SEPARATE OPINION of JUDGE AJIBOLA (I) Delimitution

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SEPARATE OPINION of JUDGE AJIBOLA (I) Delimitution SEPARATE OPINION OF JUDGE AJIBOLA (i) Delimitution or Attribution 1. 1 am generally in agreement with the Judgment of the Court, espe- cially with its finding that the Treaty of Friendship and Good Neigh- bourliness between the French Republic and the United Kingdom of Libya of 10 August 1955 in effect determines the boundary dispute between the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (herein- after called "Libya") and the Republic of Chad (hereinafter called "Chad"). Primarily, this finding definitively settles the initial but funda- mental differences between the Parties as to whether this is a case of delimitation or of attribution. 2. Libya, in its notification to the Court, urged it "to decide upon the limits of their respective territories in accordance with the rules of international law applicable in the matter" (empha- sis added); while Chad in its own notification asked the Court to "determine the course of the frontier between the Republic of Chad and the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, in accordance with the principles and rules of international law applicable in the matter as between the Parties" (emphasis added). 3. In effect, while Chad requested the Court to resolve a boundary or frontier dispute, Libya urged it to decide a territorial dispute. In the recent Lund, Islund und Muritime Frontier Dispute case (El Sulvur/or/Hon- durus: Nic.uruguu interivning) (I.C.J. Reports 1992, p. 351), where no boundary had been determined in several areas of the land territory con- cerned. the Chamber of the Court dealt with the conflictingu territorial clairns of the parties first and subsequently carried out a delimitation exercise as a normal judicial assignment. By a similar progression the Court in the present case first eliminated the dispute of territorial attri- bution by deciding that the Parties were bound by the Treaty of 1955, then concluded without difficulty that the case was not one of attribution of territory but one of the delimitation of a boundary. OPINION INDIVIDUELLE DE M. AJIBOLA i) Dklimitution ou uttribution 1. J'approuve dans l'ensemble l'arrêt de la Cour, en particulier la cons- tatation selon laquielle le traité d'amitié et de bon voisinage entre la République française et le Royaume-Uni de Libye, du 10 août 1955, a bien pour effet de trancher le différend frontalier entre la Grande Jama- hiriya arabe libyenne populaire et socialiste (dénommée ci-après la «Libye») et la République du Tchad (dénommée ci-après le «Tchad»). Plus que tout, la dkcision sur ce chef règle de façon définitive les diver- gences initiales, mais fondamentales, entre les Parties quant a savoir s'il s'agit d'une affaire de délimitation ou d'attribution. 2. Dans sa notification à la Cour, la Libye a demandé instamment à celle-ci «[de] statuer sur les limites de leurs territoires respectifs conformé- ment aux règles de droit international applicables en la matière)) (les italiq~iessont de moi); tandis que le Tchad, dans sa propre notification, a demandé à la Cour <<dedéterminer le tracé de lu jrontiire entre la République du Tchad et la Jamahiriya arabe libyenne, conformément aux principes et règles de droit international applicables en la matière entre les Par- ties» (les italiques sont de moi). 3. Effectivement, tandis que le Tchad a prié la Cour de régler un dif- férend de délimitation ou de frontière, la Libye lui a demandé instam- ment de statuer sur un différend territorial. Dans la récente affaire du DifJrond,frontuli~>r.terrestre, insuluir~et maritime (El Sulvuu'or/Honduras; Nicurngua (intervenant)/ (C.I. J. Rc.rueil 1992, p. 35 1 ), où aucune fron- tière n'avait été déterminée dans plusieurs régions du territoire terrestre considéré, la Chambre de la Cour, après avoir examiné les prétentions territoriales opposéi:~ des parties, a ensuite opéré une délimitation dans l'exercice de sa mission judiciaire normale. En l'espèce la Cour a procédé de la même manière: elle a commencé par éliminer le différend d'attribu- tion territoriale en décidant que les Parties étaient liées par le traité de 1955, puis elle a conclu sans difficulté que l'affaire ne concernait pas l'attribution d'un territoire, mais la délimitation d'une frontière. 4. In this regard, 1 share the view of Professor Allot ' when he remarked that : "1 feel that one can very easily lose one's way in a discussion on political problems in Africa, minority problems, territorial disputes, imperialism, etc. What we should be talking about is boundary dis- putes, not territorial disputes; in other words, disputes about the boundaries, about where the line is to be drawn. It is quite true that, as a consequence of a territorial dispute or a dispute over a minority, a re-drawing of a boundary may be required, but this is a secondary consequence of that particular dispute." 