Mujeres Libres Mujeres the Voice of Women in the Spanish Civil Warhistory Civil Inthespanish Women of the Voice Main Supervisor: Dr
CEU eTD Collection
In requirementsDegree for of MundusMaster's fulfillment the theErasmus partial inWomen's Mujeres Libres Mujeres the voice of women in the Spanish Civil Warhistory Civil intheSpanish women of the voice Main supervisor: Dr. Support supervisor: Dr. : Reclaiming their predecessors, their feminism and feminism their predecessors, their : Reclaiming Submitted toCentralSubmitted European DepartmentGender Studies of FranciscaEuropean de Haan.University Central By Mònica Ayguavives de and Gender Studies Budapest, Hungary Suzanne C 2014
lisby
. University of Hull Universityof . University
CEU eTD Collection
In requirementsDegree for of MundusMaster's fulfillment the theErasmus partial inWomen's Mujeres Libres Mujeres the voice of women in the Spanish Civil War Civil intheSpanish women of the voice Main supervisor: Dr. Support supervisor: Dr. : Reclaiming their predecessors, their feminism and feminism their predecessors, their : Reclaiming Submitted toCentralSubmitted European University Approved by: ______DepartmentGender Studies of Francisca de By Mònica Ayguavives de Budapest, 2014 Hungary, and Gender Studies Suzanne Clisby Haan. Central European Haan. University Central
. University of Hull Universityof .
history
CEU eTD Collection what I have underlined the pioneer role of Teresa Claramunt and Teresa Mañe by the en institut the against and women of emancipation the for struggle the fight to only if is one first the thesis; this in addressed have I that questions main three are There branches. different from members relevant the and founders the organization the recognize to is aim The movement. anarchist the from (1936 War Civil Spanish the of beginning the at founded Women), anarchist women’s feminism, movement, for emancipation movement, Spanish women. words Key bey area me this helped understand have that interviews done also have I them. on based literature published equally inthe Spanish historiography. going in the right direction but there is still a lot (1939 Regime Franco the and War Civil Spanish the through lived who women of mainly people the of memory historical the recover to projects history 1 late the since Spain, in region autonomous an Catalonia, Libres Mujeres in textbooks history tho that discuss I where War, Civil Spanish the of context I that question last The anarcho an as described also be can It of organization since the 1970’s. I have discussed some of the feminist and anarchist claims to references made scholars but 1930’s the in feminist feminist organization since the founders/relevant members did not identify th asked I century. nineteenth the of Mujeres Libres ond the scope of thisthesis. scopeond the of hs hss expl thesis This other sometimes and sources; secondary and primary in analysis my based have I
: Mujeres Libres Mujeres
r satn t be to starting are
to show that it High School; from the 2000’s the predecessors of the founders and founders the of predecessors the 2000’s the from School; High ores the Spanish women’s organization, organization, women’s Spanish the ores f td bte bt n lbrt dsuso o t on discussion elaborate an but better study of
s is ask
(Free women), women, Spain, Spanish Civil War, Spanish War, Civil Spanish Spain, women, women), (Free
if indeed uee Libres Mujeres
ABSTRACT whether whether etoe i sm aacit itrcl ok. In books. historical anarchist some in mentioned -
feminist organization, as done by some scholars. scholars. some by done as organization, feminist needs needs to be considered as a f i
uee Libres Mujeres of work to
s ato h pns history Spanish the of part is
do in order to represent women uee Libres Mujeres ugh women are absent in the in absent are women ugh
990’s there had been oral oral been had there 990’s ol b rfre t a a as to referred be could Mujeres Libres Mujeres uee Libres Mujeres eminist eminist organization. - 1939) and emerged emerged and 1939) - 1975). Things are Things 1975). e interviews he Mujeres Libres, Libres, Mujeres
s feminist a as emselves as
was the was ions to ions
with (Free in is d
CEU eTD Collection the of years two the through experience learning nice a been has it since Hull of University als Suzanne Clisby, for being very flexible and positive about the work I was doing. I would this thesis would have not been the same. I also want to thank my support supervisor, Dr. since Haan, de research especially of members and Libres founders Mujeres the to thesis this dedicate to want I conclude, To project. Francesc and teacher historian Bages Jordi Madrid, de Mujeres de Biblioteca from Marisa To them. members of the something valuable. around friends my thank to want I generally Je to thanks especial with family ‘gemmarian’ my To enriching. so been had experience friends’ being for Mehta Rimple and crossed in Budapest or in Hull. I want to give a very big thank you to Ghazaal Bozorg paths our that grateful am I so them without experience learning better a imagined have particularly Te sister, my Tessa, mother, my Ladislao, dad, my thank especially to want I them. needed have I when there been always has and ways, many in me supported unconditionally thi lena Jovanovic and the two musketeers, Erriche Mohamed and Bess Doornbos. More Doornbos. Bess and Mohamed Erriche musketeers, two the and Jovanovic lena s, n m an MAgls I lo ol lk t tak y red i Barcelona, in friends my thank to like would also I MªAngeles. aunt my and ssy, s thesis. o like to show my gratitude towards the teachers of Central European University and and University European Central of teachers the towards gratitude my show to like o Master Erasmus Mundus in Women and Gender Studies Gender and Women in Mundus Erasmus Master I would first like to express my gratitude towards my main supervisor, FranciscaDr. Finally, Through these two years I have met many people and made great friends. I could not has that family a have to am I fortunate how express to words have not do I
. aa Muai Ea aii n Elm Nazli, Eylem and Habibi Ela Mousavi, Sahar
to my to
Vanessa Muñoz, Ofelia andNueno. Diaz Vanessa Muñoz, Berta
wn t tak te itras ay ah n Lua iet; n two and Vicente; Laura and Nash Mary historians the thank, to want I Cardona, coordinator of coordinator Cardona, without her dedicated involvement at every step, throughout the process, the throughout step, every at involvement dedicated her without , to all women who lived through the Spanish Civil War period and and period War Civil Spanish the through lived who women all to , Consell delsConsell savis, two grandmothers because it is their stories have inspired me to me inspired have stories their is it because grandmothers two
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS always Roser Roser Rosers and Roser Font; that me let interviewed there to help, and help, to there Consell dels savis, dels Consell ii
the world because each one has taught me me taught has one each because world the to
eas wt all with because my also ‘third world women’ world ‘third also my for their collaboration on the on collaboration their for
that I am concluding with concluding am I that f them of
do thisdo mehr mehr
this CEU eTD Collection CHAPTE INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ABSTRACT CHAPTER 3. MUJERES LIBRES 3.MUJERES CHAPTER (1931 THE 2: CHAPTER SPANISH THE DURING CONTEXT SECOND REPUBLIC Structure of the thesis Background 3.5 Relationship with other3.5 Relationshipwith organizations and3.4 Aims goals, challenging 3.3 The foundationorganizationLibres Mujeres of the in1937 3.2 TheLibres magazine, the ofMujeres starting point 3.1 The of founders Libres Mujeres intheanarchist movement2.4 Women women 2.3 The anarchist movement thefirst in 20 part ofthe 2.2 The of situation women during War theand Second theSpanishCivil Republic War 2.1 The (1931 Second Republic theexisting to 1.3 Contributions literature 1.2 TheLibres Spanish case, Mujeres literature 1.1 Feminism 3.2.1 Notdeclaring intheanarchist magazine as themselves 2. 1.2.2 Secondary sources 1.2.1 Primary materials 1.1.2 Feminism and anarchism 1.1.1 Feminism ontheleft 3.5.2 The relation organizations women’s with 3.5.1 The anarchist movement relation the with - 1939)
1.1 The Spanish Civil 1.1 The Spanish Civil War ...... R 1. LITERATURE 1. R REVIEW
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...... TABLEOFCONTENTS
......
......
...... - ...... 1939) with specific mention of the Spanish Civil 1939) withspecificmentionofthe Spanish Civil three different sourcesthree different ofsubordination
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
......
...... th ......
...... century with relation and the ......
......
......
37 35 35 33 31 30 29 28 27 24 23 20 17 16 15 11
ii 9 7 7 6 5 5 5 2 1 1
i
CEU eTD Collection CHAPTER 4. CHAPTER APPENDIXES BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSION SPANISH CIVIL WAR CHAPTE ORGANIZATION? 5. CHAPTER Montseny (1905 4.2 Animportant womanintheSpanishanarchistmovement century 20 and beginning of 4.1 Theanarcho vanguards of the Libres’s3.6 Theof Mujeres extent around work Spain during War theSpanishCivil 6.3 Contemporary oral Catalonia that recover in projects aimto women role the of and articles 6.2 The of lackrecognition women history: inSpanish bo of examining textbooks, the Franco regime 6.1 Towards ofthe afte thehistorical recovery memory 5.1 Feminism fromof oral History): the Museumof A Catalan history project 6.3.2 project 6.3.1 5.1.4 Anarcho and thearticles inthe 5.1.3 Th feminism 5.1.2 Five relevantof members 5.1.1 Did Mujeres Libres 4.2.1 Federica ideas question’and with relation Montseny’s abouther the ‘woman 4.1.2 Teresa(1865 Mañé 4.1.1 Teresa (1862 Claramunt R 6. THE IMPORTANCE 6.THER OF WOMEN’S ROLEIN RECOVERING THE Consell delsConsell savis delMuseu d’Història de Catalunya Dones del 36
...... e feministideology of MUJERESLIBRES:
......
MUJERES LIBRES’S ...... Mujeres Libres
......
......
...... - - feminism
......
...... 1994)
(The Women of [19]36): An oral ofWomen [19]36): and history (The educational ......
Mujeres Libres’s Libres’s Mujeres ......
......
- th identify feminism? withthe term
1939) ...... and theFrancoregime century: and Teresa Claramunt Teresa Mañe ......
...... A FEMINIST/ ANARCHO A FEMINIST/ - ......
- Mujeres Libres
1931) ...... PREDECESSORS ANDPREDECESSORS COLLABORATORS feminist ideologytheend by in Spain 19 of the Mujeres Libres Mujeres
......
...... magazine inthe1930’s ......
by thestatements ofthefounders
...... give theirinrelation opinion to ......
......
...... r the imposed amnesia duringamnesia r the imposed ...... - FEMINIST
in the 1930’s: Federica ......
...... (The sages board of ......
......
...... th
.. .. . oks
58 57 57 52 50 46 41 40 40 37 86 82 79 78 78 75 73 72 68 63 61
A
CEU eTD Collection
(The and strength lighto ofour and continue thetyranny powerful tofightagainst the people.forgotten most Tobe of de luz nuestra fuerza“La y de encendida nuestra razónsigue quienes enmanos de no se de conforman luchandocontrael lospoderoso. y Sólo latiranía olvido continúan would be (Liaño ouronly defeat) inQuiñonero, sería derrota” nuestra ur reason thehands on,in is of
(Liaño inQuiñonero, those who do notresignwho do
2005: 2005: 290) 2005:
290)
CEU eTD Collection exami anarcho as to referred is sometimes and organization, feminist State. the against struggled organi War. Concretely, I am studying Civil Spanish the of end the to century nineteen the of end the from Spain in movement th after and War Civil of members and founders the from interviews and that interact in between themselves. The first level are the prima articles, chapters and original documents. the found, Once initially. organization or book the the of references across come to difficult rather is it but about literature published no is there abou literature published the in in Compulsory Secondary Education (mandatory for students), and the lack of references textbooks in example for them to references of absence the be could reason One Spain. theSpanishorganization within historiography. that argue to struggles, their and Libres relevant members. (Lucía San organization the movement; anarchist the in woman relevant a Montseny, Federica Mañe; Teresa and Claramunt Teresa pioneers the Background This thesis aims to give more visibility to women who took part in the anarchist the in part took who women to visibility more give to aims thesis This The methodology used to gather information has been through three different levels different three through been has gatherinformation to used methodology The organization The that impact the and role important the show to is thesis this of goal The ne the contributions towards the advancement of women’s rights and feminism by feminism and rights women’s of advancement the towards contributions the ne zation within the anarchist movement that fought for women’s emancipation, and emancipation, women’s for fought that movement anarchist the within zation
had on the society during the Spanish Civil War, as a way to recognize the chez Saornil, Mercedes Comaposada and Amparo Poch) and some of the most
Mujeres Libres Mujeres Fac rgm, n te ee issues seven the and regime, Franco e
article would lead the reader to other published literature as literature published other to reader the lead would article uee Libr Mujeres Mujeres Mujeres Libr t Spanish anarchism. This, though, does not mean that that mean not does though, This, anarchism. Spanish t INTRODUCTION uee Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres
is very little known by the general population in population general the by known little very is
es 1
es
has been been has Mujeres Libres, Libres, Mujeres
(Free Women)
should be represented as a relevant relevant a as represented be should Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres , because such literature does exist, does literature such because ,
osdrd rm h 17’ a 1970’s the from considered , an autonomous women’s ry sources; articles, letters
- f the of s el s h founders the as well as feminist. In this thesis I thesis this In feminist. during the Spanish the during uee Libres’s Mujeres ir claims Mujeres Mujeres
CEU eTD Collection most ofthemmost have away. passed since interviews, of form the in members and founders the from documentation original issues first three are missing ( still documentations original certain that fact the sources; primary certain to access difficult th encountered have I that limitations the of Some well. as sources primary the on sometimes and sources secondary the on analysis their base published based on the original documentation; and the third level are other scholars who access had I that magazine (1931 Republic Second the of context general the I sources.In 1.3, Section about written literature relevant the 1.2 I look at the relation between feminism and anarchism. In the second section I discuss whereI examinehowfemale left used materials subsections ord in organization new debates for doors opening while not did others that arguments different claiming and gaps small have said; I am presenting the information from a critical point of view, I am filling some in the study available andanalysis orscholarsabout ofother the integrated historians when documentation original the considered also have I but them; to references many Mar historians, Structure ofthe thesisStructure In chapter two I place the organization in a historical background to briefly explain briefly to background historical a in organization the place I two chapter In different the explore I where thesis the of review literature the is chapter first The the to related theme a covers chapter Every chapters. six into divided is thesis The two of opinion the considered have I thesis the of stages different the Through . My contribution, though, goes further than simply summarizing what others ,
as I inchapteras explain will 1. uee Libres Mujeres .
y Nash and Martha Ackelsberg, as essential and therefore I have made made have I therefore and essential as Ackelsberg, Martha and Nash y Chapter one is divided into three sections. Section 1 is about feminism, about is 1 Section sections. three into divided is one Chapter
for of the of er toaddress a different in clearer points way. example Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres
explain howthe contribute thesiswill explain tothe existing literature.
, a
to
ht s iie it dfeet etos n otn into often and sections different into divided is that
Te eod ee ae the are level second The . book edited by Mercedesbook edited by Comaposada
organizations haveIn understood feminism. 1.1,and in uee Libres Mujeres
ma
2
gazine) and the impossibility to offer new offer to impossibility the and gazine) - 1939), giving specific attention to the to attention specific giving 1939),
hog piay n secondary and primary through rough the research is lack of or of lack is research the rough eodr sucs books sources, secondary
, founder, andfounder, the , Mujeres Libres Mujeres
CEU eTD Collection organization and the anarchist movement as well as with the women’s organizations in organizations women’s the with as well as movement anarchist the and organization the between relations the were what examine I women; of emancipation the regarding organizati the founded they War, Civil magazine the of founders in 3.1; in 3.2, I describe how the project of the founders started with the creation of women’sthe same period right during in2.3. anarchist movement in mainlySpain in the and I1930’s, conclude with the advancement Civil Spanish not all section is about some of the claims of members that conclude to mentioned about the feminism of t in concluding, of founders the of analysis of the statement fir feminism Libres. with relation in time over ideas her changed she how specificallyMontseny, andFederica relevant femaleanarchists the about is 4.2, section, second The for. aimed they what and movement anarchist the to contributions the of end the from woman of emancipation recognize predecessors I 4.1, In sections. two into divided is chapter to previously reachingthe Spanishcontext, end War. 20.000women of by the SpanishCivil the left, 3.5; and in the last section, The third chapter is entirely dedicated to dedicated entirely is chapter third The Chapter five is divided in four sections that are related to the feminism of feminism the to related are that sections four in divided is five Chapter Chapter four aims to give visibility to some women who struggled for women’s rights Mujeres Libres. (as for exampleAckelsberg). The first subsection, 5.1.1, is aboutThe 5.1.1,is the non first subsection, ,
howeve st approached by the historians Nash and Ackelsberg with an inadequate an with Ackelsberg and Nash historians the by approached st the for fought who Mañe, Teresa and Claramunt Teresa anarchists the ,
Mujeres Libres Mujeres a (1936 War Mujeres Libres e foll he Mujeres Libres, Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres r it has been defined so by scholars since the 1970’s. In 5.1.3, I 5.1.3, In 1970’s. the since scholars by so defined been has it r
uee Libres Mujeres Mujeres Mujeres Libres wn scin 512 I examine I 5.1.2, section, owing s of Federica Montseny that I -
1939) in section 2.1; then I continue in 2.2 analyzing the the analyzing 2.2 in continue I then 2.1; section in 1939)
and be and
being defined as anarcho
was not defined as feminist by their founders/ their by feminist as defined not was Mujeres Libres and in 3.3. I explain how with the start of the Spanish the of start the with how explain I 3.3. in and
3.6, I the underline impact that
side them, concretely I mention three women. The women. three mention I concretely them, side
Sne h agmns f h fudr ae not are founders the of arguments the Since . with the feminist and an on. In 3.4 I look at the goals of goals the at look I 3.4 In on. to the ‘woman question’ and her collaboration her and question’ ‘woman the to 3
19 Mujeres Mujeres
th
in interviews done from the late 1970’s,
century and I present their lives, their lives, their present I and century - identification of addres Libres - feminism by some scholars but
ht ie eeat members relevant five what
s differently h iprat ak y two by task important the archist archist movement. The last . I first introduce the three the introduce first I . Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres Libres Mujeres
Mujeres Libres Mujeres with arguments Mujeres relevant
had in
relte relte with
CEU eTD Collection (1931 Republic Second the during women of portrait the at look in I concretely more regime, textbooks; Franco of end the by later, years 40 represented are women how review I org international an by reinforced been have claims these lately that and Franquism, of victims the about truth the uncover to action take discuss the strength ofthecivil society thathas pressing been theSpanishgovernment to regi the during also and War Civil their Spanish the towards during crimes amnesia collective a for aimed dictatorship Franquist the how explain because as theirwomen. condition of the on imposed sense this in contexts, historical the address necessaryto is it that is here mention to Iwant that point analysis the in therefore and founders the of voice the to struggled for the emancipation of women. Another important point is that we need to refer describe but mention only of case the In women. relevant previous the recognize to have we movement, anarchist the in particular in history, or Spanish the in Franco regime. the through went and War Civil Spanish the survived who women to mostly voice give goalto the with 1990’s the of end the emergedhaveby that Catalonia in historyprojects h ls catr icse te niiiiy f oe i Saih itr. n ., I 6.1, In history. Spanish in women of invisibility the discusses chapter last The To conclude, bigge some ofmy - 1939) in High School history textbooks. Th textbooks. history School High in 1939) uee Libres Mujeres
ns h ls te pns Cvl a drn te rno eie and regime, Franco the during War Civil Spanish the lost who ones
of the feminism it is important to show those voices. The last The voices. those show to important is it feminism the of
the task done by Teresa Claramunt and Teresa Mañe, who Mañe, Teresa and Claramunt Teresa by done task the
suffers from a double collective amnesia; the amnesia amnesia the amnesia; collective double a from suffers relevant st findings are that if we aim aretomakevisible that st findings women
members 4
Mujeres Libres Mujeres e last section, 6.3, is about two oral two about is 6.3, section, last e anization. In the second section, 6.2, section, second the In anization. who were part of part were who , it is then important to not to important then is it , me. In this section I also I section this In me.
the organization, the CEU eTD Collection materials that are published articles in the i and feminism understood have organizations left female some how discuss I subsection of organization the about themes that reviled period left Old the book McDuffie’s of woman. of feminism since they saw it atta concept the with identified not haveorganization, the in feminism for need the realizing although women where movement left the and feminism between tension ongoing an Libres Mujeres books/articles in order to argue that the fact that the majority of founders and members of 1.1.1 Feminism theleft on relation in discussions thefeminism of to openingnew coverandI gapsthat existent the of literature,providingexamples existing interviews. Libres Mujeres about sources secondary the examine I subsection, second the In 1980’s. the and 1930’s journals, minutes of the first n a second subsection, In a second examine therelation subsection, and anarchism. between feminism 1.1 Feminism 1.1 The second section is divided into two subsections as well. The first is about primary of study my for literature relevant most the explore I chapter this In The scholarly literature related to the narrowness of feminism is depicted in Erik in depicted is feminism of narrowness the to related literature scholarly The There is a broad literature about feminism on the left but here I want to mention three the to contribute will thesis the how explain I conclude to and section third the In is
divided into three bigger sections. In the first section, I focus on one of the main the of one on focus I section, first the In sections. bigger three into divided
did not identify as f as identify not did fe te rnus dcaosi, ae o oiia documentat original on based dictatorship, Franquist the after Sojourning for Freedom for Sojourning CHAPTERLITERATURE 1. REVIEW
‘feminism’ as bourgeoisie and separatist” and “Communists and separatist” and bourgeoisie as ‘feminism’
conference ched ched to a narrow middle eminists in the 1930’s is not unique. There has been been has There unique. not is 1930’s the in eminists uee Libres, Mujeres
of of Mujeres Libres. Mujeres Mujeres Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres Mujeres Libres
5 during “Communists says McDuffie (2011).
ht s hi fmns, n first a in feminism, their is that -
class view of the emancipation and internal reports during the
magazine
and
Mujeres Libres Mujeres other other anarchist
o and ion
CEU eTD Collection raceandanalysis class315 1991: (West, tothe too as concept the saw they since struggle Feminism’(1991), wor ‘third that argues and Women World Third Contexts: Different Themes, ‘Common were intersecting: gender, race and class (McDuffie, 2011: 5). Cheryl West in her chapter so since the communi McDuffiefeminists, but arguesnot wantanalytical be as sense to named todo has thatit wanted nothing to do this with type of feminism.” So we see that female didcommunists concludes He women. of subordination the address not did who others and Proudhon as the arguethat describes Gemie historian. Gemie, Sharif by (1996) survey’ historical a well feminism: and ‘Anarchism article is the in explained this and feminism and anarchism between tension a been has there However m towards feminism of case the in hierarchies, towards antipathy an share traditions both that said be could it and goals some share feminism anarcho about amount small a only is there but feminism; 1. with other contextsandrealities. organizations women’s other in happened that instead feminist, be to claim not did but that be can they where struggle bigger recognized and become visible. a This published scholarly literature in is useful to understand them include to is feminist as them naming 202 2007: (Novikova, feminism as actions women’s the to visibility give to waya is feminists women those calling time Novikova argues thatthis fact can be seen as ifwe were ‘colonising’ butthatat the same how lately many scholars “are trying to trace fem and women, categorize to exists that need the discusses (2007) practice’ and vision a as women’s rights considered themselves as feminists. Novikova in her article ‘Communism 1. 2 Feminism anarchism and h previous The There is much literature that addresses separately separately addresses that literature much is There Mujeres Libres Mujeres anti - feminism feminism mentioned
were not were st women recognized their oppression by three different sources that ld women’ did not find the definition of feminism relevant to their to relevant feminism of definition the find not did women’ ld of some anarchist was was anarchist some of
the only women who fought against women’s oppression women’s against fought who women only the ieaue hw that show literature
- 2 03). This last point is very useful since the goal of of goal the since useful very is point last This 03). that anarchists narrow 6
-
316). inist inist activism in their national histories”. ; in their view it was necessary to add to necessary was it view their in ; were rooted in anarchist political theorists political anarchist in rooted not all women who struggled for for struggled who women all not
the two traditions, anarchism and anarchism traditions, two the ale domination/gender hierarchy. hierarchy. domination/genderale
gender blind, and and blind, gender - eiim Aacim and Anarchism feminism. continues to continues CEU eTD Collection anarchism and source secondary on development 1.2.2 section, the in presented are reformist as as inanarchism socialism well (Gemie, 1996:417 that this insensitivity towards female Labour) of Confederation (General Trabajo) del General (Confederación from CNT that emerged union syndicalisttrade 1 numbers of cont the 47 to 11 page Libres’ Mujeres anniversary and reproduced the Mujeres Libres motherhood, education, women contributing to the war and the activities and branches of market, labor the into entry women’s the and struggle double the etc), Goldman, Emma were relevantareas most the 12). The size, the price and the number of pages changed over time, the topics as well but (num. 1938 May and 11) (no. 1938 January (no.10), 1937 July 9), 1937(no. June (no.8), is access to the following numbers: available on a CD. Out of the thirteen edited numbers of the mag Barcelona) of City the from Archive (Historic ‘ the 2014 from and pavilion) Republican Internacionals The about documents original collected have that books two and published 1.2.1 Primarymaterials
CGT is the Confederación General del Trabajo (General Confederationof (General Trabajo del General is the Confederación CGT 1.2 The Spanishcase,1.2 feminism and anarchism between relationship historical the study that works Other There are There uee Libres’s Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres
of three feminism. . In 2012 th –
(Anthology of Mujeres Libres). They reproduced the covers and from from and covers the reproduced They Libres). Mujeres of (Anthology Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres ael d l Rpbia (etr f Intern of (Center República’ la de Pavelló
different primary sources of sources primary different
n i a elc o dfeet rils ulse i te different the in published articles different of replica a is ent aaie a b fud n h ‘ete ’sui Històrics d’Estudis ‘Centre the in found be can magazine
e CGT
with the same structure, colors types. and letter
about: recognizing women (for example Teresa Claramunt,Teresa example (for recognizingwomen about:
Mujeres Libres literature Mujeres Libres’s 1
s n raiain ht ahrd oh rdtos of traditions both gathered that organization an as decided to give a tribute to December 1936 (no. 4), March 1937 (no.7), May 1937 emancipation emancipation happens in traditions as Marxism and 7 ri Històric Arxiu
have digitalized the magazines and are and magazines the digitalized have
Mujer magazine that was called ‘Antología de es Libres, Libres, es
de s since they focus on the the on focus they since s Mujeres Mujeres Libres -
Labour), is an anacho is an Labour),
toa Hsoy Studies History ational a Ciutat la 426). azine, azine, in Catalonia there the magazine that they that magazine the
Mujeres Libres Mujeres
de Barcelona’ Barcelona’ de
for her 75 - th - .
CEU eTD Collection articles published in two anarchist journals anarchist two in published articles Montseny. c five other The Federica and Claramunt Teresa as such issue, this about concerned women anarchist before ofsituation women and in the organization, the about is Nash by written section, first the sections, six into divided about book first Universi the at department history did provided from CNT since it was published in the CNT no. 531 in January 1937 (Sanchez they that work the and characteristics its organization, the i revolution), the in and war the in (Woman of founders the of one Saornil, Lucía Sánchez articleby the is 1930’s the from example An 1990’s. and 1930’s t and workers female movement, libertarian of branches in situation women’s libertarias Luchadoras Libres Mujeres in members and founders by published articles and documents internal as such documents project this The edited bookis by Fundación the by 1999 in published movement andthat it was critiqued for by this anarchist the movement20). 1975: (Nash, N that underline to want of opinion the tasks of the organizations during the Spanish Civil War; the feminism of diff under material collected Nash because sections five are There members. relevant other plus Comaposada; Mercedes the by written were documents reports internalmagazine, Libertad y Tierra uee Libres’s Mujeres n17,te rs itra ay ah wohsbe hi fte contemporary the of chair been has who Nash, Mary historian Irish the 1975, In h tid ok wn t mnin is mention to want I book third The uee Libres Mujeres
Mujeres Libres, Libres, Mujeres to Mujeres Libres Mujeres ie visibility give Mujeres Libres Mujeres
Ln ad reo) atce pbihd n the in published articles Freedom), and (Land
magazine, Mujeres Libres’s Libres’s Mujeres the
became interested in the ‘woman question’ there were other other were there question’ ‘woman the in interested became uee Libres Mujeres troduces sections.In thenext section, this Nash also states that s mnin that mentions ash 1930’s, the organization the 1930’s, of onsist of original documentation from the 1930’s that include that from oforiginalinclude onsist documentation the 1930’s the Mujeres Libres Mujeres
towards the ‘sexual question’ and children’s education . I . education children’s and question’ ‘sexual the towards
, titled titled , o h ognzto. h mmes ahrd original gathered members The organization. the to Mujeres Libres’s Libres’s Mujeres Tierra y Libertad Libertad y Tierra uee Libres Mujeres erent themes: the organization of organization the themes: erent ty of Barcelona since many years ago, published her published ago, years many since Barcelona of ty
Anselmo Lorenzo (Foundation Anselmo Lorenzo). Anselmo (Foundation Lorenzo Anselmo Mujeres Libres: España 1936 España Libres: Mujeres
relevant con ‘a ue e l Ger y n a Revolución’ la en y Guerra la en mujer ‘La , 8 tains 36 documents whose main themes are: are: themes main whose documents 36 tains n which Sánchez explains the emergence of of emergence the explains Sánchez which n
he exile. T exile. he
organization and pamphlets. Some of thoseof pamphlets.and Some organization Solidad Obrera Solidad uee Libres Mujeres uee Lbe. uhdrs libertarias Luchadoras Libres. Mujeres members who were theones thatstarted
ones uí Snhz ari and Saornil Sánchez Lucía founders magazine, prostitution, education, the education, prostitution, magazine, Mujeres Libres, Libres, Mujeres n te N magazine. CNT the and he original sources are from the from are sources original he
Lbue oiaiy and Solidarity) (Labourer a pr o te feminist the of part was ,
etoig h help the mentioning Mujeres Libres; Mujeres women at war, the war, at women - 1939 uee Libres’s Mujeres Mujeres Mujeres Libres . The book is book The . The book book The
the ;
CEU eTD Collection 1.2.2 Secondary sources Venezuela, exile (Liaño, into were went 57 she 1999: of development the explains group the which from group intellectual dieron que de intelectuales agrupaciones de las grupo a del nacimiento ‘Acerca with Liaño, Conchita example, for Liaño,in 1999:41 within movement their necessity the of and tasks theirand discusses aims, their explains mov contextualizes anarchist Spanish the explores Ackelsberg article this In emancipation.” Libres about articlein1985 published an College Massachusetts,USA.Sheinitially in the organization better, since isaclear and it well understand to me helped article Kaplan’s although article, her on much not and sources Libres’s journal anarchist the in published articles on analysis herbases Kaplan either.Teresa Mañe and Teresa Claramunt mention not does she from; relation to it, and does not mention where the ideology of 105 because it or did not challenge the the division of labor critiques between men and women Kaplan (Kaplan, 1971: collaboration. or relationship their about statement and Montseny mentions Kaplan 105). Social and Health group, women’s of the of and Minister Montseny, anarchist the of activities the of real change came when “the special situation of women became a political issue the as a that result states but Republic, Second the from rights women’s in progress the mentions frames Kaplan existed. still and dictatorship Franquist Anarchism the when 1971, ‘Spanish in published Liberation’, Kaplan, Women’s Temma historian American the by article an was - ata ceseg s n American an is Ackelsberg Martha which in War Civil Spanish the after publication first The 109). Kaplan does not identify the organization as feminist, there is no comment in comment no is there feminist, as organization the identify not does Kaplan 109).
