complishments. Certainly one thing botan ist, and horticulturist, he con­ work in a credible manner, and make was his great energy and his work tributed significantly to conservation our contribution, whatever it may be. habits. His working day began at and political philosophy in his so­ Then someone comes along who 7:00 A.M. and lasted until 11 :00 called " Background Books": The sees things in a larger pattern and P.M. The passageway leading from Holy Earth, Wh at Is D emocracy, puts them in perspective. Such a man the I ivi ng quarters at Sage Place to the Universal Service, and a book of was Liberty Hyde Bailey. I consider it Herbarium was lined with tables. On verse intitled Wind and Weather. As I a great privilege to have known him. 13 Evergreen plants playa special part in our Christmas day customs are a result of the fusing of these two cul­ customs. Mistletoe, fir, juniper, and holly are used at tures. Christmas because they hold their fol iage color during the Since the beginning of recorded history man has be­ winter months. Historically, Christmas plants have held lieved in the special powers of mistletoe. The mistletoe of symbolic and religious significance to man since before legend is the native European mistletoe, Visc um album, the first century A . D. when they were integral parts of not to be confused with the American mistletoe, pagan religious ceremonies in ancient civilizations. Phoradendron flavescens, although both are members of The ceremonial use of evergreens was probably first the Loranthaceae family. The Druids worshipped the associated with the Druids, a pagan religious cult in an­ European mistletoe when it grew upon their most sacred cient Gaul, Ireland, and Britain. When Christianity was and powerful symbol, the oak (probably Quercus robur or introduced to Britain, mistletoe and wreaths of holly were Q. petraea). Only rarely did an oak host the parasitic banned by the Christian Church for their pagan associa­ mistletoe. The Druids believed the two growing together tion with Druid winter fertility rites. Gregory the Great, a made very powerful medicine. Each year they held a Roman monk and pope, wrote in 598 that Christian mis­ special ceremony to gather mistletoe from the oak. White sionaries should not try to change these popular pagan cloth spread under the tree caught the precious twigs as customs "upon the sudden", but adapt them " to the they were cut with a gold scythe, and where they fell two praise of God" . Following his advice, the Christian white bulls were slaughtered, the blood fertilizing the Church incorporated ancient Celtic customs into their tree. Mistletoe became a symbol of fertil ity and hope for own religious rites and theology. Most of our winter hoi i- growth in the coming year. Twigs were distributed to the by Sa lly Meeting Assistant Librarian Kingwood Center Mansfield, Ohio

townspeople who put them over doorways and made Spirit." Often kissing balls held figurines of the Holy rings and bracelets from them. The twigs supposedly Family. Later the Victorians made kissing balls from holly protected against evil fits, witches apoplexy, tremors, berries, sticking the sp ri gs into scrubbed potatoes. Some­ consumption, and other dreaded diseases. times they were decorated with apples and other fruits, Although mistletoe was first banned by the ear ly Christ­ candles, and sma ll gifts. ian Church, after it was accepted monks often wore chips The present English custom of burning a special Yule of its wood around their necks to cure disease. The word log of Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) or cedar (Cedrus for mistletoe sti ll used in modern Gaelic means literally libani) at Christmas is probably a remnant of the Celtic "All Heal". It has been used to treat man and beast in fo l k Druids' fire festivals, the most important part of the Druid medicine so often that modern scientists have in vesti­ winter ceremonies. Th e Druids held these celebrations of gated its medicinal powers. Findings indicate it may be fertility on December 21, the winter so lstice and shortest valuable in treating high blood pressure, diseases of the day of the year. Their ceremonial fire symbol ized the sun, circulatory system, and even cancer. whom the Druids worshipped as the god and source of all The " kissing ball" or kissing bunch, a ball of evergreens light and warmth. The ceremony itself was a plea and and mistletoe suspended from a cei ling, was the focal reminder to the sun to return to earth bringing another point of Christmas festivity during the Elizabethan period fruitful summer seaso n. Evergreens and herbs with strong in England. Elizabethan custom demanded that "when a aromatic scents were popular add itions to these fires as Man catch h is Woman he may kiss her until her ears crack protection against evil sp irits. or she will be disappointed, if she is a Woman of any The name "Yule" came from the Scandinavian word for " w hee l", which desc ribed the shape of the sun. The custom of arranging evergreens in circular wreaths may have been a part of the Druids' sun worshipping cere­ mony. To the ancients who began the custom, the wreath represe nted the perpetuity of the endless cycle of the sea sons and hope that the cycle would continue. Ever­ greens and nuts used in the circle of infinity added power to its significance. Through history, the wreath has re­ mained a symbol of welcome and protection. Almost every Northern European culture gave signifi­ cance to special evergreen trees because they were un­ changing year round. Firs and junipers were always brought inside at the winter solstice. Each of these had special powers and symbolized renewal, hope, power, and immortality because of their evergreen quality. As much legend and superstition surrounds the fir tree as any other Christmas plant. In some cultures, it has been worshipped as the " Tree of Life" . Since there was no ancient standardization of plant names, the fir of folklore could have been the Silver Fir (Abies alba), the Siberian Spruce (Picea obovata), or the Norway Spruce (Picea abies). One legend tells the story of St. Wilfred, who chopped down a sacred Druid oak to convince Christian converts it had no power to harm them. Inside the oak (probably growing from a crotch) he found a young fir which he declared a symbol of holiness and peace. Scholars of folklore believe that a non-Christian religi­ ous festival held in the Harz Mountains of Germany was the beginning of our Christmas tree custom. During this ancient German celebration young girls danced and sang songs in a circle around a special fir (most likely Abies alba) they had decorated with lighted candles, flowers, and eggs. The girls' dance imprisoned an imp who lived in the fir. If the imp was unable to escape, he was forced to give presents or secrets to the girls. This imp may have been the ancestor of our Santa Claus. juniper, called the " tree of sanctuary" from a legend that it once sheltered the Holy Family as they fled from Herod, was burned during medieval time to fend off demons. It is said the Greeks burned the berries of juniper (probably juniperus macrocarpa or). excelsa) to protect against evil. Old European references to juniper or cedar could mean any juniperus communis such as Irish juniper Uuniperus communis stricta) or Swedish juniper U. com­ munis 'Suecica'). juniper greens were hung above doors to keep out witches, who were bound by the devil's law to count all juniper needles before entering a home. Sup­ posedly witches found this boring and searched for un­ Decorations by Florence D. Wyman . protected dwellings. Top Left-Star of /lex crenata convexa. English holly (llex aquifolium) was used by Druids who Lower Left-Cone and acorn wreath. loved its evergreen color and incl uded it in the winter Top Right-Garland and cone wreaths; foundation 16 solstice celebration. Pliny the Elder, a Greek of the first made of pinus strobus cones . century, wrote that holly gave protection from lightning, witchcraft, and poisoning. It is possible that ancient refer­ ences to holly actually describe the evergreen Holly Oak or Holm Oak (Quercus ilex) or the Cork Oak (Q . suber). Both have foliage very much like Ifex aquifolium. Like mistletoe, holly was once considered pagan by the Christ­ ian Church but was later accepted. One Christian legend describes Christ's crown of thorns as holly. Old English folklore instructed maidens to place holly sprigs at their bedsides on Christmas Eve to protect against witches, goblins, and the devil. Myths, legends, and folklore obscure the true origin of many of our Christmas customs. But from them we do know that man through the centuries has included plants in the most special occasions of his life. Ancient man chose evergreens as winter decoration because they brought him hope for Spring, growth, and regeneration of I ife which should also be an important part of the modern Christmas Spirit. 17 William F. Kosar Retired Research Horticulturist U. S. National Arboretum

18 /lex pedunculosa . This is a native of China and Japan. 'Beautyspra' , flex aquifolium cultivar