5. A cardinal consequence of that finding of the Court was the con- clusion that Article 3 of the 1955 Treaty, with the Annex 1 attached thereto, in fact served to establish the frontier which was the subject-mat- ter of the dispute between the Parties. I share the Court's interpretation of this particular Article; however, 1 shall have some further comments to make. 6. This separate opinion of mine is thus essentially supportive of the Court's Judgment and is meant to deal only with some peripheral but not unimportant aspects of the case. The Court has already dealt with the substantial issues of facts and law involved in the dispute. 1, therefore, wish to make certain observations which I consider to be pertinent to this important case, in order to emphasize my individual point of view regarding the main issues placed before the Court and some of the reasoning which led me to support the Judgment. (ii) African Bounllury Probletns 7. For about a century, perhaps since 1885 when it was partitioned, Africa has been ruefully nursing the wounds inflicted on it by its colonial past. Remnants of this unenviable colonial heritage intermittently erupt into discordant social, political and even economic upheavals which, some may say, are better forgotten than remembered. But this "heritage" is difficult, if not impossible to forget; aspects of it continue, like appa- ritions, to rear their heads, and haunt the entire continent in various jarring and sterile manifestations: how do you forget unhealed wounds? One aspect of this unfortunate legacy is to be seen in the incessant boundary disputes between African States. 8. The colonial penchant for geometric lines (as exemplified by Lord Salisbury's "horseshoe"-shaped Tripolitanian hinterland), has left Africa with a high concentration of States whose frontiers are drawn with little or no consideration for those factors of geography, ethnicity, economic convenience or reasonable means of communication that have played a ' Boundarie.~und the Luit' in Afiica: Africuri Boundurj Problern.r, 1969, p. 9 50 DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL (OP. IND. AJIBOLA) 52 4. A cet égard, je partage l'avis exprimé par M. Allot ' en ces termes: ((11 me semble très facile de s'égarer dans une discussion sur les problèmes politiques en Afrique, les problèmes de minorités, les différends territoriaux, l'impérialisme, etc. Ce dont il faut parler, c'est de différeinds frontaliers et non de différends territoriaux; en d'autres termes les différends relatifs aux délimitations, au tracé de la ligne. Certes., un différend territorial, ou un différend concernant une minorité, peuvent obliger a tracer de nouveau une frontière, mais c'est là une conséquence secondaire du différend dont il s'agit. )) 5. Une conséquence capitale de cette constatation de la Cour a été sa conclusion selon laquelle l'article 3 du traité de 1955, avec l'annexe 1 jointe, servait en fait a établir la frontière qui constituait l'objet du diffé- rend entre les Parties. J'approuve l'interprétation donnée par la Cour de cet article, mais ai riéanmoins quelques observations à ajouter. 6. Mon opinion individuelle appuie donc foncièrement l'arrêt de la Cour et elle n'a qu'un seul but: examiner certains aspects périphériques, mais non dépourvu:; d'importance, de l'affaire. La Cour a déjà traité des points de fait et de droit que le différend met en cause sur le fond. Je sou- haite donc présentei- quelques observations qui me semblent pertinentes dans cette importante affaire, afin de faire ressortir mon point de vue per- sonnel sur les principales questions soumises à la Cour et une partie du raisonnement qui m'a conduit à approuver l'arrêt. ii) l,es prohl6tnes (les ,fron/it;re.s en Af+iyue 7. Depuis plus d'un siècle, peut-être depuis son partage en 1885, l'Afrique panse, dans l'amertume. les blessures que son passé colonial lui a infligées. Des vestiges de cet héritage colonial peu enviable émergent, de temps a autre, dans les soulèvements discordants d'ordre social, politique et même économique qu'il vaut mieux, disent certains, oublier que se remémorer. Mais cet héritage est difficile, sinon impossible à oublier; cer- tains de ses aspects icontinuent, tels des apparitions, à resurgir, et hantent le continent tout enlier par toutes sortes de manifestations criardes et sté- riles. Comment oublier des plaies restées ouvertes? L'un des aspects de ce legs malheureux transparaît dans les incessants différends frontaliers qui opposent les Etats d'Afrique. 8. Le penchant colonial pour les lignes géométriques illustré par la forme en <<ferà cheval)) (de l'hinterland tripolitain de lord Salisbury) a laissé en Afrique une forte concentration d'Etats dont on a tracé les fron- tières sans tenir aucun compte. ou presque, des facteurs liés à la géogra- phie, aux caractères ethniques, à la commodité économique, ou à I'exis- ' Bowztlrrri<~.sund the Lrrii.
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