’eaae n eul’ uee Lbe ad anarchist and Libres Mujeres equal?’ and “’Separate
magazine; articles that I had access to. This is why I uee Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres - 46). The articles from articlesfrom The 46).
within the context of the anarchist move anarchist the of context the within ihn hm n udrie ter uooy Se also She autonomy. their underlines and them within uee Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres uee Libres Mujeres - t itra wo s fcly memb faculty a is who historian he uee Li Mujeres 9
1990’s are written by different members as as members by different are written 1990’s
- rm e prpcie n 94 from 1994 in perspective her from structured article. - 60). 1935 bres Tierra y Libertad y Tierra
1971: (Kaplan, Women)” (Free Mujeres Mujeres Li oehr u tee s o clear no is there but together
- ie 1935 rise,
have have mostly relied on those 99 (n eain o the to relation (In 1939’ Muj s rtg fr women’s for trategy eres Libres eres bres
- evc, Federica Service, 1939) where she she where 1939)
may have come and in and ment in Spain, in ment r f Smith of er ganization
appeared Mujeres Mujeres Mujeres ement, CEU eTD Collection Libres Emma Goldman, the use of education to empower women, and issues relevant to magazine, and their feminism, she also mentions the relation with Federica Mo the organization, the explains then author the three chapter From War. Civil Spanish the comple a description of the context in which with starts Ackelsberg book this In analysis). my for using am I one (the was translated to andSpanish in 2005 the second edition of the English version An the 2010: 144 147 2010: (Nash, only mentions Teresa Claramunt (Nash 2010:144 the femin understand not did anarchism which anarchoterm anarcho and (Libertarians published a chapter in the book organization anarcho giving of instead Montseny Federica quotes she here However so. called be to want not did ‘they’ that to dedicated mentions when she discusses the rise them to references different are there book the throughout but 1975), in and War Civil 1995 important makes these essential figures for inclusion limited This 52). 44, (2005: Gustavo Soledad pseudonym her by Mañe Teresa refers Ackelsberg movement. anarchist explores also archism and the struggle for the emancipation of women’ two ite yas fe te publication the after years Fifteen Mary published Nash nrhs mvmn. n 91 ceseg published Ackelsberg 1991 In movement. anarchist , translated toSpanish 1999. in Thisbook is
such as decent pay, motherhood, children’s education and sexuality. Ackel sexuality. and education children’s motherhood, pay, decent as such ideologies, anarchism and feminism (Nash, 2010: 149
- book eea lrmn and Claramunt Teresa 148). Mujeres Libres, Libres, Mujeres - feminism that emerged as an answer to the patriarchal society, a society in societya society, patriarchal the to answer an asthat emerged feminism
conta Libres’s Mujeres .
-
148), but also refers to the to refers also but 148), h oiin f h fudr o te raiain Ns cls the calls Nash organization. the of founders the of opinion the ins a specific section about section specific a ins - feminist butdoesnotdiscussfeminist the concept. -
Defying male civilization: maleDefying feminism). In this chapter, Nash claims the importance of the the of importance the claims Nash chapter, this In feminism).
of feminist consciousness Nash defines them as feminist although she acknowledges acknowledges she although feminist as them defines Nash Tierra Tierra y Libertad Mujer
eain ih te wmns raiain ad the and organizations women’s other with relation Mujeres Libres uee Libres Mujeres es Libres as
of 10 ism and where and ism o eea lrmn to times two Claramunt Teresa to
importance that the two figures had figures two the that importance eyn ml civilization male Defying
quite quite invisible in Ackelsberg’s
Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres
- named ‘Libertarias y anarcofeminismo’ about women’s role during theSpanish 146) and Teresa Mañe emerged, the anarchist movement and
Ns, 95 33). 1995: (Nash,
from the 1910’s to the 1930’s, Women Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres
in English, in 1999 the book
in the Spanish Civil War theSpanishCivil in - ‘Free Women of Spain: Spain: of Women ‘Free 158). Moreover, Nash not
(in contrast to contrast (in
(absent in 1995) n h section the In
. F . 19) Nash (1995), incorporated , as well as as well as , or example or ntseny and
otherwise otherwise
came out her book her Mujeres Mujeres (Nash,
s Nash Nash berg
in te , ,
CEU eTD Collection of the of anarchist Montseny of recognition the about 23) 1938: January 11, published in the not have that developedquestions Never same. the were sources original the when analysis new a provide will I war. the lost who women of group a of invisibility the affected have could regime chapter 5. anarcho term the of the founders that were published in their magazine. Moreover I will examine the adequacy by claims famous most the examine will I feminists as defined be cannot or can they if interviews done with in chapter 5, define can we if and the improve will members relevant and understanding of the identification founders or non the of arguments the of analysis recognize not did she suitable toreferis not Montseny toshe w since quoting Montseny has beennot commented however feminism; with identify arerecognizedby notmore other scholars. Libres’s towards the emancipation of women 3. recognize organization the with collaborated had Montseny moment
1.3 Contributionsto literatureexisting the 1.3 h eitn ltrtr i qie xasie wih rae a hleg fr e to me for challenge a created which exhaustive, quite is literature existing The InchapterI 6, explorehowthe ofthe will context Spanish and Civil War the Franco of studies their in Ackelsbergand Nash IInchapter 4,ifTeresa consider Teresawiththeir and claims Mañe, will Claramunt Mujeres Libres Mujeres
founder’s its
I will examine the ideas developed by the founders in anarchis role Mujeres Libres’s ,
as the anarchist movement did movement anarchist the as and if so, can - Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres five five relevant members of eiim o define to feminism
it organization. It is a shift a is It organization. represent a shift in the opinion of Montseny towards the necessity as necessary until until necessary as what was their opinion in relation to feminism and why they
they refer to Montseny’s ideas Montseny’s to refer they magazine inthe 1938 ( been been ,
nowadays as feminists? To answer those questions thoseanswer To feminists? as nowadays could be considered as the predecessors of explored before. I am looking at how one article one how at looking am I before. explored - identification identification of uee L Mujeres 11
on the Mujeres Libres Mujeres
Mujeres Mujeres Li as not part oftheas o by any other scholar Iand consider that it beginning of 1938. Here I Here 1938. of beginning on the way of thinking thinking of way the on
not do either do not uee Libres Mujeres ibres,
Mujeres Libres’s bres Mujeres n h scn sbeto of subsection second the in
Mu claim that the that claim
since the 1970’s. To claim .
jeres Libres jeres I explore this this explore I . The fact that they are they that fact The . rganization;
Libres
y h well the by
since until that until since with
theless I have have I theless magazine, t journals and group did not did group ask
but did not did but
moreover feminism; in chapter in
how my my how Mujeres - known known
no. , ,
CEU eTD Collection language and for and language of literature published of lack the ha Civil War and Franco regime in Spai Spanish the of period the during men) also (and women of voice the mainly promote to andof the bringanalysis publishedliterature a new notreviewed before. last from School High the in textbooks historian the of reading my how out find to try also important extremely is Ackelsberg, Martha and Kaplan Temma Nash, Mary historians history incredibly valuable for this study. Those documents have been key for the recovery of the during saved were that reports the by articles published underline to want I and documentation about that From feminism. and anarchism at First I mentioned the opinion of women on the left about feminism and specifically looked become aware ofthe important left from the 1900’s to 1939; with the goal that more people from different countries could the published literature about language Spanish the in are articles and in books their published Ackelsberg and Nash although lines those on 6); 1995: (Nash, language English the in topic this on during the Spanish Civi those twoprojects invisible? sagesof Catalan from theHistory), Museum s afflicted the Spanish history since that time; but at the same time I will look into how years could lead me to argue that argueto me lead yearscould Along Above I have reviewed the existent published literature in relation to Conclusion women about book her with that mentions introduction her in Nash conclude, To Mujeres Libres Mujeres
of of Mu those lines, I will consider how two oral projects, in Catalonia, that aimed/aim jeres Libres jeres Catalunya de d’Història Museu del savis dels Consell
that I divided into two sections; first I have analyzed the original the analyzed have I first sections; two into divided I that l War (1995), she is filling a founders or members in other anarchist journal and the int the and journal anarchist other in members foundersor , their goals and tasks and goals their ,
Mujeres Libres
the Spanish Civil War and the Franquist dictatorship, are dictatorship, Franquist the and War Civil Spanish the role of Dones del 36 36 del Dones n could influence the recovery
the women Mujeres Libres Mujeres I have moved to explore the published literature published the explore to moved have I ;
its
early 1990’s, much of the other relevant books relevant other the of much 1990’s, early ther
12 importance. The The importance.
the non existent published literature published existent the non efore this thesis is as well a contribution to contribution a well as is thesis this efore and in general about Spanish women on the
are invisible invisible are . The work done in the archives by the the by archives the in done work The Wmn f [19] of (Women
gap . because there is a lack of sources
in the Spanish historiography Spanish the in Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres f rom 36) only in Catalan Catalan in only 36)
the the amnesia that Mujeres Libres
(The board o board (The magazines, , makes , makes ernal f . CEU eTD Collection thanks toth about wrote they time the at since
ose
h istorians moreabout people the knoworganization Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres 13
they made them less invisible and invisible less them made they Mujeres Libres. Mujeres
CEU eTD Collection
SECTION 1. SECTION Mujeres Libres Mujeres
CEU eTD Collection 1939), and in chronological order I explain how the Franquist troops advanced thro advanced troops Franquist the how explain I order chronological in and 1939), (1936 War Civil Spanish the discuss I 1936. to 1931 from characteristics, particular t Libres organization the which in context the of understanding better a achieve orderto 2 anarchist movement. To conclude this chapter, the fourth section describes how women were treated within the CNT by led anarcho The century. twentieth the of beginning women change from one day to the other. So not did culture the and thinking, of way the behaviors, the and deep very were society pa were laws reformist some Although divorce. to right the and vote to right the as rights new gained women Parliament the in approved 1931 of Constitution the with women; for changes brought Republic Second The situation. peace succeed. thatdid not of armistice an push to attempted end the towards and outside, from support gather to government win,then to ofthethe Republican first Republic the tried Spain. Meanwhile
he Second and Republicgovernments started analyses threedifferent their own with the CNT was founded in 1910 (Bookchin, 1977: 160 (Bookchin, 1977: wasin 1910 founded CNT CHAPTER2: THE SPANISH CONTEXT DURING THE SECOND The third section is about the anarchist movement and why this was exceptional at the o period same the explore I section second the In
was founded. The chapter is divided in four sections, the first one explores how explores one first the sections, four in divided is chapter The founded. was This chapters aims to briefly explain what happened in the 1930’s in Spain in Spain in 1930’s the in happened what explain briefly to aims chapters This were 2
relegated to theprivaterelegated to sphere a (Confederación Nacional del Traba del Nacional (Confederación
REPUBLIC(1931
Spain
15 continued continued to be a patriarchal society in which s food providerscare s food and family
- syndicalism became a mass movement mass a became syndicalism jo) -
1939) ( f time but my focus is on women’s on is focus my but time f National Confederation of Labor) of Confederation National ssed, the roots of roots the ssed,
the
patriarchal takers Mujeres . ugh
- .
CEU eTD Collection dictatorship establishedinSpain by de Primo Rivera that 2 rose from 35 to 50 an was an increase in the population from 18.6 million to 24 million; the life expectancy also there economically, grow it modern, became Spain 1930, to time that from 1902, since Civil War Spanish yearscancelled andasbecause ‘bienio’lasted theprevious. it two the by advances previous the all since (black) ‘negro’ established, were that rules conservative the of because ‘conservador’ name the conservador/negro”, repressio severe more instituted revolutionary activity” (Ackelsberg, 2005: 89 and powers traditional on restrictions (Casanova, 2013:9).Thisgovernment, asAckelsberg describes, “lifted many ofthe new 1935 until power in stayedand them won who Right) Autonomous the Confederationof the government, themselves against (Casanova,9). theRepublic 2013: so unworkable”, cases that although the laws passed by the Parliament “were moderate in principle and in many claims Casanova 7). 2013: (Casanova, schools in religion teach to forbidden was it and la with together established defined Constitution passed Second wa period the This of Republic. minister prime first the became who 45) 1995: (Nash, Azaña Manuel republican the by run was 1933 to 1931 from Republic Second the of interval first This the proclaimed and capitals provincial Republic 50 of out 41 won republicans The 5). 2013: April - 4). It is as well important to mention that besides the monarchy; from 1923 there . Te eod eulc (1931 Republic Second The 2.1 In November 1933, new new 1933, November In Repu Second the to Prior 1931 elections were called to choose between a monarchy and a republic (Casanova,
s h 9 eebr 91 Constitution 1931 December 9 the as , after which after , ofdrcó Epñl d Drca Autonomas Derechas de Española Confederación d illiteracy rate was reduced from 60 to 35 per cent (Casanova, 2013:
Spain
King Alfonso XIII and the queen left Spain (Casanova, 2013: 6). 2013: (Casanova, Spain left queen the and XIII Alfonso King e epe tl fl trae b te ad tre t organize to started and them by threated felt still people me s called ‘Bienio reformista’ due to the new political reforms political new the to due reformista’ ‘Bienio called s as a “democratic Republic of workers”, the secular state was state secular the workers”, of Republic “democratic a as ws accepting civil marriage, divorce, women’s right to vote to right women’s divorce, marriage, civil accepting ws blic there was a monarchy in Spain, ruled by Alfonso XIII XIII Alfonso by ruled Spain, in monarchy a was there blic national elections elections 16 - 99 wt seii mnin f the of mention specific with 1939) -
90). 90). This period has been named as ‘Bienio
were held held were was
cetd y h Parliament. the by accepted went onuntil and it
a te center the was
( oenet were government CEDA) (Spanish (Spanish CEDA) 1929. The 12 o leftist of n
was was - right th
T of a e CEU eTD Collection u i 13 te tegh f h cu cm fo “ from came coup the of strength the 1936 in but 90). It was not the first coup since there had been another attemp 17 July on in burst militarycoup the but reforms liberalaction in put to started government even more the positions between the Left and the Right (Ackelsberg, 200 There was a social tension during the years of the Republic (Nash, 1995: 46) that divided 46). 1995: (Nash, started years” former of policies reformist the of “renewal the there Popular Frente neither were gove armedby the or the Reds, w sincewere theythem stop to difficult Afr of Army ‘The Morocco. from soldiers Negrín)and Juan (Casanova, Republic before was the defeated 2013:102). 2013: 17) who would be repl 91). By July 20, 1936 a new (Ackelsberg,2005: streets occupiedthe and theyhad that anyweapons took then People th since workers the arm not government, the although that mention to of the republicans and thus the Spanish Civil War began (Nash, 1995: 47). It is interesting the traditionally Right”, hegemonic but of hands the to power restorepolitical and regime democratic the eliminate to “was goal Francisco Franco (Franco). It started in North Africa and spread to the peninsula. Franco's Civil Spanish 2.1.1 The War deeply region” 10). inthis sensibilities 2005: Catholic (Graham, secularization the to connected mainly where reforms these society”, Spanish in sectors Republicancivilian amongreformists to opposition political - 18, 1936 by Generals Franco, Mola, Quiepo de Llano and Goded (Ackelsberg, 2005: (Ackelsberg, Goded Llano and de Quiepo Mola, Franco, Generals by 1936 18, Franco had‘The a troopcalled Army Africa’ formed of by mercenaries, professional on Republic the against d’état coup The In February 1936, there were again
ere
(Popular Front), a coalition of the left parties left the of coalition a Front), (Popular
defended defended by a civilian that population did not have a training,previous Republican aced later on by two other prime ministers (Largo Caballero ey were afraid the afraid were ey
rnment (Graham, 2005: 32 rnment 2005: (Graham,
well national government was formed by José Giral (Casanova, the militaryfailed coup becausetheresistance of
prepared while the other side, the republicans the side, other the while prepared 17 Frente Popular Frente ica’ attacked the South of Spain and it was it and Spain of South the attacked ica’
July 1 July elections elections in Spain and this time
workers 7 h eegne n got o mass of growth and emergence the , 1936, was carried out by General by out carried was 1936, ,
- could attack the attack could , expected the coup, they did they coup, the expected , 34).
of the Republic that “upset that Republic the of , that ,
t by the military in 1932,
won narrowly won 5: 90). The new
government. it was the . From From .
CEU eTD Collection designed to rid the community of sourcesof community the of rid designedto rebels’ the on present very shot all the republicans, a massacre, in other words (Casanova, 2013: 111). Violence was poss no leaving by achieved only was front war the on Africa’ and nothing was left behind since their motto, in Casanova’s words, was “success 14 On Madrid. reach to was goal their over Extremadura and some areas of Castilla it; losing ( approach” strong a demagogic and powerfula to leader, obedience on an insistence democracy, contempt for a group, ethnic nationalor ofone supremacy inbelief a the include (1922 5 4 3 39). 2013: 112); on the other side Franco goldgive reserves of part their to to started republicans the there From troops. Franquist the stop to order in Union Soviet ex the on bad looking were Things 112). 2013: (Casanova, Spain that fell at the beginning of September were Guipuzcoa and San Sebastian in the north of the fascist rebels get didnot the while 37). Republic 2005: (Graham, support signed Sp to material war delivering from countries sign the “Non achieving the On threats. as them saw they since change cultural to related be could who everyone killed troops Franco’s
“ F The Inthe appendix The term Fascism was first used of the totalitarian right ofthe totalitarian used firstwas termFascism The September 3, 1936 the rebels got access to Madrid by Castill to together came Union Soviet and Italy Germany, France, Britain, 1936, August In territory gained had Africa from troops the 1936 August In
– 43); the regimes of the Nazis in Germany and and inNazis Germany of thethe regimes 43); ranquist had been been had ranquist - prime minister of the Republic, José Giral, asked for help from France and the and France from help for asked Giral, José Republic, the of minister prime the treaty the
‘The Army of Africa’ reached the South of Spain and this gave them control them gave this and Spain of South the reached Africa’ of Army ‘The 5 tabula rasa tabula
troops had advanced around 500 kilometers (Graham, 2005: 35). Other citiesOther 2005:35). (Graham, 500kilometers around advanced troops had -
Intervention treaty” that forbid the “state and private 1, pp 1, and expressed their agreement, Germany and Italy continued to aid the the aid to continued Italy and Germany agreement, their expressed and .
A, there is a map that shows the advancement theadvancement map shows that isa A,there defined defined and with it abrave withit and
other 4 as rebels, nationalist and fascists and nationalist as rebels,
side, “ side,
side the Soviet U , received killing was widely perceived as a cleansing action cleansing a as perceived widely was killing
h rpbias a republicans the th
of August, Badajoz was taken by ‘The Army of Army ‘The by taken was Badajoz August, of
new world” ( world” new 18 - Franco in Spain were also Fascist. Fascism tends to to Fascismtends Fascist. were also inSpain Franco
ain ‘pollution’ and the dangerssupposed the theyand ‘pollution’ aid from Germany and Italy (Graham, 2005: La Mancha (C
nion nion ” (Graham, 2 (Graham, ” - wing nationalist regime of Mussolini in Italy inItaly ofMussolini regime nationalist wing as pay back Graham, 29 2005: . ible enemies in the rear”, so they they so rear”, the in enemies ible l
s o of the fascist troops the of
the republic the Oxford Dictionary). Oxford asanova, 2013: 110 ht epe “ people shot 005: 40). 005:
a 3 for
- w La Mancha. In a month
enterprise enterprise in signatory
hile republicans were republicans hile their help
Even though they they though Even an -
as a means of of means a as 30). 30). side, therefore side, .
(Casanova,
- 111), but ” ;
CEU eTD Collection (Casanova, 2013: 115). Valencia to Madrid from seat its move to decided government the 1936 6, November by why reasons the of one was which Madrid; of center the reach to trying was forces formed, on 1 also joined the government (Casanova, 2013: 113 communists. November 4, 1936 after some negotiations, four anarchist leaders from CNT coali a with Republic the of minister S of city the towards side (Casanova, 2013:127). republican the towards revenge prevent would that armistice an sign to Franco pressure convinc to tried Negrín 122). 2013: (Casanova, war ‘Non the with since Minister Barcelona in flight between streetthem. Consequently a new violent government was appoin a in ended communism” Catalan of branches rival them between socialist the opposition more caused coalition tension this 1937 4, May In 121). 2013: government (Casanova, the and war the of of instead and war the before started anarchist polit the between dispute This 118). (Casanova,2013: want not did communists the example for inside, 117 2013: (Casanova, troops Franquist the of progress the control to participated inthe Amer and Canadians some B inclu time first the for were Brigades International as Madrid maintaining w for the in republican battle the in advantage initial an gave that pilots trained 1936 rigades were formed by volunteers who came mostly from Europe and there were also were there and Europe from mostly came who volunteers by formed were rigades By the beginning of 1937, Largo Caballero, prime minister of the Republic, managed The aid provided 4 On On 19 On Te oit Union Soviet The . th (Graham, 2005: 67). Negrín’s goal was to negotiate the peace internationally peace the negotiate to was goal Negrín’s 67). 2005: (Graham,
th of September 1936, Largo Caballero, a worker leader, became the next prime next the became leader, worker a LargoCaballero, 1936, September of
- of June 1937, the Republic lost Bilbao to Bilbao lost Republic the 1937, June of led trade union, UGT; between socialists and communists, and between the between and communists, and socialists between UGT; union, trade led st
of October 1936, fight against inter of 1936 (Graham, 2005: 41). During the fight for Madrid, the Madrid, for fight the During 41). 2005: (Graham, 1936 of inter -
intervention treaty’ it was impossible for the republicans to win the win to republicans the for impossible was it treaty’ intervention antander and by October 1937 the republicans had lost the northernthe lost had republicans the 1937 October by and antander by the Soviet Union saved the republicans from defeat in November -
1) Te oenet olto eprecd oiia tensions political experienced coalition government The 118). ruh t te eulcn side republican the to brought
ic ans; the ‘The
fascists (Graham, 2005: 42). 2005: (Graham, fascists n oa tee ee rud 500 volunteers 35,000 around were there total in Army of Africa’ putting the unresolved problems unresolved the putting in oenet ih oils, eulcn and republicans socialist, with government tion 19
while training the civilians into soldiers into civilians the training while - 114). While the government was being ical partiesical e France and the United Kingdom to Kingdom United the and France e between “ between ded (Casanova, 2013: 116). The The 116). 2013: (Casanova, ded with the aid of German and Italian the ak ad drivers and tanks ted with Juan Negrín as Prime fascists;
o members of the CNT and and CNT the of members n the republican side had had side republican the n
s
the rebels continued rebels the i te government the n
aside pae and planes , ,
the context the
who CEU eTD Collection food to all people since gave sixty a dollar tothe loanof million thegoldpoint reser 1938. of summer the in Ebro of Battle the started Franquists The 1938. April of 15 on coast Mediterranean the reached and Aragón, Spain, of community autonomous troop Franquist the while territory lose to continued Republic The 125). 2013: (Casanova, Barcelona to part of Spain. The government of the Republic decided to move again, now from Valencia 6 subordination women’s moment that until since advancement great a was This sexes”. (Casanova, 2013:107). Spain” in rooted strongly been had culture “patriarchal the therefore beings, superior bread the were men side, other the On 7). 1995: (Nash, discrimination” segregatio“occupationalfrom submissive and taking care of the family with love (Nash, 1995: 10 co the of charge in was who lady’ married ‘perfect War Civil merciless peace”(Casanova, 2013:130). on War eventually fascists the Madrid entered troops Franquist the when was only interested in an “unconditional Republican surrender” in order for Madrid to have more time to push negotiations with Franco. Franco, however, (Graham, 105 2005: cities
Inth 2.2 2.2 The situation of women during the Second Republic and the Spanish T From defend to startedNegrín after Februarythat and in 1939, fell Catalonia enough provide not could Republic the Madrid and Catalonia in 1938, of spring In e appendix 1, pp.A, there is a map of the division of Spain in July 1938. in July ofSpain map ofthe isdivision a there pp.A, 1, appendix e he Second Republic, 1931, brought the “principle of political equality between the between equality political of “principle the brought 1931, Republic, Second he “m a with Catalonia .
the the
28 late th cniud o dac; n ac 13 te fascist the 1938 March in advance; to continued s
f ac 13, h dy ht akd h bgnig f n “uncivil, an of beginning the marked that day the 1939, March of nineteenth and nineteenth ves of theRepublic torunout,thereforeUnionves wereSoviet of about the - 106). d
ue to the lost of many territories it was difficult to access to those
assive number of refugees, suffered acute shortages” of food food of shortages” acute suffered refugees, of number assive
n, political and educational inequality, and legal and labor labor and legaland inequality,educational and political n, early twentieth century twentieth early R
epublic (Casanova, 2013:127 20
rrect functioning of the family, the of functioning rrect ,
woman was regarded as the the as regarded was woman (Graham, (Graham, 2005: 111) and
won the Spanish CivilSpanish the won - 11). Women suffered - s 128).
cuid the occupied what was leftwas what - winners and and winners
6
At that At being being th
CEU eTD Collection female theand founded, organizationswere women’s leftist and republican manybecame legal, law. betwe 15 1995: (Nash, existed moral double a attend public events; they did not have control over their wages and in relation to sexuality who was ensured by law. Married women had to obey their husbands, the husband was the one 8 7 you” needsmilitia showed a service” military forvolunteer wome t addressing However, 50). 1995: (Nash, 1936 the of summer women the changed that had created, therefore a female mobilization started (Nash, 1995: 49). One of the symbols women were asked to not remain at home but to help with different activities that the war (Mangini, 1995:26). reasons, political for vote argued to instead Campoamor right women’s the against were Kent and Nelken that rate of illiteracy among women, around 90% were not yet ready, they were not educated enough to vote decisio and Church, Catholic therefore conservative; moreover, theyafraid werethat womenwould take not their own the to attached strongly as women saw they that was suffrage reason vote to right women’s supported one only and women socialist suffrage was not an easy task, at the moment of the decision the Parliament included three
Women who fought in the front foughtwhothe in Women In the appendix 2, pp.B, t pp.B, 2, Inthe appendix With With the start of the Spanish Civil War there was a change in the s changes positives other experienced Women
diitae te od. are wmn edd the needed women Married goods. the administrated en spouses, abolishing the discriminatory treatment of married women at least by by least at women married of treatment discriminatory the abolishing spouses, en
ns and instead follow their husbands’ criteria (Mangini, 1995: 25). why 7 oe eae cntttoa rgt Mnii 19: 4. o civ female achieve To 24). 1995: (Mangini, right constitutional a became vote ); the posters encouraged the popular mobilization against fascism during the during fascism against mobilization popular the encouraged posters the ); miliciana
the other two, Margarita Nelken and Victoria Kent, did not vote for women’s , u mn a a rcutet eie o esae male persuade to device “recruitment a as men, but n, 8 mg of image
(Nash, 1995:51). (Nash, with agun
here is an image of this poster published in the in published poster this here isof an image
for woman woman
(Graham, 2005: 56). There was a very famous poster that poster famous verya wasThere 56). 2005: (Graham, wearing wearing blue the necessity of female suffrage as equal right to men to right equal as suffrage female of necessity the
was
- 21 6. h 1931 The 16). h pses ih he with posters the - (Ackelsberg, 1985: 65) overalls, byoveralls, the artist stating:Arteche, “The
during ho
se posters were were posters se the Second Republic. Divorce Republic. Second the ; also because
law ir Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres
ubn’ priso to permission husband’s :
roic provided legal equality equality legal provided Clara Campoamor. The The Campoamor. Clara . Campoamor alleged ocial ocial role of women; milicianas
there was a high Women Women to them o primarily not
magazine audience to to audience
(militia
CEU eTD Collection would focus on traditional‘gender back bring to willingness republican (Nash, disappear propaganda and posters previous the make to rushed they therefore effort”, war the of development correct the impeded who figures “disreputable as them saw they heroines, republicans did not return home (Casanova,2013: 108).There had an been intensification of the war and the the Prime Minister of the Republic at that time, Largo Caballero, decided to make women 9 the battle and rear front. that seem not does it so together with a drawing where we can see women with guns published was this people”; the of freedom the defend will women weapons, and work home, to return to women asked government Republican Libres’s Mujeres 95 2005: (Ackelsberg, apologetic was articles the in used how about magazine their in mention Ackelsberg 110). 2010: (Casanova, history” 95 2005: (Ackelsberg, fronts battle the in continued group small a but activities their there Many 110). 2005: (Casanova, even not struggle, armed the abandon to had women which by decision the rejected them of none case any in slogan; last the supported organizations women’s 2 (Casanova, protectors their and children for responsible women on the home front” and was attached to the values of women as mothers who were such as syphilis 1996, in Aranda Vicente milicianas ar not does he
In the appendix Inthe appendix - 97) until the beginning of 1937 whe Therefore, the However,
had to abandon the battlefront mentioned battlefront the abandon to had
3 h opposite the , pp. pp. , gue why the Republican adopted such reasons. Another reason why why reason Another reasons. such adopted Republican the why gue the role of mothers and the child rear to men and causing thus deaths
role of role 95 5) Te reason The 53). 1995: aaie n ac 13 (no.7 1937 March in magazine want women in the battlefront C , there ,
Mujeres Libres Mujeres
miliciana is that is
is the cover of the ofthe is the cover
apin tre te wt te lgn mn o h front, the to “men slogan the with then started campaign milicianas
milicianas milicianas
was very shortly promoted since promoted shortly very was n
were apologetic but instead supported women in women supported instead werebut apologetic were fighting in the Spanish Civil War; the tone the War; Civil Spanish the in fighting were
“heroines “heroines with their blue uniforms were already
decided to move to t to move to decided why Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres
22 were accused of transmitting sexual diseases sexual transmitting of accused were
hs happened this .
