11.3.1 ROADS AND BRIDGES

The road infrastructure is the main catalyst for growth and development and to bring sustainable development in the key sectors of the economy like agriculture, industry, mining, energy, forestry, dairy development etc. These sectors mainly depend on the development and maintenance of the road network and efficient transportation system. A well-knit transport system is instrumental in initiating and accelerating economic growth and development by way of improving overall productivity, enlarging market and reducing cost of production. India has one of the largest road networks in the world, aggregating to about 3.3 million kilometers. The country's road network consists of National Highways, State Highways, Major/ Other District Roads and Village/ Rural Roads. Of these, National and State Highways which are around 1,72,000 kilometers in length, occupy a pre-eminent position, as nearly 60 per cent of the freight and 87 per cent of passenger traffic move on them. While the Central Sector programme pertains mainly to National Highways, the responsibility for development of other categories of roads vests with the States/ Union Territories. The National Ninth Plan (1997-2002) laid emphasis on co-ordinated and balanced development of road network in the country. During this period, the Government of India also embarked on a massive National Highways Development Programme (NHDP). During the Tenth Plan (2002-2007), Road Development is considered an integral part of the total transport system of the country with emphasis on strengthening three functional groups, the Primary System (National Highways and Expressways), Secondary System (State Highways and Major District roads) and Rural Roads. National Highways

During the Plan the completion of the NHDP as well as removal of deficiencies in the existing National Highway Network are envisaged for faster movement and safer travel over long distances and also to give a boost to the economy. In order to give a boost to the economic development of the country, a massive programme for 4/6 laning of about 13,000 km of National Highways has been taken up since 1999 under the National Highways Development Programme (NHDP) and is targeted to be completed by December 2007 at an estimated cost of Rs.54,000 crore. This is said to be one of the largest programmes of road development ever taken up in any country. The project is being implemented by National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). NHDP has the following two components: (i) (QC) comprising of the National Highways connecting the four metro cities. This component has a total length of 5,846 km. (ii) North-South Corridor comprising the National Highways connecting Srinagar to Kanyakumari including Kochi-Salem Spur, and East-West Corridor comprising the National Highways connecting Silchar to Porbandar. These would cover a total length of about 7,300 kms. With a view to strengthen the infrastructure network of the country, four laning of about 400 km of roads providing connectivity to the ports of Paradip, Haldia, Visakhapatnam, and Ennore, Tuticorin, Cochin, New Mangalore, Mormugao, Jawaharlal Nehru Port and Kandla is envisaged to be implemented by NHAI. Work on development of connectivity to Kandla has been completed. 660 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges

Apart from capacity augmentation by 4/6 laning of National Highways under NHDP, the Government has also undertaken the programme for Improvement of Riding Quality of National Highways. The programme was commenced in 1999. At that time it was assessed that about 33,000 km of National Highways (balance length apart from NHDP) needed improvement of riding quality. About 30,000 Km of National Highways have been improved under the programme. Riding quality of the balance length of National Highways is targeted to be improved within the year 2004-05. State Sector Roads Since the State Highways and District and Rural Roads are the responsibility of State Governments, these are developed and maintained by various agencies in States and Union Territories. Roads are also being developed in rural areas under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). The objective of the PMGSY is to link all villages with a population of more than 500 with all-weather roads by the year 2007. The States are also assisted through financial assistance from the Central Road Fund for development of selected roads which are of Inter-State and economic importance. Road Network in Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu has made appreciable investment in development of wide road network in the State and achieved so far to its credit a road length of 60,901 km in various categories viz., National Highways, State Highways, Major District Roads, Other District Roads, Sugar cane roads etc.. Besides this, for improving and maintenance of the existing road network in Tamil Nadu State, a special maintenance programme for Government roads has been announced. As the agricultural produce and the finished products of small-scale industries in rural areas have to be moved from the producing centres to the marketing centres, road connectivity becomes indispensable/essential for rural population/rural sector. The Government is, therefore, giving special attention to provide interior road connectivity in villages to urban areas. Further, effective policy initiatives/ measures are also being taken up to providing connectivity with all weather roads for the movement of passengers and goods traffic with safety, speed and economy, inside as well as outside the State. Tamil Nadu has 3865 km of National Highways (NH), 7136 km of State Highways (SH), 7408 km of Major District Roads (MDR) and 40,853 km of Other District Roads (ODR) besides village roads, and other categories of roads bringing the total to 1,50,647 km of roads (as in September 2001). (At the National level in 1999, the road network had about 33,00,000 km of roads - 52,000 km of National Highways, 1,28,000 km of State Highways, 2,70,000 km of Major District Roads, 15,00,000 km of Other District Roads and Villages Roads, 9,20,000 km of JRY Roads, 2,00,000 km of Urban Roads and 2,30,000 km of Project Roads). The density of road network in the State is 269.69 km per lakh of population and 115.83 km per 100 km square of area, against the All India figure of 258.20 km per lakh of population and 74.90 km per 100 km square of area (as on 31.3.97). Thus the two basic indicators of road development - length of road per lakh of population and length of road per 100 km square - are found well above the National level. Tamil Nadu has a rail network of 4,189 km. It has a coastline of about 992 km out of the 5560 km long coastline of the mainland of the country. There are three major ports (Chennai, Ennore and Thoothukudi) and 15 minor ports. There are five airports in the State (Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli and Salem) and Chennai serves both international and domestic passenger and freight traffic. It has 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges 661 two navigational canals - Buckingham canal and Vedaranyam canal - identified as Inland Water Transport systems. However these two canals are not functioning effectively due to various reasons. Therefore, as part of transport infrastructure, the State has about 1.5 lakh km length of road network, 4,189 km of railway network, 17 seaports, 5 airports and 2 navigational canals. However, the road network is the one which gives connectivity to all habitations and modes of other complementary transport systems in the State. As a consequence, efficient roads are vital to the performance and viability of all modes of transport in the State. By giving direct access to all urban and rural settlements, roads become the key factor facilitating faster economic growth in the State. Today an extensive road network in terms of its spread and quality, serves Tamil Nadu, providing connectivity to urban and rural habitations. National Highways in India and Other States, 1971- 2001. (Length of Roads in Km) National Highways State/Nation 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1997 2001 India 24,000 NA * 31,671 NA 33,650 34,849 57,737 Tamil Nadu 1,804 1,865 1,865 1,886 2,002 2,002 3,865 NA NA 2,352 NA 2,587 2,949 NA Gujarat 1,056 1,365 1,424 1,421 1,572 1,572 NA Maharashtra 2,366 2,933 2,945 2,949 2,949 2,958 NA Karnataka 1,269 1,968 1,968 1,968 1,997 1,997 NA * NA - Not available Source: Report of the Working Group on Roads, Ports and Inland Water ways for Ninth Five Year Plan, Highways Dept., Chennai, 1997. Report of the Working Group on Roads, Ports and Inland Water ways for Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-2007, Highways Dept., Chennai, 2002. (From the State Development Report) State Highways in India and Other States, 1971-2001. (Length of Roads in Km) State Highways State/Nation 1971 1981 1991 2001 India NA * 94,359 12,7311 NA Tamil Nadu 1,780 1,814 1,915 7,136 Andhra Pradesh NA 5,443 8,651 NA Gujarat 8,200 9,158 19,084 NA Maharashtra 14,282 18,949 30,594 NA Karnataka 6,704 7,813 11,282 NA * NA - Not available Source: Report of the Working Group on Roads, Ports and Inland Water ways for Ninth Five Year Plan, Highways Dept., Chennai, 1997. Report of the Working Group on Roads, Ports and Inland Water ways for Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-2007, Highways Dept., Chennai, 2002. (From the State Development Report) Roads in Tamil Nadu, Other States and India - Length in Km per 100 Km Square (1971 - 1997) Sl. 1971 1982 1988 1991 1994 1997 State/ Nation No. a b c d e f 1 India 37.0 47.0 56.1 60.9 65.1 75.0 2 Tamil Nadu 55.0 102.0 128.4 151.2 155.9 158.7 3 Andhra Pradesh 37.0 46.5 50.0 NA * 60.2 64.7 4 Karnataka 39.0 58.8 65.9 68.5 72.8 75.0 5. Kerala 153.0 275.4 322.5 348.8 355.4 374.9 *NA - Not Available (From the State Development Report) 662 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges

