DICTIONARY OF American History Third Edition DICTIONARY OF American History Third Edition

Stanley I. Kutler, Editor in Chief

Volume 10 Contributors, Learning Guide, and Index DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

†signifies contributors to previous editions.

Carl Abbott Earl W. Adams† Richard D. Alford† Portland State University Federal Reserve System Naming Capitals † † F. Hardee Allen City Planning Henry H. Adams Cod Fisheries Denver Atlantic, Battle of the Portland Fishing Bounties Urbanization Mackerel Fisheries Randolph G. Adams† Charles C. Abbott† Arnold’s March to Quebec James B. Allen War Finance Corporation Arnold’s Raid in Virginia Brigham Young University Arnold’s Treason Tabernacle, Mormon † Wilbur C. Abbott Morse, Jedidiah, Geographies of Delaware, Washington Cross- Patrick N. Allitt Emory University ing the Michael R. Adamson American Dilemma, An “Yankee Doodle” Sonoma State University Christianity Balance of Trade Sandra Schwartz Abraham Church and State, Separation of British Debts Educational Testing Service How to Win Friends and Influence Council of Economic Advisors Educational Testing Service People Depletion Allowances National Review Shirley S. Abrahamson Political Correctness Wisconsin Supreme Court James F. Adomanis Power of Positive Thinking, The Bill of Rights in State Constitu- Maryland Center for the Study of His- Religious Liberty tions tory Silent Spring National Association for the Walden William J. Aceves Advancement of Colored California Western School of Law People Donna Alvah Cole Bombing Organized Crime Control Act Saint Lawrence University Embassy Bombings Primary, Direct Causa, La World Trade Center Bombing, Reparation Commission Civil Disobedience 1993 Civil Rights Movement † Integration † Robert G. Albion Sam H. Acheson Merchant Marine Loyalty Oaths Texan Emigration and Land Naval Stores March on Washington Company Shipping, Ocean S. M. Amadae

Rolf Achilles † University of California, Berkeley John Albright School of the Art Institute of Chicago Political Science Booby Traps Art: Decorative Arts Art: Glass † Patrick Amato Art: Pottery and Ceramics Michele L. Aldrich New York, New York Collecting Geological Surveys, State Amtrak Furniture Metalwork Edward P. Alexander† Charles H. Ambler† Miniature Rogers’ Rangers Conestoga Wagon Porcelain Ticonderoga, Capture of Henry, Fort

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Nancy T. Ammerman Joseph L. Arnold Physics: Overview Hartford Institute for Religious University of Maryland at Baltimore Physics: High-Energy Physics Research, Hartford Seminary Greenbelt Communities Physics: Nuclear Physics Women in Churches † † Donna E. Arzt Judith A. Baer Kristen Amundsen Syracuse University Frontiero v. Richardson Women in Public Life, Busi- Pan Am Flight 103 General Electric Company v. ness, and Professions Gilbert George Frederick Ashworth† Griswold v. Connecticut Gary Clayton Anderson Baltimore Riot Harris v. McRae University of Oklahoma Fredericksburg, Battle of Planned Parenthood of Southeast- Indian Political Life ern Pennsylvania v. Casey Roberts et al. v. United States † Lori Askeland George L. Anderson Wittenberg University Jaycees Colorado Coal Strikes “Forty Acres and a Mule” Rotary International v. Rotary Crime of 1873 Club of Duarte

Cripple Creek Strikes † Taylor v. Louisiana Lewis E. Atherton Stores, General † Margo Anderson John Bakeless University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Molly Maguires Philip G. Auchampaugh† Statistics † Elections, Presidential: 1856 Gladys L. Baker † Rural Free Delivery Russell H. Anderson Hunkers Fencing and Fencing Laws † † John H. Baker Francis R. Aumann Local Government Carol Andreas† Conciliation Courts, Domestic Litchfield Law School National Woman’s Party Nadine Cohen Baker Women’s Rights Movement: University of Georgia Richard L. Aynes The Nineteenth Century California Higher Educational University of Akron System Susan Andrew† Munn v. Illinois Slaughterhouse Cases Biosphere 2 Gordon Morris Bakken Springer v. United States Physician Assistants California State University at Fullerton Stafford v. Wallace Land Acts Matthew Page Andrews† † Proposition 13 Singleton Peace Plan Willoughby M. Babcock Proposition 187 Virginia Declaration of Rights Northfield Bank Robbery Proposition 209