/lex vomitoria, var. 'Yawkeyi'. A. rather rare yellow­ /lex vomitoria, known as the Yaupon fruited form of the Yaupon holly. holly. 19 The red-berried, spiny-leaved, evergreen Engl ish holly, mended that arboreta, botanic gardens or parks within the !lex aquifolium, has for many centuries enjoyed a senti­ gardener's own cI imatic zone be consulted regarding mental connection with mankind in western Europe. hardiness or heat tolerance of a holly species. Even before the earl iest writings of the Greeks and Ro­ As a rule, American holly does well in the east, but does mans, th is is evident in the superstitions, legends, myths not perform satisfactori Iy in the west. Named cultivars and folklore that were transmitted from generation to selected in Pennsylvania or New Jersey may do well in generation. Historians consider that decorating with holly northern areas, but perform poorly in the south. Those boughs and giving of gifts arose from the Roman festival of selected in Florida do best in the southeast. Examples th e Saturnalia. This annual event took place in mid­ within !lex opaca are 'Cumberland' and 'Old Heavy Ber­ December about the time of the winter solstice in honor ry' for the northeast; 'Miss Helen' for the mid-Atlantic of the Italic god Saturn. The early Christians of Rome states; 'East Palatka' and ' Howard' for the southeast. probably adopted the custom and made use of holly There are hundreds of equally fine cultivprs to choose decorations during their Christmas season . At any rate the from. So investigate the origin, because most American custom still prevails and holly still finds a place in our holl ies have been se lected from the wild. landscape and in our sentiments. English holly collections date back about 300 years, The early colonists of eastern United States were when nurserymen collected different leaf types and col­ greeted at the shores by the native American holly, !lex orations within the species. As long ago as 1737, we find opaca. The appreciation for the English holly of their that 33 varieties were listed in Miller's " Gardener's Dic­ fatherland was transferred to this native holly, which tionary". Adding to the nomenclature confusion, Canary 'occurred naturally from Massac husetts south to Florida Island species I. perado and I. platyphylla were brought to and west to Texas. Although the leaves lack the luster or the main land and evidently hybridized with I . glossiness of English holly, it also is a red-berried, spiny­ aquifolium. This infusion produced large-leaved, pig­ leaved evergreen tree and an excellent substitute for its mented hybrid Engl ish holly types now designated as !lex European cousin. X altaclarensis. It is difficult to determine if cultivars origi­ The western states do not have a natural occurrence of nated as hybrids, or descended directly as I. aquifolium. this beautiful plant. Thus the pioneers, who followed the As a result most of the West Coast named selections were Lewis and Clark Trail to the Pacific Northwest, were not simply carried as cultivars of I. aquifolium. greeted by a member of the holly family. Somewhere Examples of old English selections available in the between 1850 and 1875, seeds and plants ofEngl ish holly nursery trade are/. X altaclarensis ' Camelliaefolia' and I. X were imported by ships sailing around the Horn. This altaclarensis ' Wilsonii'. ' Camelliaefolia ' is a hardy, holly, transplanted from western Europe, found the west­ purple-stemmed, entire-leaved specimen growing into a ern so il and climate to its liking and flourished. Today broad cone. Its leaves are 3%-5 ' long, 1%-2' wide, ell ip­ many people think that English holly is native to this tic and very glossy. Its primary use is in the landscape. region. One of the largest English holly trees in America is 'Wilsonii' is a tenderer, green-stemmed, spiny-leaved located at the Pioneer Post Office in Portland, Oregon. It specimen. Its green oval leaves are up to 5" long, 2%" was planted in 1874. wide, with %" spines pointing upward towards the tip, Commercial production and marketing of Engl ish holly and well-defined veins. It is used mainly in the landscape. for use in Christmas sprays and wreaths has been a major Examples of Pacific Northwest selected English holly horticultural specialty item for the last 45 years . Over a used mainly in orcharding, but also useful in the land­ period of time, selections have been made for specific scape, are I. aquifolium ' Beautyspra', 'Deluxe', characters such as early berry-ripening, placement of 'Shortspra' and 'Rederly'. ' Beautyspra' is a hardy, early­ berries, texture of foliage, and hardiness. Recently cul­ ripening, disease-resistant selection. 'Deluxe' is a hardy, tivar se lections for landscape usage and as berried potted early-ripening, selection. The spray branches are slender plants are being considered. and pigmented. There are a few isolated cases where Before considering a cultivar for the home garden or small populations of English holly seedlings have been landscape, it is wise to consult your local nurseryman. His planted, subjected to eastern conditions and then the familiarity with the req uirements of the various species or survivors selected for further testing. Time will tell 20 named cultivars will be helpful to you. It is also recom- whether selections from Virginia, Maryland, Pennsyl- van ia or M assachuse tts wi ll produce a clone th at ca n adapt itself to the western environment. En glish holly dislikes th e hot summers of th e so uth and southeast United States. A recent ca ndidate for heat­ tolerance is a species from Asia, th e Chinese holly, /l ex cornuta. This species is a large evergreen shrub; with spi ny glossy leaves and large orange-red berri es. This species has two fau lts-vicious sp in es and late-ripen ing berries. Two cultivars are avai lab le for landscape usage that have on ly a terminal spine and an excell ent gloss. I. cornuta ' Burfordii' grows as a large mounded shrub, while I. cornuta ' Dwarf Burford' is a small er vers ion. Both are heat-tolerant and do well throughout th e so uth ern states. The orchard type is I. cornuta 'Shangri-L a' . It has weaker sp in es, smaller leaves and ripens ea rlier than the species. There are some newcomers to the field of red-berri ed, glossy- leaved evergreen holl ies used either as cut holly or in the landscape. Th ey are interspec ific hybrids (hybrids between two species). /lex X ' Nellie R. Stevens' (hybrid between I. cornuta and I. aquifolium) is a sp in y, glossy­ leaved, evergreen, tree-type holly w ith orange-red ber­ ries . It is heat tolerant, wi II tolerate wet so i I cond itions and does equal ly well in the East, South and W est Coast./lex X attenuata ' Foster # 2' (hybrid between I. opaca and I. cassine) is a spiny, lustrous-leaved, evergreen, small tree­ type holly with red berries. It is finer textured th an I. opaca, eas ily propagated and quickly develops into sa le­ able size. Interspecific hybrids offer th e possibility of tailor-made hollies for a particular environment or land­ scape useage. Hollies are of a dioecious nature. Each cion is excl u­ sively male or female. All the hollies described are females which produce the red berries. In order to get a high quality berry set it is necessary that a male flowering at the same time be present. In the wild, species are kept Most hollies are partial to acid so il, with a pH range of true by floweri ng at different times. For example I. cornuta 5.5 to 6. A well-drained sa ndy loam to which orga nic will flower first. After this species is through, then I. matter has been added will make for good growth . The aquifolium will flower. Later yet I. cass ine. In order to roots prefer an undisturbed, cool, moist environment effect hybridization, th e holly breeder must man ipulate wh ich ca n be provided by bark dust, wood ch ips, oak the time of flowering so that the two species flower at the leaves, pine need les, peat moss or similar material. Hol­ sa me time. lies, like other broad leaved evergreens, should not be Therefore, the home gardener should make sure he has planted in exposed, windy locations. a male of the sa me species as the female cultivar to get If you desire red-berried hollies in your landscape, good pollination. If interspecific hybrids are being grown, reserve your prun ing operations for the Christmas season; a male of the same cross will flower at the same time as shape your plants and decorate your home with the sen- the female cultivar. t imenta l holly. 21 flex aquifolium fructo-Iuteo, a yellow­ /lex aquifolium, the English holly. fru ited Engl ish holly.

Now of all the trees by the king's highway Heigh-ho! sing, heigh-hoI unto the green holly. Which do you love the best? Most friendship is feigning, most loving mere Oh! the one that is green upon Christmas day, folly. The bush with the burning breast. Then, heigh-hoI the holly! from " Modrab Marya", This life is most jolly. an old Cornish carol Song from " As You Like It", William Shakespeare (7564-1616) Dim-berried is the mistletoe With globes of sheenless grey, The mistletoe hung in the castle hall The holly mid ten thousand thorns The holly branch shone on the old oak wall Smoulders its fires away; And the Baron's retainers were blithe and gay, And in the manger Jesus sleeps And keeping their Christmas holiday. This Christmas day. Thomas Haynes Ba yly (7797-1839) from "Before Dawn" Walter de la Mare (7873-1956)

(copyright, Henry Holt and Co.) 22 A Folio of Photographs by Martha and Jorda n Prince Poetry Quotations collected by Martha Prince

/lex verticillata. The common name is Wi nterberry. /lex crenata, a Japanese native.

So, now is come our joyful/'st feast On Christmas Eve the bells were rung Let every man be jolly; On Christmas Eve the mass was sung; Each room with ivy leaves is drest The damsel donned her kirtle sheen And every post with holly. The hall was dressed in holly green: George Wither (1588-7667) Forth to the wood do the merry-men go To gather in the mistletoe. But when the bare and wintry woods we see, Then drink to the holly berry What then so cheerful as the Holly Tree? With hey down, hey down derry. Robert Southey (1774-7843) English song, nineteenth century, added to adaption of verse from " Marmion", With footstep slow, in furry pall yclad Sir Walter Scott (7777 -7832) His brows enwreathed with holly never sere, Old Christmas comes, to close the waned year. John Bampfylde (7754- 7796)

23 Brookgreen ...... ~rdens Text and Ph otos: 202 Old Broadmoor Road Lo rraine Mas hall Burgess Colorado Springs, Colo 80906

Brookgreen is a name to remember for flora and fauna and their own col­ refuges; the first, 13,000 acres of in public gardens. Located on a mag­ lection of fine sculpture. Few of the forests and lakes in the Adirondacks nificent stretch of land along South original plantation structures re­ of New York, and the second a small­ Carolina' s coastal Highway 17, mained, but their locations were er plot of coastal land, a shore bird about 18 miles south of Myrtle marked with the installation of pools sanctuary also devoted to the study of Beach, these gardens combine the and fountains, giving focus to the sea-th is is at Newport News, best of plant materials in natural gar­ forested segments, to the Avenue of Virginia. den settings with exceptional 19th Live Oaks, and to the views of the rice At each turning of Brookgreen's and 20th Century garden ornament fields and the Waccamaw River as it garden paths there is a fine sculptural by many of America' s finest curves around the 10,000 acres of ornament, sometimes a jaguar, sculptors. grounds and empties into the sea . brown bear, wild boar, an owl or Its founder, Archer Milton Hunt­ Rather than echo the portrayal of penguin, a crested crane, or even a ington, described Brookgreen as 'a historical events typical of other east­ vulture, each by an outstanding artist quiet joining of hands between sci­ ern plantation restorations, the of our times. ence and art' . On land developed in Brookgreen gardens constitute a re­ Altogether there are over 350 gar­ the 1930' s on the remains of a mid- birth of the land, a simple melding of den pieces by more than 175 differ­ 18th Century plantation, the Hunt­ natural plant forms with creative de­ ent sculptors. Of plant material the ingtons chose to remake this sign . The gardens are the south­ gardens include an arboretum of naturally-beautifu I site a sanctuary ernmost link in a chain of three wild Carol ina trees, an avenue of southern