Lengths of Different Categories of Roads in Tamil Nadu, 1951-2001 Length of Roads in Kms Category of Sep. Road 1951 1956 1961 1971 1981 1993 2001 Government

Roads National 1,704 1,746 1,754 1,804 1.865 2,002 3,865 Highways (NH) State Highways 1,745 1,745 1,754 1,780 1,814 1,929 7,136 (SH) Major District 13,182 13,435 13,742 13,776 14,028 13,972 7,408 Roads Other District 17,484 21,771 1,194 9,537 18,118 35,243 40,853 Roads (ODR) Sugar Cane 1,132 1,366 Cess Roads Village Roads and Others Panchayat 19,748 @ 40,032 @ 71,527 @ 54,505 29,568 Union Roads Panchayat 48,010 30,810 Roads Corporation & Municipal 8,689 12,024 Roads Other Roads (Forest Roads, Irrigation Roads, Electricity 5,827 7,235 7,956 5,353 17,617 Boards, MES Roads, Unclassified Roads, etc.) Total 34,115 38,697 44,019 74,164 1,15,308 1,70,817 1,50,647 Source: State Development Report @ These values are for both Panchayat Union Roads and Panchayat Roads.

Eventhough the network has extended considerably over the years only 76.5 percent of National Highways and State Highways are provided with two-lane carriageways. Still 21.3 per cent of roads (SH & NH) are provided with single lane carriageway. When MDR and ODR are considered, more than 90 per cent of road lengths have still single-lane carriageways. Main and Tamil Nadu - Lane Width, 2000-01 (Length in %) National Highways State Highways Total Width of Tamil Tamil Tamil India India India Carriageway Nadu Nadu Nadu (2000) (2000) (2000) (2001) (2001) (2001) One-Lane 39.0 4.2 77.0 30.5 65.0 21.3 Two- Lane 59.0 93.1 22.0 67.6 34.0 76.5 Multilane 2.0 2.7 1.0 1.9 1.0 2.2 Note: Figures given for India are of October 2000 and Tamil Nadu are of March 2001. Two-lane figures for Tamil Nadu include figures of Intermediate lane also. (From the State Development Report) 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges 663

