DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed . U l.rT fc candidate) Date ‘ STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed . ..(candidate) Date . Jr. Q STATEMENT 3 f hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. (candidate) Date PG/R/06/10 C a r d if f UNIVERSITY PR I F YSGOl CaeRDy^ SUMMARY OF THESIS: POSTGRADUATE RESEARCH DEGREES Please return the completed form to: School Research Office Please TYPE or mite in BLACK ink and use BLOCK capitals SECTION A: TO BE COMPLETED BY THE CANDIDATE AND SUBMITTED WITH THE THESIS Student ID Number: 0535835 Title: Mr. Surname: Brown First Names: Wayde Alan School: Architecture Title of Degree: PhD Full Title of Thesis MAKING HISTORY: The Role of Historic Reconstructions Within Canada’s Heritage Conservation Movement PG/R/06/10 CARDIFF UNIVERSITY PR IF YSGOL CaeRDY[§) Student ID Number: 0535835 Summary of Thesis: Canada's heritage conservation movement developed late, relative to similar movements in Europe and the United States, yet from 1939 to the present, historic reconstructions have formed a significant aspect of the Canadian response to the ‘presentation’ of the past. This thesis examines the roles played by historic reconstructions in Canada: the intent of the project proponents, and the reception of such projects. To establish a framework for this analysis, the roles of historic reconstructions in France, Britain and the United States, three countries where heritage conservation activity began much earlier, are first examined. Sites included in this part of the thesis include: in France, Viollet-le-Duc’s reconstruction work at Wzelay, Saint-Semin, and Carcassonne; in Britain, Burges’ Castell Coch, and the twentieth- century reconstructions of Castell Henllys and the Globe Theatre; and, in the United States, the Revere House, Fort Ticonderoga, Colonial Williamsburg, and New Echota. With the French, British and American use of historic reconstructions as a reference, four detailed case studies, examining Canadian sites, is presented. The first case study is the reconstruction of the Habitation at Port Royal, originally constructed in 1605, by French colonists. The second study considers two reconstructions, Fort George, Niagara-on-the- Lake and Place Royale, Quebec, which represent British and French heritage, respectively. The third reconstruction discussed is the town of Louisbourg. The fourth study is the proposed reconstruction of the Africville Church, a building destroyed in 1967 in the name of urban renewal, but a continuing symbol of the African-Canadian community within which it was located. Analysis of these sites has been undertaken with considerable reference to the current discussion of the relationship between history and collective memory, especially the work of Pierre Nora (in France), Raphael Samuel (in Britain), and John Bodnar (in the United States). MAKING HISTORY: The Role of Historic Reconstructions Within Canada’s Heritage Conservation Movement by Wayde Alan Brown B Arch, Dalhousie University, ‘82 M A, University of York, ‘89 2011 Welsh School of Architecture Cardiff University Cardiff, Wiles UMI Number: U559679 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U559679 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Dedication I wish to dedicate this thesis to Harriet Taber Richardson and Kenneth D. Harris; their vision and perseverance gave us the Port Royal Habitation, the point of departure for my own journey. Acknowledgements Over a period of five years, and in four countries, many people have assisted with my research, and the preparation of this thesis; I thank everyone for their advice, generosity and encouragement. Several archives and libraries, and the staff of these institutions, have been crucial to my work, including: Libraries and Archives Canada, Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management, the Nova Scotia Museum, the New Brunswick Museum, Halifax Municipal Archives, Killiam Library (Special Collections), Dalhousie University, Louisbourg Institute, the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada, the (US) Library of Congress, and the US National Archives (College Park). I also wish to thank: Chris Fox, Curator, Thomas Pell Research Center (Fort Ticonderoga); Ryan Scranton, Executive Director, Annapolis Heritage Society; and Patricia Townsend, Esther Clark Wright Archives, Acadia University. The Rockefeller Archive Center, Sleepy Hollow, provided both research support and financial assistance for me to visit that archive. Several employees of the Parks Canada Agency have kindly provided information and advice, including: Gordon Fulton, Director of Historical Services (Ottawa), John Johnston, Historian (Halifax), and Hedy Armour, Librarian (Halifax). At Public Works Canada, Don MacDonald provided information regarding the Federal Heritage Building Review Office, and Bill Hockey, now retired, provided information on several architectural reconstruction projects. In Halifax, Andrea Arbic (A.L.Arbic Consulting) and Jeffery Reed (formerly with the Historic Places Initiative), both kindly gave me time for extensive interviews; and Mary Louise Hartigan, my former colleague in the Department of Tourism, Culture and Heritage, provide information and advice on innumerable occasions. In Wales, I want to thank: Matthew Williams, Curator, Cardiff Castle, for his hospitality; and David MacLees, former Inspector of Historic Buildings for Cadw, who kindly spent an afternoon with me at Castell Coch, just prior to his retirement. My colleagues and students in the College of Environment and Design, University of Georgia, have provided me with invaluable, and consistent, support during the past five years; Donna Gabriel, graduate academic advisor in our college, has been especially helpful to me in finding a way to combine the dual roles of teacher and student. In addition, I want to thank university administration for supporting some of my research travel, and the interlibrary loan staff at the Ilah Dunlap Little Library, who have always been able to ‘locate the book’, no matter how obscure. Lastly, I wish to acknowledge several individuals who have offered support in various ways. In Georgia, I want to thank Rene Shoemaker and Stephen White, and the Aromas Regulars. In England, I want to thank Richenda Codling and Jill Rudd, for hospitality and occasionally explaining the ways of the British, and Ron Lewcock, for his time and useful advice. In Wales, I want to thank Katrina Lewis, for helping me feel a little closer to Cardiff, and especially my supervisor, Judi Loach. My decision to undertake this programme of studies at the Welsh School of Architecture was made after spending an afternoon with Judi, drinking coffee at Le Corbusier’s Carpenter Center; it was a very wise decision, and with Judi’s support and guidance, the past five years have been a wonderful period of exploration and discovery. In Nova Scotia, I want to thank Hal, Paul, and Greg; sometimes you can ‘go home again’. CONTENTS Acknowledgements...................................................................................................... i Note on Illustrations.....................................................................................................iv 1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Thesis Question 1.2 Heritage Conservation 1.3 Collective Memory and the Use of History 1.4 Methodology 2. France ........................................................................................................................ 22 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Post-Revolution 2.3 Office of Inspector General 2.4 Eugene Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc 2.5 Reception 2.6 Analysis 3. Britain.........................................................................................................................57 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Roots of a Heritage Conservation Ethos 3.3 Ascendancy of Fabric-value in Defining Conservation 3.4 Historic Reconstruction outside the Movement: Castell Coch 3.5 British Historic Reconstructions in the Twentieth Century 3.6 Analysis 4. United States..............................................................................................................92 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Heroes: Making an American Past in the Nineteenth Century 4.3 Patrons in the Early-Twentieth Century: Fort Ticonderoga 4.4 Patrons in the Early-Twentieth Century: Colonial Williamsburg 4.5 The Federal Government and Historic Reconstructions 4.6 The People and Historic Reconstructions