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Table of contents Preface Chapter: I. Introduction A. Foreword and rationale for handbook B. Scope, purpose & outline of the handbook C. Chapter-by-chapter summaries II. Managerial Considerations: For NSO Heads and Other Decision-Makers A. Introduction B. The role of maps in the census C. From maps to geographic databases: the mapping revolution continues D. Increasing demand for disaggregated statistical data E. Investing in geospatial technology: costs and benefits F. Critical success factors for geospatial implementation in the NSO G. Planning the census process using geospatial tools H. Needs assessment and determination of geographic options 1. User needs assessment 2. Determination of products 3. Geographic data options 4. Human resources and capacity building I. Institutional cooperation: NSDIs: Ensuring compatibility with other government departments J. Standards K. Collaboration L. Summary and conclusions Textboxes: 1. four country case studies 2. technical and cost hurdles 3. data sharing agreements and collaborations 4. international agency participation and coordination III. Constructing an EA-Level Database for the Census A. Introduction B. Definition of the national census geography 1. Administrative hierarchy 2. Relationship between administrative and other statistical reporting or management units 3. Criteria and process for ground delineation of enumeration areas (EAs) 4. Delineation of supervisory (crew leader) areas 5. Geographic coding (“geocoding”) of EAs 6. Components of a census database 7. Consistency of EA design with past censuses C. Geographic data sources for EA delineation 1. Types of maps required 2. Inventory of existing sources 3. Importing existing digital data 4. Geographic data conversion : analog to digital (a) Scanning (i) Some additional considerations (ii) Advantages and disadvantages of scanning (b) Digitizing (i) Advantages and disadvantages of digitizing (c) Editing (d) Constructing and maintaining topology (e) Digital map integration (f) Georeferencing (g) Projection and datum change (h) Integration of separate map segments 2 D. Implementation of an EA database 1. Relational databases (a) Varieties of relational database & geodatabse structure 2. Definition of database content (data modeling) E. Data quality issues 1. Accuracy requirements 2. Quality control 3. Partitioning the national territory into processing units 4. The digital administrative basemap 5. Dealing with disjoint area units 6. Computing areas F. Metadata development G. Summary and conclusions Textbox: 1. Geospatial software selection criteria: COTS, image analysis, and FOSS software IV. Integrating Fieldwork Using GPS and Remotely-Sensed Data A. Global positioning systems (GPS) 1. How GPS works 2. GPS accuracy 3. Differential GPS 4. Other global satellite navigation systems 5. GPS in census mapping applications 6. Some specific GPS-related mapping tasks 7. Training requirements for GPS use 8. Summary: advantages and disadvantages of GPS B. Integrated field mapping systems using handheld computing C. Satellite remote sensing 1. Using imagery to field verify EA maps produced at census headquarters 3 2. Principles of satellite remote sensing 3. Resolution of remote sensing data 4. Online sources of satellite remote sensing data 5. Applications of remote sensing analysis 6. Advantages and disadvantages of satellite remote sensing data D. Aerial photography 1. Aerial photography overview 2. Applications of aerial photos for census mapping 3. Implementation and institutional issues with aerial photography 4. Advantages and disadvantages of aerial photos E. Summary and conclusions Textboxes: 1. Fiji’s GPS experience 2. Development of digital orthophoto maps V. Geographic Databases (Maps) During the Census A. Introduction: use of geospatial tools during census enumeration B. Quality assurance, EA map production, and database maintenance 1. Overview 2. Draft map production and quality assurance procedures 3. Match boundaries and attribute files, and print overview maps 4. Quality assurance 5. Verification by local authorities and final administrative check 6. EA map production (including map printing) C. Use of geospatial infrastructure during census enumeration 1. Use of digital maps for census logistics 2. Monitoring progress of census operations 3. Guidelines for map use by enumerators during the census 4. Updating and correction of EA maps during enumeration D. Summary and conclusions Textbox: 4 1. India’s experience in field map production VI. Geographic Databases for Dissemination of Census Products and Services A. Introduction B. Tasks after the census and during the intercensal period 1. Immediate tasks (a) Incorporate updates and changes identified by enumerators (b) Aggregation of collection units