This group of roads really gives accessibility to small towns and rural centres of economic activities and as they are with single lane carriageway, it imposes a severe strain on free movement of goods and persons. The need of the day is to go for two lane carriageways in the case of all ODRs and MDRs. The Centrally Sponsored Scheme called the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) has the objective of connecting within the year 2007, all villages having population more than 500 through good all weather roads. Under this scheme, through the District Rural Development Agency, rural road programmes are implemented. Roads in Tamil Nadu Based on Lane Width (Length in Km) Lane 1971 1993 Sep.2001 Category of Road Type a b c SL 404 152 310 IL - - 21 A National Highways DL 1353 1850 3431 ML 47 - 103 T 1804 2002 3865 SL 1246 200 2178 IL - - 878 B State Highways DL 534 1729 3946 ML - - 134 T 1780 1929 7136 SL 12949 9329 4946 IL - - 725 C Major District roads DL 827 4643 1780 ML - - 29 T 13776 13972 7408 SL 9355 34721 39298 IL - - 846 D Other District Roads DL 182 522 671 ML - - 38 T 9537 35243 40853 SL - - 1356 IL - - - E Sugar-cane cess Roads DL - - 10 ML - - - T - - 1366 Note: Sl - Single Lane; IL- Intermediate Lane; DL - Double Lane: ML- Multi Lane; T- Total Figures given for 1993 against "Double Lane" includes the roads having "Multi Lanes" (From the State Development Report)

As far as road surface is considered, the roads predominantly have Bituminous Surface (BT). More than 99 per cent of roads in the categories of NH, SH, MDR and ODR in the State are provided with Bituminous surface (BT). Out of 59, 262 Km length of roads (NH, SH, MDR & ODR), 59,149 Km length of roads have BT surface.

664 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges

Roads in Tamil Nadu Based on Surface Condition, 1961-2002 (Length Km.) Category of Road Lane Type 1961 1971 1976 1993 1997 2002 CC - 224 - 2 2 3 BT - 1580 - 2000 2000 3862 A National Highways M ------G ------T - 1804 - 2002 2002 3865 CC - 208 - 105 52 19 BT - 1572 - 1824 1917 7117 B State Highways M - - - - - G - - - - - T - 1780 - 1929 1969 7136 CC - 138 - 48 29 2 BT - 12266 - 13660 13940 7369 Major District C M - 1372 - 61 47 37 Roads G - - 3 T - 13776 - 13972 14016 7408 CC - 18 - 6 5 5 BT - 4040 - 34367 39367 40801 Other District D M - 5188 - 798 272 47 Roads G - 291 - 72 16 T - 9537 - 35243 39786 40853 CC ------BT - - - - 1132 1366 Sugar-cane Cess E M - - - - Roads G - - - - T - - - - 1132 1366 CC 859 1196 1216 - - - BT 13958 25713 33414 - - - F All Roads M 18244 23298 24761 - - - G 10958 23957 37114 - - - T 44019 74164 96505 - - - Note: CC - Cement Concrete Road; BT - Bituminous Road; M- Metalled Road; G- Gravel Road; T- Total Source: State Development Report Tamil Nadu Highways Act Encroachment of Highways must be cleared in order to ensure smooth flow of traffic and reduce accidents. Tamil Nadu Highways Bill 2001, which received the assent of President of India, was notified as the Tamil Nadu Highways Act 2001. The Highways Act provides adequate powers to the Highways Authorities to stop ribbon development, enter into agreement for development and maintenance of Highways, eviction of unauthorised encroachment in Highways boundary and ensure the regulated growth of road side activities through zoning, building lines etc., Road Policy A New Road Policy has been drafted which includes not only engineering and economic aspects but also environmental and social issues of highway construction and management. Its objectives among others are: • To maximize socio-economic benefits. • To leverage market resources through public- private participation. • To upgrade road construction, design, planning and execution through state of art-technology. • To ensure professional management of highway assets and resources. Road safety is an integral part of the New Road Policy of the State. The Road Safety Policy 2001 of Tamil Nadu outlines 4-Es of Road Safety viz. Engineering, Enforcement, Emergency Medical Relief and Education. 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges 665