. N ow Mrh 97 1, ut atr the after quite 1), 1937: March ,
s that s
as Casanova states in the Spanish film Spanish the in , -
instead of identifying women as appropriate’ magazine number 7, March 1937. 1937. March 7, magazinenumber
Mujeres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres - in what seems to be a trench, 97) but 97) 1: 0) Te aoiy of majority The 109). 013: it seems to be to seems it he rear front and continue and front rear he o 1936 September by roles n the cover of the of cover the n
(2005: (2005: 110) Mujeres Libres Mujeres Libertarias
wrote articles wrote stated: “With stated: were women women were u t the to due , but
by 9
CEU eTD Collection twentieth century became different from other countries when it changed into anarcho into changed it when countries other from different became century twentieth ‘First famous in the Spain started (Bookchin, 1977: 12 Association, Workingmen's th argues Bookchin InternationalInternational’. gain the to order in for Bakunin by supporters sent was Fanelli Bakunin. Mikhail anarchist Russian with women relation In 1932 the youth organization FIJL ( CNT. the from revolutionaries anarchist by Federation) Anarchist (Iberian (FAI) Ibérica RevistaLa Blanca were: names Libertarian), publication’s the of Some syndicalism. revolutionary less a to publishing anarchism generic more a and from ranged that magazines houses journals, by represented were anarchism within thinking activi their for necessary information ‘ as known centers debating and study local the frequent and meetings union attend press, the “read to purpose the with members other social on informed well were CNT of leaders identityand a feeling ofbelonging tothe anarchist movement (Vicente, 2013:149). The common a with group, united a have to order in members anarchist the of training and init These theater. produced and literacy promoted forums), (cultural ‘ateneos’ and schools created They people/town.’ the of ‘teachers the exploitation suffered by the workers. Therefore, anarcho were these and 1931 a for syndicates disciplined Anarcho 237). 2005: (Ackelsberg, strategy” syndicalist revolutionary a with vision anarchist of blend unique a activists, and theorists Spanish syndicalism 2.3 The anarchist movement in the first part of the 20 the of part first the in movement anarchist The 2.3 n 97 nte aacit raiain a fudd te eeain Anarqui Federación the founded, was organization anarchist another 1927 In anarcho of elements key the of One reached Anarchism - 1937 whena was massmovement it (Casanova,2010:8).
eadd y h anarcho the by regarded Csnv, 2010: (Casanova, Vida y Trab (The Blank(The Journal) Spain in 1868 by the Italian Giuseppe Fanelli, a follower of the the of follower a Fanelli, Giuseppe Italian the by 1868 in Spain
ajo (Life and Work), mature and consolidated CNT during the years 1917 years the during CNT consolidated and mature 8), “anarcho 8), at Fanelli ideas rooted deep and with them anarchism them with and deep rooted ideas Fanelli at - Federació Ibèrica de Joventuts Llibertàries 16). The anarchism in Spain at the beginning of the sm” (Casanova, 2005: 37). The diverse ways of of ways diverse The 37). 2005: (Casanova, sm”
- (Casanova, 2005:37). - syndicalists as tools tools as syndicalists syndicalism was education and culture because because culture and education was syndicalism 23 - syndicalism was the particular creation of of creation particular the was syndicalism
Tierra Tierra y Libertad Estud
and political affairs. They gathered with gathered They affairs. political and ateneos’ iatives were keys to the socialization the to keys were iatives ios - (Studies), syndicalist
- and libraries, in search of the the of search in libraries, and ydcls hd oml and formal had syndicalism
to eradicate part of the the of part eradicate to (Land and Freedom)
s th
l Libertario El
put effort into being
century and the and century ) (Iberian - 1921 (The
and sta -
CEU eTD Collection many (Ackelsberg, 2005:62). followers the meet had to and class” working Spanish structured the within groups differing uniquely widely of needs particular organizations and programs of network complex 182). of the time” from which movement libertarian Spanish the of conglomerate the “constituted FIJL and FAI CNT, establ was JJAA) or JJLL as known (also Libertarians) Young of Federation ho at but market labor the in women want not did anarchist Male society. to misery bring would and rivals their were women work, same the for less paid getting were women because that were arguments Their 1971: 103 facto 65 1985: (Ackelsberg, anarchist union was not bothered by the working conditions that women suffered power from in male their up give to want not t oppressive effects of patriarchy” (Gemie, 1996: 417). Other male anarchists did not want anti to commitment genuine their patriarchal the soci in women of subordination the recognize not did anarchists many 8), 2010: (Casanova, CNT the in spread widely more were ideas Bakunin’s Although 230). 2007: (Sanchez, force labor the in incorporation their through women of emancipation of underlined the role of women as mother, while the other ins from ones influential most the theorist considered anarchist different two from came that position women’s to related thought o challenge the dominant gender relations (Sanchez, 2007: 232 2007: (Sanchez, relations gender dominant the challenge o Mikhail Mikhail ie b te rtns f Pierre of writings the by pired 2.4 Women anarchistin the 2.4 movem Spanish anarchism at the beginning of the twenty century gathered two schools of schools two gathered century twenty the of beginning the at anarchism Spanish had activists “anarchist the started, War Civil Spanish the Before ety. This is called the ‘double paradox’ of anarchism: “the anarchists, so proud of proud so anarchists, “the anarchism: of paradox’ ‘double the called is This ety. ries as bad lighting
- 104); Bakunin, anarchistfigure from whodefended Russia, gender equalityand the
instead some anarchist men call
and and Mujeres Libres ventilation - - oeh ruhn Fec aacit hoit who theorist, anarchist French Proudhon, Joseph uhrtra pltc, ee e s bid o the to blind so yet were politics, authoritarian ,
and less income because of their was rejected (Nash, 1995: 87; Ackelsberg, 2005:
24 the
ent ed mid nineteen century. One One century. nineteen mid
these working women a disloyal force. me (Nash, 2010: 141). This example This 141). 2010: (Nash, me
school
was based on the writings - - 6. o eape the example For 66). did they because 233) created a vast and vast a created
gender gender (Kaplan, s school
ished. The ished. as a result a as was s
CEU eTD Collection the only way they would be taken serious was by founding an autonomous organization autonomous an founding by was serious taken be would they way only the of founders the which in be their privileges and therefore forgot abouteq keep to to wanted claimed home at who when men movement” egalitarian anarchist sexually a cases, to other “committed In them. at laughed or to attention since movement, anarchist ‘anarcho an movement 417). (Gemie, 1996: of existence the clearly shows women equal which 1931 in Constitution a passed had Republic the Moreover, home. at be to the military service but did not want women there because women’s place was considered sexis of existence the shows time same the at but service, military the to men food for the family. In fact the image milicianas long last not did though of image heroic The men. as front battle the at be and guns milicianas R sectio integrated within history women of reality the how interesting is It Franquists. the and side Republican Republic; the Span Libres. strength” of position organization an CNT, of out epublican side, as I have mentioned, there were as well the well as were there mentioned, have I as side, epublican uig h Saih ii Wr ntal tee ee o ol mn ihig on fighting men only not were there initially War Civil Spanish the During In Conclusion the in events political at spoke they when better not was women for situation The ns in which I whichns in commented have onthe of situation women. this chapter I have explored the complex situation of Spain during the Second the during Spain of situation complex the explored have I chapter this
was a great progress to go back to the image of woman taking care of their children and preparing and children their of care taking woman of imagethe to back go to rights but
ish Civil War happened from 1936 to 1939 and divided Spain into the Aklbr, 95 7) ad ht a te einn of beginning the was that and 77), 1985: (Ackelsberg, the , , in the case of this chapter due to this situation there are specific Mujeres Libres Mujeres however, ,
theory ofthe laws m o m men “that c “that towards towards equal rights for women, where women could take
n the Republican side that used women to attract men to to men attract to women used that side Republicanthe n
i nt ae hm seriously; them take not did ould challenge those attitudes and behaviors, from a a from behaviors, and attitudes those challenge ould
of and the government of the Republic urged the the urged Republic the of government the and uality miliciana
were living and in which they understood that understood they which in and living were 25
(Ackelsberg, 1985:76).This isthe context was not put notput was - eim wti te pns anarchist Spanish the within sexism’ reproduced in posters was set to attract did attract did in practice. miliciana
women. Consequently thi Consequently women. milicianas they either either they
in the Republican the in . The concept of concept The . i nt pay not did
Mujeres Mujeres s not is ga
the the ve s CEU eTD Collection through autonomous or an only experienced this sexism but also decided to work against the subordination of women of founders the of some seriously; taken not were women Therefore oppression, gender roo recognize deeply was not patriarchy could but hierarchies challenged that movement
oe’ stain a nt etr n h Saih nrhs mvmn ete; a either; movement anarchist Spanish the in better not was situation Women’s
ganization. ganization. e i te oit ad n h anarchis the in and society the in ted
26
t
oeet s well. as movement Mujeres Libres Mujeres
not CEU eTD Collection anarchist they movementall which tookpart. in of founders of structure the of side different a chapters as well. To do so I have divided this chapter into six sections, each part exploring which organization, the of understanding better a membership. Libres Mujeres together Franquism against struggle to order Spain in groups left women’s onthe in want of be to autonomypart its didnot and excluded them from the movement. On the other side, movement. Anarchists ignored and were indiff coursesworkshops. and offered they Therefore, needed. was education emancipated, be to women for and that Libres Mujeres shows how the group, by then, had clarified its goals and openly discussed every decision. of conference with Barcelona in branch Femenino first the established and organizations the before taken steps of the founding discusses section third The ideas. their promoting while women to out reach to was goal their since organization the with not and magazine the ini founders the that notice to interesting Itis developed. they how and between relation the describes section fifth The The fourth section is about the aims and goals of how respectivelydescribe sections third and second The In this chapter I focus on describing the organization
(Female Cultural Group). In this section there is as well an analysis of the first Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres
uee Libres Mujeres Agrupación Mujeres Libres Mujeres Agrupación
recognized that women experienced a triple subo triple a experienced women recognizedthat a i ter hr pro o lf, n h ls scin fcs n its on focus I section last the in life, of period short their in had CHAPTER MUJERES3. LIBRES
with a with ad o te ones ahrd da, c ideas, gathered founders the how and ,
Mujeres Libres Mujeres brief summary of their lives in connection with the with connection in lives their of summary brief
with them. To understand the great impact that impact great the understand To them. with
27 ( Mujeres Libres Mujeres
erent erent to
is intended to be helpful for the next the for helpful be to intended is . The first section is about the three the about is section first The . Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres Libres Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres Libres
Group) in Aug in Group) Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres rdination. To overcome To rdination.
activities. Basically ’s wanted to preserve n te anarchist the and tially started with started tially
propositions propositions and rp Cultural Grupo in order to offer ontacted other other ontacted ust 1937 that 1937 ust was formed was
CEU eTD Collection n 92 epaie ta “e ee cle orevs fudr’ ol initiators” only ‘founders’, ourselves called never (Comaposada in Ackelsberg, 2005:29). “we that emphasized 1982, in Ackelsberg Martha historian the with interview an in Comaposada Mercedes 75), 1985: t refer I while that acknowledge to the organization of besides lives their shortly describe will I section this In Poch. Amparo and Comaposada When Federica Montseny was part of the government Treballadora had an important role in one of the educative centers of actively from participated She economics. and sociology in expert an also was and medicine studied write whil to the continued Picasso, and secretary Pablo Picasso’s of became Comaposada support painter. the Spanish renowned had and partner her with War, Civil Spanish the Sanchez, Like CNT. in spectacle Com of union labor the joined and industry film the in 87). until she came back to Madrid in 1940 and she stayed there in secrecy (CMHD, 2008: 86 o later exile an became she where country same the France, to travel to had she which Antifascista Internacional Solidaridad mo Industry the in secretary a as and demonstrations. Duringyears the 1933and 1934,she worked as a journalist for theCNT of end the by anarchism with engaged to work when she was veryyoung as a telephone operator and she also wrote poetry. She vement 3.1 The of founders Libres3.1 Mujeres The third initiator of initiator third The (1890 Comaposada Mercedes was founder Another Lucía Sánchez Saornil (1895 The founders of the magazine
aposada wrote articles for the anarchist press. She moved to France, by the end of of end the by France, to moved She press. anarchist the for articles wrote aposada . ace cnrbtd s well as contributed Sanchez ). e in France (CMHD, 2008:88 e inFrance (CMHD, ,
even during the Spanish Civil War. In 1938 she became the Secretary of the of Secretary the became she 1938 In War. Civil Spanish the during even
the (House of the working woman) in Barcelona during the Spanish Civil War.
1930’s 1930’s in the anarchist media. Poch help Mujeres Libres Mujeres Libres Mujeres Federación Nacional de Industria Industria de Nacional Federación - 1970) studied at the Academy of Beaux Arts, she started Mujeres Libres
in order to understand their ideas better. It is important o them as the founders, as other writers (Ackelsberg, writers other as founders, the as them o
- the (SIA) (International Antifascist Solidarity) for for Solidarity) Antifascist (International (SIA)
89). was Amparo Poch i Gascón (1904 Gascón i Poch Amparo was to 28
1920’s and participated as CNT militant in militant CNT as participated and 1920’s
ifrn pes oras f h anarchist the of journals press different
were: Lucía Sánchez Saornil, Mercedes
(November 1936 Mujeres Libres -
1997) who studied and worked and studied who 1997) ed in the Red Cross as well and (National Federation of of Federation (National , -
Casal de la Dona May May 1937), Poch - 1966) who 1966) n - CEU eTD Collection within the anarchist movement through their ‘compañeros’ their through movement anarchist the within and helped 2008:89). the refugees(CMHD, she moved into exile to France where she continued to work in the libertarian movement assumed of theposition General Director of By Health. theend of theSpanishCivil War comrades. word the 11 87) 1995: (Nash, the time” movement of libertarian Spanish ofthe the conglomerate constituted which anarcho 10 providedLiaño, assistance1999: 43). people (Sanchezin tothe taking because thepriority of 1936 19, July for prepared being was which number fourth the war the of outbreak the with but received, well very were and War Liaño,(free) 1999:42). (Sanchez in adjective ‘libres’ the connecting (women) whilewith it ‘mujeres’ word to emphasizethe Libres, first the Poch, Amparo of help the with 1936, propaganda to promote their ideas as far as possible, and with this end in mind in May of Comaposada and Sanchez 155). 1999: (Ackelsberg, wo their what situation, women’s about questions groups’ those of members the asked they which in groups, to women’s letters send to began Comaposada and Sanchez 1935, In women. of emancipation 2002: 88), and they started to gender) Comaposada agreed women’s that subordination had to be tackled specifically (Rodrigo, and (class subordination’ ‘double a The way anarchis male
Compañeros/as is a term used to define their colleagues in the libertarian movement libertarian in the colleagues define their to used termis a Compañeros/as the suchas organizations, anarchist “the other to refer movement’ I ‘libertarian mention the WhenI 3.2 Thethe magazine, pointof3.2 Libres starting Mujeres The th sexism experienced Comaposada Mercedes and Saornil Sánchez Lucía 1933, In
- up syndicalist union CNT, the radical activist anarchist group FAI, and the yothe and FAI, group activist anarchist the radical CNT, union syndicalist
came out
ree first issues of the magazine were published before the start the Spanish Civil weapons, helping in hospitals and being a part of the organized groups that groups organized the of part a being and hospitals in helping weapons,
(Ackelsberg, 1999: 156) Mujeres Libres Mujeres ts
related tothem made them understand that women experienced gather together in order to discuss possible solutions for the
re wr ad ht hy ol lk t learn to like would they what and were rries
at that moment wasrepublican side by tohelp at the that moment . The name 29 ,
did not come out until a bit later. This was This later. bit a until out come not did
issue of the of issue Ns, 95: 96 1975b: (Nash,
Mujeres Libres
acknowledged the urgency of of urgency the acknowledged 11 magazine, magazine,
(Ackelsberg, 1999: 155). 1999: (Ackelsberg,
- was chosen in order uth organization FIJL, FIJL, uthorganization 98) , also can be used canbe also , name Snhz and Sanchez . d Mujeres Mujeres
10
CEU eTD Collection da o te raiain n ter cin. h evrnet a a ifcl oe the produced and written be to aimed was publication The one; on. going was War Civil Spanish difficult a was environment The actions. their and organization the of ideas consciousness"(Ackelsberg, 2005:135). response to what was happening and thi that recognized foundersof the but so did women and positions, various in help to home of out needed were Women 43). Liaño,1999: in (Sanchez women by received better 129) 2005: (Ackelsberg, survived copies no and Barcelona 12 women tofrighten enough might be as that anarchist, since women. notidentify will We the in tone moderate a maintain to try will “We stated, they 1936, 30, May on Escorihuela) anarchist movement. In one letter that the founders wrote to one of their contacts (Antonio magazine3.2.1 Not theasanarchist declaring themselves in factgoal their a them in Libres spelling multiple had Many language. written with familiarity of lack a revealed letters those of “…many that states Ackelsberg women. from received they that letters positive of amount the by voice their recognized women that Sanchez, by predicted as was, success their to key The 70). 1975: (Nash, designer of(Rodrigo, themagazine 2002:91). Comapos MercedesLobo, Baltasar was accepted they that onlyman although was that,it part not they of appreciated their plan (Ackelsberg,131).The 2005: but them, with collaborate to wanted and emancipation women’s supported who men recei they women; were readers target their and women only by
There w There Mujeres Libres The magazine was successful and reached many women from different parts of Spain Throughout the 1 of start the With aaie i ln wt or utrl ol mroe, u piay ol s o attract to is goal primary our moreover, goal; cultural our with line in magazine,
attracted the attention of many women were who not well educated and generated ere fourteen issues e issues fourteen ere
need to express their feelings. their express to need
(Ackelsberg, 2005:130)
ros n ltl sne f rpr etne osrcin, so construction”, sentence proper of sense little and errors
s response was not a politically conscious one. It was an instinctive an was It one. conscious politically a not was response s was was initially cautious about declaring themselves openly as part of the
the Spanish Civil War, the propaganda of propaganda the War, Civil Spanish the 4
issues issues published in the magazine (Rodrigo, 2002: 95). This statement was proved was statement This 95). 2002: (Rodrigo, magazine the in
dited but the last one disappear with the entrance of the Franchist troops in Franchist troops ofthe entrance with the disappear one but the last dited
Mujeres Libres
12
, Mujeres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres 30
wanted to “convert that instinct into
awoke women and this was in was this and women awoke magazi
Mujeres Libres Mujeres ne showed essentialthe ved many letters from from letters many ved ada’s partner, as the the partner,as ada’s Mujeres Libres Mujeres
was even even was Mujeres the the
CEU eTD Collection not berelated topolitics, revolutionary”. The most important point in the quote is that authentically they mention and that they emancipation would of sense wide a with but interest political any without publications of ‘MUJERES LIBRES’ you will find a social, humane and clear orie fact, of matter a As 129). 2005: anarchist, although the anarchist ideology away” (Nash, 1995: 80). Sanchez added that in the magazine they would not use the word discussed the exploitation of women by men and the way to achieve women’s women’s achieve to way the and men by women of exploitation the discussed Femenino Cultural Concha Liaño and Soledad Estorach, together with eight more Femenino Cultural Grupo Femenino Cultural calle was Association)no evidence butthere ‘Agrupación’ this is registered. that officially was this that and began, War Civil after Spain around branches their become would that organizations women’s War, Civil Spanish the of beginning of conference first the after time some was it probably but date, exact the mention not does national federation of constitute the organization 65 1985: womencreateandseparate wasa women to of condition mention named a was to organization the initially although that Agrupación Mujeres L understand to important is it Mujeres Libres Mujeres 3.3 The Mujeres foundation Libres3.3 oforganization the 1937 in In September or October 1936, Comaposada went to a regional meeting of of founders The inthisof theI context organization, In onthe focus development will subsection this Federación the organization withthe title - 67). Therefore after the start of the magazine the founders gathered ideas to ideas gathered founders the magazine the of start the after Therefore 67).
Mujeres Libres Mujeres
in August 193 August in claimed the need for equal rights and duties between the sexes; they sexes; the between duties and rights equal for need the claimed Fml Clua Group) Cultural (Female Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres ibres although Mujeres Libres was founded towards the end of 1934 (Rodrigo, 2002: 95) by 95) 2002: (Rodrigo, 1934 of end the towards founded was
( Mujeres Libres
(Federation of (Federation Libres’s Mujeres
7 that I will mention later. It seems then that then seems It later. mention will I that 7 they were in the anarchistthey were in the moveme d saw that saw Mujeres Libres Mujeres
guain uee Libres Mujeres Agrupación was officially formed not 1937”although until she Mujeres Libres would
(CMHD, (CMHD, 2008: 73). Ackelsberg states that “the 31
Group), Group), and later on
the only way to overcome the subordinate subordinate the overcome to way only the
that was part of the CNT in Barcelona. Barcelona. in CNT the of part was that Mujeres Libres Mujeres
be be embedded in the articles (Ackelsberg,
magazine of July 1937 wrote: “In the “In wrote: 1937 July of magazine
started to make contacts with other with contacts make to started
only. - only organization (Ackelsberg, onlyorganization
proletarian ), throughout this thesis I thesis this throughout ), it it was agreed to change
( nt. uee Libres’s Mujeres
women. women.
the
ntation ntation Grupo Grupo Grupo by the the by
CEU eTD Collection Qioeo 20: 231 2005: (Quiñonero, t following women and asked them if they wanted to join. The that members to explained shared similar objectives in relation to the emancipation of women (Rodriguez, 2002: 98). that realized Comaposada 96 2002: (Rodrigo, women for meetings other in as 1936 May in conference CNT the in emancipation regional be also would there cases some in and costs, reduce to committees by provincial structured be would they that well as decided was It committee. a with power the decided they federation; if was discussions relevant most the 1937: 1). one and Madrid in one Mancha, in Castilla Valenciana, four in Catalonia,three inComunitat therefore, were six there and Valencia. The existent branches were situated where republicans were still in power; meetings but it is important to underline th of branches fifteen Libres Mujeres to spread Republican theirthrough different around ideas Spain. branches 231 2005: (Quiñonero, Madrid contac them of both youngestwere the Libres Femenin Cultural Grupo 231 2005: (Quiñonero, objectives Cultural Femenino by proposition 1934 from The conference addressed several points discussed over in different sections. One of of One sections. different in over discussed points several addressed conference The 20 August on Valencia In the contacted Comaposada meeting, the After ,
with Concha Liaño as secretary (Estorach in Liaño, 1999: 51). Liaño and Estorach
,
they had not yet prepared an action plan (Estorach in Liaño, 1999: 51). The 51). 1999: Liaño, in (Estorach plan action an prepared yet not had they er cmaea’ rm h frt su of issue first the from ‘compañeras’ heir Agrupa a ognzd with organized; was members
and and they decided to join Mujeres Libres. Libres. Mujeres e ohr nrhs wmn n ognztos n aaoi ad in and Catalonia in organizations and women anarchist other ted ción Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres ción -
3) n although and 232) on the latter as some of the branches did not want to centralize to want not did branches the of some as latter the on o Mujeres Libres Mujeres was structured and they became the first branch of branch first the became they and structured was Agrupación Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres Agrupación of the group in Barcelona and the ones with moretime;free with ones the andBarcelona groupin the of - 22, 1937, 22, - 232). From there the there From 232). in Andalucía (Federación Nacional de Mujeres Libres, Mujeres de Nacional (Federación Andalucía in - - 9 232). Within two meetings the action plan for the the for plan action the meetings two Within 232). ; uñnr, 05 2) Oc i te meeting, the in Once 24). 2005: Quiñonero, 7; All the members had an active role during the the during role active an had members the All tedne of attendance uee Libres Mujeres
the first national conference of the the of conference national first the e contribution of the members from Barcelona
32 was planning to start a national federation of of federation national a start to planning was Mujeres Mujeres Libres was well received by all members of members all by received well was rp Clua Femenino Cultural Grupo
women’s
Agrupación Mujeres Libres Mujeres Agrupación representative members from the the from members representative rp Clua Femenino Cultural Grupo
a t b a ascain r a or association an be to had and
since since uee Libres’s Mujeres
group in Barcelona had been rp Clua Femenino Cultural Grupo they
had had clearly defined
a be active been had addressed only addressed
Agrupación
magazine Mujeres Mujeres
started Grupo
and -
la
CEU eTD Collection studios/garages it was important to have a nursery and a room for breastfeeding, an an breastfeeding, for for wasmotherhood important how of example room a and nursery a have to important was it studios/garages t that argued and schools, secondary professional and cultural created only,intentions tomakewanted thebranch ifitBarcelona an examplehad impact; for in war the during that mentioned branch asby theGeneral Secretary unanimity. Barcelona and Valencia to prepare the statutes of the federation and to nominate Sanchez Another committees. Literacy oppression. of forms two other the overcome to able the within men family. by subordination and exploitation, economic (illiteracy), ignorance different three The 2005:134). slavery’ (Nash, 1975: 15) also called triple subordination women liberate to was towards the anarchist movement. The goal of the organization, as making. organized well Libres Mujeres lette white with optimist for stamp and the colors of the flag of theya independentcreation organization; FAI of discussed an theythe since were letters and grey (red and black as the colors of CNT a organization, of peseta); the colors to be printed on the membership card were decided t the of name the in membership card with a conferences national quota that members would have to pay for (twenty attending cents when them accredit to Libres,Mujeres 5 1937: 3.4 3.4 Aims and goals, challenging three different sources of subordination The initial aim initial The ne the was discussed they that topics Other education to relation In
Mujeres Libres Mujeres
, 1937: 8 1937: , with s
of members and branches where everyone par everyone where branches and members motn dcso ws o oiae h dlgtos f Madrid, of delegations the nominate to was decision important Mujeres Libres Mujeres
, -
focused on the first one since with education women would be would women education with since one first the on focused -
with special focus on the female working class, of the ‘triple ‘triple the of class, working female the on focus special with 10). On this meeting we can observe that that observe can we meeting this On 10). 7).