The Avenue of Live Oaks stands at the main axis of the gardens. The trees were planted in the mid-1700's. 24 in South Carolina

magnolias, a ho rseshoe-shaped planting of dogwoods, a fine group of cucumber trees, a misty frin ge tree, a palmetto garden, azaleas in every hue, and in the several pools and ponds, fine waterplants. Motorists traveling north or south on the east coast should find Brook­ green a good excuse for an overnight stop. Motel accommodations nearby are numerous and admission to the gardens is nominal. The gates open at 10 a.m . every day, offering, in add i­ tion to the show gardens, picn ic areas, a w ildlife park, and !:l v isitor' s pavilion. Across the highway is the Huntington Beach State Park, one added incentive for the fam i Iy travel­ Swans by Gaston Lachaise appear to float in one of ing w ith young ch ildren. the garden ponds

Bronze sundial of child and lamb by Resting stag by Elie Nadelman occupies a pedesta l in Brenda Putnam , 1890. one of the outdoor alcoves. 25

Color pho tos: G uy Burgess Lorraine Marshall Burgess 202 Old Broadmoor Road Colorado Springs, Colorado 80906

Among many ga rdeners there is a natural compul sion for whimsical orn aments, sma ll conceits, and enduring fo il ies . As we become confident of our horticultural skil ls, we re ac h for other ways of strengthening our intimate relationship with our plants and our gardens. Grad uall y we grasp the advantages of this personal as sociation with the outdoors, ga rd ener to garden, person to p lant, and artist to art. Some count us odd in our enthusiasms , but we care little. We pursue our small del ights, mingling lobeli a w ith parsley to make a blue-green jewel, or growing sturdy clusters of golden achillea and spikey blue veronica in a vast bed of nodding field daisies. Ri ghtfully we carry our preferences and our eccentricities into our gardens, whether it is a love fo r old wrought iron fencing or for twisted krumholtz timberline wood. We sa lvage and save bits of history and sc raps of architecture to ornament our lives. We lea rn to balance rough textures agai nst smooth, and coarse leaves against fine. Tub submerged in terra ce paving holds lilly water Our gardens become studios where we play the bold­ plant. Impatiens disg ui ses rim of co ntainer. Custom ness of one red zinnia against another, or the volume of a tiles ca rries auralia leaf imprints. Bellingrath garden, billowing box hedge against th e fragile beauty of a vitex Th eodore, Miss. tree. We become acutely aware of pavings we put down, the mulches we lay, and the ground-covers we cultivate, not only for their practical, low -mai ntenance featu res, but also for their tactile qualities and for their response to light. We install a small sc ulpture in a bed of rose helio­ trope or plant and train a dwarf fruit tree to a wa ll fan. We shape a fig vine to our liking or mount the sp iral blade of an old lawn mower on point as a mobile on a six by six foot post. In a single season we become sc ulptors, paint­ ers, antique collectors, and art connoisse urs, attuned to our garden world. These foil ies and conceits generate new del ights. The silhouettes of our trees, the shimmer or the dazzle of our flowers have fresh importance. As our awareness of crea­ tive design grows the need for interrelated shapes be­ comes more important. Some of our designs may prove wrong, and on occa­ sion even fool ish or absurd, but this is not a grave prob­ lem. Gardens, by nature, are built on change, and most corrections and alterations are easy to make. Whatever your inclination, pursue your creative in­ stincts in a personal and quiet way, fashioning the orna­ ments and frivol ities that give you pleasure. Go wherever you fancy leads you. Such pursuit may offer just the lift you and your garden can use.

Specifically-cut tree stump serves as platform for gar­ Garden sculpture by Meg Anderson with iris and den sculpture. Lindsey garden, Pebble Beach , Ca. sweet rocket. 27 Mi e Maple A TREE WORTH KNOWING MORE ABOUT

By Walter Eickhorst

Acer miyabei Clarence E. Lewis

Miyabe maple, Acer miyabei, was introduced into cul­ Acer miyabei, according to Rehder's Manual of Culti­ tivation in the United States in 1892 and is still regarded vated Trees and Shrubs, may attain a height of thirty-five as a relatively rare plant. Its name honors Kingo Miyabe to forty feet. According to Krussman's Handbuch der (1860-1950), who was Professor of Botany at the Hok­ Laubgeho/ze, the height range is sl ightly greater: forty to kaido University at Sapporo, Japan. Early reports indi­ fifty feet. The flowers are greenish-yellow, but not espe­ cated that the plant was known only in the Hokkaido cially showy. The leaves resemble those of Acer cam­ provinces of Hidaka, Tokachi, Iburi, and Ishikari. In the pestre but are somewhat larger and have lobes that are journal, Garden and Forest, Professor Charles S. Sargent longer and more sharply pointed. Foliage ranges in color noted that this maple was named by Dr. Carl Johann from soft gray-green to moderately dark green and usually Maximowicz in 1888. Professor Sargent was on one of his appears somewhat glossy. The leaves retain their green­ many Asiatic plant hunting trips when he discovered a ness well into autumn, in a way similar to those of the hitherto unrecorded s.tand near the small community of related Norway maple (Acer platanoides), then turn Iwamizawa, located some twenty-five miles from Sap­ rapidly to pale yellow and fall in early November. The poro. He described this stand as growing on a site similar trunk and maturing branches exhibit a slight degree of to that of the original find, with Acre pictum (now consid­ corkiness in the bark. ered to be Acer mono) being its principal associate. The At the Morton Arboretum, in Lisle, Illinois, a seed lot fruit of Acer miyabei was apparently unknown to western planted in 1932 produced an assortment of globe­ botanists until Sargent discovered the stand near crowned, short-trunked specimens, ranging to approxi­ Iwamizawa. Seed was collected from this source, and mately twenty-five feet in height. Among these are a subsequently plants were established in Europe and number of very handsome specimens, four or five having 28 North America. somewhat open crowns, others exhibiting rather pro- Acer miyabei foliage and fruit. nounced crown denseness. These specimens have re­ Seeds have matured only sporadically, and, when col­ peatedly withstood temperatures lower than minus 20° F. lected, have germ inated poorly. Vol unteer seedl ings have without discern ible damage. occurred occasionally, however, and in the spring of 1972, a greater than usual number appeared under one of Two specimens received as small plants in 1929 from our trees. These plants have provided understock material Ludwig Spaeth Nursery, Berlin, Germany, exhibited dis­ for numerous successful grafts, utilizing scions from our tinctly different growth characteristics. One persisted outstanding specimen. Recently we also have obtained without vigor and was removed in the mid-1940' s. The fairly good results using Acer campestre as understock, other has developed into an outstandingl"y attractive, even though past attempts had been unsuccessful. Thus shapely tree. Its basic silhouette resembles that of our we are gradually acquiring information as to the propaga­ native sugar maple, Acer saccharum, although it will not tion of th is attractive maple. reach a size comparable to the much taller sugar maple. Miyabe maple has performed well at the Morton Ar­ Its branch structure is moderately dense and somewhat boretum and has the attributes of an excellent shade tree. ascending, but not enough so to be considered columnar. Difficulties in propagation have undoubtedly been The trunk is short, dividing into several stems about four among the reasons it is rarely listed in commercial nursery feet above the ground. catalogs and remains little known outside of arboreta and Th is particul ar speci men of Acer miyabei atthe Morton botanical gradens. With improved techniques, perhaps Arboretum has been the subject of repeated attempts at commercial propagation will become feasible. We hope vegetative propagation, with a number of related species so, for we· feel that it is certainly a tree worth knowing having been tried as rootstocks without success . Attempts more about, and one that should be added to the list of to obtain plants from seed have also been frustrating. choice shade trees. 29 Paramongaia, seed pod . Paramongaia, preparing to bloom

30 Nestled along cI iff edge in Andean Mountain Betty Collins displays giant Daffodil like blossom. Paramongaia weberbaueri Velardi APe · Plant Newto Cultivation

b y Dr. Russe ll }. Se ibert Director, Longwood Gardens Kennett Square, PA 79348

Dr. Se ibert receive d th e 7975 A H S Liberty H yde Bailey M edal---the highes t annual award given in horticulture.