(i) Highways Department undertakes construction, improvements, renewal and maintenance of road network under its control. This road network includes bridges, causeways, culverts, Road Over Bridges (ROB) and Road Under Bridges (RUB) also. Maintenance of 'Government roads' which includes National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), Major District roads (MDR), Other District Roads (ODR) and Sugar Cane Cess Roads is the responsibility of the Government of Tamil Nadu (GOTN) except the National Highways for which the GOI is responsible for fund allocation and overall maintenance. However at the State level, roads falling under National Highways are maintained by the GOTN, with the concurrence and guidance of the Government of India (GOI). 'Village roads and others' include the roads belonging to Panchayat Unions, Panchayats, Corporation and Local bodies, Roads maintained by the Forest department, Irrigation department, Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, and other unclassified roads also form part of this group. Whenever the traffic intensity increases to more than the specified norm in a particular category, necessary steps are taken to upgrade such categories of Roads. When the traffic intensity is more than 30000 PCUs, such roads are classified as National Highways, where the traffic is more than 10000 but less than 30000 PCUs, such roads are classified as state highways. Likewise, if the traffic intensity is less than 10000 PCUs but more than 5000, such roads are classified as Major District Roads. All the other roads, where the traffic is less than 5000 are classified as other District Roads. Necessary upgradation of the roads are taken when the traffic intensity increases to more than the specified norms in particular category . As of 2002-03, the total length of roads stood at 179783 kms. Out of which roads maintained by Panchayat Union and Village Panchayat accounted for major proportion of 46.09 per cent, followed by district roads 27 per cent and others 20.76 per cent, State Highways 4.01 per cent and National Highways 2.14 per cent. Length of Roads (in Kms.) Sl.No. Type of Roads 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 Percentage 1. National Highways 3865 3850 3850 2.14 2. State Highways 4168 7163 7222 4.01 3. District Roads 51229 48325 48533 27.00 Panchayat Union Village 828 4. 82859 82859 46.09 Roads * 54 5. Others * 37075 37122 37319 20.76 Total 179196 179319 179783 100.00 * Provisional Source: Concerned Departments i) National Highways These are main highways running through the length and breadth of the country connecting major ports, state capitals, large industrial, tourist centres etc. While the traffic on National Highways has been growing due to acceleration of industrialisation in the country, the Government of India is taking matching action utilising latest technologies and improved management techniques to provide hindrance-free traffic movement by way of widening roads, grade separators, construction of bypasses, bridges, rail-road crossings etc. The Government of Tamil Nadu is providing support to Government of India towards this objective and assisting in pre-construction activities for four laning or six laning or cement concreting of National Highways wherever possible depending upon the site conditions. The 666 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges endeavour of Government of Tamil Nadu is to accelerate the growth trend of the National Highways network in Tamil Nadu. The length of the National Highways in Tamil Nadu as on date is 3850 Km. Out of the total length of National Highways available in Tamil Nadu of 3850 km, a length of 323 km of National Highways under Golden Quadrilateral scheme and 776 km of National Highways under North-South Corridor programme are being/ proposed to be taken up for four laning by the National Highways Authority of India (NHAI). ii) State Highways In Tamilnadu, the length of State Highways roads in 2001 - 02 was 7163 kms. after upgrading 6437 kms. of important Major District Roads and Other District Roads and bringing them into State Highways Grid. It is assessed that 1500 kms. of single lane, 378 kms. of Intermediate lane, 3946 kms. of double lane and 134 kms. of Multi- lane of State Highways are having a traffic intensity of more than 10,000 PCU/ per day. As against the B.E. 2003-04 of Rs.41.16 crores, the expenditure anticipated for the year 2003-04 is Rs.65.82 crores. The proposed outlay for the year 2004-05 is Rs.42.12 crores. iii) Major District Roads These are important roads within a district serving the areas of production and markets and connecting these with each other or with the Main Highways. These also connect Taluk headquarters and District headquarters. Of the total length in 2001-02 of 7362 Kms of Major District roads, 4797 Kms are single lane, 757 Kms are intermediate lane, 1761 Kms are double lane and 47 Kms are multilane. As Major District Roads catalyse the inflow of resources into development within districts, the Government has shown keen interest to widen the entire length of single lane and intermediate lane to double lane and strengthen double lane and multilane with improvement to geometrics in different stages depending upon the site conditions and financial resources. iv) Other District Roads These are roads serving rural areas of production and providing them with outlet to market centres, Taluk headquarters, Block Development headquarters or other main roads. Of the total length in 2001-02 of 40963 Kms of Other District Roads, 898 Kms are intermediate lane, 680 Kms are double lane and 37 Kms are multilane. As these roads are intended to generate sound economy in rural areas, the Government has shown immense interest to improve the existing damaged 27892 Kms of single lane section, 679 Kms of intermediate lane section, 26 Kms of multilane section and renewal of 483 Kms of double lane section with improvement to geometrics etc., utilising loan assistance from financial Institutions and providing State share to the extent required. v) Bridges, Causeways, Culverts, Road Over Bridges & Road Under Bridges To cross water-bodies and Railway Level Crossings across the road alignments, Highways Department undertakes construction of major Bridges, Minor Bridges, Causeways, Culverts, Road Over Bridges and Road Under Bridges depending upon the site conditions. Construction of Over/ Under Bridges in lieu of the existing level crossings on Government roads is undertaken where train vehicle units exceed one lakh. These works are recommended for inclusion in the Railway Works Programme on priority basis, depending upon the availability of funds and importance of these works. The State Government and the Railways share the cost of construction of Road Over/ Under Bridges including approaches on 50:50 basis. Though National and State Highways are durable for longer time, District roads lack bridges and culverts, the Panchayat Union roads and Village Panchayat 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges 667 roads are mostly unsurfaced, narrow and unsuitable for heavy mechanised traffic and are usable only during dry season. They are vulnerable to natural forces such as flood, etc. In respect of other roads which include project roads are in dense forests, high mountains and sugarcane areas serve the special purpose. The roads remaining unsurfaced affects the durability and quality of assets and the vehicles plying on the roads. While the State today has one of the best road networks in the country [with 3850 km. of NH, 7,163 km.of SH, 7,362 km. of MDRs, 40,963 km of ODRs and 1,563 of Sugarcane roads (in 2001-02)], the service levels of roads need to be improved and standard maintenance ensured. Rural Roads Scheme The Roads are improved up to B.T.Level under the following schemes enabling the villagers to transport their agriculture products to the nearby town quickly for marketing: i) Rural Roads scheme ii) Special Component Plan and iii) Bus Route improvement Scheme.