,
s n te e ad lc stripe black and red the and rs uig h cneec te ebr from members the conference the during forms of subordination subordination of forms Mujeres Mujeres Libres
was women’s emancipation and their recruitment their and emancipation women’s was
Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres 33 -
FAI); FAI); they decided to not include the CNT ed of of ed Mujeres Libres Mujeres for for which th a
Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres
ht oe experienced women that or ol nt ii isl t good to itself limit not could
triple servitude (Acke ey decided to have the blue
became a tool in order to order in tool a became (Federación Nacional de de Nacional (Federación
(Federación Nacional de Nacionalde (Federación ticipated in the decision the in ticipated Nash states (1975: 15), Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres membership card membership efcois and factories he o be red, black h Barcelona the l sberg, sberg, were: was -
CEU eTD Collection movement asequals”(Ackelsberg, 2005:148). capacitac this: called They 16). 2013: (Montero, and freeautonomous could become they so them, trainings empower to the men, with social change” (Ackelsberg, 1985:70). “develop their self with pictures together revolution 13 where places prostitución’, slogan September“Men 16 towork” from 1936 tothe front, women (Nash,1975: 16). 1975: ha workforce male that and front, battle the at were important since with the Spanish Civil War there was a lack of male workforce since men very was women to professions Teaching 71). 1999: Liaño, in (Comaposada necessary clothing and The front. areas different rear into divided the were sections in working war the from needs republican the tackle to sections working by taken action reaching Libres them part of Libres commercial and industrial apprenticeships, as well illiteracy, as consciousness and ignorance overcome to courses “included gave courses to nurses and about childcare. rooms, a place to clean and iron clothes
Inthe appendix uee Libres Mujeres By the beginning of March 1937, war the of beginning the At equal be to order in them empower and women educate to objective, their reach To
wanted to empower women, giving knowledge and confidence to women to n Barcelona in 15, ión Mujeres Libres Mujeres
000 society as full citizens (Ackelsberg, citizens full society as2005:137).
public services and apublic services would not make sense since women “were not yet prepared to enter the enter to prepared yet not “were women since sense make not would y first needed to attract women through the magazine and then give them them give then and magazine the through women attract to needed first y
4 , pp , after some months months some after uee Libres Mujeres - confidence as well as to facilitate their full participation in society and .
D ih h spot f eeia otey crea Montseny, Federica of support the with ht ae ore t wmn h icesd ail i numbers in rapidly increased who women to courses gave that , there isthere , captación captación
supported and promoted the women’s workforce, with their their with workforce, women’s the promoted and supported Mujeres Libres Mujeres an article about the collaboration of women during the first first womenthe of during collaboration the about anarticle
(to attract) (to Mujeres Libres Mujeres rud h sm tm wa time same the around movable movable (Comaposada in Liaño, 1999: 72). Another relevant Another 72). 1999: Liaño, in (Comaposada Mujeres Libres
f - o rais r 13 34
the republi working sec
y
taught prostitutes other professions other prostitutes taught ing groups”. Through the programs
But later on they retook their programs that
capacitación
established established , dealing with dealing ,
had founded the Institute of d to be replaced by women (Nash, women by replaced be to d can’s militias in the rear front, and tion that could help where thatcouldtion help was it
(to train). (to te rain f structured of creation the s
in Barcelona in health, transportation, transportation, health, e ‘ieaois de ‘liberatorios ted Captación social dining social days of the daysofthe
Mujeres Mujeres Mujeres
without so that so - 17)
make
CEU eTD Collection trainings since they had to do them in the trade unions in the libertarian movement movement libertarian the in unions trade the in them do to had they since trainings restricted more were delegations other while independent; more was Barcelona named t Mujeres Libres in that underline to important is It 2005:153). (Ackelsberg, widespread” Dona attendingwomen; 800womeneachat classes betweenwereday the 600and reached had 1938 December by and successful were Barcelona in could they 191 2005: (Ackelsberg, sessions two at accepted only were they discussions After congress the invitations. have but this time they wanted to attend as delegates of Libres Mujeres mo libertarian place help was members and teachers pay to money Libres Mujeres Libres with disagreement in was movement anarchist the Although 20). 1975: (Nash, FIJL and FAI CNT, with relationship tension a produced this and movement libertarian (Ackelsber issues, women’s on focusing only than rather offer would They the relation3.5.1 The with anarchist movement (Domingo, 2006:71). 3.5 Relationship 3.5 with other organizations In Barcelona, In women. for/by only organization an of founding the with disagreement in was CNT .
, Mujeres Libres Mujeres n acln. ht helped That Barcelona. in
Liaño explains that aa d l Dona la de Casal provided g, 1985: 68). 1985: g, leave the streets (Comaposada in Liaño, 1999: 71).The educational programs educational 71).The 1999: Liaño, in (Comaposada streets the leave ,
after what for some of them was a long journey long a was them of some for what after eet tgte wt CT FI n FJ) Aklbr epan that explains Ackelsberg FIJL). and FAI CNT, with (together vement
Barcelona branch, they had access to a building transferred from the CNT some buildings or apartments that they possessed, and gave them gave and possessed, they that apartments or buildings some members used to attend as members of other movement organizations, movement other of members as attend to used members
When the delegation of fifteen women from women fifteen of delegation the When on
Mujeres Libres Mujeres in a paternalistic way (Liaño, 1999: 59). in apaternalistic(Liaño, way 1999:
October 16 October
prepared delegationbranch toattend a fourth inorder as ofthe the
Mujeres Libres Mujeres
the hr te gvd hi cuss Teeoe te rnh in branch the Therefore, courses. their gived they where libertarian movement gave them financially aid. They lent - 30, 1938 the congress of the anarchist movement anarchist the of congress the 1938 30,
all money they wanted if they worked on other issues other on worked they if wanted they money all uee Libres’s Mujeres who
was criticized for their feminist ideology in the in ideology feminist their for criticized was
35 worked full time in time full worked
but Mujeres Libres.
uee Libres Mujeres tuge ad is o e more be to aims and struggles
, Mujeres Libres Mujeres
Mujeres Libres, Mujeres they were not welcome. not were they However, However, they did not
“many thousands of thousands “many
eue t d so do to refused Casal deCasal la e ae of case he
arrived at arrived
Mujeres but this but in their their in - some 192).
took
CEU eTD Collection osqecs o te eeomn o working of development the for consequences negative have would that disunity of element an inject and movement libertarian the of independent “an that stated they negative; was movement libertarian the from answer The Valencia). and Madrid two where movement anarchist the Cata (when 1939 11, February on came report and their to answer The movement. libertarian support the in propositions of lack the against protested sessio these In (Nash, 89). 1995: anarchists” the from itself disassociating proposed “never they movement, libertarian Although 19). 1975: anarchist moveme the of fourth branch the and tobe claimed wanted autonomy Libres Mujeres movement. the of part as themselves considered and movement libertarian the of goals many movement 103 (Nash, tothe anarchist women 1975: the treated, movement’. libertarian the to useful of role important the Libres Mujeres Libres acknowledge movement to want not did movement anarchist 106) find quality and quantity in women (Minutes of the extraordinary meeting, in Nash, 1975: women wer co archaic their aside practice leave should ‘compañeros’ more needed members 255 the 2005: that (Quiñonero, and organization an ruling for qualified 1 (Nash, whole” the on movement To conclude, it is important to acknowledge that that acknowledge to important is it conclude, To Libres Mujeres
clearly was happy not first aboutrejection the ,
e needed in the social and political life; and that in limited and second in February 1939 when once again they negated them. them. negated they again once when 1939 February in second and ns
in September 1938, there are statements as ‘nobody wants to recognize to wants ‘nobody as statements are there 1938, September in huh did though Mujeres Libres Mujeres
support from their ‘compañeros’ while ‘compañeros’ their from support a rjce b the by rejected was lonia was in the hands of Franco) in an extraordinary meeting with meeting extraordinary an in Franco) of hands the in was lonia Mujeres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres - 257). The delegation of of delegation The 257). women’s organization would undermine the overall strengthoverall the undermine would organization women’s not osdr tef s n ne t te N; nta they instead CNT; the to annex an as itself consider
members were able to present a report a present to able were members 995: 88). They also mentioned that women were not were women that mentioned also They 88). 995:
, that had a clear vision and whose aim was to be to was aim whose and vision clear a had that , suffered from the hostility and indifference of the of indifference and hostility the from suffered branches uee Li Mujeres
ietra mvmn tie frt hn the when first twice; movement libertarian 36
gis the against of of bres ncepts about women and realize t realize and women about ncepts - uee Libres Mujeres ls itrss n te libertarian the and interests class
uee Libres Mujeres and inareportof the Mujeres Libres Mujeres
rtqe te a te hd been had they way the critiqued Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres - 104). Mujeres Libres Mujeres nifrne oad their towards indifference Mujeres Libres
ee rsn ( present were
identif rud ht their that argued s at f the of part as in which in Federation of
had attracted had ied with the with ied
they would nt (Nash, nt (Nash, Mujeres Mujeres
from they hat
CEU eTD Collection advocated for education and social changes (CMHD, 2008:78) and recognized the the recognized and 2008:78) specific by ofgender. women oppression (CMHD, changes social and education for advocated female organizations Libres Moreover, 59). 2006: (Domingo, impossible women republican between union a made which present also was tension political this left, the on organizations women’s of case the In together. working from them prevented which left the on organizations relation3.5.2 The with women’s organizations Union (Women (UDC) Catalunya ofG Young (Union (UM) Muchachas de Unión Organization), Women’s 14 Civil Spanish the during 150.000 FAI and members million three around claimed CNT magazine, number 11, January 1938: 27) or 60.000 even members (Nash, 1995: 78). The a numbers the reports some in although women, 20.000 around reached and Spain republican in villages and towns in groups collect 75 money (Nash,1975: wome otherapproach to how well as describedIt covered. be neededto to create a Committee with a minimum of ten women and detailed the different roles that how showed also guide The education. through themselves empowering by second and the in combatants the helping of importance the them telling by first your village’ (Nash, 1975: 75 of association an create to ‘How of guide a was there magazine the 199 Liaño, in (Estorach women all reach to and group their expand to order in women to their ideals. For example the branch in Barcelona visited factories and villages bypromoted was
Women antifascist organizations as: Agrupación de Mujeres Antifascistas (AMA) (Antifascist (Antifascist (AMA) Antifascistas Mujeres Agrupaciónde as: organizations antifascist Women 3.6 The extent of The MujeresLibres’s extent 3.6 work around Spain By the end of the Spanish Civil War, Libres Mujeres We have seen in chapter 2 that during the Spanish Civil War there was rivalry among
did not want to be part of a cluster of female leftist organization because the other Mujeres Libres Mujeres
expanded very fast during the Spanish Civil War. This enlargem This War. Civil Spanish the during fast very expanded 14
did not struggle
of Catalonia), etc. (Nash, 1995: 65) 1995: (Nash, etc. Catalonia), of - 85). This guide explained how to attract women’s attention,
- 85). ’s branches and the magazine whose goal was to attractto was goalwhose magazine branchesthe and’s
enough for women’s rights, while Mujeres Libres
37 e ihr u t 2.0 ( 28.000 to up higher, re
had created more than 168 local
irls ) , Unió de Dones de Dones de de Unió ,
Spanish Civil War War Civil Spanish Mujeres Libres Mujeres uee Libres’ Mujeres n and the way to to waythe and n Mujeres Mujeres L 9: 51). In 51). 9: Mujeres Mujeres ibres ent
in s
CEU eTD Collection with women’s effort( model to educate women and state Libres Mujeres to referring (Federation) ‘Federación’ 201). community and shared knowledge had a deep effect on some women (Ackelsberg, 2005: 1910 and 1928respectively those but 356), 1999: Klezmer, and (Commire War th by or opponents their by defeated not were they and by little little worked cause’,they ‘lost acall couldwe what from nothing,from because not flexible about their objectives and goals since they could not arrive into an ag in February 1939CNT negated di the important work they did in terms of attracting women to the movement. This moment anarchism and they had the hope that at some point the anarchist movement would realize wo to rejection, first the After CNT. by movement recognized themsince them. they helped done was this if Even courses. their hold could same time collaborated with the founders and gave them materials and places where they of work the negated CNT that interesting jour it find I movement. as worked they of Comaposada case the and in movement; Sanchez libertarian the of part be to continued they time same the the emancipation in rightsadvocated and women’s for autonomous an with it address to wanted d not arrive because even when the Franquist troops were controlling almost all Spain,almost all were controlling Franquist troops the when even d notarrive because The founders of founders The However, Mujeres Libres’s Conclusion Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres k o te nrhs cue ihu ciiiig t ic te ones rse in trusted founders the since it criticizing without cause anarchist the for rk
Mujeres Libres ’s magazine number 13, where 13, number magazine ’s
Mujeres Libres Mujeres otiue t te moemn o mn o is ebr; their members; its of many of empowerment the to contributed founders founders realized the existent sexism in the anarchist movement and
Mujeres Libres Mujeres felt very prou very felt .
was never recognized as the fourth branch of the libertarian Mujeres Libres d
tha
d of its work as they expressed in an article called article an in expressed they as work its of d to me were like ‘ants’ (an expression used in Spain)in used expression (an ‘ants’ like were me to ’s magazine inNash, 98 1975: t its achievements and development had been done eeain uee Libres Mujeres Federación
38 organization,
Mujeres Libres, Libres, Mujeres . This shows thatboth shows organizations. This were Mujeres Libres Mujeres
in a paternalist way, in some way they they way some in way, paternalist a in ait fr te mgzns f the of magazines other for nalists organizations had been founded in founded been had organizations Mujeres Libres’s Libres’s Mujeres ose who ose
uee Libres Mujeres although angry, continued angry, although
Mujeres Libres Mujeres affirm
did not be not did - 100). pbihd n the in published , ed
magazine but at magazine butat to be the major major the be to . The founders founders The .
lieve in them. in lieve
but at the at but reement.
CEU eTD Collection cause the victory Franco. sadly thatended with of and they ended up with around 20.000 members, so they did magnificent work for a great members who later joined other some with together did founders the that work the me to and it in believed they because education through women of emancipation the towards work to continuedThey
Mujeres Libres
is more than admirable. They sta 39
rted rted from zero CEU eTD Collection en osdrd s h vnurs f anarcho of vanguards the as considered been have who Mañe, Teresa and Claramunt Teresa discuss I one first the In sections. three I lastlyfeminism, and women of emancipationthe about opinion their Iexplore struggles; of work the to moments and ways Clar Teresa and Gustavo’) (‘Soledad Mañe anarchist European writer the by represented current, within feminist distinctive a emerged movement had there 1880’s the “By follows: as them 20 the of beginning fought for the interests of women and their freedom at the end of the 19 Mañe Teresa 19 the of have notbeen visible Mañe and Claramunt both that considering movement, libertarian the in known more to are and Spanish are characters three discussed in chronological order. The I could also argue that nationality.they are in order from less and kno time account into taken founders ofand ideas also theorganization, inrelation Montseny’s feminism. to when Montse of women openedfor a path liberation the towards ideastheir since relevant areMañe and Claramunt acknowledged. spe
will study the relevance of these women for women these of relevance the study will eches and actions although their role in the Spanish history is very rarely rarely very is history Spanish the in role their although actions and eches 4.1 The of vanguards 4.1 anarcho the In this section I will focus on two women: Teresa Claramunt and Teresa Mañe, who who Mañe, Teresa and Claramunt Teresa women: two on focus will I section this In have I since important well as is chapter this in figures presented the of order The In this chapter I introduce three relevant women who have been connected in different CHAPTER 4. Mujeres Libres Mujeres ny, a powerful female anarchist who had influence in the anarchist movement anarchist the in influence had who anarchist female powerful a ny, th
etr ad einn o 20 of beginning and century
th
in
century (Nash, 2010: 144 2010: (Nash, century emerged, so I will explore the relationship between relationship the explore will I so emerged, MUJERESLIBRES’S
the anarchist movement. the Mujeres Libres COLLABORATORS uee Libres. Mujeres 40 amunt - . The section second dedicated is toFederica feminist ideology feminist ideology in Spain byend the
Mujeres Libres Mujeres - th
1 - ” eiim eas o ter writings, their of because feminism 48). Molyneux, sociologist, describes sociologist, Molyneux, 48). centur ,
Mo PREDECESSORSAND
eaie hi lf, das and ideals life, their examine I lyneux also compares their ideas ideas their compares also lyneux
y: Teresa Claramunt and and Claramunt Teresa y: . The chapter is divided in divided is chapter The . - activists such as Teresa Teresa as such activists th
century and her and her
the the wn CEU eTD Collection writers, Laura two Vicente and Maria onlyAmalia Pradas, have dedicated Claramunt, a whole book of to her life, case the In much. not again but articles and books some find written been underlines the role of Claramunt and Mañe, this is not common; moreover, not much has their for credit anarchist for impulse “main feminism came 2001:17). activists” (Molyneux, from Spanish the that states Molyneux America. North in anarchists other and Goldman Emma Cleyre, de Voltairine by developed ones the to entity an in involved got partner her with together Claramunt strike the After week. per (Vicente, 2006: 16). The aim of textile industrythe and when she was there in the strike known as the ‘seven worked weeks’ happened in 1883 she where Sabadell to returned she old years 13 was she When for adults the helping and floors the cleaning factory, a in old, years 10 than earlier age, early an from work to started the province of Huesca (Vicente, 2006: 16). Her family was humble and it seems that she 4.1.1 Teresa (1862 Claramunt (VicenteWar 2012:5). inAntologia, developed by ideo the set Teresas two the view, Vicente’s In existence. their framed and them before existed that movements organization the that mentions id same the feminism, Vicente’s(2013) twoother and talk researchesbriefly book about that Mañe. access. Th Micó, Joaquim by 2001 in published her, about book one only is there and Mañe about articles academic no are publi both Teresa Claramunt was born in 1862 in Sa anarcho of pioneers the as Mañe Teresa and Claramunt Teresa describes Vicente them giving women, two these of importance the claim affirmations Molyneux’s
shed in 2006, and there are several published articles about Claramunt. There Claramunt. about articles published several are there and 2006, in shed erefore I have focused my analysis on a short article by the same author, Micó;
about these two women in English in women two these about the next generation of women in the Second Republic and the Spanish Civil work
eology by which by eology n recognizing and Teresa Mañe i Miravet: 1865 Miravet: i Mañe Teresa oia gon bten eiim and feminism between ground logical - the strike was a reduction of the working hours to 8 hours
uee Libres Mujeres
1931) some cents of pessetas per week (Vicente, 2013: 74). 2013: (Vicente, week per pessetas of cents some
Mujeres Libres Mujeres its its 41 badell shebut lived part of her childhood in
importan
was born out of a range of ideas and and ideas of range a of out born was at all at . In the Spanish language, we can can we language, Spanish the In . ce
- is defined by some writers, and and writers, some by defined is
Atog Mlnu clearly Molyneux Although . 1939
, to which I did not have not did I which to ,
nrhs ta was that anarchism well
- known - CEU eTD Collection and comprehensive ideas for other working women”, she was also described as beautiful, “simple having as characterized was she activism, her of beginning the At Association). Trabajadores the in activist yearsClaramunt through learningfirst (Vicente, her 2006:79) in the guidedwho anarchist anGurri, Antonio with ceremony civil a in married gotClaramunt (Vicente, Disinherited) called m ‘La published she 1905, In 120). 2006: (Vicente, born) is called ‘El mundo que muere y el mundo que nace’ (The world that dies and the world that to mention an earlier dramatic theater piece that she wrote and was first released in 1986, Anarchy) magazines weekly the in articles and letters different She started her career as writer while continuing with her public speeches. She published with cofounded she 1902 In 1898. called magazine a Bonafulla in Leopoldo again Barcelona to then and Paris to moved London From 6). 2001: (Micó, reason same the for well as sent was Mañe of terroristof laborIn foranarchist attacks. strikes andlack twocasesabsolved shewas the ja in put was arrested, got She movement. women (Vicente, 2006:99 for pleas with together ideas, anarchist spread to continued and a need not did she felt anym guide/mentor she shadow; her in husband her left she and increased fame Claramunt’s 1890’s the From Barcelona. in were they when 1891, until them of track mar The later. ideas her follow to started people working why reasons the of some are these probably 86), pleasant, voic a with
evidence but in 1897 In the following years Claramunt years following the In months 5 died that baby a had she 1888 in and miscarriages several had Claramunt in old, years22 was Claramunt When .
Ateneo Obrero
and
La La Tramontana ried couple then decided to move out of Sabadell in 1989 and there is no no is there and 1989 in Sabadell of out move to decided then couple ried (FRE) eeain einl saoa e a scain nencoa de Internacional Asociación la de Española Regional Federación ore. Claramunt at that period was more mature, more self more mature, more was period that at Claramunt ore. e that attracted people and that denoted strength (Vicente, denoted 2006:85 and attractedstrengthe that that people
(Laborer (Laborer Ateneo) and a weekly publication Rgoa Saih eeain f h Itrainl Worker’s International the of Federation Spanish (Regional
she was sent 2006: 78 2006: - 102). (The North Wind). In relation to her writings
- 80) that were part of the anarchist movement. In 1884 In movement. anarchist the of part were that 80) in exile became El Productor El
il and even condemned to death to condemned even and il 1884, she started to participate as an anarchist an as participate to startedshe 1884, 42 to London by the gover
very involved in the anarcho the in involved very
(The Producer) (Prado, 201 (Prado, Producer) (The El Productor, La Anarquía Anarquía La Productor, El ujer. Consideraciones sobre sobre Consideraciones ujer. Los Los Desheredados
nment, where Teresa the
mniain of emancipation
it it is important for being part part being for - synd - Claramunt conscious 1: 41). 1: icalist
(The (The -
CEU eTD Collection (Prado, 2011:41 announced was Republic Second the before day the died She prison. in spent she time ev and meetings political male superiority 146) (Nash,2010: in embedded a by written women Spanish of condition social the her about position Considerations woman. (The hombre’ del prerrogativas las ante estado su Nash it. about action take and situation their own women making is she where women, 201 (Prado, sister” misfortunate Awake, worker. female forward forward, earth, the of daughter act, 149). 2010: (Nash, (Prado, 2011:43). woman and worker (Nash, 2010: 149), so she connected the concepts of class and gender individuality” 146)and (Nash, inapublicmeeting 2010: stat in1888Claramunt that Nash, of words in “wom denounced, She position. their about ignorant were women s since used Claramunt that concept a slaves; had the and were women superior privileges, were men if So 31). 1995: (Nash, superiority” of sense men’s was advancement women’s to obstacles major the of “one that believed She emancipation. 4.1.1.1 Claramun as condition their of because slaves’ ‘double were view Claramunt’s in Women her in embedded are articles and speeches Claramunt’s public with engagement her writings, campaign activist her continued Claramunt en were the slaves of the slave Her ideals and claims and ideals Her as you do” (Prado, 2011: 43). 2011: 43). you(Prado, as do” half to belongs she that understanding she is you,and isequaling now weak called you that being that ¡’Compañeros’, ‘compañeros’: our tell to need we and heart we showhave weto longa need enough,that wedocile and slaves been have “No,‘compañeras’, in front of : 43) 1: t argued that women themselves had to fight for their own emancipation own their for fight to had themselves women that argued t feminist thought that rejected the female the rejected that thought feminist - 42). .
the privileges of men), Nash defined it as one of the first treaties about At a meeting in 1888 for example she example for 1888 in meeting a At Claramunt Claramunt
ents
until until ae sd the used have
shortly before her death caused by illness, due to the to due illness, by caused death her before shortly
workers and were dependent on men who took their 43
verb to s
eae wor female at ad aae i rlto to relation in ‘awake’ and ‘act’ oppression as a consequence of of consequence a as oppression
stated: “This way you need to need you way “This stated: of humanity, she she humanity, of
e. hs ray was treaty This ker. ih fr women’s for fight he saw that that saw he ispart ed:
as well as
CEU eTD Collection 144),used although theterm never feminist todescribe(Nash, she herself 2010:146). of interests the defending while ideas and feminist and antipatriarchal Montseny Federica by continued was the way to revolution. She also denounced prostitution (Vicente, 2006: 90 for education promoted she women,an thefounding organizationand of gave women suppo 81); 2006: (Vicente, reform sexual and love marriage, self the advocate to activists emancipation social first the of “one became Claramunt that states 15 short period since the last referenc in the workers from Sabadell). It was a section that aimed to help the emancipation of both sexes anarco Trabajadoras behind ( passivity social their leave to women push help would that women” for point meeting and training education, for space a create to order in organization one found to “wanted sev of were the ones who had to fight for themselves, therefore she participated in the foundation 4.1.1.2 her like having religiousa blindfold beliefs were the Jesuits (Vicente, 2006: 87), believing that religions did not let people think freely; for with sisters, and wives ‘ateneo’ their women, take to men anarchist asked she
‘Ateneo’ is cultural forums where anarchist met to learn met to anarchist where forums ‘Ateneo’is cultural n 84 lrmn tgte wt ohr oe cntttd the constituted women other with together Claramunt 1884 In For Teresa Claramunt the emancipation of women was central to her goals and women questioned Claramunt family, maternity, of importance the on activism her focused also Claramunt Ateneo Obrero rl oe’ ognztos Vcne 20: 0) Caaut n ahs words Nash’s in Claramunt 108). 2006: (Vicente, organizations women’s eral The women’s organizations in which sheparticipated in which organizations women’s The 15 Nash, 2010:145).
(Vicente, 2006: 87). Claramunt also expressed herself against the pastors and pastors the against herself expressed also Claramunt 87). 2006: (Vicente, of women workers”of women (Nash, 31). 1995:
through education. It seems, though, that it was operative for a very - oetvsa d Sabadell de colectivistas
why
women were not attending the attending not were women e to the section in the press was in July 1885 as Vicente 44
uee Libres Mujeres
on
Scin f h anarcho the of (Section (Vicent
e, 2006:107). Ateneo Obrero,Ateneo Caaut developed Claramunt .
rt to ‘compañeros’ on rt to‘compañeros’ women (Nash, 2010: (Nash, women eco Vra de Varia Seccion - 94), 94), a fight that
hm o the to them - collectivist
as a resulta as
- CEU eTD Collection suffering from a double burden, because in addition to taking care of the home and and home outside the worked also they of children, care taking to addition in because burden, double a from suffering The organization. women’s a participated Claramunt which in meetings, of committee The characteristics. and anarchist feminist, its of because supported Claramunt that Barcelona in anarcoVaria deTrabajadoras 82 (2006: argues bu organizations, women’s participated 114). (Vicente, 2006: organization organized a public meeting for the liberation of Sagarra in which Claramunt free promoted and morality Christian against was organization the because 1896 in arrested was Ságarra but Association) Women’s establish to attempt Ságarra’s the defended that 1889 but in 1892 stopped to work (Vicente, 2006: 113) feminism secular a of foundations in function to started organization The society. secular a within women of emancipation the create to aim to the related with ideologies different to open diverse of women organization together brought that freethinking an was It meetings. their of de Barcelona 112 as home the of 2006: (Vicente, jobs paid outside badly accepted they reason that for and temporary, something working saw Women men. with contrast in workin responsibility, because did men as organization labor a to belong to need the feel not did mentions, Vicente Women, women. organize 108 2006: (Vicente, light the saw organization to encourage women to take p with equally as men) (Vicente, 2006: 108 Around 1891, Claramunt also got in contac - In 1891, We have seen that Claramunt put much effort into trying to mobilize women into women mobilize to trying into effort much put Claramunt that seen have We 113). working
Agrupación de Trabajadoras Trabajadoras Agrupación de unions (Autonomous (Autonomous Society of Women from Barcelona) and participated in some - 86), but there is no explicit documentation that clarifies when clarifies that documentation explicit no is there but 86), , but knowing that this would be difficult they created a more general t what she aimed for had still to wait four decades until the until decades four wait to still had for aimed she what t guain e Trabajadoras de Agrupación - colectivistas decolectivistas Sabadell scain irpnaoa e Mujeres de Librepensadora Asociación
- -
1) Ti stain hw hw ifcl i ws to was it difficult how shows situation This 112). 112). 112). Its goal was that women associated themselves the guain e Trabajadoras de Agrupación home, in jo in home, ( art art in it. Unfortunately that organization never 45 Group of female a workers) project as started nd where she spoke about the necessity of a of necessity the about spoke she where nd otie h hm ws o ter first their not was home the outside g
t with - hnig S thinking. bs that were not paid well (not paid (not well paid not were that bs
the
social status (Vicente, 2006: 113) 2006: (Vicente, status social . Claramunt later supported Belén
Sociedad Autónoma de Mujeres stopped working. ome of the followers of the the of followers the of ome
elrd ht oe were women that declared
raie public organized
(Free proletarian - thinkers Seccion Seccion
CEU eTD Collection lrmn. t set ta te one gnrtos aey nw e nm bt Teresa but name her knew barely generations younger the that asserts It Claramunt. Te about article an is there 1938, in published 12, issue magazine the In Montseny. Federica and Cleyre de Voltairine Goldman, Emma as such women anarchist known for legacy Part the of 4.1.1.3 definitely ideology actions her and becamefor a legacy of appearance 85). 2008: (CMHD, book) a or article an is it if specified not is (it love) free (The libre’ that and 2001:10) (Micó, 22 of age the from publishing and writing was Mañe that remember to important democracy) and memoire historic the of recovery the the by published study an ceremony (Vicente, 2013:74). Mañe became more known after her marriage according to the first Spain (Mico,2001:4). secular in teacher girls in Vilanova i la Geltru (Vicente, 2013:73). According to Micó, Mañe was most likely w teach to started She Barcelona. in school teacher a in study to able was Mañé so income enough a textile area close by, called Vilanova i la Geltru. Her family had a business that provided 4.1.2 Teresa(1865 Mañé left Teresa out Mañé. at own their and work Claramunt’s between connection a make not did writers the though, Inte fight. the with continue to strength her and exile her detentions, numerous The article continues to describe Claramunt’s fight, her public speeches together with her ( woman” revolutionaryonly the and was she say, can we action when, time a at persecutions revolutionary harsh with propaganda, anarchist of years fifty “nearly nevertheless represented Claramunt Mujeres Libres In 1891, Teresa Mañé and Juan Montsen wasTeresa Mañé In Mujeres Libres hen she was 22 years old and in 1887 she founded the first secular school for for school secular first the founded she 1887 in and old years 22 was she hen uee Libres Mujeres , and by calling Teresa Claramunt “the only revolutionary woman”, they
in 1889 she won a writing a won she 1889 in
born in 1865 (Mico, 2001:4), in Cubelles, but her family moved tofamilyhermoved inbut 2001:4), Cubelles, (Mico, 1865 in born magazine there are often articles recognizing the labor of other therearticlesrecognizingre of are often labor magazine the - Centre per la Memoria Histórica y Democrática y Histórica Memoria la per Centre
1939) Mujere Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres Caaut a ies to avne fr e tm, but time, her for advanced ‘too’ ideas had Claramunt .
s Libres
46 y, an anarchist as well, got married in a civil contest contest
magazine, no.12, June 1938 num.12: 25). num.12: 1938 June no.12, magazine,
in
Barcelona for her work her forBarcelona Mujeres Libres Mujeres
CH, 08 8) bt t is it but 85), 2008: (CMHD, .