While traveling in north central Peru alo ng the butter ye llow w ith a very fragrant aroma. Huaraz-Casma Road in the Department of Ancash on After a short drive down the A ndea n Road, we located January 22, 1965, w ith my wife and artist friend, Betty large quantities of the f lowering bulbous plants bearing Collins, we were attracted by a lone Andean Indian man the sa me kind of si ngle flowers observed in the bouquets. riding horseback and carrying a bouquet of large ye llow Th ey were growing on extremely steep slopes at about flowers. 10,000 feet elevation just above the village of Pariocoto. Our inquiry soon revealed to us that the flower was The plants were confined to a restricted area less than 500 called, "Cojomaria" . The plants were to be found grow­ hectares in extent. The soi l appeared to be of a decompos­ ing along the road a short distance downhill. ing gran itic nature and supported a very sparse desert-I ike The road was in the precipitous Andean Mountains natural vegetation. with numerous "switchback" turns with so me mountain Collection of a few individual plants was a difficult slopes reach ing 45°. It frequently nestled along cI iff edges task. Combined with the extremely steep topography of with a sheer drop of several hundred feet below. nearly 100% grade, a slipping hard granular so il surface After a short drive downhill, we encountered three and very little protective support, digging the plants with small Amerindian children attending several bouquets of bulb depths of 25-30 c ms . with a crowbar-like tool was a these same fragrant, large, yellow, Amaryllidaceous real challenge. flowers. The plants were blooming before the presence of ma­ Obviously the bouquets were for sale, but our knowl­ ture fol iage. None of the 7 bulbs collected showed evi­ edge of Quetchua proved inadequate for good communi­ dence of off-sets. The two larger bulbs were to 6.5 cm. in cations and the children did not respond to Spanish. We diameter and were flowering plants. Five younger pre­ surmised that the plants grew further down the road and flowering bulbs ran ged from 2-3 cms. in diameter. after producing a 5-sole note, we were able to buy one of The young foliage exhibited a marvelous fresh-light the bouquets. green, very clean appearnace in an area where other The magnificent flowers reminded one of giant daf­ growing things were dry and dull looking, or grayish fodils approximately 15 c.m. in diameter. They were colored cacti. 31 The flowers kept for several days while traveling along about a month apart. The coastal form starts mid-October the north central coastal area of Peru. Some of them lasted while its mountain cousin begins in late November. By the four days it took us to return to Lima. The remaining using the two groups of plants, flowering is sequential and flowers and a flowering sized bulb were presented to the extends over a period of 2% to three months. Relatively Di rector of the Museo de H istoria Natural " Javier Prado". few plants are in full bloom at anyone time, but this The plant was not known there and identification was feature helps to extend the exhibit period. later made by Dr. Jorge Leon, one of the AID botanists in At the present time, efforts to produce a complete crop Peru. The plant is apparently not well known outside of its of simultaneously flowering plants has not been unsuc­ natural habitat. Although Dr. Leon indicated the plant cessful. In many respects, they behave like Hippeastrums had been tried at least on one occasion in Li ma, it had not with irregular flowering over an extended period. survived as a garden plant. After the plants have flowered the leaves mature and The six remaining bulbs were shipped to the USDA give indications of going dormant. The bulbs are then Plant Inspection House in Miami, Fla. , and were then gradually dried off and stored in a 21-24°e. very dry forwarded to the USDA Introduction Station at Coconut condition. They may be kept in their same pots and baked Grove to continue their growth cycle. Five of the plants in the sun much I ike Nerines, or stored in an inert material were shipped to Longwood Gardens in mid-April, 1965. such as vermiculite. Complete dormancy occurs about 6 They were dried off from May-August. In December, they months after commencement of growth. renewed their growth, but did not flower. Mature bulbs usually produce two or more offsets per The plant, Paramongaia weberbaueri Vel. was first de­ season and these mature in about 3 years. scribed by M. Octavio Velarde in 1949 from the coastal Although the flowers are easy to pollinate, they have Lomas or Paramonga and Huarmey. Although the plant not successfully crossed with anything other than with had been first collected by Raimondi in 1874 and again plants of Paramongaia. by Weberbauer in 1931 , it had remained undescribed, Seed pods mature 6-8 weeks after pollination, produc­ having been included with the " Amancay" in the genus ing 50-75 seeds. Seeds germinate in about 18 days. No Hymenocallis, even though the flowers of Paramongaia serious pests or diseases have affected the plants although were much larger and much more beautiful. red spider sometimes is present to a minimal extent. To date, only two introductions of this species are The bulbs at Longwood Gardens are grown in equal known to exist in the U.S.A . They consist of the above parts of soil, sand and peat, with some charcoal, leafmold introduction and an earl ier one in 1949 when several and fertilizer added along with a pinch of lime. The bulbs from Peru were received for identification by Dr. mixture is well drained and has a pH of 6.0.-6.5. Hamilton P. Traub of the Plant Life Society in Southern Active growth in the greenhouse in our cI imate starts in California. He flowered the bulb and set seed which he October. Each bulb produces 6-7 strap-shaped leaves. then distributed. Longwood Gardens received some of Optimum growing temperature appears to be 21-24°e. these seeds in 1957 and grew several bulbs from this first during the day and 18°e. during the night. Plants are introduction from Huarmey. The plant first flowered at watered freely and grown in full sun . Longwood in 1966. Efforts are being made to get them to phase into sum­ The very attractive canary yellow flowers wh ich last for mer flowering to correspond with their flowering time in 8-10 days attracted our attention to its possibilities as a Peru . This may be easier to accomplish in a milder cli­ public conservatory cool-house display plant. The long mate where the bulbs will not freeze when they am petals, sepqls and especially the large spectacular stami­ planted outside to naturalize. nal coronas make the plant thoroughly worthy for an elite It seems strange in this day and age, that something floral display. The spicy fragrance of the flower is pleasant which flowers so spectacularly has not long been in fre­ and very pronounced. Occasional plants with two flow­ quent cultivation. This is only one more indication that ers have been noted. hidden away in remote areas such as in the Andes, one Longwood Gardens has expended considerable effort may still find worthwhile new and exciting plants for the in building up a sizable supply of plants from both intro­ garden and horticultural use. ductions. If grown in pots, the plants develop off-sets and, We at Longwood Gardens hope to build a sufficient of course, will set hand pollinated seed . supply of the plants to allow for a general distribution to 32 The two accessions are grown separately and bloom botanical gardens within the next few years. Philip H . jones Christmas Tree Farm Shelton, Conn. 06484 ONCE UPON A TIME families bundled up in mid­ December, took along a sharp hatchet and set out on a happy search for their Christmas tree. These annual out­ ings took place on their own farms or in neighboring forests . Some city folks would do the same thing. Gener­ ally, however, they picked up a tree at the corner grocery, gas station, or from the enterprising merchant who used a vacant building for just a few days and stocked it brim full of Balsam trees from far away Canada. The aroma of the northwoods alone would sell them. Christmas trees of yore were really just wild Red Cedars, White or Red Pine, or various spruces in the east-and a variety offir, predominantly Douglas-in the far west. Wild trees were just fine. They were green, grown entirely by Mother Nature, smelled great when brought into a warm cozy home and decorated. They served admirably as true symbols of Christmas and the life ever­ lasting. These wild trees were the product of natural abandon­ ment of the lands and the forces of nature in careless harmony with pasture land farming. Burned, cut over, and usually overgrazed, these hillside pastures created rather poor conditions for I ivestock. They were better sites Ba lsam Fir for natural regeneration of forest trees. If a Christmas tree search party fou nd a particularly fi ne, well-shaped, fu II and require yearly shearing to produce adventitious bud­ tree, the chances are it resulted from some mechanical ding and thickened growth. injury-frost, bird, or insect damage. Exceptional trees Crooked cork screw stems are a favorite trick of some were rare. pine strains . Trees grown from seeds collected in northern Changes began to occur about thirty-five years ago. Europe often develop an entirely unappropriate yellow Wild grazing lands were converted by man-made, foliage in late fall because of reduced light levels. Scotch heavy machinery into improved pastures or they were Pines from the warm countries of Europe do not play these abandoned and reverted back to forest land. This caused tricks. When the proper strains are grown on the correct problems for the profusion of brushy, spindly natural trees sites, a lovely product emerges. Scotch Pine can grow on that had been a way of I ife in American homes for dec­ extremely poor ground, even strip mine spoil banks and ades. As this type of tree supply began to dwindle, a few abandoned gravel mines. enterprising farmers and nurserymen seized the opportu­ Everyone is famil iar with the grandeur of Colorado Blue nity to prepare and plant special areas just for Christmas Spruce. Th is handsome tree, native to a limited area of the trees. The Federal Foresters were also qu ick to spot the Colorado Rocky Mountains has been transplanted from opportunities here for landowners. Soon a new type of Maine to the Pacific coast and Minnesota down almostto plantation grown Christmas tree industry was springing northern Florida. It is used extensively as a Christmas tree up I iterally from coast to coast. both cut and live. As a cut tree it fares very well at needle In some areas of the country, planting took hold with a holding ability, equal to the pines and firs. The same can vengeance and mill ions of trees were grown with scarcely be said for its sister tree, the Engelman Blue Spruce. any knowledge of what the true future would hold for Other spruces largely used in New England and the them. Most of these plantings are still there, growing ever upper rn.idwest are the Norway and White varieties. The taller and stagnating into a strange man-made forest. Norway, of course, originated in Scandinavia and has In the past two decades much species experimentation now naturalized in many areas . One of the favorite has taken place in the upper two-thirds of the United exhibits at the Chicago World's Fair or Columbian Exposi­ States. At first growers used Scotch Pine from such un­ tion in 1893 gave three Norway Spruce seedlings pack­ likely places as Finland, Greece, Spain, France and even aged in sphagnum moss to any visitor wishing to carry Turkey. This trial and error method still continues. Scotch them home. Aging Norway Spruce trees in front of some Pine in its native countries is generally a fine straight of the older homes across the country tells us that a timber type tree. When transplanted in America the tree resident of that house attended the Fair in 1893. 34 often develops peculiar growth habits. Most grow too fast The White Spruce is native to northern New England, all the way from Maine to the Mississippi River. Even Western White Pine, largely found in Id aho and Montana, flourish in Connecti cut and Penn sylvania, Kansa s, Ne­ braska, and Iowa. Some enterprising farmers have almost turned fu ll cir­ cle and now practice controlled grazing on their tree plantations to control unwanted vegetation from grass and bindweed. Generally sheep and dry cattle are used. Control of unwanted vegetation is a must and mowing may be requ ired up to three times a year. On a hot August day watch out for hornets, they love to build their con­ dominiums in or around Christmas trees and birds of all kinds love to nest in Christmas tree plantations. There are about 5000 Christmas tree farms in the United States and Canada. Size ranges from the retired businessman's acre hobby to the full time profess ional tree growers' hundreds of acres devoted exclus ive ly to Chri stmas trees. Trees are spaced five to si x feet apart producing 1200 to 1700 trees per acre. Rotations vary from six to fifteen years. The industry employs a ful l time crew of approximately ten to twelve thousand persons. The work force swel ls to ninety and one hundred thousand during shearing, pl anting and harvesting sea­ Blue Spruce sons. Every business or profession is organized in our society Canada and Alaska. They acclimate well and now grow today and tree growers are no exception. The National successful ly and extensively severa l hundred miles south Christmas Tree Association formed twenty years ago is of their natural range. made up of over two thousand members, each one in turn Many studies have been made with the Douglas Fir. is a member of thirty-one different state grower associa­ The coast range types fa il badly if transplanted very far tions from California to Maine. from its native conditions. Severe winters and spri ng frosts One of the very fine th in gs about the Christmas tree will do it in. business-li ke all wood-using industries-is that trees are Mountain strains of Douglas Fir ranging al l the way a constantly renewable resource. The vast majority of from the Coconinos in Arizona up into the Schuswap fresh natural evergreen trees is produced on land com­ lakes area of British Columbia fare quite well across the pletely unsuited for food crop production ... Worn out country. Other true firs are performing nicely in far flung pa sture land, mine spoi l banks, terribly rock ground, and areas. You may be surprised to find your tree is a Grand or steep hillside areas are used. Large sections of Michigan Nobel Fir from Washington or Oregon even if you live in and Minnesota have stab ilized sand dune land w ith per­ Fl orida, Texas or Arizona. Even if you live in New York manent crops of " Santa' s Forest" helpers. Thousands of City, Cleveland or St. Louis, you may buy a Fraser Fir perpetuall y growing evergreens are a great boon to the native to the high Smokey Mountains of North Carolina. land, to the bi rds and wi ld creatures that need shade and California growers are very proficient w ith Silver Tip Fir, coverfor existence, and, of course, to the fami I ies in far off Sugar and Bishop Pine. Some are growing Redwood cities who otherwise would be w ithout the once a year (Sequoia gigantea) and can produce a fin e six to eight foot happy time symbol of Christmas. tree in five or six years. Our native spec ies are on the A fake tree does nothing for the land but rob it of move and are contributing to ever more exciting varieties non-renewable metals and petroleum byproducts-it in the market place. also consumes much vital energy in its manufacture. This We cannot overlook the globe hopping newcomers is hardly symbolic of the true meaning of Christmas and like Vietchi Firfrom Japan and King Boris Firfrom the high its sp irit of peace on earth and life everlasting. altitudes in the Balkans. Some growers are trying a lovely Tree growers assu re American fam ilies that once a year blue green White Pine type found only in the high moun­ the joy of decorating a real fragrant Christmas tree can tains of northern Mexico. Carefully se lected strains of continue. Arizona Cypress are catching on in South Carol ina, Geor­ Hatchets and saws are once again doing their duty in gia and other so uthern states. Carefully sheared native mid-December just as in those good old ONCE­ White Pine can be grown into strikingly handsome trees UPON-A-TIME days. 35 f.A. Witt Curator of Plant Collections Universit y of W as hington Arboretum Seattle, W ashington 98795 Stewartia pseudocamellia