and tabulation or statistical areas C. Dissemination of geographic census products 1. Planning data dissemination 2. Disclosure and data privacy considerations 3. Marketing of geographic census products and services 4. Outreach and education 5. List of potential products (a) Equivalency and comparability files (b) Reference map library (c) Gazetteers and centroid files 6. Thematic maps for publication (a) The power of maps (b) Thematic mapping of census data (c) Digital census atlases i. Static atlases ii. Dynamic atlases (d) Spatial analysis techniques (e) Map production and publication issues (f) Cartographic tools and software 7. Output options (a) Digital files i. Data formats ii. Coordinate data 5 iii. Tabular data D. Printing 1. Overview 2. Printer types 3. Commercial printing E. Digital geographic data for dissemination 1. Digital data dissemination strategies and users (a) Definition of data content (i) Up to which level will data be released? (ii) One large geospatial database or a family of census databases? (iii) How tightly should boundaries and database be integrated? (iv) What amount of metadata needs to be provided? (b) File naming conventions (c) Compression (d) Documentation including data dictionaries (e) Quality control and assurance of deliverable data products 2. Legal and commercialization issues (a) Data copyright (b) Trade-offs in the commercialization of geographic data (c) Liability issues 3. Internet mapping (a) Server side approaches (b) Client side approaches (c) Hybrid approaches (d) Opportunities for census data distribution including MapServer F. Summary and conclusions Textbox: 1. Canada’s Internet mapping program Bibliography and references 6 Annexes: Annex I. Geographic Information Systems A. Geographic information systems overview B. GIS data models for census applications C. GIS capabilities Annex II. Coordinate systems and map projections A. Introduction B. Coordinates C. Map projection properties D. More precise mapping: geographic datums E. Cartographic scale F Georeferencing example G. Practical considerations Annex III. Data Modeling A. Introduction B. Definition of key terms C. Example template Annex IV. Example of a Data Dictionary for Distribution Annex V. Thematic Map Design A. Introduction B. Map design principles C. Data classification D. Color choice E. Map legend design F. Maps that tell stories Annex VI. Glossary Annex VII. Contacts, Useful Addresses, URLs 7 Preface The United Nations published the “Handbook on Geographic Information System and Digital Mapping” for use during the 2000 round of population and housing censuses. The first edition of the Handbook has so far provided useful guidance in the field of census cartography; however, it needs updating and reviewing to take into account recent developments in geospatial technologies and their applications for statistical exercises in general, and population and housing censuses, in particular. For the 2010 World Programme on Population and Housing Censuses, the Statistical Commission, at its thirty-sixth session, requested that the United Nations Statistics Division proceed with its work on the revision and update of Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, and address some related specific issues, including the application of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in both collection and dissemination of data. These developments have been reflected in the Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, Revision 2 which was adopted by the Statistical Commission in March 2007. Subsequent to the adoption of the revised Principles and Recommendations, the UNSD initiated a series of activities to promote and support the 2010 World Programme on Population and Housing Censuses and review the first edition of the Handbook on GIS and Digital Mapping, taking into account the geospatial technological advances. In May 2007, the UNSD organized an Expert Group Meeting on Contemporary Practices in Census Mapping and Use of Geographical Information Systems in New York, whose major goal was to provide input into the revision of the Handbook. The Statistics Division also conducted, in the fall of 2007 and early in 2008, five workshops on the use of geospatial technologies in census mapping operations: two in Africa, the first for the English-speaking and the second for the French- speaking countries; one conducted for Asian countries; one for the Caribbean region; and the fifth one for the Pacific islands. The Statistics Division hired a consultant, Mr. David Rain, to assist in the preparation of the draft document, and, in April 2008, organized a second Expert Group Meeting in New York to review the draft Handbook. The new revised Handbook, titled “Handbook on Geospatial Infrastructure

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