(Center for (Center ‘El amor ‘El restingly restingly resa -
CEU eTD Collection activists and intellectual people who were cons Montseny other asJuan period that Duringpeople. twentytwo Barcelona killing (Liceu) of house opera the in bombs two put they later year a and general a against explosions 1 the for strike years 6 over functioned that there (Vicente, 2013:73 school rationalist pioneer a in engaged became (Micó, Reus to moved couple the married, getting After 2010:147). (Nash, relations gender in freedom and equality of favor in was she libre’, amor ‘El In ‘white’. not and as ‘blank’ translated to decided theymeaning this to in accordance therefore and publication” the left in space ofempty columns by or lines the anarchist ofcensorsrejecting “…thegovernment arguethat 16 publi to politics when pseudonyms used couple the reasons from security for time that At 2007:6). ranging (Iniguez, sexuality” topics and gender onto put on was emphasis special where discussion and issues m environmental political the amongst for “became spaces magazine Theprogressive 93). 2013: (Vicente, leaders anarchist Journal Blank (The during th prison in tortures and sentences the of irregularities the review to campaign a started 2013:91 not is it but Spain, Madrid, to returned Mañe Teresa and Montseny Juan 1898 In 6). 2001: (Micó, well as after their trial, they were sent into exile to London. Teresa Claramunt then was sent b this, to Due arrest.under government. This was translated into the ‘Procés de Montjuïc’, the with by more than movement 400 labor people anarchist Catalan the of repression a by followed was police), (t attack terrorist supposedly This eleventhe streetreligiouskilled aand atthetime ofthatpeople procession 1986 In 2001:6). (Micó, times several arrested
La Revista Blanca Revista La In 1898, Teresa Mañé and Juan Montseny founded the magazine the founded Montseny Juan and Mañé Teresa 1898, In general a called they movement; anarchist the for period active an was 1890’s The shing articles: Mañé as Soledad Gustavo and Juan Montseny as Federico Urales Federico as Montseny Juan and Gustavo Soledad as Mañé articles: shing - 92) or if they entered the country illegally (Micó, 2001: 7). Once in Madrid they e ‘Procés Monjuïc’. e de st
- translated as translated f a o i 18 (Internation 1981 in of May of
74). 74). clear if they came back with back came they if clear 16 wt mds ojcie bt ih h claoain f Spanish of collaboration the with but objectives modest with )
oth Juan Montseny and Teresa Mañe got arrested and in 1897 in and arrested got TeresaMontseny Mañe and Juan oth The Blank Journal Blank The
here are speculations that the bomb was thrown by the the bythrown was bomb the that speculations are here 47
by Commire and Klezmer (1999: 355) because they 355)because (1999: Klezmer and byCommire
idered as the enemy of the government got in Barcelona, in a pardon articles, whose absence was made apparent apparent made was whoseabsence articles, l okr’ a) i 18 te set they 1983 in Day), Workers’ al
from t from someone threw a bomb in bomb a threw someone he government (Vicente, government he
2001: 6), and they they and 6), 2001: La Revista Blanca Revista La injured
forty. there ost
CEU eTD Collection Federica Montsen called magazine magazine the to supplement a Suplem founded Montseny Juan 13). 2001: (Micó, other writers argued that she only had a nominal role, with which Micó is whereas not in 3) agreement 2001: (Micó, intelligence higher Mañe’s underlined has Micó why reasons the of one is magazine the directed Mañe that fact The Juan. not director, the was Mañe (Vicente, 2013: 93). Micó affirms that during the first period of the magazine (1898 ye9); she was 74 1976: (Fredericks, 1939 early Federica in Front Catalan with the broke Franquists the exile after Montseny towards journey” “torturous the on died Mañe magazine. the of discussions among that is example one movement; anarchist the in intellectual as position relevant a occupied Mañe that see can We 8). 2001: Micó, this second period cont translated forcopied a texts and theatre(CMHD, company 2008:85). Mañe where Cerdanyola, to moved they then and work not did project school the But school. a start to wanted where BarcelonaMañe familythe to moved 1914 in Madrid, in and Federica Montseny. The publication of CMHD, however, mentions that after 16 years years same action. the of interpretations two are there therefore 2001:8), (Micó, problems monetary and transferred a had Mañe moreover, home; couplethe interpretation Micó’s However93). in (Vicente,depression2013: postpartum at Federica educate to and raise to decided she since and retook daughter In husband 1923Mañe’s the lived Mañe Teresa how about documents of lack a is there that mentioned Micó Unfortunately after closing the magazine, in what seemed that she gave up her public role for Juan no l Rvsa Blanca Revista la a ento Tierra yTierra Libertad Tierr
a y Libertad y a ars old. ars old. y was born, and Mañe did not have time to be in charge of the magazine La La Revista Blanca the ributed to the magazine by publishing articles (Vicente, 2013: 156; best best known anarchist theorists (Micó, 2001: 8), and Mañe was part
, where articles 7). also (Micó, Mañe published 2001:
in 1904 and closed and 1904 in
(1899
saw its end in 1905. Vicente argued that was because -
92 ta i 1903 in that 1902) 48 a eit Blanca Revista La
La Revista Blanca Revista La La Revista Blanca Revista La - 94 eae h famous the became 1904
was often a source of of source a often was
in 1905 due to legal legal to due 1905 in until 1936. Mañe in Mañe in 1936. until
- 1905) 1905)
CEU eTD Collection 2001: 7). proletarian women by Mañe’s from references with the ideologicalMicó explains proximity ofMañeand Claramunt and article showsinhis by later developed was that anarchism Claramunt. Mañe and Claramun as part of the fight for women’s rights and as a pioneer of anarcho 4.1 of twentieth century against the Church when the majority of women in late nineteenth century and beginning influence, arguing that it an Claramunt Church Catholic and sociology)Politics 2008:85). (CMHD, and Amor Libre described asand recognizedthesubordination slaves women ofwomen by: behavior sexist the denounced she [as] time same the at equality… their and rights women’s of defense Emancipatory propaganda towards entr emancipadora Propaganda . 2.1 the blamed she and education secular in involved was Mañe earlier, mentioned As underline: to important is it books published Mañe’s of Out Mañe Teresa mentioned least at have Nash and Vicente Molyneux, as such Writers El sindicalismo y la anarquía. Política y sociología Other important books by are: Mañe
Mañe’s ideas: feminism and secularism and feminism ideas: Mañe’s inlife” be considered as their equals and that w will we day one that idea the usedto get cannot they that as slaves us at look usedto so are “Men
(1904)
d other left thinkers also saw also thinkers left other d (Mañe, 1886 in Nash, 2010: 148). 2010: in Nash, 1886 (Mañe, f men of whos
(Free Love), were
class class and gender, claiming the need for women’s education (Micó, e she considered did not let people let not did considered she e (ah 21: 148 2010: (Nash, ” reinforced
very religious. writing how writing t preparedground the ideologicalfeminism and between Las Las diosas de la vida ls mujeres las e women)
female submission (Nash, 2010: 145). They stood up Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres e will be at their same level in all the different relationships La futura sociedad
49 the values the church promoted as a negative a as promoted church the values the , in which Mañe in Nash words, “assumed the
Mañe aimed to overcome the oppression the overcome to aimed Mañe . n hs ok ae lk Caaut also Claramunt, like Mañe, book this In ).
(1886) (To the the (To (1886)
(no date) (T
(1932) (Syndicalism and anarchy. (Vicente in Antologia, 2012: 5). 5). 2012: Antologia, in (Vicente think freely (Micó, 2001:11). (Micó, freely think
(1899) (The future society); - feminism feminism together with he female gods of life) proletarian A las proletarias. proletarias. las A
women. women. of of CEU eTD Collection ciim se a ete lvd r ae (MD 20: 90 2008: (CMHD, hated or loved either was she activism; War”. most important anarchists and one of the most important women during the Spanish Civil 1930’s. the in minister 1930’s: enrolled 157) ( Vicente while 1931; from organization the joining CNT, in active became she that say 356) (1999: Klezmer and Commire bu anarchist the in visibility a gained movement that she did not have before. Federica Montseny she became part of CN there From Spain. around tour propaganda of the editorial board of 46). 1995: (Mangini, children three had she whom with Esgleas,Germinal anarchist, another with couple a became Montseny Federica 1930 In 156). 2013: (Vicente, 1923 in family La Revista Blanca in published werearticles first her 1923 in and novel, first her 1922 (Vicente, 2013:156). in secretar and her father used to take her to CNT rallies and libraries.to Afterwards she specialized teacher her atMontseny.educated parents, mother bywasher home was bothofher She (Mangini, 1995:46; she and recognized and is publically known. The literature about Federica Montseny is very large t there is there t . A iprat oa i te pns aacit oeet n the in movement anarchist Spanish the in woman important An 4.2 When the Second Republic was established in Spain (1931), Montseny became Montseny (1931), Spain in established was Republic Second the When in texts, first her wrote she 1920 in alreadyyoung; very career her started Montseny Federica Montse was Montseny Federica
states that Federica that states
h ws n o te et known best the of one was She in 1936 (Nash, 1998: 354) in FAI herself Federica (1905 Montseny ial ial studies at school. Montseny saw Teresa Claramunt as her ‘spiritual mother’
disagreement in the sources about sources the in disagreement Commire and Klezmer (1999: Klezmer and Commire as well. as well. ulse a published . La La Revista Blanca ny was born in Madrid in 1905, as daughter of Teresa Mañé and Joan Commire 355) and Klezmer, 1999:
Solidad Solidad Obrera
initially was part of the CNT, but with the start of the war she war the of start the with but CNT, the of part was initially on ffy oes n novellas and novels fifty round an anarchist leader who became the first Spanish Spanish first the became who leader anarchist an
and who had a great impact in the anarchist movement , as mentioned before, was retaken by the Mo and started her career as a leader after an anarchist -
women 1994) 50 355) affirm that affirm 355)
which
became involved with involved became n h CT eas o hr passionate her of because CNT the in organization
Montseny was “o was Montseny - and 1. Her 91). she militated in militated she udes f articles of hundreds Solidad Obrera Solidad
FAI in 1928 and 1928 in FAI
ok a been has work 2 T and FAI 013: 156 013: ne of the of ne female ntseny
first.
part part and - ,
CEU eTD Collection ‘authority’ signified the negation of every possibility of freedom for men and for nations” that “through the State nothing at al ideals her of betrayal a as it understood she since government the of part many decades (Commire and Klezmer, 1999: 356) Federica became the first (Nash, 1975:74) anarchistsand fascists. the of hands the in fall would Madrid that of anarchists to advance towards Aragon and no that and family her feeding about worried was she since government the from resigned Fredericks 358). 1999: Klezmer, and (Commire hurt not was she although car, her attacked even and her injure to tried communists and peacemakers as Barcelona in arrived anarchists other with together Monseny 6,1937 May on fight, and th between anarchist the side, republican the of parties different 1937 4, May of fight the after that was reason The Caballero. Largo Republic, the of Minister Prime the and members anarchist three other the with together sanatoria specificthis for purpo established determination (Univ. Zaragoza, 2007: 21) end voluntary artificial a 1 Klezmer, and (Commire abortion (after country second the Spain made this 1937; 5, March 108). 1971: (Kaplan, pregnancya end voluntarilyto women allow would that law a pass to Montsenyworked women, to essential as maternity perceived she Although women. to choices more give more 2013:157). ‘feminine’(Vicente, as considered been have could that ministry a Services, Social and Health of Ministry his and Franco stop but she decide bortion had be had bortion otey a i te oenet ni My 6 13. h lf te government the left She 1937. 16, May until government the in was Montseny he preventive a create to wanted government, the in while Montseny, In November 1936, the CNT decided to be part of the government d anarchists did not like (Commire and Klezmer, 1999: 359). 1999: Klezmer, and (Commire like not did anarchists e Soviet Union, wh Union, Soviet e d Federica Montseny was one of them them of one Montseny was Federica
en to accept theposition, withpainin her heart, because was it necessary to
legal in the in legal
allies (Commire and Klezmer, 1999: 356). 1999: Klezmer, and (Commire allies In Spain the law on law the Spain In f rgac’ ht eedd wome defended that pregnancy’ of ich
autonomous
supplied arms to the republicans, the to arms supplied l could be achieved, that the words ‘government’ and 999: 358). Previously 358). 999:
and and as w the legalization of abortion was published on published was abortion of legalization the 51 se” (Kaplan, 1971:108)se”
region of Catalonia Catalonia of region
allowed “abortions in hospital, clinics, and ell as the last rthern rthern Spain and . . Initially Montseny did not want to be (Commire and Klezmer, 1999: 356). 1999: Klezmer, and (Commire The s
saw the c the saw CNT team was formed by four by formed was team CNT
, on , the female minister in Spain
Soviet Union) to legalize to Union) Soviet al December 25, 1936, the 1936, 25, December omplicity because
so argues that Federica Federica that argues so
She took charge of the the of charge took She through the ‘decree of ‘decree the through In fact because of that of because fact In n ’s
and the and
in Barcelona with Barcelona in hie n self and choice ue to the inability they were afraid
. S . that existed in existed that alth system to system alth communists he believed he for -
CEU eTD Collection h rtre t San n pi 2, 97 n “rsdd get anarcho great a “presided and 1977 27, April on Spain to returned She inside organization anarchist secret and a create to attempts abroad, ”unsuccessful CNT reviving in role important an took she movement, France, in While 360). 1999: Klezmer, and (Commire and pregnancy her to due 9) 1976: (Fredericks, France her attending relationwithCNT, events meetings( and social Franco forces could bomb her house (Fredericks, 1972: 9). However, Montseny continued oppresed oppressed. A oppressed and needed to be emancipated, she did not mention by w 2010:150). (Nash, family the we women althoughthat acknowledgedthat she is Montseny thought of Characteristic in oppression female their reproduced who slaves as women defined also She themselves. emancipate not could they why was this and lives, in (Nash, 2010: 151). In other articles about women and gender published from 1923 to 1929 of privileges; she asanwas anarchist also againstthe suffragist movement andfeminism lacking ideals. She claimed that it was wrong to ask for equality with men within a system War. youth 1 until 1995: 47). In the analysis of her ideas I think it is important to recognize three stages: her (Mangini, such as identify not did she although feminist, a considered be could she that made her rationale” “antifeminist Montseny’s that states Mangini ideas. contradictory involves it Mujeres Libres 4.2.1 Federica the ideas about Montseny’s 1994(CMHD,Spain in 2008:91). in died Montseny Federica 360). 1999: Klezmer, and (Commire Barcelona” in meeting La Revista Blanca Revista La In an article which Montseny’s published in 1923, she considered that feminism was feminism consideredthat 1923,she in published Montseny’swhich article Inan since complex is question’ ‘woman the to relation Montseny’sin thought explain To toexile gointo to Montsenyhadearly in 1939, War, Civil Spanish the of end By the
by gender. Since she could not see the gender oppression, she did not unde contradict 929; the start of the Second Republic, and Republic, ofthe Second start 929; the s Nash mentions (2010: 152), Montseny did not recognize that women were
herself ( herself , she described women as ignorant and not reflecting on th on reflecting not and ignorant as women described she , international pressure, France rejected France pressure, international . In 1941, Franco asked for the extradition of Montsen of extradition the for asked Franco 1941, In . Mangini, 1995: 46). However, itwasof thoseMangini, 1995:46).becauseideas
52
‘woman her and relation question’ with
the period the
she continued in the libertarian the in continued she CMHD, 2008: 90). CMHD, 2008: to send to hat hat or whom they were after the Spanish Civil after the
Franco’s Spain”. Franco’s back back h as made also she - syndicalism Montseny eir own eir
rstand y but y re re
CEU eTD Collection ht n needn wmns raiain ol hr te nt o te anarchist the of unity the harm could organization women’s independent an that the anarchist movement because, like many others in the anarchist movement, she thought always!”( liberation individual to for having women struggle and men with ‘general’, was problem this that argued instead and a had Montseny Federica asserts, normative anarchist discourse in which she refused the specificity of Nasha ‘woman questi As men. from women of emancipation the for need the and subordination that overcome to organization female a of necessity the new learnathey couldtrainingwith so prostitutes provided that program professions. their and did not have equal access to jobs, salaries and rights, and they were not free to choose related 1971:108). (Kaplan, Montseny 1937: in toprostitution about prostitution stated fourth the as movement libertarian the organization. within them support not did she if directly why understand difficulttois it So 8). 1972: (Fredericks,honorableemployment”and skilled, useful,for Libres Mujeres “ she government wh historian 1971: (Kaplan, 157 2013: (Vicente, Youth) (Libertarian’s (FIJL) Libertarias Juventudes or Federation) Anarchist (Iberian 1932 in Ibérica) Anarquista (Federación FAI of founding the by treated being as seen movement (Nash, 1995: 88). Cur So So the core of Montseny’s argument against prostitution is that women were not equal and Montseny ag not did FedericaMontseny rights for all human beings” (Montseny 1937 in Kaplan, 1971: 108). 108). 1971: in Kaplan, 1937 (Montseny beings” human all rightsfor and life secure to organized be can society when margin; the at remains one no that way a such establ is society when children; their of social that and livelihood and their secure professions to opportunities have women when transformed; are morality bourgeois and Christian be cannot which character social juridically. resolved and economic, moral, of problem a presents “Prostitution La Revista Blanca, RevistaLa Blanca, o interviewed Montseny around Montseny interviewed o
”, and “Montseny encouraged the organization’s efforts to train women train to efforts organization’s the encouraged “Montseny and ”, - 108);
as we can see in the next paragraphs next the in see can weas Mujeres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres ciey ie te fot o te nrhs wmns organization, women’s anarchist the of efforts the aided actively - 158). So So 158).
eetees se olbrtd ih them. with collaborated she nevertheless,
rsiuin il e blse we sxa rltos r lbrlzd when liberalized; are relations sexual when abolished be will Prostitution October Montseny was against the foundation of foundation the against was Montseny iously enough, as Vicente mentioned, this unity was not
ree with the idea of creating a feminist initiative inside initiative feminist creatinga of idea the with ree in agreement with these reasons started an educational an started reasons these with agreement in
struggled together in order to change the regulations regulations the change to order in together struggled .
S
1924 in Nash, 2010: 152). 2010: 1924 inNash, e claimed he 53
1972, adds that while Montseny was in the in was Montseny while that adds 1972,
:
“¿Feminism? ¡Never! ¡Humanism ¡Humanism ¡Never! “¿Feminism? -
Montseny helped Montseny
hre Feeik, a Fredericks, Shirley Mujeres Libres Mujeres
Mujeres Libres Mujeres profession that profession ished in ished on’
CEU eTD Collection elt ta gvs cin o ocps ht r aeut tdy n cntutv for constructive and today adequate are ( that tomorrow” concepts to action gives that reality in the actualexists moments thatare isanintelligentand She decisivedynamic inSpain. r a is [she] symbol]: a [than more is Montseny “Federica says: that Montseny Mujeres Libres’s ( get ofprostitution) out to place a asmeans it but this, for word exact an not is (there prostitución’ ‘Liberatoriosde streets, the leave to them allow would 17 that add to well as important anarchist the accept to normative d her led that movement; anarchist the in involved much very statement perspective withan‘antifeminist’ havea in which could time come she was in than rather leader recognized a focusing become to order in movement anarchist the within is that with the start of the Second Republic Montseny preferred to focus on the struggles in Montseny’s inJanuary perspective 1938. of no scholar commented orhistorian onthisarticle, has althougha indicates crucial it shift that interesting is it Moreover, problem’. ‘woman a was there that accepting time same submis women’s overcome to way the was it that and important needafemale for separate organization, quoting Montseny: from about opinion her changed has Montseny how explains that article an is there 11, no. issue magazine,
Inthe appendix One o One that work the affirms quote This with together meetings public in participated also Montseny no. 11, January 1938: 23). 23). January1938: 11, no. Mujeres of Federation The class. working the of fighters other the to next them bring to and them train to organization specific a need we Spain, in women working the of situation backward the to due movement “The
on her interest in the “woman question” (Nash, 2010: 150). Therefore her her Therefore 150). 2010: (Nash, question” “woman the in interest her on f the possible reasons for Montseny’s contradiction on the “woman question” “woman the on contradiction Montseny’s for reasons possible the f
iscourse towards the fact that there was not a specific ‘woman problem’. It is anarchist organizations until now have had had have now until organizations anarchist Mujeres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres Libres
5 , pp , from magazine magazine included articles about Montseny. There is a description about .
has has to achieve a big revolutionary task” E
the rest of the proletarian the of rest the , there isthere , Mujeres Libres
magazine, no. 10, July 1937: 23). In the nex the In 23). 1937: July 10, no. magazine, the article thearticle
. The article stated that Montseny was moving towards the towards moving was Montsenythat stated article The .
fe te pns Cvl a, hn h ws n France, in was she when War, Civil Spanish the after digitalized uee Libres Mujeres
magazine, no.4,Decembe s 54 ; but there is a need to rectify that tendency because, because, tendency that rectify to need a is there but ;
uee Libres Mujeres
h tendency the 17
(Montseny in was doing, claiming that it was was it that claiming doing, was
f o separat not of xlie i te article the in explained
r 1936: 11) sive role, while at the at while role, sive Mujeres Mujeres Libres uee Libres Mujeres t issue of the the of issue t ing
eality that eality h female the magazine,
and CEU eTD Collection movement was ruined. Nash claims recognized this as Teresa such Claramunt, and her mother, Teresa Mañe, among others (Mangini, 1995: movement 48). She anarchist the to massively contributed who others mentioned she Mo politics”. Spanish of machismo the of indictments bitter into turned later years war[,] the during optimism “the that argues Montseny interviews those In 1983. in published and regime, 19 (Mangini, situation women’s improving for and women for status better a for fought Montseny “her squeamishness vis had ‘feminist’ ideas; at the same time Montseny was not well received by feminists since prostituti against fight and abortion legalize to wanted Montseny that here was and feminist a herself anarcho towards reluctant consider not did Montseny while them, for icon an was ironical that ‘libertarias’ (anarchist women) considered Montseny as femin is it that claims Nash 47). 1995: (Mangini, offensive” be to ‘feminism’ word the found though…she feminist, essence in is women of advancement the for work and concern “ this to added Mangini 3). 1976: (Fredericks, anarchist” an and feminist however, claims that Montseny was a “remarkable woman, who is a role model both as a anarchist Spanish outspoken most the perhaps was Montseny “Federica that asserts Ackelsberg 152). 2010: (Nash, anarcho an of development the difficult “made impact be to had that problem humanist a but problem women’s specific no was there which in anarchism of discourse anarcho accept to reluctant antifeminism/femini movement i Mañe. This at the same time reinforces the reason for the writing of this thesis whose goal Libres Mujeres in meetting public first her in rights women’s and feminism in interest her with rapidly up t gv vsblt t toe oe wo otiue to contributed who women those to visibility give to s Barcelona” (Nash, 2010:150). Montseny ended up wanting to recognize the role of role the recognize to wanting up ended Montseny 2010:150). (Nash, Barcelona” o ocue wn t qoe ifrn oiin fo hsoin aot Montseny’s about historians from opinions different quote to want I conclude To s
in Spain andwhoin Spain have unjustly been Spanish erased history. from ntseny was as well disappointed that she was the only women visible while visible onlywomen the wasshe that disappointed well as ntsenywas 5 4) Mnii eiwd neves ih otey uig h Franco the during Montseny with interviews reviewed Mangini 48). 95:
invisibility as unjust and therefore her positive opinion about the anarchist and other relevant female anarchists as Teresa Claramunt and Teresa Teresa and Claramunt Teresa as anarchists female relevant other and sm. On the one side we have Nash, who states that Montseny was Montseny that states who Nash, have we side one the On sm. - solved by all, women and men. Nash concluded that Montseny’s that concluded Nash men. and women all, by solved à - - vis feminism feminism (Nash, 2010: 153). However, we need to remember to need we However, 153). 2010: (Nash, feminism - feminism. In her review, Montseny accepted the normative normative the accepted Montseny review, her In feminism. critic of feminism” (Ack feminism” of critic that that with the democratic transition Montseny “caught -
which she considered ‘fascist’ 55
lbr, 05 19. Fredericks, 199). 2005: elsberg, - feminist though feminist the nrhs ad feminist and anarchist - and her idealisticand h t ist ist and that she
er [Montseny] er on, hence she hence on, and practice” practice” and
CEU eTD Collection tackledareas some of those to in it, who gives support and where their ideas come from. Therefore, in this chapter I have believe that in order to understand an organization better have against her accusations by provoked feminist optimism in thinking that the male women’s organization th towards been visible or given the recognition that they deserved within the movement. In addition, she claimed it was unfair that women such as Teresa Claramunt and Teresa Mañe had not place, in when that first, were, her about liked most I that things two to feminism, but I concluded that she had opinions different in the course of her life. The un to difficultwas Initiallyit needed. have would Spain in ministry a of charge took 1930’s the in who woman a that Spanish anarchist history. Montseny is interesting for her strong personality, a personality the same event. her evencontributions; her historians aboutdowrite when there about about are different accounts silence unjust an from suffers Mañe daughter. and husband her of shadow intelli her is underline would I what Mañe Teresa of Incase the me. deeplyto impressive was way struggled the she interestingandcharacter very a is Claramunt times. several imprisoned was she though even ideas, her for fights surpris was I Claramunt Teresa of case the In due. is credit that I am diminishing the merit of of s ideas the of some where the comprehend At history. in forgotten been have movement, anarchist Mujeres Libres those about learned I more The Mañe. h scn scin a dedicat was section second The I anarchistmovement. the in women threeimportant examined I have chapter In this Conclusion In the first section I discussed the life and work of work and life the discussed I section first the In
she re she ed f h Saih ii Wr otey ae rdt o h autonomous the to credit gave Montseny War Civil Spanish the of end e ’s struggle, and the more I wondered how many women, in this case in the cognized how the anarchist movement was masculinized and second that second and masculinized was movement anarchist the how cognized
Mujeres Libres, Mujeres derstand where Federica Montseny was standing in relation relation in standing was Montseny Federicawhere derstand help us Mujeres Libres - dominated CNT would respond t d o eeia otey a nw caatr in character known a Montseny, Federica to ed better
statingimportant naturework. the oftheir Mujeres Libres Mujeres women 56 understand
‘s struggle, but I try to give credit where figures, the more I could understand understand could I more the figures, s ” 49). inMangini(1995: words gence and the fact that she is she that fact the and gence
we need to know who is involved of
came from; that does not mean not does that from; came
Teresa Claramunt and Teresa and Claramunt Teresa Mujeres Libres the ed by her strength and her her and strength her by ed Franco regime was still was regime Franco m tm i md me made it time ame o the needs of women .
in in
the CEU eTD Collection of Montseny. In order to argue my point, I seek to analyze the articles written by the founders n that claimed Ackelsberg Martha and Nash Mary historians the how show I section first the In this sense there c neither singular nor homogeneous in its goals, interests or analyses” (Mohanty, 1988: 61). feminism’ d is “it that mentions instance for theorist, feminist Mohanty, Chandra feminisms. many are there as concept the of not. the uses anarcho of pioneers some of feminism fought character with aand feminist also for ananarchist with influence. mention I Here organization. feminist a as to feminist. the use offeminism as an ideology inthe organization and ifthey themselves considered this study by examining the statements of some relevant members of few original documents where the word feminist is stated, in non reference to the word feminism, in order to examine if those sources can shed light t at f h ognzto, hrfr I osdr ht t s o aeut t reference to adequate not is it that consider I therefore organization, the of part ot Mujeres Libres 5.1 Feminism 5.1 -
Mujeres Libres
Defining feminism is a complex task since there is not a single or unique definition unique or single a not is there since task complex a is feminism Defining unit that term the about is section last The identification with feminism ofthe foundersidentification withfeminism of CHAPTER5. This chapter explores the feminist ideology of The third section
concept : anarcho : ” (Mohanty, 1991:4),and discourse “western and political feminist practice is
of anarcho of . I will also analyze other articles in the magazine that m - annot be a homogenous or unique understanding of feminism. Despite
feminism rejected feminism while they refer MUJERESLIBRES:
is dedicated to exp FEMINISTORGANIZATION? - - feminism . I will discuss the nuances of this term, through the works the through term, this of nuances the discuss will I . feminis fiut o pa o a iglr e singular a of speak to ifficult m
to define to and conclude by mentioning that histor that mentioning by conclude and loring 57
the different struggles that that struggles different the
M
whether AANARCHOFEMINIST/ s h to rdtos aacim and anarchism traditions, two the es ujeres Libres ujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres ed
to Federica Montseny, who was Mujeres Libres
the the second section I continue
, while Ackelsberg does does Ackelsberg while , tt cle ‘Western called ntity . Since there are very there . Since Mujeres Mujeres Libres , in four sections.