To meet the existing demand/ future demand of road sector, initiatives have also been taken to mobilise resources from private sector and external agencies. The following are the sources of funding being tapped for road sector projects: • Domestic Borrowings from organisations like NABARD, HUDCO, ILFS, IDFC. • External assistance (like WB, ADB etc.) • Central Road Fund (CRF) • Funds collected from levies, taxes, licenses etc. Programmes in Annual Plan 2004-05 The ongoing programmes/ schemes for the Annual Plan 2004-05 are as outlined below. Rural Roads Programme under SCP The road connectivity to villages having population between 500-1000 has been taken up since 01.04.1999. It has been assessed that, there are 4986 villages with population between 500-1000 without having all weather roads connectivity. So far, 764 villages have been covered. 120 villages covering a length of 500 km of roads and 10 bridges are programmed to be taken up. As against B.E 2003-04 of Rs.0.10 lakhs, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.20.04 lakhs. The outlay proposed for the year 2004-05 is Rs.5 lakhs. Bus route improvement scheme in Chennai Metropolitan Area Under this scheme, the Panchayat Union roads on which buses are plying for more than three years are taken up for improvement as B.T. roads to Other District Roads standards. Improvement works for 180 km of roads and 6 bridges are in progress. An outlay of Rs.1 crore has been proposed for the scheme for the year 2004-05. HUDCO assisted Projects Madurai Radial Roads Government have sanctioned Madurai Radial Roads Scheme comprising of 12 Road Works and 1 Road Over Bridge in Ellis Nagar and a High Level Bridge across Vaigai River near Sakkudi Village at a total cost of Rs.112 crores with loan 668 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges assistance from HUDCO. Out of 125.36 kms of road works, 7.8 kms and one High Level Bridge will spill over to next financial year. An amount of Rs.8.49 crores was spent during the year 2002-03. As against the Budget Estimate of Rs.67.55 crores the expenditure anticipated during 2003-04 is of Rs.39.69 crores. An outlay of Rs.33.88 crores has been proposed for the year 2004-05. Construction of Over and Under Bridges in lieu of existing Level Crossings 36 works for construction of ROB/ RUB are to be implemented with loan assistance from HUDCO at a cost of Rs.336.29 crores. 15 works have already commenced, 12 works are in tender stage, 1 work is technically approved, for 4 works estimates are under preparation and CAD under finalisation for the remaining 4 works. Out of 107 bridges, 51 bridges were taken up with HUDCO loan assistance of Rs.260.71 crores and 48 nos of bridges have been completed & for the balance 3 bridges LA is in progress. 54 bridges were taken up under NABARD assistance with revised outlay of Rs.135.150 crores and all works were completed and the total expenditure incurred was Rs.114.61 crores. 2 bridges were taken up under Part II for the year 1998-99 and one work has been completed. For construction/ reconstruction of bridges, 61 Nos. were sanctioned with loan assistance from HUDCO. 20 works were completed. 8 works are in progress, the remaining 31 works are in tender process and 1 work has been deleted. A sum of Rs.20.71 crores has been spent for the construction of Over and Under Bridges in lieu of existing level crossings. As against B.E. 2003-04 of Rs.13.11 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.10.50 crores. An outlay of Rs.6.46 crores has been proposed for the year 2004-05. Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project In 1995, Government of Tamil Nadu invited World Bank to assist the Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project in development of Government roads to two lane facility. The World Bank came forward to render loan assistance for project preparation and implementation. Government has sanctioned a sum of Rs.2118.77 crores for implementation of the Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project funded by World Bank loan assistance which comprises of three components viz., a) upgradation of 750 kms of roads, b) enhanced periodical maintenance of 2000 kms of road and road safety and c) institutional strengthening. Up-gradation of Roads: Project preparation in respect of Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project involves the detailed engineering design for 742 km of roads including 12 bypasses of which engineering design has been completed for 727 km. Under phase II, preparation of detailed engineering design by consultant for Ramanathpuram bypass Road is in progress. Maintenance of Roads: About 2000 kms of Government Roads have been identified for maintenance. It is proposed to take up 200 kms of roads for performance based maintenance in four year cycle, with an indicated project cost of Rs.531.46 crores. For the first year pogramme, detailed engineering design and preparation of bid documents have been done by Consultants. There are 17 contract packages to take up first year road works of 700 kms at a value of Rs.214.72 crores. The bidding process and award of contract are in progress. Institutional Strengthening: Following the acceptance of Institutional Development Study Report prepared by a USA based consultant, the World Bank has allotted Rs.20.25 crores for reform measures. It is proposed to implement the Institutional measures through a suitable consultant. The implementation part of the Institutional development is proposed to be achieved through Consultancy service 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges 669 that comes under Fixed Budget Selection (F.B.S.) with a ceiling of US $1 million (Rs.4.80 crores). The evaluation of financial proposal is in progress. Road Safety: It is proposed to take up Road Safety work with the objective of defining road safety problems, strengthening road safety policy and initiating an Action Plan. 'No Objection' for fixing Consultancy services and the work will be entrusted to Consultancy after the approval of Government. A sum of Rs.3.63 crores has been spent during the year 2002-03 for the above programmes. As against the B.E. 2003-04 of Rs.271.72 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.271.00 crores. An outlay of Rs.500 crores has been proposed for the Tamil Nadu Sector Project for 2004-05 Public Private Participation (P.P.P.) The Road sector has been progressively under-funded in successive Five year plan which resulted in serious difficulties in maintaining even the existing assets besides upgradation, periodical maintenance, strengthening etc. It has therefore become necessary to have private sector participation in the development of certain important roads, construction of new bypasses high quality roads etc. In this backdrop, the Tamil Nadu Road Development Company (TNRDC), a joint venture (50:50) with equal participation of TIDCO & Infrastructure & Leasing Financial Services (ILFS) have been formed to identify the road projects on commercial format. The improvement and maintenance of ECR from km 22/3 to 135/5 on concessional basis was entrusted with the company as a step towards private participation in management of roads. The company has also been entrusted with the project for improvement and operation of Salem-Ulundurpet Road (NH 68) and Dindigul - Coimbatore Road (NH 209) and MoU has been signed. Tamil Nadu Road Development Corporation (TNRDC) project aims at improving the connectivity between Chennai - Ennore Ports, the Ennore Express Way (6.8 Kms. ) improvement of Thiruvotriyur- Ponneri- Panjetti Road (9.8 Kms.) Manali Oil Refinery Road (5.4 Kms.) and northern Part of the Inner Ring Road (8.1 Kms.). The project cost is to be around Rs.150 crores. The scope of the project includes sea protection work and rehabilitation and resettlement of families affected by the project. Another project is also proposed in the Chennai Bye-pass, a 20 Kms road between Irumbuliyur Road near Tambaram and Maduravoyil. There is a proposal for four laning the existing stretch and to connect Maduravoyil with Puzhal in Phase-II. The other ongoing projects are the Kathipara junction improvement scheme and improving the Kathipara - Airport Stretch of the National Highway NH 45. It is also proposed to improve the Airport - Tambaram Stretch of NH 45. The development of Outer Ring Road in Chennai Metropolitan Area is also being looked at. Development (ECR Project) A sum of Rs.125.02 lakhs has been incurred during the year 2002-03. As against the B.E. of Rs.89.89 lakhs for the year 2003-04, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.83.92.lakhs. An outlay of Rs 87.36 lakhs is proposed for the year 2004-05 for the schemes. District and other Roads Rehabilitation of distressed Roads and Bridges A sum of Rs.89.57 lakhs has been incurred during the year 2003-04. As against the B.E. of Rs 269.79 lakhs for the year 2003-04, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.176.31 lakhs. An outlay of Rs.625.99 lakhs is proposed for the year 2004-05 for the scheme. 670 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges

Roads in Cyclone Affected Areas – (CE Project II) A sum of Rs12.73 lakhs has been incurred during the year 2002-03. As against the B.E. of Rs. 64.91 lakhs for the year 2003-04, the expenditure anticipated is Rs. 63.16 lakhs. An outlay of Rs.55.55 lakhs is proposed for the year 2004-05 for the scheme. Improvements to Rural Roads Schemes with Loan Assistance from HUDCO / NABARD. The construction/ reconstruction of bridges in Tamil Nadu have been taken up by Government of Tamil Nadu with loan assistance from HUDCO / NABARD as follows: No. of Loan Assistance Sl.No Funding Agency Bridges (Rs. in crores) 1) HUDCO 50 260.71 2) NABARD 54 99.19 3) New Schemes 2 1.10 Total 106 361.00 1) HUDCO HUDCO has finalised for the construction of 50 nos. of bridges and sanctioned a loan of Rs.260.71 crores. The project cost is Rs.186.14 crores. As per this revised project cost, 80% share will be from HUDCO and 20% by the Government. Out of the savings available under Chennai Region, one more bridge had been sanctioned by HIUDCO and hence the total number of bridges has risen to 51 Nos. without extra cost. Out of 51 Nos. of bridges taken up, 48 nos. of bridges have been completed and the balance 3 bridges are pending due to non-settlement of Land Acquisition. 2) NABARD NABARD Bank has given loan assistance for construction of 54 bridges. The details are as follows: Sl. Loan Assistance Funding Agency No. of Bridges No (Rs. in crores) 1 RIDF – II (Project – 5) 2 Nos. 15.40 2 RIDF – III (Project – 7) 3 Nos. 6.70 3 RIDF- III (Project – 8) 49 Nos. 77.10 Total 54 99.20

Out of the above cost, the share of NABARD Bank is 90% and the Government share is 10%. The total revised administrative sanctioned cost is Rs.135.15 crores. All the bridge works taken up by NABARD have been completed. The total expenditure so far incurred is Rs.114.61 crores. 3) New Schemes 2 Bridges had been taken up under Part-II (New) scheme for the year 1998- 99 with State funds. Out of 2 bridges, one bridge had already been completed and the other one is in progress. The physical targets and achievements during the first two years of Tenth Plan and the proposed target for the Annual Plan 2004-05 are as indicated below. 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges 671

Rural Roads Schemes with loan assistance from HUDCO / NABARD Annual Annual Plan Annual Plan Plan Sl. 2002-03 2003-04 Item Unit 2003-04 No Achts Target Acht. Target Target (Anti.) 106 +1 Bridges Schemes I) 51 16 12 4 4 - 1)HUDCO loan assisted bridges 2.NABARD loan 54 11 9 2 2 - assisted bridges 3. Part- II New 2 1 - 1 1 - Scheme Bridges HUDCO Loan assisted II) 61 Nos. Bridge Works