† Ruby Ridge Wayne Andrews† Andrew J. Bacevich Simpson Murder Trials America First Committee Volunteer Army Unabomber War Powers Act Paul M. Angle† Leland D. Baldwin† † Freeport Doctrine Charles H. Backstrom Allegheny River Illinois and Michigan Canal Gerrymander Bargemen Illinois Fur Brigade Ripper Legislation Flatboatmen Mormon War Galley Boats Rail Splitter Douglas Bacon Keelboat Mayo Clinic River Navigation Thomas Archdeacon Anesthesia, Discovery of Whiskey Rebellion University of Wisconsin–Madison Assimilation Paul Bacon Sidney Baldwin† New York, New York Job Corps Ethel Armes† Accidents Alexandria Rebecca Bales Lawrence Badash Diablo Valley College David Armstrong† University of California, Santa Barbara Klamath-Modoc Machine Guns Cyclotron Modoc War

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Shelby Balik Packers and Stockyards Act Paul C. Bartholomew† University of Wisconsin–Madison Pujo Committee Boundary Disputes Between American Bible Society States Burghers Elliott R. Barkan Expatriation Cabot Voyages California State University at San McCulloch v. Maryland Civil Religion Bernadino Colonial Assemblies Multiculturalism Bob Batchelor Duke of York’s Laws San Rafael, California Education, Experimental Gilbert Hobbs Barnes† Armory Show Hundred Oberlin-Wellington Rescue Ashcan School Jehovah’s Witnesses Case AT&T Jenkins’s Ear, War of AT&T Divestiture † Bank of America King George’s War James A. Barnes Bootlegging King Philip’s War Trade, Foreign King William’s War Cartoons Chambers of Commerce Latitudinarians Viola F. Barnes† Cyborgs Navigation Acts Chartered Companies Fair-Trade Laws Toleration Acts Council for New England Fiber Optics Townshend Acts Duke of York’s Proprietary Gray Panthers Farmer’s Letters Milner S. Ball Hell’s Angels Plymouth, Virginia Company of University of Georgia School of Law Insider Trading Providence Island Company Cherokee Nation Cases Kent State Protest Randolph Commission Mass Production Sow Case Randall Balmer Pittsburgh Barnard College Quiz Show Scandals Protestantism Gene Barnett Radio University of Wisconsin–Madison Robber Barons William M. Banks Alabama San Francisco University of California, Berkeley Scandals Black Nationalism William C. Barnett Magazines and Newspapers, Madison, Wisconson Robert L. Bateman African American Hurricanes United States Military Academy Nation of Islam Mexico, Gulf of Mims, Fort, Massacre at

Charles Pete Banner-Haley Georgia Brady Barnhill Scott C. Bates Colgate University American Antiquarian Society WestEd, San Francisco, California Black Power Catlin’s Indian Paintings Substance Abuse Organization of Afro-American Wood Engraving Unity Edwin A. Battison† White Supremacy Daniel P. Barr Typewriter Kent State University Lance Banning Army on the Frontier James L. Baughman University of Kentucky Explorations and Expeditions: University of Wisconsin–Madison Jeffersonian Democracy British Television: Programming and Republicans, Jeffersonian Explorations and Expeditions: Influence Dutch Robert C. Bannister Jr. Frontier Timothy Bawden Swarthmore College Frontier Thesis, Turner’s University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire Swarthmore College La Salle Explorations Camp Fire Girls Laramie, Fort Forty-Eighters William J. Barber† Lewis and Clark Expedition Fox-Wisconsin Waterway Rhodes Scholarships Westward Migration National Geographic Society Vacation and Leisure Thomas S. Barclay† Mark V. Barrow Jr. McNary-Haugen Bill Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Heather Becker Minor v. Happersett University Chicago Conservation Center Normalcy Ornithology Murals