Mujeres Libres Mujeres can can be referred ake ake an explicit ian Nash ian on
- about
the
In
CEU eTD Collection 5.1.1 Did 5.1.1 Did whatcall we an now intersectional perspective (Mohanty, 1991:12). cons feminism; therefore we will see that in some cases the struggles against gender oppression of development the to important very are history and Context 19). 2000: (Offen, women oppression, women’s of recognition is there Since 12). 1991: (Mohanty, gender on based struggle a fo all in common trait the homogeneity, of absence this introducedwho isnot before paragraph this by Nash feminism but that in fact Nash Nash is basing her of argument words above the from clear is It anarcho from example one show will mentioned I argument, my of support In interviews. and organization the of reports or letters internal journals, anarchist other or magazine alsofeminism. We need to review Libres Mujeres chapter in discussed have I as movement, Libres’s Libres claims the book was in 1991) 84), and Martha Ackelsberg in
Mary Nash (1995: 84) claims that claims 84) (1995: Nash Mary in Nash Mary idered other of elements oppress
are based o based are Sanchez Saornil) Sanchez Saornil. ‘ Montseny Federica example, “For limitations.” social middle bourgeois with feminism associated “ ‘s - Dos Dos intelectuales anarquistas frente al problema de la mujer: Federica Montseny y Lucía Sánchez
Mujeres Libres Mujeres feminism’; she affirms: feminism. I am aware of the important role that Montseny had in the anarchist the in had Montseny that role important the of aware am I feminism. Mujeres Libres ones I founders. book historian Karen Offen adds that feminism advocates for the emancipation of emancipation the foradvocates feminism that adds OffenKaren historian ” To nrhs tikr facing thinkers anarchist (Two ’” s to feminism to
by Nash andby Ackelsberg: Nash n Federica Montseny’s st Montseny’s Federica n Defying Male Civilization: Male Defying
did not identify with the term feminist. In line with other women anarchists, it anarchists, women other with line In feminist. term the with identify not did (Nash, 1995: 208) 1995: (Nash, hn ta i i incorrect is it that think argue argue
identify thetermidentify with feminism?
that we need to examine how its its how examine to need we Free Women of Spain
Mujeres Mujeres Libres articles ion such as race, class, nation or
was most articulate in her rejection of feminism. See Nash. Nash. See feminism. of rejection her in articulate most was Mujeres Libre Mujeres published
58 4 h wmn usin Fdrc Mnsn ad Lucía and Montseny Federica question: woman the atements, instead of instead atements, - , but if we want to examine the examine to want we if but , class political feminism and thus rejected it fo it rejected thus and feminism political class
W
o o ut Montseny quote to did not identify but with theirfeminism omen in the Spanish Civil War Civil Spanish the in omen uee Libres Mujeres n the statements of Federica Montseny, . H
by thefounders (2005: 118 s
was unique for its ‘working its for unique was e r re ms of feminisms is the need for need the is feminisms of ms founders used the concept of of concept the used founders are
Nash - 119) (the first edition of statements by by statements
i nt dniy with identify not did ’s words
in sexuality regarding Mujeres Libres’s :
previously affinity of affinity ,
based on Mujeres Mujeres Mujeres
(1995: - class r its its r CEU eTD Collection the middle Montseny of Montseny mentions Sánchez, quoting of instead Nash Montseny. Federica and Saornil Sánchez towards the ‘woman question’ article The see can we since useful more bit a is then article second and public sphere in Spain whereas sexes, the between competition a and separation a establish to wanted who those were Federation), (The Federación’ ‘La article, second a In information. much us give not does article this so teach, to use they and teachers to that The others. of care take also can feminists that affirming thus caregivers, with them the dressmakers were taking taking care Libres struggle) of days first the in (Women lucha’ de días primero los en mujeres mentioned the which in articles two found I feminism’. of ‘rejection this some other articles that I have access from different books in order to examine more about ‘rejecting’feminism since inoneof mentionit. theprimary sources,isno there no have Libres’s Mujeres system of privileges)” (Ackelsberg, 2005: 148); and she references two articles, one from for equality for striving and enemy the as men treating meant Libres Mujeres Ackelsberg Mujeres Libres Mujeres Therefore I decided to decided I Therefore organization the in feminism about talking while path, similar a follows Ackelsberg Mujeres Libres
magazine, no.10, July 1937: 3)
been feminist, nor would they be permitted to be so!” (Montseny in Ackelsberg, 2005: 119) 2005: Ackelsberg, in so!”(Montseny be permittedto would be they nor feminist, been “Feminism is a word that is applicable only to wealthy women, because poor poor women,because wealthy only to applicable is thatword a is “Feminism
Mujeres Libres Mujeres ces o s I ant s te ut o Aklbr about Ackelsberg of quote the use cannot I so to, access , , , rare ,
-
who had a clear discourserejectingfeminism. awho had clear but mentions her within the text. Montseny claims that feminism belongs to belongs feminism that claims Montseny text. the within her mentions but class woman: bourgeoisie of babies and helping and of babies the inthe hospitals, teachers were potatoes peeling ht ah s eern to referring is Nash that uses
ly used concept in the in concept used ly claiming
Federica Montseny Federica magazine that has nothing to do with feminism and the and feminism with do to nothing has that magazine . Instead of Instead .
labels labels them does not mean that they rejected feminism; they also refer ’s
that “ that
goal was to claim the need to integrate women in the political the in women integrate to needthe claim to was goal review the seven numbers of numbers seven the review ( Mujeres Mujeres Libres
guns.
quoting any of the founders or the members she members the or founders the of any quoting of Mujeres Libres Mujeres the two anarchists, the Mujeres Libres ’s statements ’s ,
where
rte b her by written Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres ’s magazine no.13 in Na 59 Mujeres Mujeres Libres
eetdbt femin both rejected puts a label on feminists and associates
to talk about feminism in relation to to relation in feminism about talk to uee Libres Mujeres self Mujeres Libres Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres magazine. ,
hw te ifrn positions different the shows
mentions that feminists were uee Libres Mujeres women within an existing an within women term feminism/feminist term sh, 1975: 98
The first one is ‘Las is one first The stat ism (by which they which (by ism ‘s founder s ht feminists that es uee Libres Mujeres women have never never women have magazine plus magazine an
other that I that other dista
-
( 99). The refers to refers Mujeres Mujeres
, Lucía ncing
fact fact and
is
CEU eTD Collection for therevolution war 69 andthe 1975: (Comaposada inNash, a ‘feminist fight’ instead comradesaddressed totheir anarchist claims that and association the from activities and (Beginning Libres’ Libertad identify withfeminism. themselves from feminists. B the opinionofsomerelevant members of from Comaposada. Therefore I would continue this analysis in the next section examining i published mentioned arti second the are discussion the into light more shed that articles the probably anarchis needs feminism existent the 2002b: 212 bourgeois and Catholics women by appropriated was 1920’s the since (feminism feminism that transform and future better a in believe to need we that mean to seems Poch what public meeting where many crazy feminist in the 1930’s. The article, as I understand it, is about doctors (as Poch) that go to a feminist ‘Terrible f of magazines first three no Spanish women anarchists” (Nash, 79). 1995: reason Sánchez have a clear feminist content 126). 2005: anarcho (Ackelsberg, the magazine in same the women in of movement role syndicalist the about CNT, the of secretary Vazquez, Mariano Obrera Solidaridad thetitle with articles fivea of series analysisthis in helpcan that feminist word
date neither reference of whe There is not enough material to argue that the founders did not identify as feminist, as identify not did founders the that argue to material enough not is There Amparo Poch wrote an InIcaseLúcia the Saornil, ofSánchez could findany not wherestates article the she 1937 March, in Comaposada Mercedes historian Mary Nash Nash Mary historian (Nash, 354) 1998: t
(Land and Freedom) but racaso’ racaso’ (Horrible disaster) and - 214). So I think Poch does not reject feminism, instead she is mentioning that
she does not she does not
in 1935 (Nash, 1975b: 87) as an answer to two previous articles by articles previous two to answer an as 87) 1975b: (Nash, 1935 in n the n
Mujeres Libres Mujeres Libres Mujeres ) into another feminism withanarchist) intoanother i feminism ideas (Poch
mention the lines that article article that it is coll Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres ut that it is not enough to argue that the organization
, consider
o oe rm eti dbts from debates certain from move to the article ‘Origen y actividades de la agrupación Mujeres n
it it was published but I guess that would be in one of the
‘woman question’ ‘woman as s
Sánchez , to , trains women to work with men more efficiently I will i n it she uses a metaphor to refer to the feminists Mujeres Libres Mujeres s , 60
, published in the anarchist journal journal anarchist the in published ,
are forbut those feminist but I do want to mention heremention to wantI do but which I have no access. The article title is title article The access. no have I which
magazine, ‘La Federaci ‘La magazine, show ected in Rodrigo’s book (2002b). There is
the ‘new’feminism has s te ao fmns tikr among thinker feminist major “the as
in the next section Mujeres Libres
published in uee Libres Mujeres
about feminism. - 72).
the anarchist journalthe the 1930’s towards towards 1930’s the
s ón’, and the article the and ón’, is not is not
. P there ) robably for that h atce is article The . to follow. The
that she wrote she that
connected is no n Rodrigo,
lis of claims cle that I that cle Tierra y Tierra
did not cure to
to - CEU eTD Collection Mujeres Libres towards feminism inthe 1930’sFranco and afterthe regime. Libres conduct interviews different reviewed have of members feminism 5.1.2 Five relevantmembers of claimed that in the 1930’s the members of feminist a herself call to proud is 289 (Quiñonero,2005: lifeher biggest the in satisfactionwas this andwell as hers waswomen those of conquest the that felt and feminism pioneerof a as she enjoyed the fact that nowadays women do different types of works. Liaño saw herself of branch the in member relevant another Liaño, Concha interviewed 2000’s the around historian, Quiñonero, difficult for members of i present were prejudices and stereotypes how shows quote This Libertarian(Free Fighters), Women. claims: she (Livings) ‘Vivencias’ titled Carpena by published in1999 the collection of articles in article an In 5). 2004: (Ruiz, organization different include to w changed feminism how saw Berenguer and Carpena nowadays, and bourgeois were feminists since theref feminists as identify not did they 1930’s the in Barcelona. Ruiz interviewed them several times from 2000. The two women told h Pepita Carpena and Berenguer, Sara relevant members ofthe omen’s voices; omen’s ore did not understan not did ore
after the 1980’s and mainly in the 2000’s where they expressed their opinions their expressed they where 2000’s the in mainly and 1980’s the after ar Ri Egno n rcn atce etos o wmns discourse women’s how mentions article recent a in Eugenio Ruiz Laura In this section I want to further explore the opinion towards feminism by relevant 1999: 74) 1999: [patriarchal] many were there I had to for the social emancipation, I could not understand ‘feminism’, but being sincere I have to say that fight to needed we women, and men together, that considered I analysis, and deductions my “In
Mujeres Libres Mujeres review my concepts. One thing was the theory and another the practice and sadly, in Spain
about feminism have changed over Intime. her research, she interviewed and Carpena now retrospectively defines retrospectively now Carpena Mujeres Libres Mujeres Libres Mujeres d the problems of the female workers (Ruiz, 2004: 5). But 5). 2004: (Ruiz, workers female the of problems the d , my aim is to understand clearly their position. To do so I so do To position. their clearly understand to is aim my ,
prejudices prejudices Mujeres Libres ,
n nte itriw n 07 n acln, Liaño Barcelona, in 2007 in interview another in
to understand the feministmovement.to understand
Mujeres Mujeres Libres in Barcelona, exiled in Venezuela in exiled Barcelona, in which some syndicalists followed” (Carpena in Liaño, Liaño, in (Carpena followed” syndicalists some which 61 dwt fv eeat ebr of members relevant five with ed
Mujeres Luchadoras Libertaria Libres.
give their opinion in relation in give their to opinion
did not id Mujeres Libres Mujeres
Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres Libres’s n society n ). Although Liaño now LiañoAlthoughnow ). entify with feminism ,
what made what as a feminist a as . Liaño said Liaño .
branch in Mujeres Mujeres er that
of s it it s :
CEU eTD Collection theythe existence knowaboutoffemini didnot that words Estorach’s by seem it mystify than more but women anarchist the mystified Libres imp an had Liaño, to similar who, Estorach Soledad 1970’s the from scholars theorganization defined Nonetheless, it. with identify to seem neither did founders section, that they did not identify with feminism in the 1930’s states (2004:5). same time th the at but it of part be to want not did they so 354) 1998: (Nash, society” in roles female and usages the appropriated wo recruit to strategy a had as feminism of meanings women bourgeois and “Catholic that considered woman of emancipation saw they because is feminism with 1930’s the in identify to seem not do theywhy reasons the of One feminists. themselves Liaño and Carpena quo previous the in but nowadays, do they neither and feminist as themselves consider not did they that claims Portales Ackelsbergasserted: in1979, of member relevant another Portales, Suceso However, the mos in Barcelona, was interviewed in 1982 in Paris. Ackelsberg argues that feminism that argues Ackelsberg Paris. in 1982 in interviewed was Barcelona, in out there in the world organizing for women’s rights. There were one or two women in our group group our womenin two or wereone There women’srights. for organizing world the in out there “Most of us had never heard of ‘feminism’ I before. didn’t know that werethere groups of women 195). 2010: in Vega, (Liaño feminism” of nothing else, nothing movement, [ “we and 195) [ “We struggle for ourselves" (Portales in Ackelsberg, 2005: 22 2005: Ackelsberg, in (Portales ourselves" for struggle we don't, we if because together struggle, work, to to necessary It's one. masculine a for hierarchy feminist a substitute to "We are not 124). 2005: Ackelsberg, in (Estorach existed” it realized even hadn’t We elsewhere. from this import didn’t We world! the in existed feminism of heard had who Mujeres Libres Mujeres e recognized
- and and we were not then feminists", "We were not fighting against men. We did not want ,
did change their opinion about feminism and now are happy to call call to happy are now and feminism about opinion their change did uee Libres Mujeres t important point ], absolutely, did not consider consider not did absolutely, ], . ‘feminists’ did not consider
'll never have a social revolution. But we needed our own organization to to organization own our needed we But revolution. social a have never 'll ah o eape xlis ht oilss n anarchists and socialists that explains example for Nash
-
they had been to Fr to been had they Mujeres Libres ] were not a feminist movement, we were a female liberation liberation female a were we movement, feminist a not were ] tes I showed how other how showed I tes
t tahd o nro middle narrow a to attached it
here isthatthose relevant clearly members stated 62
sm in the1930’s: in sm
Mujeres Libres, Libres, Mujeres ance. But I didn’t know that such things even even things such that know didn’t I But ance. men to a religious and class reading of reading class and religious a to men as feminist ourselves feminists” (Liaño in Vega, 2010: Vega, in (Liaño feminists” ourselves , ortant role in the branch of branch the in role ortant
and as I have argued in the previous Mujeres Libres - 23).
. relevants T his
in an interview interview an in situation, though,situation, is it
as - members ls ve o the of view class
feminist , , as Ruiz
Mujeres such with as CEU eTD Collection recognize that they are oppress women that is previously, mentioned as feminism, of characteristic common the of one in were that sources different sense to do so because the communist blackanalytical women identified has their oppression from three it since feminist as them defines McDuffie feminism. with identify not women black communist the describes term previously. 20 the in not unique Ackelsberg In 23). 1937, ( pay equal claimed they so lower; salarieswere women did not have the same equal pay. the emancip claim them made that consciousness feminist a had it other the in and side; one in class of article ( from it enjoying been had men since women to relevant only freedom’ ‘interior the and goal; same the for aimed women and men where freedom’, woman) for struggle magazine magazine mad magazine si without articles defended feminist positions the articles the in feminist5.1.3 The of ideology Mujeres Libres Mujeres Another important claim of of elements key the of One Although Mujeres Mujeres Libres authored th the and founders the which to topics relevant most the selected have I ). Mujeres Libres Mujeres
ntr (nesadn ta ae rdcd by produced are that (understanding gnature Mujeres Libres for century have been defined as feminist when they did not identified with the with identified not did they when feminist as defined been have century ation of women dueation of to women Mujeres Libres e referen uee Libres Mujeres
For For example, by the founders and
had a social and political con political and social a had Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres hr te epand h to ie o ter ih: h ‘outside the fight: their of sides two the explained they where
ce and thatathad the samece time magazine, magazine, no.7, March, 1937). Nash adds that the double struggle
’s
in an article called ‘La doble lucha de la mujer’ (The double double (The mujer’ la de lucha doble ‘La called article an in in , as
words the tersecting: gender, race and class (McDuffie, 2011: 5), and 5), 2011: (McDuffie, class and race gender, tersecting: , many other Erik McDuffie in his book access access to the marketlabor as men, and theywhen did their ed I will briefly
Mujeres Libres
Mujeres Libres article ‘¿Hasta (Until Cuando?’ when?), recognizes that Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres i nt cnweg ter eiit character feminist their acknowledge not did
by gender.by , h
“ er oppression (Nash,er 23). 1975: oppression
magazinethe 1930’s in articles published in the uee Libres Mujeres
as ‘black left feminist’ although the subjects did subjects the although feminist’ left ‘black as
women and organizations 63
demonstrate demonstrate
tent tent by thestatements o related related to Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres is the double struggle, presented in the in presented struggle, double the is close to the interests of of interests the to close
believed that decently paid work, work, paid decently that believed
a clear feminist stand. a clear feminist Sojourning for here. To do so, I have reviewed
contemporary feminism, is the h eioil board editorial the
Mujeres Libres’s centuries
magazine, no. 10, July July 10, no. magazine, i f the founders and and thefounders f
n the left
Freedom
as stated in the in stated as the working working the movement
magazine
(2011), (2011), of the the of ,
they CEU eTD Collection she underlined the existent sexism she underlinedexistentin the anarchist sexism movement. the added Sánchez what to pay, equal (San different very been workers they got paid less money for the same work. To this situation Sánchez argued that if male reactions negative generated title war in working reasonable under as something bourgeois and instead aimed for free union of partners (Bookchin, 1977: 4). 311). 1977: (Bookchin, Therefore, Spanish anarchist promiscuity” and sexuality free religious or shunned political they without but mate sanction, to freedom the in believed “they because love’, sexual repression on girls” (Gemie, 1996: 432) the State”, an 4 chapter in mentioned professions learnother couldprostitutes that aim the with prostitution) of getout to women, sexually exploit and 431 1996: (Gemie, prostitution against were related to the anarchist movement. Fo although not recognized as the fourth branch, some of their claims were esteem” (Nash, 19 “psychological liberty, thedevelopment offemaleidentity, personal autonomy,and self argues; Nash as regards listen not did they of women in the CNT and their comrades in the movement did not take seriou Libres Libres’s Mujeres to referred have I as women empower to goal the with education to right women’s are
Mujeres Libres Mujeres oevr since Moreover, by claims feminist Other the ‘woman question’ is about how the entry of women at the workplace had had workplace the at women of entry the how about is question’ ‘woman the
- challenged sexism in the anarchist m anarchist the in sexism challenged time or in peace” (Ackelsberg, 2005:155). (Ackelsberg, peace” in or time to had the
done somet done d
female emancipation are very similar to the to similar very are emancipation female aimed
95: 85); that was related95: 85); women tomake conscious. rjcs of projects
o hm as them, to since since stood together against pros against togetherstood
a liberationsexual considering the “unfortunate effects of religious uee Libres Mujeres ) . Anarchist . hing to hing chez, 1935: 52 1935: chez, Muje conditions, was as much a woman's right as a man's, whether man's, a as right woman's a much as was conditions, uee Libres’ Mujeres s
by men because they saw women as disloyal competitors; disloyal as women saw they because men by opposed the marria Mujeres Libres Mujeres res Libres res capacitación st mentioned in Chapter 2. Chapter in mentioned op treating women as inferiorsas women treating op the lack of support from men f men from support of lack the s
wanted to “reclaim jurisdiction over the body from from body the over jurisdiction “reclaim to wanted r example
a pr o te pns lbrain movement, libertarian Spanish the of part was - 53). Sánchez and Sánchez 53).
created the the created 64 ovement since there was only a small group small a only was there since ovement
euaie ore) n hpe 3. Chapter in courses) (educative - Montseny Federica anarchist the and 432),
that I have mentioned have I that rjc twrs reo cnitd in consisted freedom towards project . titution since they regarded theyregarded since titution
, Spanish anarchism then believed in ‘free
as as scholar Gemie argues ge ceremony because they considered
The third article of Sánchez with the with Sánchez of article third The ‘liberatorios de prostitució’ ( prostitució’ de ‘liberatorios
The Mujeres Libres Mujeres ones of ones
uee Libres’ Mujeres the situation would had would situation the o
r present
this struggle, where where struggle, this earlier in earlier
aside of feminist ,
that that anarchist were then pro pro then were - it day feminist, day sly women, as a wayto a as
the thesis the
Mujeres Mujeres da in ideas place
( as I as
it s s -
CEU eTD Collection Libres’s paragraphs, I will focus on those ideas from the founders and of of marriage (Gemie, 1996: 432) and un Gemie argues that following this pattern wonderful andpromising. author) where free love is claimed and as well there is a section about adultery no is there but her, about book the in collected is and article the of tone the to due Poch article a way to opport 5 1935: (Sánchez, with sex have to of majority the that claimed anarchist men misunderstood Sánchez the concept of sexual freedom as treating Poch. women as objects than view of point different a from but Poch mentionedas at well thelackeducation schools: ofsexual pleasure. sexual have to women for aimed Poch statements those from then clear is It where claimed: she of women. She published in 1932, ‘La vida sexual de la mujer’ (The sexual life of women) oe’ sxa pleasure sexual women’s Amparo Poch was a Amparo Pochwasa In article fifth her in Sánchez, unity to choose a partner partner a choose to unity ‘El elogio libre’ (Compliment delamor to the free (it seems love) to be written by Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres education and sexual hygiene” (Poch, 1932: 1932: 110 (Poch, hygiene” sexual and education even not functions, their schools the “In 125 105, taste sexual the satisfy to right the only “Not duty”, a as accept to have they that disgusting something as sex consider children, several with women, “married recently”, until importance, any given discouraging is women to offers Spain that life sexual “the
magazines. liberate women. liberate women. -
the sexual ple sexual the
- Sexualit 126). 126).
-
neither at home at neither y
asure is physiological (…) physiological is asure magazine, no.3 (July 1936, in Rodrigo, 2002b: 100), there is an is there 100), Rodrigo,2002b: in 1936, (July no.3 magazine,
medical medical
, h ms ovos ad Fo or col w cno epc sexual expect cannot we schools our “From and obvious” most the
and without the need of marriage (marriage as institution) as institution) as (marriage marriage of need the without about the ‘woman question’ ‘woman the about doctor and wrote different articles about the sexual lifearticlesand the sexual differentdoctor wrote about - h iprac of importance the
nothing is taught to the girls about their organism, not ab not organism, their about girls the to taught is nothing 8 derstood the need for - 0, hl te ol f eul reo ws the was freedom sexual of goal the while 60), Mujeres Mujeres Libres 65
- - that has been negated to women” (Poch, 1932: (Poch, women” to negated been has that 111).
osiu mtriy I te next the In maternity. conscious
in the 1930’s critiqued the notion ”, “the female sexuality has not been not has sexuality female “the ”, sexual sexual liberation as
addressed sexual freedom sexual addressed
expressed
i n the , acceptance
defined as Mujeres out CEU eTD Collection that are from are that articles three the of date the again look we If 23). 2007: use of contraceptives and voluntary abortion were stigmatized in society (Univ. Zaragoza, 167 2005: to regards in silence the that suggested (Ackelsberg, it” eliminate to efforts and causes its analyzing prostitution, concerned sexuality to related articles of majority The liberation. sexual d the none standard, double advocated sexual the of abolition articles some “While and Libres” Mujeres in found be to was writing marriage; the book about Poch by libre marriage by became ‘p women that arguing end, to needed it that claiming monogamy, 49 against 1935: (Sanchez, prostitution or marriage either was life woman’s say 58 1935: (Sánchez, marriage support not did she that stated Sánchez prostitution. to connected different. the Spanish Civil War (and in different journals) social revolution. ISo can conclude that the discourses from before by prostitution instead monogamy, neither pleasure, sexual women’s ( its on of available. I have partly is that number a 3, number the in published was that on commented have I that are referring to the M Mujeres Libres ujeres Libres ujeres ing that women were raised in order to arouse the macho senses and the purpose of a a of purpose the and senses macho the arouse to order in raised were women that ing It is interesting that Ackelsberg has mentioned that “Little of this explicitly ‘pro About marriage there is an article probably written by Poch (since it is collected in collected is it (since Poch by written probably article an is there marriage About also and sexuality to related much is founders the of discourse the in Marriage
(Free (1937)Ribelles byinRodrigo, marriage) 2002b:92
il supposedly title -
60), and in the second article of the ‘woman question’, she question’, ‘woman the of article second the in and 60), the title it is already pretty creative rivate rivate property’ of men, and therefore slaves (Preface of Poch in
before the st the before Marriage Mujeres Libres, Libres, Mujeres ’s magazine, no.9, June 1937: 5). However, the article does not debate not does article the However, 5). 1937: June no.9, magazine, ’s
reviewed reviewed the other articles after the start of the war in the seven numbers ’s magazine that I have access Mujeres Mujeres Libres’s
Rodrigo, Rodrigo, 2002b: 218
address art of the Spanish Civil War; moreover Nash and Ackelsberg and Nash moreover War; Civil Spanish the of art ed as stated by Nash, and that their final objective is the is objective final their that and Nash, by stated as
eult, Te eul rga ad h Revolution’ the and program sexual ‘The sexuality,
magazine magazine so from that source it is only the last article sexuality could have been due to the fact that the the that fact the to due been have could sexuality 66 - :
220) in which the author uses
“Proyección para la creación de una fábrica
ealt explicitly with women's sexuality or sexuality women's with explicitly ealt to in relationin to sexuality were , and I only found one article that it mentions the struggle against against struggle the mentions mentioned above mentioned - 93)
and and after the start of critiqued society critiqued - 50). El matrimonio irony to mock
-
we will see will we 168). Nash Nash 168). completely completely oh was Poch based - sex’
CEU eTD Collection inequality in which woman and men were entering in marriage and second the and marriage toin entering were due men and first woman which marriage in inequality rejected magazine the of board editorial the and founders that then, conclude can I lines. those around on goes it and 9) 1937: March no.7, library with the book “The common sense commandments” ( pl take can weddings where away far place a create to project ‘fake’ a of mention is there reality in which they live, where men continue to oppress women. Therefore in the article weddi of m (Authentic factory a of (Project auténticos)” (Churros serie en bodas de th challenge not that argues Ackelsberg 165). 2005: (Ackelsberg, properly” children Libres Mujeres th given been had “women that mentions Ackelsberg children. of caregiver only the as mother the of role 15). and “motherhood meaning t motherhood of concept the how critiqued article fourth her in Sánchez, childr they tobeself had mothers be to wanted women if that mentioned she time same the at mother”, a being aff in (Poch equals as them love should men that and things other be could women that well as mentioned s (More mujeres’ las de acerca ideas identification of women withmaternity” (Univ. Zaragoza,In 2007:24). article, her ‘Más related of against marriage. tothe anarchisttheinstitution ideology, tated that women will be always housewifes and will take care of the children, but she but children, the of care take will and housewifes always be will women that tated ace since “it is not convenient that tragedies are being hold in public”, that it will be a a be will it that public”, in hold being are tragedies that convenient not is “it since ace irmed that: “woman is an individual, and she has value and worth even apart from from apart even worth and value has she and individual, an is “woman that: irmed
Nash and Ackelsberg evaluate negatively that negatively evaluate Ackelsberg and Nash In n n t ko hw o as te” Cmpsd i Aklbr, 05 162). 2005: Ackelsberg, in (Comaposada them” raise to how know to and en
relation to maternity to relation
f oa (ace, 95 54 1935: (Sanchez, woman of
ess)). T ess)). Motherhood
argued, required that women educate themselves in order to raise their their raise to order in themselves educate women that required argued, e identity of woman as a mother, instead mother, a as woman of identity e La Voz Aragón Voz La maternity could never annul a woman as an individual” (Nash, 1995: 1995: (Nash, individual” an as woman a annul never could maternity - conscious which meanconscious piay epniiiy o riig hlrn Ta responsibility, That children. raising for responsibility primary e he article argues that people are continuing getting married in the in married getting continuing are people that argues article he
,
Amparo Poch “did not seem to break completely from the from completely break to seem not “did Poch Amparo , 1928; in Rodrigo, 2002b: 83). Mercedes Comaposada, Mercedes 83). 2002b: Rodrigo, in 1928; , ideas in relation to relation in ideas t
67 - howtohaveand tochoose: able “when being 56)
I . Ns wrs Snhz en that meant Sánchez words, Nash n Mujeres Libres Mujeres
women) published in 19 in published women) Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres’s
did not question the question not did Mujeres Libres Mujeres ngs on series series on ngs ook argued for a a for argued ,
magazine, and more more and
28, Poch 28, over the the over
did the the CEU eTD Collection Nash argues that anarcho 5.1.4 Anarcho Ias previous have quotes. withthe showed Sánchez di that and way same the in maternity saw founders the all not that adds she but 91), 1995: of failure a as this considers Nash mothers. for education better 4) Living autobiography, sensational her through thirties the in consciousness w she evenAnd tothe after draft. obstruct I, War ofWorld eve the on conspiring, for once and ofcontraceptives, the use in audience large instructinga for workers' a rally,once at riot to inciting allegedly for once imprisoned: times three and times uncounte wasshe arrested career her during speaker, fearless Abrilliant and prostitution. wroteon she ofan article because by government the was suppressed once Mother Earth, untiledited and 1918, 1906 to book a along taking without public in never spoke she love a activist, speech champion, free labor agitator, yearsan anarchist Duringthirtyas her World. in Woman the Dangerous Most the Anarchistsand ofthe Queen as the knownwas revolutionary notorious the century, a was name Goldman's Emma of1919, Scare Red shameful words this 18 to support gave Goldman 226). 99, 2005: Ackelsberg, mi the in Spain to visits Goldman’s of Libres of founders the and Goldman Emma that underline to important is it addition found the of one as defined is who leader, Goldman Emma level international 80). revolutio the both espouse anarcho an founding by level next organization a to them took but discourses Mañe’s (Nash, 142 2010: Spain in movement anarchist the in existed that inequality the about out speak to started nineteenth the of end the since who Mañe, Teresa and Claramunt Teresa are feminism
In Shulman book InShulman book
and anarchy. This outspoken enemy of capitalism, the state, and the family was arrested so often so that arrested was familythe and state, the capitalism, of enemy outspoken This anarchy. and The anarchist movement was deeply rooted in the patriarchal culture, as I mentioned hn etoig h poer o anarcho of pioneers the mentioning When
built built a close relationship by exchanging letters and founders/members met nd birth control advocate, the notorious Red Emma wasp as a feared Emma Red the notorious advocate, control birth nd :
“Red Emma Goldman. By the time she was deported to Russia along with 248 others in others the withRussia248 to along was deported she time the By Goldman. Emma “Red d speak out against maternity as the only identity for women (Nash, 1995: 91),
“Mujeres Libres “Mujeres - feminism Red Emma Speaks: An Emma Goldman Reader Goldman AnEmma Speaks: Emma Red - 144 ). The founders of founders ). The
-
feminism emerged as nary and the feminist causes on an equal basis” (Nash, 1995: (Nash, basis” equal an on causes feminist the and nary , the first working first the ,
18 , ddle of the Spanish Civil War (Wright, n.d: 2; n.d: (Wright, War Civil Spanish the of ddle Mujeres Libres as deported, she managed to make a comeback to public public to make comeback a managed sheto as deported, h well the ers of anarcho of ers 68
reaction to this read in jail. The radical journal she founded in founded she journal radical inread The jail. - class women’s movement [in Spain] to Spain] [in movement women’s class
household word. In the first decades ofthis firstword.Inthe decades household - - nw American known eiim hv t name to have I feminism Mujeres Libres Mujeres
, continued with Claramunt’s andcontinued withClaramunt’s - s feminism (Nash, 1995: 80). In 80). 1995: (Nash, feminism he introduces Emma Goldman Emma heintroduces
. The pioneers of anarcho My Life My romoter of violence, free violence, romoterof Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres - .” (Shulman, 1998: 3 1998: (Shulman, .” usa anarchist Russian
and affirmed that affirmed and - feminist Mujeres
at (Nash, t the at
some some with d - - .