The genus Stewartia belongs to The latter is small to medium sized petals surrounding a boss of yellow that interesting group of plants in­ and interesting during all seasons. stamens. They are similar to single cluding Magnolia and Illicium native Slow growing, it ultimately may de­ white camellia flowers as their only to the southeastern United velop into a tree of fifty feet or more specific epithet would indicate. The States and eastern Asia. Members of with a smooth trunk on which the fruit is a pyramidal capsule which the Camellia family (Theaceae), they bark peels and flakes away revealing often persists after leaf fall , adding to may be either evergreen or decidu­ patches of red-brown, silvery gray winter interest. ous; the persistent leaved species and beige-not unlike a small syca­ Here now is a tree of a size to be have been removed from Stewartia more. Its winter habit reminds one of useful in all but the smallest gardens, by some botanists and called Hartia. witch-hazel with brownish zig-zag with a winter habit both interesting These broad leaved evergreens are twigs. The leaves unfold in early April and, because of the flaking bark, col­ rarely cultivated, and then only in in the Pacific Northwest and are fresh orful; summer blooming, and elegant warm temperate regions. The de­ green, two to three inches long and when in flower and with a brilliant ciduous species include eight plus ovate to obovate in outline. In the display of autumn color to end the one hybrid and are much more Autumn they turn a brilliant orange­ year. common in cultivation. The Ameri­ red, or in some forms a rich reddish Stewartia pseudocamellia is native can members of the genus S. ovata brown. to Korea and to Japan where it grows and S. malacodendron are among The single white flowers appear in in the mountains of Kyushu, Shikoku the most beautiful of American the axils of the leaves in mid to late and Honshu. The Korean plants were shrubs, but to my mind, they do not June, a time when good flowering originally named S. koreana by compare in garden val ue to several of trees and shrubs are at a premium. Alfred Rehder who based his new the oriental species, particularly S. Each flower is up to three inches species on plants collected by E. H. 36 pseudoca mellia. across and consists of five si Iky white Wilson in Korea and on cultivated Trunks of Stewartia pseudocamellia Fru its of Stewarti a pseudocamelli a

specimens growing in the Arnold Ar­ organic matter have been in corpo­ should be co nsidered first as a boretum. In 1948, howeve r, J. R. rated. Moisture during th e dry seaso n specimen tree, located where its Sealy reduced Rehder's species to a is esse ntial; leaf margin burning re­ striking winter outline and exfol iating variety of 5. pseudocamellia. Dr. Ste­ sults if th ey become too dry during bark ca n be enjoyed during winter ven A. Sponeberg ha s gone even ea rl y summer. This is espec ially tru e months and its flowers and autumn further and in his paper " A Review of of new ly transplanted specimens. color will show well at other seasons. Deciduous-Leaved Species of Transp lanting should be done as We in the University of Washington Stewartia (Theaceae)," Journal of the ea rl y as possible sin ce stewarti as Arboretum have found it a most suit­ Arnold Arboretum 55 (2) 182-214 generally have the reputation of able companion plant for camellias (April, 1974) felt th at the two races being difficult to move. While a and rhododendrons. There does not should be combined since there real­ sunny location suits them well it is seem to be any serious root competi­ ly were no taxanomic characters suf­ be st to try to site them where they tion among these genera and the ficient to separate them. He does receive some protection from drying summer flowering stewartia provides admit that there may be enough dif­ winds. Once established, Stewartia enough, but not too much, shade for ferences to make a horticultural dis­ pseudocamellia requires very little these spring flowering broad-leaved tinction between the two, for in­ attention. Any pruning should be lim­ evergreens. If a background of ever­ stance the Korean plants have a flat­ ited to removing lower branches green trees can also be provided to ter corolla, a longerflowering period, which might hide the beauty of the serve as a windscreen and a and a somewhat different autumn bark. A mukh to retain soil moisture backdrop for the white flowers and leaf color. and an occasional fertilization with the brilliant fall color, so much the The stewartias are not the easiest an acid fertilizer will take care of the better. plants to establish in the garden, but tree's nutritional needs. To sum up, Stewartia pseudoca­ given most of their basic needs they Given the necessary cultural re­ mellia is a tree for three seasons: seem remarkably free of diseases and quirements, 5. p seudocamellia is winter, late spring, and fall . Its dis­ insect pests . In the Seattle area we hardy in zone 5 and in most warmer play of pristine silky white flowers is a grow them under conditions identi­ zones provided it has adequate water joy at a time when flowering trees are cal to those which suit their relatives, and acid soils. How is this Stewartia rare; add to this, ease of culture and a the camellia. They thrive in well best used in the garden? Its eventual pest free nature, and here is a gem of drained soil in which quantities of size of about fifty feet suggests that it a pl ant for nearly any garden. 37 VEGETABLE GARDEN DISPLAYED. by The British Royal Horticu ltural Society is invalu­ able for gardeners everywhere: $675. post­ paid. Bryant & Cook. Seedsmen. Box 488 A, African Violets House Plants South Windsor. Connecticut 06074