1. 19 Bridge Works 19 19 14 5 5 - 2. 42 Bridge works 42 2 - 28 28 14 III) Cauvery Delta Districts Bridge works 48 - - 35 35 13 Improvements to Rural Roads Scheme with loan assistance from NABARD A sum of Rs.5840.95 lakhs has been incurred during the year 2003-04. As against the B.E. of Rs. 8000 lakhs for the year 2003-04, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.4200 lakhs. An outlay of Rs 4500 lakhs is proposed for the year 2004-05 for the scheme. Margin Money to CMDA for the important to Radial Roads with –HUDCO Loan Assistance. A sum of Rs.94.11 lakhs has been incurred during the year 2002-03. As against the B.E. of Rs.1374.15 lakhs for the year 2003-04, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.200 lakhs. An outlay of Rs.400 lakhs is proposed for the year 2004-05 for the scheme. Improvement to Bus Routes with Loan Assistance from NABARD A sum of Rs. 3202.48 lakhs has been incurred during the year 2002-03. As against the B.E. of Rs.2000 lakhs for the year 2003-04, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.2400 lakhs. An outlay of Rs.2500 lakhs is proposed for the year 2004-05 for the scheme. Improvements to District Roads and Other District Roads with Loan Assistance from NABARD A sum of Rs.10917.55 lakhs has been incurred during the year 2002-03. As against the budgeted outlay of Rs.12000 lakhs for the year 2003-04, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.12000 lakhs. An outlay of Rs.9800 lakhs is proposed for the year 2004-05 for the scheme. Improvements to Roads A sum of Rs.501.63 lakhs has been incurred during the year 2002-03. As against the budgeted outlay of Rs.400 lakhs for the year 2003-04, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.800 lakhs. An outlay of Rs.926 lakhs is proposed for the year 2004-05 for the scheme. Construction of Bridges on Other District Roads for Unbridged Crossings An outlay of Rs.600 lakhs has been proposed for the year 2004-05 for the construction of Bridges on Other District Roads for Unbridged Crossings. 672 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges

Improvements to Other District Roads (Bus Routes) with HUDCO Loan Assistance An outlay of Rs.6000 lakhs has been proposed for the year 2004-05 for the improvement to Other District Roads (Bus Routes) with HUDCO Loan Assistance. Construction of Road Over Bridges in Chennai Metro Area for Traffic Management An outlay of Rs.1000 lakhs has been proposed for the year 2004-05 for the Construction of Road Over Bridges in Chennai Metro Area for Traffic Management. Bus Route road improvements in Chennai Metro Area An outlay of Rs.100 lakhs has been proposed for the year 2004-05 for the Bus Route road improvements in Chennai Metro Area. Missing Links in Chennai Metro Area. An outlay of Rs.500 lakhs has been proposed for the year 2004-05 for Missing Links in Chennai Metro Area. Construction of Bridges in Cauvery Delta Districts with NABARD loan assistance An outlay of Rs.1400 lakhs has been proposed for the year 2004-05 for the construction of Bridges in Cauvery Delta Districts with NABARD loan assistance. Other Expenditure Research and Development A sum of Rs.3.10 lakhs has been incurred for R & D net works during 2002-03. As against the budgeted outlay of Rs. 2.49 lakhs, the anticipated expenditure is Rs.2.49 lakhs for the year 2003-04. The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.8.89 lakhs. Revamped Central Road Fund (CRF) The Government of India through an Act of Parliament has set up a Central Road Fund with accruals from the special Cess levied on Petrol/Diesel. From this fund around 15 % is distributed to States. During 2002-03, a sum of Rs.62.30 crores was drawn and utilized from this fund. As against the budget estimate of Rs.75 crores for the year 2003-2004, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.80 crores. The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.95 crores. Construction of Over and Under Bridges in lieu of existing level crossings As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.13.11 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.10.50 crores for the construction of Over and Under Bridges in lieu of existing level crossings. The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.6.46 crores. Construction of Road Works under Tamil Nadu Urban Development Project (TNUDP) As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.22.73 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.12.05 crores for the Construction of Road Works under Tamil Nadu Urban Development Project (TNUDP) The proposed outlay for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.15.00 crores. Special Staff for improvement of Rural roads and restoration of Roads affected by flood, with loan assistance from NABARD. As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.2.22 crores , the expenditure anticipated is Rs.2.19 crores for the special staff for improvement of Rural roads and restoration of Roads affected by flood with loan assistance from NABARD. The proposed outlay for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.2.32 crores. TNRDC – ECR works As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.10 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.10 crores for TNRDDC – ECR works 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges 673

The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.25 crores. Construction of ROB/ RUB with loan assistance from HUDCO Administrative sanction has been accorded to take up construction of 36 Nos. of ROBs/ RUBs in lieu of existing L.Cs. at a cost of Rs.513.92 crores in different parts of Tamil Nadu. These works include construction of ROBs/RUBs in 6 places between Chennai Beach and Tambaram Railway Stations under Gauge Conversion Project. The Government has accorded permission to obtain a loan of Rs.200 crores from HUDCO to execute these projects. Out of the above, 10 works are in progress and the remaining works are in various stages of implementation. As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.45.46 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.41.98 crores for Construction of ROB/ RUB with loan assistance from HUDCO. The proposed outlay for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.42 crores. Construction / Reconstruction of Bridges with loan assistance from HUDCO. As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.31 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.15 crores for the Construction / Reconstruction of Bridges with loan assistance from HUDCO. The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.22.23 crores. Chennai Metropolitan Development Plan – Traffic and Transport Improvement in Chennai City. As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.50 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.25 crores for the Chennai Metropolitan Development Plan – Traffic and Transport Improvement in Chennai City. The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.50 crores. Upgradation of IT Highways in Chennai city. As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.2 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.2 crores for the Upgradation of IT Highways in Chennai city. The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.20.00 crores. Tribal Area Sub-Plan As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.0.25 lakhs, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.4.05 lakhs for the Tribal Area Sub-Plan. The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.0.25 lakhs. Special Component Plan (SCP) As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.25 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.14.20 crores for the Special Component Plan. The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.15.05 crores. Hill Area Development Programme (HADP) As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.1.92 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.2.19 crores for the Hill Area Development Programme The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.3 crores. Western Ghats Development Programme (WGDP) As against the B.E.2003-2004 of Rs.0.64 crores, the expenditure anticipated is Rs.0.45 crores for the Western Ghats Development Programme. The outlay proposed for the year 2004-2005 is Rs.0.06 crores. Golden Quadrilateral Golden Quadrilateral is a part of National Highways Development Project (NHDP) launched to give connectivity to all the metro cities with a standard of international quality. The NHDP envisages the expansion of the existing two land 674 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges highways to 4/6 lanes for totally about 13000 kms. comprising 6000 kms. long Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) connecting four metro cities viz. Delhi - Mumbai - Chennai - Kolkata - Delhi and 7000 kms. of North- South and East - West corridors connecting Srinagar - Kanyakumari (including Kochi to Salem Spur) and Silchar to Porbandar. This will also connect al State capitals and major centers of economic importance with 4 lane highways. On completion, the benefits will be : • Annual savings of Rs.8000 crores on fuel, wear and tear of vehicle costs • Reduction in journey time • Safe movement of passengers and goods • Big boost to cement, steel, road construction, automobile and tourism industries • Fast access to markets for agricultural and industrial products and increase in export potential • Generation of employment for over 5 lakh people every day The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has proposed to upgrade the following National Highways to 4/6 lane under Golden Quadrilateral and North/ South Corridor projects in the State: Golden Quadrilateral connecting the Four Metro Projects under implementation NH 4 (Poonamallee - Kancheepuram - Wallajah 1. 93.00 kms. Section) 2. NH 5 (Chennai - Kolkata Road) 42.00 kms. 3. NH 7 (Hosur - Krishnagiri SEction) 45.40 kms. NH 46 (Krishnagiri - Vaniyambadi - Pallikonda - 4. 143.00 kms Wallajah Section) Total 323.40 kms.