CEU eTD Collection M as well as the researcher Iniguez (Iniguez, 2007: 5), but Ackelsberg, 2005:187). help to little was she that the for need a was there that stating o letter a sent example for she would Mujeres Libres by through the analysis of of with information, bringmuch not magazine where theter the founders in other anarchist journals and the articles published consider non the affirm to Montseny Federica quote Acklesberg and Nash historians the that arguedI feminism. anarchist 1996:432) discourse” (Gemie, in concepts and ideals feminist of integration the in problem structural a clearly was that emancipation female specific War, Civ Spanish the during feminism and anarchism between tension existent the is term this in the second edition of the book. A Libr anarcho mention Spain of Women ujeres Libres Libres ujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres es Nash has recognized has Nash In this chapter I have have I chapter this In Conclusion five relevant members. The interviews showed clear statement where the where
in contemporary anarchism” (Iniguez, 2007: 2 2007: (Iniguez, anarchism” contemporary in
an inadequate analysis.Ian Therefore inadequate reviewing first written by suggested articles gladly very surprised that their organizations (CNT, FAI and FIJL) had done so done had FIJL) and FAI (CNT, organizations their that surprised very Mujeres -
a fem dniiain of identification book her in example for Ackelsberg conclusion. this to come have ‘anarcho “ - collaborate with them (Goldman 1936 in eiim nt vn n t atmt o nlz te eay of legacy the analyze to attempt its in even not feminism, ,
did a ground a did not influence the influence not did inist organization, their because claims.inist of Federica Montseny; however the non m feminism/feminist was feminism/feminist m not identify with feminism as Nash and Ackelsberg had argued had Ackelsberg and Nash as feminism with identify not Libres
- Mujeres Libres Mujeres n October 7, 1938 to 1938 7, October n sexism’ (Gemie, 1996: 417) would be incompatible with the with incompatible be would 417) 1996: (Gemie, sexism’ xlie te ifrn ves regarding views different the explained - therefore breaking study published in 1991 (first edition), does not does edition), (first 1991 in published study breaking
n ta ti sol be should this that and uee Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Mujeres collaboration of CNT with CNT of collaboration in the second section I made interviews examined sectionsecond the in
possible possible
fact that fact as anarcho as 69
Mariano Vazquez, secretary of the CNT, the of secretary Vazquez, Mariano
mentioned reason ih eiim n h 1930’s the in feminism with
scholars since the 1970’s the since scholars argued for. As Gemie argues Gemie As for. argued - feminist organization feminist - 3), neither 3), not
why Liaño, C et. al 1999 changed all scholars - . The originaldocuments did identification with feminism Ackelsberg Ackelsberg
Mujeres Libres Mujeres i n n the is there is
s Glmn 13 in 1938 (Goldman,
wherethe
uee Libres’s Mujeres who Mujeres Libres’s did not a reference to to reference a
have studied (2010: 149), (2010:
). Gol considered members , arguing , , Mujeres Mujeres
, use this
what “there “there dman Free to to il I
CEU eTD Collection libertarian movement, the or the movement, libertarian mostly context Spanish the in feminism, did not define them as s Nash, but anarcho section, last fe contemporary of part is that arguments anarchist Libres Mujeres Libres movements two I discussed t discussed I
ed t b cniee feminist. considered be to needs Mujeres Libres . ,
hose feminist claims in the third section as a way to way a as section third the in claims feminist hose therefore I believe that anarcho that believe I therefore
- feminist. Anarcho feminist. uch
Mujeres Libres Mujeres is no minism. The relation between these between relation The minism. . However, although ganization t broadly recognized by this term; - Mujeres Libres Mujeres feminist is a concept used concept a is feminist
followed as the claim for sexual liberation that liberation sexual for claim the as followed n hs hr scin I also I section, third this In 70 u to due
there are tensions between anarchism and - feminist is an adequate term to define to term adequate an is feminist
h eitn anarcho existant the
brought together ideas together brought
two traditions leads to the to leads traditions two
for example Ackelsberg by argue
some scholars as as scholars some mentioned - eim n the in sexism
that that from the the from Mujeres
some CEU eTD Collection
SECTION 2.Historiography SECTION
CEU eTD Collection longgo. way to but history this recoveringwork to institutions set Spain society, civil Spanish to thanks how, explain I transform. and erase to attempted Franco that history a dictatorship, Franquist the after and War Civil Spanish the of history the recovering in sections. The first section is dedicated to the complex situation in which Spain finds its honor tomeet of members. two its th about talk to museums to and Consell de savis is I debate project second Themembers. the of agethe to due yearsago eight concluded expe own their about talked schools I is The discuss first that project and War Civil Spanish happened during the what historic memory of and chapter 4. Libres Mujeres to related others and anarchism Spanish about analyzed previously have I that books study. this with the anaIfigures Tocontinue in that mentioned relevant most the to references any in made history Spain, school of high region autonomous if an examine Catalonia, to down further step a move I textbooks. in later women how examine to Iwant and 1970’s the since much very advanced has history women’s on research The perspective. limited more a to broader CHAPTERTHE 6. IMPORTANCEOFRECOVERING WOMEN’S Chapter six contains the historiographical part of the thesis and is divided into three into divided is and thesis the of historiographicalpart the contains six Chapter pro great two discusses section third The a from history contemporary in women of role the examines section second The
in search for references of the relevant figures, mentioned in chapter 3 chapter in mentioned figures, relevant the of references for search in (Sage board), a group of twelve men and women who also go to schools ROLETHEIN SPANISH CIVIL WAR eir experiences; this group is still working and I had the the had I and working still is group this experiences; eir Dones 36 del
riences during the Spanish Civil War; this project this War; Civil Spanish the during riences 72
jects of oral history that aim to recover the recover to aim that history oral of jects
(Women of(Women
[19] lysis I well review as lysis will 36) whose participants at participants 36) whose are represented 40 years 40 represented are
the there was there Franco regime.Franco and is and elf
a CEU eTD Collection (Vicente, 2013:14 hist 2 1995: (Nash, War” Civil the and Republic Second the concerning amnesia historical“collective general a for regimeaimed Franco The history. written on the Franco during regimeamnesia yetpeople that peoplebeen 141). have (Graham, 30,000 notfoundaround is 2005: claim 2005 in Graham forces. Franco’s by assassinated people many of remains the recover to graves common from exhumation the for asked organization This (ARMH). Memory) Historical of Recuperation the for (Association the recover to the society by civil memory, Republican the from pressure emerged 2000’s the in later, decades 140 2005: (Graham, 1970’s early the in Franquists the by destroyed been evide proved that material the of much Spain’s provinces, as Graham argues, had been examined in order to recover of material but percent sixty 2000 of beginning the by province; by province repression Franquist War Civil the about works historical 139 2005: (Graham, war the about publicly said be 1970’s and early 1980’s, there was still a self (ARMH, 2012) the rights of others… for human rights violations committed prior to 15 December 1976 “ th by pushed Law, Amnesty the (1975) the transition towards democracy was built on forgetting the past. In October 1977 Franco of death the After 138). 2005: (Graham, peace not Grah and victory was fact celebrating in so crimes’, ‘war for people executing tourists, and while they were celebrating the ‘Twenty attract to started Spain 1963, In liberation’. national of ‘war or ‘crusade’ as it to refer occurred during the war and instead of calling it by what it was, a C provided amnesty for acts committed by functionaries and agents of public order against r utl h ed f h Faqit ittrhp 17) a a ‘nxlrd desert’ ‘unexplored an was (1975) dictatorship Franquist the of end the until ory . Twrs h rcvr o te itrcl eoy fe te imposed the after memory historical the of recovery the Towards 6.1 The historian Graham explains that the Franquist regime tried to manipulate what manipulate to tried regime Franquist the that explains Graham historian The influence huge a had has side Republican the by War Civil Spanish the of loss The . This Amnesty law has as well be - 15).
scain o l por Asociación e deputies in the in deputies e
nce of the repression by the Franco regime had had regime Franco the by repression the of nce
have been been have 73 - censoring in Spain that restricted what could
rcprcó d l mmra histórica memória la de recuperación a en en referred to as ‘pact of silence’. In the Spanish Parliament Spanish published. They reconstructed the the reconstructed They published. - - five five Years of Peace’ they were still 4) rmtelt 90s many 1980’s late the From 140). am claims that what they were were they what that claims am ed that the estimated number of of number estimated the that ed ivil ivil War, they used to , was passed and passed was , - ) The 3). - 141). Some Some 141). Spanish
”
CEU eTD Collection aaoi) fiily ulse te a 1/07 ht prvd h ‘Memorial the approved that 13/2007 law pu a Memorial), Democràtic’(Democratic the published officially Catalonia) is more complete (Law 57/2007). this subject; there have been others since the beginn or violence during and CivilWar the theSpanish Franco regime.It the not is first lawon 31 to pass the ‘ happened tothem what out find can and regime, Franco the and War Civil Spanish the during disappeared Group’ The victims”. the to justice and truth bring to policy comprehensive a draft Franco regime.The Group attention of the Spanish government one more time, but on this occasion the Disappearances Involuntary or Enforced on Group Working UN 2 July of end the At 2013). (CAN, past the in violations rights human the about and also mentioned that there is a need for a commission that would determinate the truth search should government for Disappearances with specific dedicated publications been promoting the recovery of the role of women through the Spanish Civil War history also has Democràtic’ ‘Memorial The history. the of recovery the promote that schools very necessary work; it has produced man between 1931 and 1980 (Law 13/2007). The ‘Memorial Democràtic’ has since been doing period the of memory democratic the increase and commemorate recover, to aims that ,
the crimes during the Franco 2007. The law established measures to support people who suffered from persecution n oebr 07 h Gnrltt e aauy (uooos oenet in government (Autonomous Catalunya de Generalitat the 2007 November In The the 2013 of end the By
gave the government 90 days to explain how they would help the victims of victims the help would they how explain to days 90 government the gave ga i ta te oenet f Spain of government the that is goal s Asociación por la recuperación de la memória histórica Ley de Memoria Histórica’ (Law of Historical Mem published a report which critiqued the Amensty law or or law Amensty the critiqued which report a published
(Junquera, 2014). UN Working Group UN without restrictions without
regime. The
N okn Gop n nocd r Involuntary or Enforced on Group Working UN
to this topic. to this
urged “the state to assume its responsibilityand assume its state“the to urged y expositions, books and educative material for blic institution of the Generalitat of Catalonia of Generalitat the of institution blic 74 UN Working Group
for all the people the all for
ep t locate to helps ing of democracy (1975), but this one ory) approved on October
claimed claimed that the Spanish was the one who pushed who have have who
l te epe who people the all had to ask for the the for ask to had ‘pact of silence’ silence’ of ‘pact UN WorkingUN UN Working disappeared 014, the the 014,
th e
CEU eTD Collection feminists in Europe started from ‘Year Zero’,‘overcoming amnesia’ (Offen, 2000: 3 2000: (Offen, amnesia’ Zero’,‘overcoming ‘Year from started Europe in feminists refers to the knowledge that previously did not exist and mentions that in the early 1970’s feminis of history the and our history women’s enrich of knowledge much…to the done and have 1970’s contexts the national since scholarship in feminist history of emergence women’s of growth “The that argues (2000), books andtextbooks, articles ( forth” so and religious, cultural, economic, social, intelectual, 19 worldview the from exclusion complete transmitted by compulsoryeducation” ( nearly their and women of consideration a with appear only they cited. is person a that times of they of years four the of subjects the all cover that houses publishing different three from manuals 115 analyzed they so do to education; compulsory in have women that importance the and presence (López textbooks school Spain, there have study first the not is Spain. This in textbooks (ESO) Secondary Education that knowledge) of a genealogy textbooks: hidden ESO the in women of absence the of (Analysis ocultada’ conocimiento de genealogía una ESO: la de manuales los en mujeres las de ausencia la de ‘Análisis resea on based article an review nowadays, 2014, is integrated with a gender perspective in every subject field this in but previously, explained I as regime Franco the of situation the to due exceptional is Spain of case The decades. few a in literature published of lot a produced has which history, women’s recover to order It clearfrom is Offen’s thatsince statements t
“The history of feminism in Europe encompasses virtually every ‘field’ of historycal inquirí historycal ‘field’of every virtually encompasses infeminismEurope of history “The . Te ak f eonto o wmn n pns hsoy examining history: Spanish in women of recognition of lack The 6.2 ae Ofn hsoin in historian, Offen, Karen To examine if women’s role is part of the narrative in different subject fields, I willI fields, subject different in narrative the of part is role women’s if examine To distinguished
been been the the people mentioned in the textbooks by gender as well as the number Compulsory S Compulsory other other scholars from the 1980’s who -
Navajas, 2 Navajas, 28 i te etok, hc rvas te ak f social of lack “the reveals which textbooks, the in 12,8%
The rch by rch uoen F European
y established y econdary Education. They built a database in which which in database a built They Education. econdary 014: 1 014:
analyz López López eto I at o xmn i wmns history women’s if examine to want I section - 75 5). mnss 1700 eminisms,
he 1970’s in Europe started a movement in - - es the absence of women in Compulsory in women of absence the es
Navajas from the University of Valencia, of University the from Navajas Navajas The aim of the project is to measure the the measure to is project the of aim The that women have a very poor presence, poor very a have women that Offen, 2000: 2 2000: Offen, , 2014:3
have have researched sexism in the m at the national level.” She level.” national the at m - 90 A oiia History Political A 1950: - 12). )
of this typein this of 19 -
in Spain. political, political, - 4).
CEU eTD Collection party. The reference is made in a separate box or besid or box separate a in made is reference The party. only two women cited: Federica Montseny and Dolores Ibarruri, leader of the communist tendencies. In the three textbooks, I would need much space to discuss the material here, I just want to give the most relevant I and War, concretely, I have examined the chapters about the level;Se School High the at Catalonia in history in textbooks used frequently most three Icollectedthe War. Civil Spanish the and Republic Second the historyof the in women Barcelona, Tusquets. 1939). pp.101 vol.6, 21 2nd (History Batxillerat 2 second: The Batxillerat. Vives Vicens (History). 20 Libertad y book the In 242. the of out 137) (2005: page one only in CNT the by recognition historian Spanish Casanova, book was literature about 1936 anarchist and theorist Murray Bookchin, Spanis 2000: 3). often be empowering; partial knowledge, or lack of knowledge, can disempower” (Offen, te the in May 2014. Vicente an integrated not mentioned, these things are placed in a separate page at the end of the chapter, so they are and theworkrear done (mostly Civil War front inthe duringtheSpanish are bywomen) there is no mention
I examined three texbooks, the first: the texbooks, three examined I Kaplan, T (1971) ‘Spanish Anarchism and Women’s Liberation’. Liberation’. Women’s Anarchismand ‘Spanish (1971) T Kaplan, olwn ti poet I ae oe sal research small a done have I project, this Following I also examined whether whether examined also I ,
Anarchism, the republic and civil war in Spain: 1931 Spain: in war civil and republic the Anarchism, there is no mention h anarchism that were discussed in Chapter 2. In the book by the American American the by book the In 2. Chapter in discussed were that anarchism h ,
xtbooks to build an equal society since “ since society equal an build to xtbooks a historian
, edited by Casanova in 2010, there is a chapter: ’20 key figures in the history the in figures key ’20 chapter: a is there 2010, in byCasanova edited ,
(History 2 High School). Grup Promotor Santillana. Andthird: the Santillana. Promotor Grup School). High 2 (History - High School High also Therefore it is important that we integrate the role of women and men equally 110; and and 110; interviewed two history teachers at High School in May 2014. Although 2014. May in HighSchool at teachers history two interviewed otn eces n studen and teachers often d o Nash, M (1975) (1975) Nash,M high schoolhigh Mujeres Mujeres Libres f
) (2009) Editorial Edebé. Editorial (2009) ) Mujeres Mujeres L
of Mujeres Libres
Te aut The . Mujeres Libres Mujeres
ibres teacher, affirmed in an Iinterview conducted with her in García,M, Gatell,C, Palafox Gatell,C, García,M, Mujeres Libres: España 1936 España Libres:Mujeres 20
already available. . If the achievement of women’s right to vote (1933) in t he chapter about the Spanish Civil War there are The Spanish Anarchists: The heroic years 1868 hor mentions mentions hor Casassas,J , Casassas,J
76 . The book was published in 1977 when there
s o o py teto t them to attention pay not do ts is mentioned in some of the books books the of some in mentioned is Ghanime,Aan Knowledge cond Republic and the Spanish Civil 21
es ,G and Risques,M (2012) (2012) Risques,M and ,G I have as well reviewed the uee Libres Mujeres Journal of Contemporary History, History, Contemporary of Journal
- a picture of each of each of picture a 1939 1939 - 1939 bu te ersnain of representation the about - d Santacana,C (2012) (2012) Santacana,C d
(Mujeres Libres: Spain 1936 Libres: Spain (Mujeres as everyone knows everyone as
by the historian Jul historian the by Història 2nd Batxillerat Batxillerat 2nd Història
n te non the and Història
them, and them,
as Història Història Tierra Tierra Laura about - 2005
can ian - - -
CEU eTD Collection bu te nrhs i San s rig o nert te edr ieso it the into dimension gender the integrate to libertarian a movement, is good it a long beginning isstill butthere togo. way trying is Spain in anarchism the about little So, book. the across Anarchism, since Vicente mentions in 2013. This book sets a precedent of how to integrate women in the literature of Spanish en España the Iis examined that book Another mentioned. is where Mañe (227 of the Spanish anarchism’, where there founders’ more makes invisible. voices, them Comaposada. about article) an or book (a published to her work, there is one published article about Sánchez and there is nothing specifically dedicated Poch has While twobooks Poch. Saornil, MercedesAmparo and Comaposada theanarchistcontribution to movement. enough not is representation this but literature published 2010 attention more much get not does Claramunt Mañe (2005), Ackelsberg Martha Moreover language. non few and book published one only Ter of case The to. referred Claramunt, Teresa Mañe, and the founders/relevant members of female anarchist in the Casanova, J (ed.) (ed.) J Casanova, There is even little published about the founders o founders the about published little even is There Federica Montseny, the - 22 22 230) and Federica Montseny (281
Caaut n Mñ hv gie rcgiin n oprsn o previous to comparison in recognition gained have Mañe and Claramunt , Nash, M (2010) ‘Libertarias y anarcofeminismo’ (Libertarians and anarcho and (Libertarians yanarcofeminismo’ ‘Libertarias (2010) Nash,M (Anarchist history in Spai Tierra y Libertad Tierray in the books published by the historians, Mary Nash (1995) and and (1995) Nash Mary historians, the by published books the in Spanish anarchist movement
by little from the 2000’s we can see that the historiography the that see can we 2000’s the from little by esa Mañe is more pronounced than Teresa Claramunt, with Claramunt, Teresa than pronounced more is Mañe esa first first S
. Barcelona, Crítica. Barcelona, panish Mujeres Libres n) by the Spanish historian Laura Vicente, published s ery bet rfrne ol tie; while twice); only (referenced absent nearly is -
academic articles dedicated to her, in the Spanish the in her, to dedicated articles academic - is a section on only two women: Teresa Claramun 283). 283). Juan Montseny (230
female minister 77
either
, Teresa Claramunt and Teresa Mañe, . In . (Nash, 1998: 354) The lack of the of lack The f an Mujeres Libres Mujeres if we consider we if in 1936, is the most recognized article published by Nash by published article Mujeres Libres Historia del anarquismo Historia - 233) has also a section - . feminism) in in feminism)
Mujeres Libres’s Mujeres However, Teresa their intellectual their , Lucía Sanchez Lucía ,
are rarely
in
CEU eTD Collection women, a few months later seven more women joined them, and they all shared different in (Ventura priz the with awarded were Maria Capmany Aurèlia 6.3.1 Civil duringthe Warof women Spanish regime andFranco the and lectureswith discussions roundtable 142 engagedandin etc. cityhalls, associations, 35 universities with 2.700 attendees; they also of centers 179 visited Secondary Education and H They project. the of importance the in believed y 80 around were all they required, when home Spain andFrance; upas they woke early go as 6amnights toaschool to andspentof out years (Salvoin for 40inthetextbooks silenced been had that testimonya 2006), 36, del (Dones regimeFranco the and/or exile the War, Civil Spanish the during experiences lived own their explain to history oral of organization. the of secretary the became from girl (the 36’ del nena ‘la called Piquet, ( backgrounds political 6.3 Contemporary oral projects in Catalonia that aim to recover the rolethe recover to aim Cataloniathat in projects oralContemporary 6.3 Arbonès Sarrias (born in Barcelona in 1929, Federació Obrera d’Unitat Sindical, FOUS, and and FOUS, Obrera d’Unitat Sindical, Federació in 1929, in Barcelona (born Sarrias Arbonès were:Emèrita they sametasks, the doing the association joined women other months later Some ofBarcelona) Unificadas Socialistas Juventudes in 1920, in(born Sabadell SalvoIborra Maria ofMadrid), Unificadas Socialistas Juventudes in 1917, in Bilbao (born Lázaro Manola RodríguezCNT), in 1915, Barcelona 1909 Barcelona, in (born i Román Gallinat Enriqueta Comunista), Partido in 1913, in(born Madrid Prieto Gallego 1914 1921 ofMadrid Unificadas Socialistas Juventudes 2003, in1927 Albacete in (born IsabelVicenteGarcía and 1921) in Barcelona (born Palacios Santamaria Victòria in 1934 in Barcelona (born Ibáñez Piquet Josefina Codines), de Feliu ofSant Unificadas Juven 1920, Codines in de Sant Feliu (born LaiaPuget Berenguer POUM), Ingroup of 1997,a women called Dones del 36 delDones 23 24 Dones del 36
In the appendix 6 Inthe appendix
The The - - 2005, Partido Comunista Francés, activist in Partido Comunista de Catalunya), Trinidad Trinidad Catalunya), de Comunista Partido in activist Francés, Comunista Partido 2005, Pa Cremón Rosa Lleida), of Unificadas Socialistas Juventudes 2013, - 2010, Juventudes Socialistas Unificad Socialistas Juventudes 2010, eight founders of ‘Dones del 36’ were: Victoria Carrasco Peñalver (born in Madrid in in Madrid 1917 (born Peñalver were:Carrasco Victoria 36’ del of‘Dones founders eight Associació ‘Dones del 36’ del ‘Dones Associació -
2006, Esquerra Republicana de Republicana Esquerra 2006, spoke in all the four provinces of Catalonia, travelled to other cities incities other travelledto Catalonia, of provincesfour the all in spoke
( The W The , pp , anarchist, communist and repub and communist anarchist, . F, there are two pictures taken with some membersof withsome twoF, taken . pictures are there
.
awards theBarcelona from City specific Hall, towomen.
omen of omen of igh Schools, reaching 11.050 students; they gave speeches in e and then they constitut they then and e
[19] Dones 36 del Asso , 2006: 15). 2006: , 36): An Dones del 36 del Dones as of Barcelona) (Dones del 36, 2006: 28 2006: 36, del (Dones Barcelona) as of 78 ciació ‘Donesciació del 36’
Catalunya), concha Pérez Collado (born in(born Collado Pérez concha Catalunya),
carried out public events in cultural centers, 24 [19] ), Carme Casas Godessart (born in Huesca in in Huesca (born Casas Godessart Carme ), ears old but they did this because they because this did they but old ears
oral history and educationalprojectoral and history 36) since she had been born in 1936, in born been had she since 36) 23 Dones del 36 del Dones
ed the organization the ed presented their for candidature the
licans came together to create a project project a create to together came ). 24
, 2006:21). The youngest, Josefina youngest, The
rra (born in Madrid in in(born Madrid rra tudes Socialistas Socialistas tudes was founded by eight by founded was Dones del 36 del Dones
Dones del 36 del Dones Compulsory -
- 55) 2013), 2013),
.
They -
CEU eTD Collection ih eas ad hi cnrbto cnius o e lv truh ok, interviews books, ( documentariesand expositions through alive be to continues contribution their and medals, with they received many tributes for the peace and justice women, of favor ( in campaigns and demonstrations in involved 36 del as well ( 8.650 participants. They participated in sixteen TV shows and sixteen TV documentaries of member Piquet, Josefina them among team, the became Cardona Francesc b people more 2002, seven years the through and project, In the of coordinator project. the of initiator Punter, i Campins interviews here. andWar theFranco than regime Roser Font; but we talked more about their hard life experiences during the Spanish Civil of members female two interviewed also I 2002. May, 2014 I interviewed the about del 36 the CatalanHistory):oral Museum history of Aproject of 6.3.2 their project well: very Associació del ‘Dones 36’ In 2006, due to the age of the members, they concluded their project, but since then since but project, their concluded they members, the of age the to due 2006, In The group of group The Consell de To conclude this section I want to quote a statement from Consell dels savisConsell del de d’Història Museu Catalunya , bu
declared themselves feminists themselves declared Associació ‘Dones del ( ( silence…i parlem.” el trenquen les dones dolor,( del més enllà ( ignorades, les vides de més enllà ( silenciat, i manipulat passat del “Més enllà Associació ‘Dones del del ‘Dones Associació t this one is organized by the Museum of History of Catalonia. The information Consell de Consell ls
savis Consell de Consell ls
(The board of sages) is similar to the oral history project of savis , by email, Francesc Cardona, the coordinator of this project sin
fartherpain, from the , 2006:121).