AFRICAN VIOLET? Free copy Helpful Hints Discount prices-free plants-bargain col­ Rare Bulbs and Plants for Success wi th African Violets Wri te Salnt­ lections. Save money on Bamboo, Begon ia s, paulla International POBox 549 Knoxvil le. Bromeliads, Cactus, Succulents, Fern s, Ges­ THE WIDE . WIDE WORLD OF BULBS AND Tenn 3790 1 neriads, House Plants, Orchids, Tree Fern PLANTS. America 's unique catalog Th ou­ sands of rare item s. Many unavailable else­ Products. Yearly dues'$3.00. No obligation to where. Bulbs from Achimenes through Bonsai buy. Guaranteed Plant Club, Box 114 GA , Zephyranthes . Hundreds of genera and thou­ For membership information write: American Robbinsvi ll e, N.J. 08691. sands of species fr om th e wo rld s's best Bonsai Society AH, 228 Rosemont Avenue, Orchid Kits growers. Hardy bulbs and perennials: house Erie, Pennsylvania 16505. plants. orc hi ds. bromeliads. insectivorous Grow exotic orchids right in your own plants. cou ntless ot hers. Now completely re­ home-great for gifts tool All yo u need to grow vised . Pr ice: $2 .00 (Deductible). INTERNA­ Bicen-Special the lovely moth orchid: bark, pots, fertilizer, TI ONAL GROWERS EXC HANGE. Box 397-E. Send 35¢ for special list of 76 plants-you and complete in st ru cti ons. Safe arri val Farmin gton. Michigan 48024. choose 40 and remit $17.76. Le ss than 45¢ ea. guaranteed. Kit with 6 Phalaenopsis seed­ Edelweiss Gardens, Box 66 GA, Robbinsville, lings $29.95. Kit with 12 seed lings $49.95. RhodOdendrons N.J. 08691 Price includes Air Mail postage. Catalog also avai lab le (free if you order a kit, $ 1.00 if not Specialists in Rhododendrons-both species Cactus & Succulents refundable with first purchase). JOHN EWING and low-growing hybrids. Exbury azaleas, ORCHIDS, P.O. Box 38 4, APTOS , CA. 95003 other rare plants. rail catalog 25<>. THE Bo­ lith ops - FaSCinating African succulents re­ VEES NURSERY 1737 A SW Coronado, Port­ sembling colorful pebbles Olher rare succu­ land, Oregon 97219. lents Write for catalog ED STORMS. 4223 Plant Supports Tiltproof Pershing . Ft Wort h. Texas 76107 Seeds NEW Pl ant Supports from ORDEV keep you r large growing potted indoor or patio plants BARN HAVEN PRIMROSE seed and plants for straight, tiltproof and secu rel y portable. spectacular Spring color. Also rare Flower Chrysanthemums STAKE KIT expands through add-on secti ons seed from many lands, Un ique new catalog 35 up to 6 feet tall . TRELLI S KIT adaptable to cents. FAR NORTH GARDENS, 1562 1 Au­ National Chrysanthemum Society, Inc. USA various shapes and heights. Detai led informa­ burndale Way , Li von ia, MI . 48154. Annt:Jal dues $7.50, includes 5 issues of Th e tion ORDEV MFG. CO, INC., 6781 Ward Road , Chrysanthemum, Beginner's Handbook. MRS . Niagara Falls, New York 14304. Volunteer Peace Corps WA LTER CHRI STOFFERS, Sec , 394 Ce ntral You are needed for Peace Corps projects in Avenue, Mountainside, New Jersey 07092. Professional Plastic Pots Latin America, Africa, Asia. Extension work in harvesting, storage & marketing, home gar­ Oaph ne Odora GREEN PLASTI C POTS-3" Round 10/ dening projects, research, nursery & orchard $1.60. 24/ $3.75. 50/ $7 .00; 4 Y2" Round 10/ The delightful 'February Daphne' offered by programs, etc. Transportation, housing, med­ $2.50. 25 / $5.75. 50/ $10.50; 6" Azalea 5/ Little Lake Nursery growers of rare plants. ical care, paid vacation. U.S. citizen. Singles $2 .00. 25/ $9.50. 50/ $18.00. Minimum order $5.7.5 prepaid, Ca lifornia residents add 6% or couples on ly. Informati on : Lynn Rotenberg , $5.00. Postpaid Write for complete list. NYS sales ta x. Box 782, Wi llits, California 95490. ACTION , ORC Box F-1 8, Wash ington , D.C. residents add tax . PR ACTICAL PRODUCTS. 20525. Box 246A. South Salem, N.Y. 10590 Ferns WRITERS WHY WAIT? LEARN ABOUT FERNS-join the Los Angeles Publications PUBLISH YOUR BOOK IN 90 DAYS and get expert editing. deSign . manu­ In ternati ona l Fern Society for only $4.50 facture . publi ci ty . promotion and advertiSing WAKE UP YOUR GARDEN ING. Gardening IS - all under one roof at low costs . Two free yearly. Re ceive 16-page ed ucational Bulletin books and literature give details and suc­ and two-page Le sson monthly. Add ress goin g places-are you With It I Th e AVAN T cess sto ries . Write or call Dept.393 Exposition Press, Inc., 900 So. Oyster Bay LAIF S, Box 448-H , Hawth orne, CA 90250. GARDENER brings you all the "flrsts"-new plants, products . te chniques. with sources­ Rd ., Hicksville. N.Y. 11801 (516) 822-5700 plus full features . special Issues. A unique Fuchsias horticultural magazine-news service. 24 is­ sues a year. over 500 arti c les Cu ri Ous? 3 FU CHSIAS-75 vari eti es tested in the S.E. sample copies $1 Serious? $8 50 for a full The beauty of for heat resistance. Propagated from acclima­ year POBox 48~ . New Yo rk. NY 10028 Spring twelve tized stock. Send 10<> for li st. HIDDEN months a year SPRI NGS NURSERY. Route 3, Rockmart, 1976 GROWERS CATALOG-(50th year) can be yours with Georgia 30153. a Turner fiber­ Th ousands of items. Many unusual. Trees. glass green­ Shrubs. Pl ants. Seedlings , Seeds. Books. house. This Gardening Equipment Pots. Tools, Suppli es. Stamps appreciated. sturdy, econom­ Mellinger's, North Lima 41 . Ohio 44452. ical structure will be a welcome COMPLETE TERRAR IUM TOOL KIT: 24" addition to your Funnel & Tongs. Attachments, Water Tu be, BOTANI CAL & HORTI CULTURA L BOOKS. family. Write for Terrarium Pl anting Booklet-$3.50. Gift Kits Rare, Out-of-pri nt. New. -Latest Cata log FREE catalog. mai led per your instructions. OPEN SEA­ $100 S.J. Singer Co. 11 33 Broadway. New TURNER GREENHOUSES SON. Box 225/ AH. Ash land. Oregon 97520. York, NY 10010. u.s. 13 S .. GOLDSBORO. NC 27530 MUSSER TREES, SHRUBS & GROUND COVERS

JO HN BANISTER AND HIS NATURAL NOTHING GROWS FOR YOU? A BROWN HISTORY OF VIRGINIA, 1678·1692 TH UMB GUIDE TO HO USE PLA NTS FREE by by Joseph and Nesta Ewan. Frances Tenenbaum 485 pp. Charles Scribners Sons CATALOG 70 plates of Ban ister drawings New York, New York University of Ill inois Pres s, 1974-118 pages-$6.95 A comp lete listing of Evergreen and Urbana, IL Hardwood Seedlings and Transplants, This little book ca n be consi dered a good Land scape Ornamentals, Rooted Cuttings, $ 15.00 Ground Covers, Co ntain er-G rown Plants, so urce of bas ic indoctrinat ion fo r the new Gardeners in terested in in colonia l plus money-sa vi ng Specia l Offers. Wh ole­ botany, house plant grower. Sound advice is offered on sa le prices f or quantity purchases of history, in nomenclature, w ill find this book growing conditi ons and plant materi als. O f seedlings and transp lants. absorbing. Th e w ide- ranging correspondence of John Banister and th e dispersa l of his papers particular va lue are those chapters w hich dis­ BUY DIRECT and spec imens crea ted a tangle w hich th e au­ cuss what to look for in a potentia l house plant thors have undertaken to unrave l by dedica ted and so me of th e pitfall s w hich may be encoun­ from GROWER research. Not much is kn own about th e li fe of tered in purchas ing plants both from a nursery John Banister; to quote from one chapter: "Of or plant boutique and, in particul ar, from mai l th e earl y li fe of John Banister little record re­ order so urces . This book is a worth w hile Plea se send FREE CATALOG to: mains, or of his fo urteen-yea r stru ggle in Vir­ primer fo r th e begi nning or cas ual house plant NAM E ______ginia to bui ld himse lf 'an es tate' w hich woul d grower. make possible the devotion of th e major pa rt of ADDR ESS ______his time and energies toward a 'Natu ra l His­ CITY tory' of th at colony. Before his accidenta l Gilbert 5. Daniels death at th e age of forty-two he had collected, STATE ______Z I P ____ described, and sent spec imens of approx i­ mately 340 spec ies of pl ants, 100 'Insecta', WI LDFLOWERS O F THE SOUTH EASTE RN twenty 'Mollusca: and so me foss ils and rocks UN ITE D STATES to colleagues in England. He had sketched By more th an eighty spec ies of plants, a few in­ W ilbur H . Duncan and Leonard E. Foote sects, a number of shells, and he had com­ University of Georgia Press posed part of his Na tural History and part of h is Athens, Georgia account 'O f The Natives .' " 1975-296 pages-$ 12.00 ® PERENNIALS Part I of th e book covers th ese acti vi ti es . Part II is compri sed of Banister's ca ta logs and th e au­ This guide is actu all y useful for an area cov­ There is a NEW way to buy thors' ex planations of their approach to th e ering almos t th e entire eas tern half of th e perennials. study. The Ewans have documented Banister's United States. In combination with th e brief place in the growth of knowled ge of th e natural descriptive tex t, th e 485 excellent color pho­ Our plants are grown in groups history of th e Atlantic seaboa rd. tographs provide mea ns of identifica tion fo r of si x pots, each pot 1-5/ 8" /. 5. more than 1,000 species of herbaceous annual and perennial plants. A ve ry brief and simple squ are by 2-1/ 4" deep. key guides th e reader to the appropriate sec­ LOW MAINTENANCE GARDENING Grown under controlled con- tion of th e book, w here further identification of The Editors Sunset Books ca n be made directl y from the photographs. A . ditions these healthy plants will and Sunset Maga z in e bri ef descriptive gloss ary, part of w h ich is illus­ be shipped to you in April or Lane Books Menlow Park, California trated, further simplifies the use of the book by May. Pl ant in groups for best 1974-96 pages-$2.45 the non-botanist. Although it's 6 x 9" format display, you'll enjoy full-size makes the work just a little large fo r use as a Th is large paperback has someth ing to offer pl ants in one season. pocket guide, it would certa inly be worth car­ every lazy gardener. An extensive series of garden des igns plu s disc ussions of gardening rying in th e knapsack for any wildflower en­ Send for our catalog today. thu siast. techniques and plant materi al are all in tended Enjoy Bluestone Perennials at a to max imize the time in the hammock and Gilbert 5. Daniels minimize the time behind the lawn mower. price you will be glad to pay. While Sunset Gardening Books are ma inly thought of for Ca lifornia, this book is in tended Please send us your FREE for all pa rts of the United States. Garden plans THE COMPLETE BOOK OF HERBS Perennial catalog. are given for suc h diverse locatio ns as b y Pa sadena, Port land, Houston, Chicago, At­ Sanecki, Kay N . lanta, and O rl ando. Lots of ideas and well Macmillan Name ------worth the price. November 14, 1974 Address 247 pp.-drawings b y Edward Russell ------Gilbert 5. Daniels $9.95 City ______State ______Zip __

3140 Jackson Stree t 39 Mentor, Ohio 44060 Isn't it time you had your own ~rmanent Greenhouse?

The following is a condensed balance sheet of the Society for the FY ending March 31, 1975.