North South Corridor connecting Kashmir and Kanyakumari Projects under Implementation 1. NH 7 (Bangalore - Salem - Madurai Section) 362 kms. 2. NH 7 (Madurai - Kanyakumari Section) 232 kms. 3. NH 47 (Salem - Cochin Section) 182 kms. Total 776 kms. Apart from this, the NHAI has also taken up improvements for four laning and strengthening of NH 45 for 55 kms. and strengthening of 39.20 kms. under BOT Annuity Scheme are in progress. Out of 3850 kms. of NH roads in the State, 1194 kms. is proposed for upgradation for 4/6 lane, of which works are in progress for about 450 Kms. Tamil Nadu has the unique feature of having a Road Safety Fund to deal with road safety network, educating the road users and emergency medical response on accident trauma cases. Improvements to District and other District Roads with Loan Assistance from NABARD Improvements to Major District roads and Other District Roads, construction/ reconstruction of bridges on Major District Roads and Other District Roads have been taken up with loan assistance from NABARD under Rural Infrastructure Development Fund (RIDF) II to VII in the last few years. So far, 4346.53 Km of roads were taken up for improvement at a cost of Rs.299.17 crores and 384 bridges were taken up for construction/ reconstruction at a cost of Rs.255.98 crores. Of the above, 4190.96 km of road works and 275 bridges have been completed. Under RIDF VIII, another project for improvements to 162 roads covering 945.22 km at a 11.3.1 Roads and Bridges 675 cost of Rs.101.17 crores has been sanctioned of which 28 works covering 201.10 km have been completed and the remaining works are in various stages of implementation. A new proposal for construction of 111 bridges and improvements to 31 roads at a cost of Rs.50.01 crores has been posed to NABARD and is in advanced stage of processing. Another proposal for improvement to 343 roads and construction of 7 bridges at a cost of Rs.64.96 crores has also been forwarded to NABARD for sanction. In addition to the above, a separate proposal for the construction of a High level bridge at km 0/10-1/2 of Vaigai Causeway road (bridge at Nathipalam) in Ramanathapuram district at a cost of Rs.4 crores has also been forwarded to NABARD for sanction and the same is under the consideration of NABARD. A sum of Rs.109.18 crores has been spent during 2002-03 for the improvement of District and other roads with loan assistance from NABARD. As against BE 2003-04 of Rs.120 crores, the expenditure anticipated is the same. An outlay of Rs.98 crores is proposed for the year 2004-05. Annual Plan 2004-05 Part- II (New Schemes) for the year 2004-05 - Highways & Rural Works Department are as indicated below: (Rs. in lakhs) Sl. Name of the Scheme Cost in 2004-05 No. 1. State Highways Development 525.00 2. Major District Roads Development 600.00 Construction of 150 New Bridges in Other District 3. 600.00 Roads 4. Rehabilitation of Distressed Bridges 400.00 Total 2125.00 Outlay - Roads and Bridges (Rs. in lakhs) 2002-03 B.E. RE BE Head of Development/ Sub-sector Ant. Exp. 2003-04 2003-04 2004-05 Direction and Administration I) East Coast Road Development Project 125.02 89.89 83.92 87.36 C.E.(H) ECR Project. II) National Highways (-) 0.70 0.03 0.07 0.03 III) Machinery and Equipments 17.48 4.82 8.82 0.02 IV) State Highways 4293.95 4116.45 6582.17 4212.14 V) District and Other Roads 21374.04 23861.07 20250.68 29279.73 VI) Other Expenditure 22154.71 67532.42 56754.98 86852.08 VII) Special Component Plan 1733.81 2500.10 1420.04 1505.00 VIII) HADP 287.65 191.77 218.76 300.02 IX) WGDP 51.81 64.26 45.06 0.06 Total - Roads and Bridges 50040.46 99361.06 85368.55 122236.69