36’ is limited, is ls
36’ , 2006 , savis Associació del ‘Dones 36’ about , 2006: 81 work
: : 24) farther from lives which have been ignored, been have which lives fartherfrom was formed in 1999 with seven members by Lluís by members seven with 1999 in formed was
Card n oe dl 36, del Dones in (Cuadrada the projectand thereforeI notinclu have even on the website of the museum; there museum; the of website the on even
done done by 79 ) - women break the silence…to speak.) speak.) silence…to the womenbreak
125). Moreover, all the members of Farther than the manipu the than Farther Dones del 36 Consell de Consell oe dl 36 del Dones , 2006:182
(The board of(The board sages from Dones del 36 ls
. They have been honored
savis
lated and silenced past,) silenced and lated (she joined after the the after joined (she
2006: 105) and got got and 105) 2006: : Roser Rosers and Rosers Roser : - 184). ecame part of the the of part ecame )
that describes
ded their fore in fore Dones Dones ce
, CEU eTD Collection bu ter ie e lived their about visitors the by questions answer to available group the of members two are there when takes place in the Museum of History of Catalonia every first and third Saturday of month, Another activity that the experience. own their through regime, Franco or/and War Civil Spanish the historical of context the to relate and experiences living their explain members the institutions, betweenand 1943(Cardona, 2014). 1922 dissolution of attended. in oftheone they schools 2010 25 figures indifferent disciplines. part of the history, therefore it is very important societyloses the moreover and women, of inequality the perpetuates models role female of absence the which in textbooks of example the gave I history. Spanish the in women more from rolethem. within recognizingofwomen the even and regime, Franco the and War Civil Spanish the of history real the recognizing s missing are who people find still to order in government Spanish the of attention the for call to had UN the from group working a that fact the regime; Franco the and War Civil Spanish the of history of that recognizeimportant to theirwell. work as as big as not is it therefore impact Their year. every yea Consell de institutes has increased through the years, for example during the first years of the project,
In the appendix 7 Inthe appendix rs, 2011 rs, osl de Consell Second, I discussed the necessity of creating published creating of necessity the discussed I Second, op I touched have chapter In this Conclusion ls - 2012 and 2012 and 2012 savis Dones del 36 ls , pp ,
visited visited two schools in average year,per while during the last academic savis precs Te atcpto of participation The xperiences. . G, there is one picture of some of the members of ofthe ofsome picture isthereone G, . 25 Consell Consell de
ince the 1930’s is a clear example of how far Spain is from is Spain far how of example clear a is 1930’s the ince ). Nowadays the group includes twelve men and women born s pn to open is -
2013, they have been in around twelve to sixteen centers sixteen to twelve around in been have they 2013,
ls
en three topics; first the necessity of recovering necessity the the of first topics; three en savis invitations
80 does is ‘Jo hi era!’ (I was there!); this activity
to work towards the integration of women
rm col, nttts n other and institutes schools, from osl de Consell
literature that integrates the integrates that literature Consell dels Savis Savis dels Consell oe dl 36 del Dones ls
savis
n col and schools in in May inMay bt t is it but , CEU eTD Collection wereas well. there who women those visible make and past women’s recover to helps it since essential is regime Franco the and War Civil Spanish the in history women’s about talks describes, younge the with debate intergenerational like I why reason Another experiences. life their explain to voice them giving agents active as women on focuses important projects. history oral two mentioning
hr, dsusd od rcie t rcvr h hsoia mmi i Catalonia, in memoir historical the recover to practices good discussed I Third,
because it gives knowledge of a reality that is absent in history books and and books history in absent is that reality a of knowledge gives it because
Dones del 36 del Dones I consider the project of project the consider I
r and
81 generations. generations.
Consell de Consell
To me any project that writes, that project any me To ls
savis Dones del 36 del Dones is that they started an an started they that is
to be very be to
CEU eTD Collection claimed that this thesis goes further than only reviewing what other scholars have said have scholars other what reviewing only than further goes thesis this that claimed histor Mujeres Libres preced women other been had there or ideas their in unique members. relevant the and founders the by done work the recognize and underline to aims and War, Civil struggle, without changingaims. their movement, libertarian the of branch fourth the as and separateCNT, fromorganization autonomous an work their of the relevant members had clear ideas, were very organized and thought about every detail attention much received 1937 August, Valence, scholars. I summarized the original document of the first conference of at work their of part of contribution founders/ same the and scholars other how on consideredas ‘anarcho laws irrelevant in practice. This situation stru patriarchy a in rooted was society the but equality, towards the start of the Second Republic there were several laws passed regarding women’s rights (1931 Republic have I through thethesis. that conclusions and findings relevant most the mention briefly will literaturepublished and originaldocumentation the and iog This thesis explores the organization the explores thesis This In chapter 3 chapter In 2 Chapter primary sources primary raphy, . This fact is as well expressed by the wayexpressed bywell as factis the This .
- a feminist organization Mujeres Libres Mujeres particularly
1939) and the anarchist movement; it is important to mention that with that mention to important is it movement; anarchist the and 1939)
describes the context in which in context the describes
T
I have provided information about about information provided have I o do so, I asked a number of questions: wether questions: of number a asked I so, do o the organization the - , and fact this sexist’
only available in the women’s library in Madrid in library women’s the in available only of from Mujeres Libres Mujeres that about
other scholars. The minute The scholars. other . First I have described briefly the lives of the founders founders the of lives the briefly described have I First . CONCLUSION
; the Spanish Civil War Mujeres Libres Mujeres
and if they are influenced the . I have used my critical thinking to exami to thinking critical my used have I . 82 favored thebirth of Mujeres Libres Mujeres
relevant and to and Mujeres Libres Mujeres Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres
when CNT did not recognizethemnot did CNT when (sufficiently)
drawmy anarchist movement somethin Mujeres Libres Mujeres members described the role and and role the described members Mujeres Lib Mujeres s shows how the founders and and founders the how shows s ing them; ing
, founded during the Spanish the during founded
and Mujeres Libres g that is rarely done by by done rarely is that g own conclusion own cture which made those made which cture if not,
emerg visible visible in the Spanish continued with their with continued res Mujeres Libres Mujeres
if we can consider can we if Mujeres Mujeres Libres
decided to foundto decided why and commented and , ed, the Second the ed,
which has not has which that
not .
has been . . I have reached
Here, IHere,
was
ne in a
CEU eTD Collection Furthermore the fact that Montseny accepted it at the beginning of 1938 reaff 1938 of beginning the at it accepted Montseny that fact the Furthermore recognition fourth branch of the libertarian movement as is stated in the report of February 1939 Libres by done work the reconsidered Montseny that is point important the However piece. small a is it since article the read not did they because probably not, did whythey 23) 1938: the autonomous 1970’s the since However feminism. with identify not did they that conclude of feminism the about 1980’s the since interviewed been had that arguments themselves “ because feminism”, and Ackelsberg stating that the reason identifywith have “MujeresLibres examplesofNash not that did shownthe mentioning of members relevant and founders on based often feminism anarcho called antifeminis movement, anarchist the in figure female recognized most the been has who Montseny Federica to section a dedicated also have 1900’s the in movement anarchist the in organization women’s Mujeres Libres Libres and Teresas two betweenthe in relationsestablished well as I have figures. two towards scholars of words the in recognition of lack a is there often how mentioned when even and scholars by mentioned are they little how well as examined I English. li histor Spanish in changing ofopiniontowards feminism terature about those about terature , while the anarchist movement did not want to recognize to want not did movement anarchist the while In chapter 3 I also hpe 5 Chapter Mañe Teresa and Claramunt Teresa of position the explored have I 4, chapter In hc eal m t cam h Trss s h peeesr of predecessors the as Teresas the claim to me enable which . poor women have never been feminist been never have women poor
by the founders in the 1930’s i S m on Montseny by Montseny is key since she she since key is Montseny by cholars have not commented on that before but it is difficult to difficult is it but before that on commented not have cholars /feminism. - . I underlined how Teresa Claramunt tried to encourage the foundi encourage tried tothe TeresaI Claramunt how underlined . eiim I ti catr rades h aayi of analysis the readdress I chapter this In feminism. organization iography, explores figures in the Spanish language, Spanish the in figures
’s
underlined underlined the shift of Federica Montseny when she recognized
arguments. Therefore I have moved from that Iand presented ruet o Fdrc Montseny Federica of arguments with h fmns of feminism the Mujeres Libres h smls eiec wih s h lc o published of lack the is which evidence simplest the Mujeres Libres Mujeres , which I , which n published articles and from re 83
( including
Mujeres Mujeres Libres’s rus o te ed f hs organization this of need the for argues uee Libres Mujeres
examined at the endexamined of chapter 4. ”, but in fact the two historians based historians two the fact in but ”, Mujeres Libres
and the and
subsection a and Mujeres Libres Mujeres the
, in the 1930’s, sometimes sometimes 1930’s, the in
magazine, instead of of instead nonexistent
were were not but Mujeres Libres Mujeres uee Libres Mujeres about without success. I success. without uee Libres Mujeres
the founders of of founders the levant levant members
no. no. 11, January feminists was hs of those
magazine. I magazine. literature Montseny’s
understand irms her her irms Mujeres Mujeres Mujeres Mujeres
ng of a ng of
as . This , the the the the to in ‘s .
CEU eTD Collection ouet wr dsryd rm h Faqit n tee r sil ay publications many still missing are there and Franquist the from destroyed were documents influenc has regime Franco the and War since united thetradition it stated that that some of their claims were as a way to confirm that they have to be contextualized within the feminist movement and Libres M to returned Mañe 1898 in that says scholar one Mañe Teresa of case the in example For interpretations different the are first The ways. r are there recognize work, sothat their other peoplecan important about it. know savis on literature published but alsosome menwho lived throughCivil andWar theFrancoregime. theSpanish The autonomous region of Catalonia, as good practices to recover the voice of women mainly de Catalunya Museudels d’Història savis del representation t integrate to started has 2000’s, the by that, movement anarchist the on literature published reviewed apart set are the Republic during Second women of role the towards recognition little very expected the was result history textbooks of High School in Catalonia the lack of representation of women in textbooks those context has a clear impact on the invisibility of made judging the Franquist adrid from her exile in London illegally
hr i n pbiain eiae t te, o ih hs to etos wn to want I sections two these with so them, to dedicated publication no is there who lost the war, the Republicans. I have brought evidence of this invisibility by invisibility this of evidence brought have I Republicans. the war, the lost who
has been considered as a feminist organization, and I have present have I and organization, feminist a as considered been has In chapter 6, I showed how the historical context in Spain with the Spanish CivilSpanish the with Spain in context historical the how showed I 6, chapter In Another of my contributions to the area of study, has been to demonstrate that demonstrate to been has study, of area the to contributions my of Another In chapter 6, I have presented two oral history projects, . With the start of the democracy the of start the With . Mujeres Mujeres Libres elevant contradictions important in the literature published in two different two in published literature the in important contradictions elevant at he role of women in their discourses but still far away from from away far still but discourses their in women of role he .
the end of the chapter, as a section section a as chapter, the of end the ,
w h ere only Federica Montseny is mentioned and the lives of women women of lives the and mentioned is Montseny Federica only ere Dones del 36 del Dones
has been defined by some scholar s s
of feminism and anarchism. for their crimes impossible, and this law is still current.
feminist
is in Catalan language while for the for while language Catalan in is
as well ed , (Micó, 2001: 7),
the Amnesty Law was passed in 1977, which 1977, in passed was Law Amnesty the 84
the recovery of Spanish history; since ma since history; Spanish of recovery the
from
that started by the end of the 1990’s in ofthe that started end by the as Mujeres Mujeres Libres o ; specifically anarchist. To conclude f the same event by different scholars. scholars. different by event same the f
three different publishing houses not compulsory to read. I have also also have I read. to compulsory not
while the other historian states s, s, not all, as anarcho
I hav
Dones del 36 since it was on the side of e done
chapter 5,
ed their claims their ed research Consel and - proper a
feminist Consell Consell I have l dels l about . The This the ny
CEU eTD Collection h hs ces o h oiia sucs I ti sne I ae etoe te relevant the mentioned have I sense, this In sources. original the to access has who contradictions saying: work and “With weapons, womendefend thefreedom will ofthe people.” Those slogan the and guns with women of image an is there 1) 1937: March (no.7, magazine 95 2005: (Ackelsberg, tone apologetic the in published articles the that mentions Ackelsberg o are scholars that is second back came Mañe that isthatother thesis with this aswell. peopleget knowthem to aim biggest my and them from much so learned have I because Montseny; Federica and organization the to reader the of attention the attract to managed have I thesis the have through addressed I that points the with that hoping thesis, this close I War. Civil Spanish the lost the that position of members a and founders historiography; Spanish the in have to deserve they that position visible more them make will we Moreover, fights. their acknowledging ‘listen’ to continue to had However ill. were they or away already passed they either research my started I time the at since them, of any interview to able more engaged with their struggles, their claims and their stories. I was v became I time every and voices their read to me allowed reports internals and articles att somehow got I point that from and courses my of one for essay of members different analyse and scholars the by perspective the integrate I where thesis this in contradictions bserve in the primary sources. For example To conclude I want to recognize one more time the work done by founders and founders by done work the time more one recognize to want I conclude To Mujeres Libres Mujeres Mujeres
can confuse s of those and Libres with the pardon of the government (Vicente, 2013:91 (Vicente, government the of pardon the with
to Mujer
a reader who has read more than one book on the topic a . I found out about the organization when I was prepa I was when organization the about out Ifound . , and read their voices; because if we do so we will be be will we so do we if because voices; their read and , and its women, and also to Teresa Claramunt, Teresa Mañe sometimes sometimes
in order to provide the reader with an exhaustive research exhaustive an with reader the provide to order in including my es Libres es - 97), while in the cover of the of cover the in while 97), can we what from different something arguing
do not occupy since they are on the side that side the on are they since occupy not do 85 ,
examination examination of the in the case of
,
this made me realize how important it is it important how realizeme made this
my own perspective own my Mujeres Libres Libres Mujeres the
milicianas milicianas original documentations ached to them. T them. to ached magazine have an have magazine Mujeres Li Mujeres , ery sad to not be
(militia (militia women) recognizing the the recognizing
ba sed on the on sed - 92) ring an ring bres’s . The The . nd/or nd/or heir .
CEU eTD Collection
Casassas,J ,Ghanime,ACasassas,J Santacana,C and (2012) (2013)Casanova, J (2010)Casanova, J Roudletge,NewLondonand York (2005)Casanova, J Cardona, sentMònica to (2014) de FEmail May Ayguavives, 5,2014. Anarchism Brown, (2003) S Institute ofTechnology. women’s emancipation based MA anarchism’. inSpanish thesis.Massachusetts Bowder, G Harper ColophonBooks. Bookchin,M (1977) Viewed 2014,< 15June Associación paralarecuperación lamemoria (ARMH) de histórica (20 Democràtic. 2006). Generalitat deBarcelona Ajuntament Catalunya, and de Memorial 1997 paraula Associació (2006) del ‘Dones 36’ espanya November - 2006 - comissio The politics of individualism: Liberalism, individualism: of politics Liberalfeminism and The A short history of the Spanish Civil War ofthe history Spanish A short Civil y Tierra Libertad Spain: 1931 Anarchism, in the war republic andcivil (Women of(Women the36:Asilencethat has becomea word 1997 The Spanish Anarchists:TheheroicSpanish yearsThe 1868 ‘“Separate and Equal?” Mujeres Libres Mujeresand Equal?” Anarchist ‘“Separate Free Women forthe andthe Anarchism struggle Free ofSpain: y Elanarquismo lalucha porla Libres. Mujeres . 2 http://www.memoriahistorica.org.es BIBLIOGRAPHY - nd veritat edition. AKPress. . Barcelona, Virus. - crims Les dones 86 (LandFreedom).Barce and - franquisme.html> Vilaweb del 36:Un silenci en del convertit Història 2 Batxillerat 2 Història , 15November, , 16 viewed . I.B.Tauris.. > lona, Crítica. lona, - of a truth a truth of 1936 (History 2 12) 12) - exigeix - . 1939 - 83 - . - CEU eTD Collection Junquera, N (2014) ‘UN gives Junquera, N(2014) helpvictims howitwill Spain 90days ‘UN toexplain the onlineversion withnopage numbers Lilith:lessons from Spain. AFeminist History pp.42 vol.16, Journal, Iniguez History M(2007) deand Heredia, actualityanarcha of Batxillerat 2nd Història University Press Graham,(2005) H History 5:3,pp.417 Review, Gemie, andfeminism: (1996)ahistorical S ‘Anachism Women’s survey’. VicensBatxillerat. Vives García, and < Library, in2012byOnline article edited Anarchist version The availableat: Fredericks deLa Granada. Aljaba. conquista’ ( Fernández, 1 of MujeresLibres, inValence celebrated 20, 21and thedays 22of August, (NationalLibres.Mujeresof the of Federation first National Minutes Conferece yLibresMujerescelebrada21 en Valenciaagosto losdías 20, 22de 1937 Libres.FederaciónMujeres la1ª de de Actas Nacional Ediciones Flor del Viento. sublevadas Domingo, (2006) C Waterford, Yorkin CT: Publications. encyclopediabiographical Commire, Libres recoverymemoire ofthe and historic democracy) Centrey per la Histórica Democrática(C Memoria at: of Franco (in English), regime’,El31July, viewed País 2 31 July 937). Found in Libreria de Mujeres de Madrid (Women’s LibraryLibreria937).de Found Mujeres Madrid in (Women’s de ofMadrid). http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/shirley M, Ga M, , S (1976) ‘Federica Montseny and Spanish Anarchist‘Federicaand Feminism.’ (1976) Spanish , S Montseny A and M (2008)España: de ‘Historia de lasMujeres historia una de (Women also(Women Defenders participatedrevolted) and inthe war: History of women fromHistory ofwomen history Spain: a Universidad conquest). of - anarchist tell, Klezmer, D(ed.)(1999) C, Palafox, C, The Spanish Civil War. Civil introductio short Thevery Spanish A Nosotras tambienhicimos guerra: la Defensoras yNosotras - feminism.pdf (History (2009) 2ndHighEditorial School) Edebé. . Volume eleven - 444. G and Risques, 87 > , available at , Women in world history: a history: Womenin world , Federica Montseny pp.354 , - f M (2012) - fredericks (2008) MHD) (Centerfor the < ConferenciaNacional de https://libcom.org Història Història Aproximació - federica - feminism: 014, (History). - n montseny . Oxford - 56. Using56. available a Mujeres Mujeres a - 360. 360. > - CEU eTD Collection Archive theCityBarcelona) from ofhave the magazines digitalized available pavilion) andthe‘ from 2014 – Mujeres Libres’s magazine before War) theCivil antes de laGuerra Civil Montero, J AdvancedLondon University Study, of America andbeyond. Molyneux, Indiana/ Bloomington UniversityIndianapolis. Press and ofFeminism’Politics in andMohanty, Women the World ‘Cartographies (1991) of C Third Struggle: Discourses’.Feminist Review No.30,p Mohanty,‘Under WesternFeminist (1988)Scholarship C Eyes: andColonial < Miravet (2001)Micó iMillan, ‘TeresaJ (1865 iMiravet Mañé black of communism, leftfeminism. andthe making McDuffie,(2011) E War Civil Mangini, (1995) S Educación, 363.Enero ahiddengenealogyof women intheESOtextbooks: of knowledge). de l López LolaSOGETEL, Academy Films,S.A, Era and Films. Pictures Spain Libertarias Lorenzo.Anselmo Liaño,al (1999) Cet. Contemporary pp.101 History, vol.6, Liberation’. Anarchism Kaplan, ‘Spanish T and (1971) Journalof Women’s not saw thelight), there following inCatalonia isaccess the numbers: to a Outinto CD. of https://www.vilanova.cat/doc/doc_19344385_1.pdf Pavelló deInternational (Center laRepública’ History of Studies a ESO: una genealogíaa una ESO: de ocultada’ conocimiento (Analysis absence ofthe - Navajas, L (2014) L(2014) Navajas, (1865 . Yale University. Yale Press. (2003) M (2001) (Libertarianbywomen) (1996)Directed Producers: Vicente. - 1939)). Available at: Available 1939)). magazine. Found in ‘Centre d’Estudis Històrics Internacionals Històricsmagazine. Found d’Estudis in‘Centre the thirteen numbersthe editedmagazine (thedid of fourteen Anarco Memories of resistant: Women’s ofresistant: voicesMemories the from Spanish Sojourning for freedom: for women, Black American Sojourning Women’s movements in 3 Mujeres Libres. Luchadoras lib Libres. Mujeres - rd abril 2014. abril Third WorldWomen Third Feminismthe Politics of and (Anarcho ed. InstituteLatined. of American Schoolof Studies, ‘Análisis dede laausencia lasmujeres enmanuales los feminismo en España: la revista feminismo en‘Mujeres España: la Libres’ Arxiu Històric Arxiu . Fundación Anselmo Lorenzo.Fundación Anselmo - feminism inSpain:Libres’s Mujeresfeminism 88 - 110 p.61 - de 88 international perspective: international Latin la Ciutat la Duke University Press. > ertarias - 1939)’ (Teresa i Mañe de Barcelona’ (Historic . Fundación - Republican Republican Revista de Revista . CEU eTD Collection Rodrigo, A(2002b) Flor del Viento. anarquista Rodrigo, A(2002) yFoca,ediciones generales, S.L. distribuciones Quiñon writers inthe la Revista Blanca Prado, A(2011) Zaragoza a y(Amparo Writtings from alibertarian Pochdoctor). Gascón. de Diputación Rodrigo, A(2002b) Poch, dela A(1932)sexual mujer’ life ‘Lavida sexual ofwomen). (TheIn University Press. Offen,(2000) K pp. 202 as andNovikova, a‘Communism vision practice’. N(2007) Aspasia,Volume1, (ed.)feminism) inCasanova, J yNash, M(2010) ‘Libertarias ( anarcofeminismo’ Women: wars thetwoworld between Europe InSpain.’ Gruber, HGraves, and (ed.) P Leftof Redemption”Nash, onthe Socialism andWomen M(1998) ‘”Ideals in Arden Press. Nash, M(1995) Universitat de Barcelona. the woman question: FedericaLucíaand Sanchez MontsenySaornil). yFedericaLucía MontsenySánchez Saornil Nash, M(1975b) 1936 Nash, M(1975) July 1938(no. 19,1937 (no.10), January MarchDecember1937 (no.8),193(no. May 9), June 1936 1937(no.7), (no. 4), ZaragozaAlcaravánEdiciones. and y(Amparo Writtings from alibertarian Poch doctor). Gascón. de Diputación - 1939).Tusquets. Barcelona, - ero, Lero, (2005) 206. nd AlcaravánEdiciones. nd (A freeAmparowoman: Poch and Gascón,doctoranarchist). and Revista Blanca Revista Mujeres Libres: España1936 Mujeres Defying male civilization: Defying Matrimonio, familia y estado: familia Escritoras anarco Matrimonio, Feminisms, 1700 European ‘ (1898 Dos intelectuales al problemalamujer: frente anarquistas de Una mujer Amparo libre: yUna Poch Gascón, y médica Amparo Poch y Gascón. Textos de una médica libertaria de Poch unamédica yAmparo libertaria Gascón. Textos Amparo Poch y Gascón. Textos de una médica libertaria de Poch unamédica yAmparo libertaria Gascón. Textos Nosotras que perdimos paz la Nosotras - 1936) (Marriage,and State: familyAnarcho (1898 Tierra yTierra Libertad - 89 1936)). Fundación Anselmo Lorenzo. Fundación1936)). Anselmo Women Socialism/and Socialism and 11) and Mayand(num. 12). 11) 1938 Women ’ ( - . BerghahnBooks. 1950: AHistory Political 1950: - Two anarchistof thinkers infront Two 1939 . Barcelona,. Crítica. Libertariansand anarcho in the Spanish Civil War Civil in the Spanish (Us thepeace) wholost (MujeresLibres: Spain - feministas enfeministas - feminist feminist . Stan - . . ford CEU eTD Collection Libres, and the Spanish Civil Libres,Civil War.’ and The theSpanish University ofOklahoma. Wright, ofAnarcho A(n.d.) ‘Intersections Womenof Feminism andthePolitics andL Feminism’ Aand inMohanty, Russo, Torres, C; (ed.) (1991) ‘Common Third C West, Women Themes,World Different Contexts: Anarchism). Catarata. Vicente,L (2013) Libres).to Mujeres and Memorial CMHD Democràtic. Precedents of Vicente,LLibres’ ‘Pròleg’Mujeres and ( (2008) ‘Antecedents de Fund anarquista Vicente,L (2006) Memorial Democràtic. Libertarian duringand War theRepublic, women theCivil theFranquism). yRepública, el Franquismo laGuerra Civil Vega, E(2010) CGT (2012) interdisciplinar de lamujer. de estudios (1936feminista’ (Mujeres Libres UniversidadZaragoza de equality2007, pp.229 deForo genders”). Educación, of num.9, the feminism inSpain: de mujeresconseguiranarchy igualdadgéneros” the libresde (“The para la and LSanchez, Las(2007) ‘El en anarcofeminismo España: anarquistas propuestas Barcelona, Tusquets. question’ inour media) LSanchez, (1935) femenina ‘La cuestion medios’ en‘woman (The nuestros womende towards fighters). Barcelona. ‘libertarias’ Universitat luchadorasLibres’,(‘Mujeres Barcelona libertarias’ 1939.From invisible LRuiz, Libres”,Barcelona (2004)’”MujeresDe 1936. ación Anselmo Lorenzo. ación Anselmo (Teresa Pioner ofthe labourer Claramunt. anarchist feminism). Antología deMujeresAntología Libres Mujeres Libres) in Mujeres Pioneras y Revolucionarias. durantelaPioneras libertarias Mujeres Historia de Historia Pionera del Claramunt. obrerista feminismo Teresa anarchistic ofwomenfreedom offers for of the obtaining in Nash (ed.) in (2007) ‘Mujeres Libres (1936 (2007) ‘Mujeres Libres l anarquismo enl anarquismo España - Aproximació aMujeresAproximació Libres 1939). A feminist reading) 1939). Afeminist 90 . Indiana. Univ Mujeres Libres: España1936 Mujeres Libres: (Antalogy of Mujeres Libres)(Antalogy ofMujeres - Feminism: Emma Goldman,MujeresFeminism: (Pioneers and Re ersity Press. (History the Spanish of mujeres a invisibles - 1939). Unalectura . Third World Third volutionaries. Seminario - 238. (Getting closer(Getting Preface and Preface - 1939 . CEU eTD Collection Thedivisionof Spanish territory,(Graham,1938 July 2005:97) Thedivisionof Spain, July22 (Graham,1936 2005:20) 1. Two maps that show the advancement of the fascist troops intheRepublic.advancementTwo troops maps that showtheof thefascist APPENDIXES A CEU eTD Collection 2. Poster found on inblog a Poster asserts: ”The militia need you”asserts: ”The need militia (Nash, 51). 1995: with their flags inthebackground. The gun(overalls),a hand inher witharevolutionary uplifted marching militians “Poster by artist Arteche woman the showsa dresse militia internet B miliciana in the poster persuasively d in a bluemono d in CEU eTD Collection 3. freedom of mujeres lalibertadwork pueblo” del (With and weapons, womendefend the will message The of cover the Digitalized by the Archiu Històric de la ciutat de Barcelona ciutatla de de ArchiuHistòric by the Digitalized on thecover says the pe Mujeres Libres Mujeres ople) and we can see women with guns we and what canin atrench. with ople) seems women see “Con el trabajo y“Con el defenderemos trabajo las armas, las ’s magazine March (no.7, 1937: 1). C The The CEU eTD Collection 4. Digitalized by the Archiu Històric de la ciutat de Barcelona ciutatla de de ArchiuHistòric by the Digitalized 3). done bywomen days inthe first Spanish Revo ofthe Article with pictures published together working ofwomen showsthe tasks that D lution (no.10,Julylution 1937: CEU eTD Collection Barcelona ciutatla de de ArchiuHistòric by the Digitalized 5. ‘s public mee MessageFederica Montseny of of recognizing thetask magazine (no.11, January 1938:23) ting asting stated inthefollowing inthe published article, E Mujeres Libres Mujeres Libres in a in a CEU eTD Collection 6. assistance service for women from Gavà (small city close to Barcelona) ) Barcelona) to close city (small women fromGavà for service assistance and (Information (SIAD) Gavà de les dones a i atenció d’informació the Servei to Credits 36 del in 2006 Catalunya de Feminista meetingofXarxa in the picture whothis took House), (Woman’s CaLa Dona organization, feminist the Catalan to Credits Pictures of was commemorated. was commemorated. Dones del 36 (The Women ofWomen [19]36 F ) where theorganization Dones Dones CEU eTD Collection the picture: to Credits 7. Font (coordinator andFrancesc of theproject). Cardona school), Elena Maria Basté, Egea,Piquet, Josefina Rosa Arnalot, Pere Catalunya Picture ofsome ofthe of members , MayFrom left toright: 2010. IES Miquel Martí i Pol (school) from Cornellà de Llobregat. from de Cornellà (school) Pol i Martí Miquel IES Consell dels savis del Museu d’Història de delMuseu delsd’Història Consell savis G José MariaJosé Hervás(director of the Roser