The complete financial statement for this year together with reports on examination by our auditors, Stanton, Minter, and Bruner of Alexan­ dria, Virginia, are available upon request. The GothiC Arch Greenhouse IS strong, permanent, maintenance·free and guararnteed! It's constructed of top quality California Heart Reawood and trans· lucent fiberglass panels .. completely prefabri· cated for easy assembly! And the price? The 12'x12' Harold Epstein , Treasurer 0, Keister Evans , Executive Director model is less than $600. Sure, you might find a cheaper greenhouse, but when yOI!J compare it to a Gothic Arch ... you'll see ours ' is the real bargain! THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY, INC. Write today for Free Brochure and "The Practical Guide for Greenhouse Selection." BALANCE SHEET

March 31, 1975 Gothic~

ASSETS Arch ErE'

CURRENT ASSETS: Greenhouses Cash $ 68, 313 Dept. 8-12 P. O. Box 1564 Mobile, AI. 36601 Accounts Receivable 7,005 Serving Greenhouse Growers for 30 years Grant 200,000 *' Grant receivab le 187,170 '2 Other Current Assets 23,145 TOTAL CURRENT ASSETS $485,633 TOTAL PROPERTY, NET : $949,176 NEW FIBERGLASS & REDWOOD OTHER ASSETS : Grant receivable, non-c urrem t $400,000 ' 1 Miscellaneous Other Assets 59,393 TOTAL OTHER ASSETS $459,393 GARDEN TOTAL ASSETS $1,894,202 LIABILITIES & FUND BALANCES GREENHOUSE CURRENT LIABILITIES : Accounts Payable $ 27,728 by GLASTEEL ~i~ Mortgage Payable, Cu rrent 200,000 *1 Deferred Income: Membership Dues 231,451 "-1) DU PONT APPROVED PROTECTIVE Lo ngwood Grant 187,170 *2 FINISH FOR FRP PANELS TOTAL CURRENT LI AB ILITIES $646,349 MORTGAGE PAYABLE $400,000 *1

TO TAL LI AB ILITIES $1,046,349

FUND BALANCES:

Restricted $676,681 *1 *2 8' x 12' Unrestricted 171 ,172 Model Only $472.00, TOTAL FUND BALANCES $ 847,853 DELIVERED TOTAL LIABILITIES & FUND BALANCES $1,894,202

'1) Entries pertaining to special arrangement of grant from Enid A. Haupt charitab le trust for purchase of River Farm . '2) Lo ngwood Foundation Grant for P.S.D.C.

40 ~ l a.chtqorn £ (ff')aro£ns Royall Wilson Bemis, Proprietor GENETI CISTS - HORTI CU LTURALISTS - GROWERS Se4p.Roses America's ultimate source for strong easily grown plant material, developed here, and from our collectors and grow­ ers in foreign lands. What we is and We offer you what is probably the widest selection of magnificent NEW hybrids, the best of the standard vari­ what we ain't. eties, and rare botanical species, en­ compassing the whole realm of Lilies, Clem atis, Alliums a nd R ostas in What we ain't is the largest mail order rose nurs­ America today. ery in the country. Also an extended listing of Wild­ flowers and ferns, (some brand new ones, offered for the first time commer­ Jackson & Perkins, Medford, Oregon 97501 is. cially) as well as rare and unusual bulbs and plants from world wide We ain't the smallest mail order rose nursery, sources. either. COLOR CATALOG A botanical reference piece for only $1 and this We don't know who is. includes a FREE Spring Folder. $1 deductible from first order. What we is-is rose growers since 1897 who guar­ antee everything we sell and aim to help you have the most beautiful roses in your neighborhood. ~lztJ:kt4orn£ Being smaller than Jackson & Perkins we probably ~arb£n5 need your business more than they do; and, quite 48-A QUINCY STREET HOLBROOK, MASS. 02343 frankly, we think you'll like our service and qual­ ity better. Also, we have a free catalog. But, so does Jackson & * * * ... Perkins. * Keeping ic So, if you're uncertain whose catalog you want. Write to both of us. If you're then uncertain who * America * to buy from. Send each of us a trial order. ¥ Beautiful: But-in any event-be sure to get our free Rose Catalog by mailing the coupon below. It's a sure * step in the right direction toward growing better "* Thank you. Star Roses" Box 226, West Grove, Pa. 19390

Star Roses, Box 226, West Grove, Pa. 19390 Although I mi ght also send for Jackson & Perkins' catalog, I definitel y want to receive your Rose Catalog which illus­ trates and tells all about over 100 guaranteed-to-bloom Star Roses. The Pioneer Plant Food Good for everything you grow. Roses, trees, shrubs, flowers, lawns, fruits, vegetables. Spark vigorous growth. Just dissolve in wate r, then sprinkle ADDRESS or spray. Fast acting, speeds results, no burning. High analysis 23-19-17%.

STATE Z IP The favorite of experts for years! The American Horticultural Society Travel Plans

The resounding success of the various horticul­ pendent activities. The following four days via coach tural explorations sponsored by The American Hor­ to private gardens, botanic gardens, nurseries, etc. ticultural Society has encouraged the planning of ad­ south of London. Since low winter air fares will apply ditional trips into other areas of the world with an this will be an economical trip. accent upon features of horticultural interest, without overlooking other areas of cultural and historical FIFTEEN DAY HORTICULTURAL interest. Each of the programs are individually planned EXPLORA TION and researched in an effort to produce a distinctive Departure May 13th, returning May 27th itinerary for members of the Society who have great (15 days or June 3rd (22 days) diversification in their horticultural interests. It will be noted that these itineraries are quite different in The first ten days after arrival, coach tour into many ways from the non-objective usual tourist pro­ Southern and western England visiting many re­ grams. They are not 'hop, skip, and jump' trips cover­ nowned gardens, large and small, nurseries, botanic ing huge areas and continents in minimum periods. gardens plus other historical and cultural points of They are planned for the sophisticated traveler with a interest. Return to London on May 23rd to attend the common interest in horticulture -a magnificent famous annual Chelsea Flower Show staged by the bond. All airlines are scheduled LA. T.A. flights. Royal Horticultural Society. Balamce of stay in London These travel adventures are planned on a basis of is for independent visits to Kew Garden or other per­ providing the best of comforts in the areas visited. sonal interests. Return to New York on May 27th (15th Since each of the groups are strictly limited in num­ day). bers, early reservations are recommended. Many pre­ An extension is offered for an additional week at vious projects have been fully subscribed several the same Group Air Fare. This time will be devoted to months prior to departure. Early enquiries are ex­ a coach tour north and west of London to many areas tended preference. of horticultural interest. Return to New York on June 3rd (22nd day). AN EXPLORATION OF THE ISLANDS. OF SOUTHEAST ASIA EXPLORATION OF CALIFORNIA AND ITS HORTICULTURE Departure February 2nd, 1976 for 22 days 16 days-April 19'76 or 31 days Outlining an itinerary for the prescribed time is An exotic itinerary departing from San Francisco frustrating, not because of a dearth of subjects, but to Hong Kong, Singapore and an extended visit to because of the huge variety of attractions and the great Indonesia, Sumatra, Java and the magic Isle of Bali, mileage between them. The result is a compromise, so returning on February 24th. An optional extension is that many facets of California are sampled, with ac­ offered to Thailand visiting colorful areas around and cent on horticulture in its many phases-large and in Bangkok plus the cooler Chiang-mai mountain area small gardens, arboretums and·botanic gardens, nur­ in Northwest Thailand. Return to San Francisco on series, wildflowers and the countryside at peak of March 4th. Prior brochure available upon request. bloom in glorious cool spring. The itinerary will commence in San Diego and SPRING HORTICULTURAL continue north to the San Francisco area. Departure EXPLORATIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN date and details will be available soon. Great Britain renowned as the Garden Isles has been long considered the mecca for all horticulturists. EXPLORATION OF Few areas in the world are blessed with the climatic THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST conditions so favorable for the gardener in these Isles. (Oregon-Washington) Based upon the interest indicated and the success of (Vancouver) previous horticultural explorations there, three alter­ native itineraries are offered for Spring 1976. 16 days-May 1976 Commence the itinerary with a circle tour from NINE DAY HORTICULTURAL Portland, Oregon south along the coastal road and the EXPLORATION DEPARTURE APRIL 26th, magnificient shore with many attractions plus native flora. Continue to the Crater Lake area and north Returning MAY 4th, 1976 inland and the major mountains. Then to the Colum­ The first four nights are in a London hotel. Visit bia River and into Washington and Mount Ranier. A the Spring Show at the Royal Horticultural Society in few days in Seattle and then to the Olympic Penin­ 42 London and Kew Gardens, etc. Part of time for inde- sula, the mountains and the Rain Forest. Ferry across for 1976

to Victoria on Vancouver Island, and to the City of AN EXPLORATION OF Vancouver. Throughout this itinerary there will be SOUTH AFRICA visits to private gardens, botanic gardens, parks and the native flora,-a continuous program of magnifi­ September 1976 cent country and a wealth of flora from all areas of the 22 days world. Based upon the expressed enthusiasm by those The departure date and complete itinerary will be who experienced the past three explorations in South available soon. Africa, another opportunity is offered to those mem­ bers interested in this fascinating area with its distinc­ A SUMMER EXPLORATION OF tive rich flora and beautiful countryside. The itinerary THE ORIENT will again include Johannesburg, Pretoria, Private July 16th to August 6th, 1976 game reserves, The Blue Train, Cape Town and Peninsula, Stellenbosch, Darling, Oudtshoorn, the This itinerary will be off-beat in Japan. After a Garden Route to Durban, Drakenberg Mountains, few days in Tokyo travel into the Central Japan Alps to and Zululand Game Reserve. the Japan Sea area. Via another route continue to Illustrated brochures of the past itinerary are Kyoto for a few days. After necessary few days there available immediately. fly to the northern island of Hokkaido and its cooler climate. Optional extensions will then be available to If you wish further details concerning any AHS Taiwan and Hong Kong. Here is an opportunity to Travel explorations briefly outlined above, please travel in the more remote areas of Japan which are write AHS Tours c/o American Horticultural Society, seldom visited by tourists. Mount Vernon, VA, 22121. We will send you com­ plete brochures as soon as they are available. AN EXPLORATION OF NEW ZEALAND (The Garden Isles of the South Pacific) October-November 1976 23 days CUSTOM DESIGN This group will be routed from Los Angeles with stop in Fiji Islands before continuing to Auckland, New Zealand, which will be reached at the peak of INSULATED DOUBLE­ THERMAL their spring season. The itinerary in the North Island BARRIER will include the area around the major city. Auckland and then to Rotorua, Waitomo, Mt. Ruapehu, New WALLED Plymouth and Wellington. Then by air to the South Island -first to Nelson, Kakoura, Christchurch, Mount Cook, Milford, GREENHOUSES Queenstown, Timaru, Ashburton to Christchurch for departure. FROM JUST $499 This entire trip will be saturated with various horticultural visits -private gardens, botanic gar­ DESIGNED TO SAVE YOU ENERGY dens, national parks and forests, plus the distinctive It"s the first quality greenhouse tota ll y native flora. New Zealand is an extremely scenic coun­ deSigned to reduce the heating and cool­ ing requi rements by 50% or more. For the try, the itinerary including some of the most spectacu­ economy-minded grower. it becomes the lar areas. This unprecedented itinerary will furnish a least expensive greenhouse to own and thorough insight into the two islands of New Zealand. operate that we know of. There are many other details. fea tures. Note: There will be available a one week exten­ pOints about material and workmansh ip sion to the Polynesian Islands of Tahiti, Bora Bora, that makes this an outstanding val ue. No foundations are requ ired. and it's designed Moorea and Huahine. This will be en route to Los for easy do-it-yourself assembly. Angeles. Lean -to and free-stand ing models are There is evidence that there is extreme interest in available direct from factory on ly, giving this unusual journey. If you are seriously interested yo u additional savi ngs, your enquiry will be welcome and given precedence. SEND FOR FREE COLOR CA TA LOGUE TODA Y p ,O, Box 2235, Dept AH-12 Grand Central Station, New York, N,Y, 10017 43 Introducing the Official 1976 American Horticultural Society Calendar

.97.- .%/I~)It~~I'//1 .~,1'11;."~,,a/ g:" ;IjrJ

The America n Horti cultural Society is proud and del ighted to prese nt t he 1976 Ca lendar of American W ildflowers des igned by artist-naturali st Martha H. Cawley Eac h month features one of twelve Ameri can wi Id­ f lowers from all across the nati on. The Ca liforni a ORDER FORM ••••••••••••••••••••••• poppy, res ponsible for the phrase " Colden West " o YESI Please se nd me ______copy( ies) of the 1976 The Atamasco lily, " fl ower of the West Wind." The Ca lendar of Ameri ca n W ildflowers: Texas bluebonnet or lupine, whose name is deri ved from the ancient beli ef that it desec rated cropland s Unit Price Quantity Cost as wolves prey on sheep. The New Eng land aster, • 1-4 copi es $4.95 ______J ______whose roots I ndi ans once smoked to attract game • 5-9 copies 4.00 for hunting. • 10-24 copies 3.50 Accompanying each w il dflower is a brief se lection of poetry or prose from some of the world's greatest • 25-49 copi es 3.25 writers-Wordsworth, Whittier, Thorea u and their • 50 or more copies 3.00 literary peers. In addition, you receive a fa SC inating Total cost for ca lendars===== biography of each flower-its scientific name, its Shipping & handling (see instructions) + ______many common names, its preferred li ving conditions, Total amount enc losed $===== its distribution in North America, its season and little­ Shipping and Handling Charges known facts and fables about it. Pri.nted in full color on high-quality paper, this Pl ease add the fol lowing amounts to your ord er: 11 " x 1 r wall ca lendar makes an elegant yet practial 1-9 ca lend ars: 60 q: per ord er - 10-49 ca lendars: $1.20 per order year-round addition to home or office. And you ca n - 50 or more ca lendars: $2.50 per ord er ord er your ca lendar now, in plenty of time for thought­ Name ______ful gift-giving or fund-raising projects. Address ______• Full-color reproductions • Accompanying prose from Wordsworth, Whittier, City ______State ______Zip ____ Thorea u, among others Mail with check to. • Only $4.95 each (quantity discounts avail able) Th e Ameri ca n Horti cultural Soci ety • A great fundraising idea for schools or clubs M ount Vern on, Virginia 22121 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Burpeets IOOth Anniversary Garden Catalog-yours FREE There's a century of experience behind this 1976 Burpee Garden Catalog.

Burpee's JOOth Anniversary Catalog is a a nd flowers for ga rd eners. Many new 3. Big Girr Hybrid VF Tomato - Big big, beautiful \84-pa.ge gardener's varieti es and famou s favorites are a vail­ Boy'" Giant H ybrid Tomato's beautiful, bonanza. Pictured above is a small sample able o nl y from Burpee. brand-new big sister. Extra resistance to of some of the many wonderful things Send for your free copy of the 1976 Fusarium and Verticillium wilt ensures you'll find in it. Burpee Garden Catalog now. Just fill in reliable crops of giant tomatoes from and mail the coupon below. midsummer to frost. Ripe in 78 days. The 1976 Burpee Garden Catalo g is \. Burpee's Goddess Zinnia - A mag­ 4. Burpee's Best White Marigold Mixture a comprehensive planting and growing nifi cent new hybrid . E normous cactus­ - Burpee's 56-year search for the White guide with over 1400 vegetables, flowers , lik e flowers up to 6 inches across. Marigold is ended. The $ 10,000 pay­ shrubs, trees, and garden aid s. Plus 2. Special Centennial Collection - The ment has been pai d. As soon as seeds dozens of helpful hints for a better, more Burpee Planting Clock, custom designed are avail able it will be offered to our productive garden from Burpee's horti­ for our 100th Anniversary. Tells you c ustomers. I n the meantime these are an culturists-based on our 100 years of when to plant 24 varieties of seeds ac­ exciting mixture of White and nearly gardening experience. There is also a cording to the climate in your area. A White Marigold s. Plant form, size, and 10-page "Keepsake" section, featuring beautiful and useful addition to your time of bloom will show some variation. the cover from Burpee's 1888 Catalog. home, a magnificent gift. 5. Early Frosty Peas - Sweet, tender, Since 1876 Burpee has been continu­ A faithful reproduction of Burpee's deliciously flavored peas, either fresh or all y developing new vegetable varieties 1888 Catalog. A fa scinating chapter in frozen. Ready in 64 days. that are easier to grow and produce horticultural Americana. Burpee's 16- more in le ss space, as well as new and month Calendar: illustrated with 16 better flowers. As a result, Burpee is old-time Burpee Catalog engravings from America's leading breeder of vegetables 1893 through 1915. Suitable for framing.

•~------• W. ATLEE BURPEE CO. the all-t.· me 687~ Burpee Budding. Warm,"Sler. PA 18974 I Order S or C lint on. 1A 52732. or Ri verSid e. CA 92502 Favor.ite F.~;:erISee~s Pictlu~l~ below D(Plea~::a~~o::~~;: ~:::::~arden -a ..c.-va ue-,oron y - Calalog pOSlpaid. (If you ordered from I I Burpeein 1975. your ne w Catalog will be se nt to you automat ically.) ,

Send ~- set(s) of 5 Favorite I O Flower Seeds pictured at left @ $1.00 per set. Enclosed i ~ $ _____. Burpee's IOOth A nnivnsary Catalog is our I bf'st f'l'U- with snds, shrubs, (rtf'S, gardening I ;nf",mo,;an .. o"d ,my,h;"" fa, you, go,d,'".

I Giant Ruffled Sn.'pdragon - Blight colOi s 2JI.!:-foot s pikes, Reg, 50C pkt 2. Royall y Name I Grown Jen els Pelumas - M, xe u colol s Bloom .111 se.t:o;on Reg 50c pkt ], MagIc Carpet IPlea'l!' print) Double Portulaca-l'vl1 xeu colols bloom ,Ill SC dson long on cl eeplng sun-lO Ving pl ci nts Addre5~ ______I Reg. SOc pkt. 4, Alaska Ciant Mangold -Almost w hite. Blooms on 2-foot plant.'i. LR :: P::U =:: i :: .I :. e:: O:': I = R:: P~": ____ ..:a:.. _.: __ .J