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Thomas Becker† Indians in the Civil War Elbert J. Benton† Society for the Prevention of Native Americans Liberal Republican Party Cruelty to Children Ojibwe Western Reserve Ottawa Robert L. Bee Glenn H. Benton† † University of Connecticut James H. Belote Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy Mohave Bataan-Corregidor Campaign Okinawa Megan L. Benton Pacific Lutheran University Kirk H. Beetz † Davis, California William M. Belote Prizes and Awards: MacArthur ACTION Bataan-Corregidor Campaign Foundation “Genius” Assembly Line Okinawa Awards Prizes and Awards: Pulitzer Auto Emission Testing and † Standards Samuel Flagg Bemis Prizes Automobile Industry German-American Debt Agree- Buckboards ment Clarence A. Berdahl† Central Europe, Relations with Lausanne Agreement Berlin, Treaty of Cereal Grains Plan of 1776 Boston Police Strike Cereals, Manufacture of Taft-Katsura Memorandum Caucus Citizenship Webster-Ashburton Treaty Confirmation by the Senate Equal Rights Party Connecticut † Executive Orders Byron W. Bender Yap Mandate French Decrees Linguistics Fuels, Alternative Julie Berebitsky Kansas Margaret Bendroth University of the South Massachusetts Circular Letter Calvin College Adoption Michigan, Upper Peninsula of United Church of Christ Nebraska Robert L. Berg† New Hampshire Michael L. Benedict Territories of the United States Nicaraguan Canal Project Ohio State University Pennsylvania Baker v. Carr Carl Berger† Polar Exploration Civil Rights Act of 1866 World War II, Air War against Portsmouth, Treaty of Civil Rights Act of 1875 Japan Rhode Island Committee on the Conduct of the War Savannah Mark T. Berger Impeachment Trial of Andrew Tennessee University of New South Wales Johnson Treaties, Commercial Foreign Aid Joint Committee on Recon- Good Neighbor Policy struction Michal R. Belknap Gunboat Diplomacy California Western School of Law and India and Pakistan, Relations with Richard R. Benert† University of California, San Diego Latin American Wars of Inde- Nader’s Raiders Alexander v. Holmes County pendence Board of Education League of Nations In Re Gault Stefanie Beninato Organization of American Schenck v. United States Santa Fe, New Mexico States War and the Constitution Colonial Administration, Spanish Pan-American Union Southeast Asia Treaty Organiza- William Ira Bennett† John L. Bell tion Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome Western Carolina University United Nations North Carolina † George C. S. Benson Laura A. Bergheim Whitfield J. Bell Jr.† Interstate Compacts Columbus, Ohio American Philosophical Society Anarchists Keith R. Benson Barbados Phil Bellfy National Science Foundation Distilling White Earth Anishnaabe and Michigan Marine Biology Hispanic Americans State University Oceanography Manumission

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Maternal and Child Health Slave Trade Objectivism Care National Endowment for the Arts Jennifer L. Bertolet Joseph C. Bigott Press Associations George Washington University Purdue University, Calumet Voice of America Cambridge Agreement Bathtubs and Bathing Empresario System Barbara R. Bergman Great Migration Monroe Billington† American University Homestead Movement Primary, White Glass Ceiling Mussel Slough Incident States’ Rights Oñate Explorations and Settle- Don H. Berkebile† ments Ray Allen Billington† Trucking Industry Maria Monk Controversy Wagon Manufacture Gary Dean Best Nativism University of Hawaii (emeritus) Philadelphia Riots Edward D. Berkowitz Hawaii United Americans, Order of George Washington University Ursuline Convent, Burning of Health and Human Services, Loren P. Beth† Department of Implied Powers Robert W. Bingham† War on Poverty Great Lakes Naval Campaigns Charles F. Bethel of 1812 Leslie Berlowitz San Diego, California Niagara, Carrying Place of American Academy of Arts and Sciences Indemnities Niagara Campaigns American Academy of Arts and National Lawyers Guild Niagara Falls Sciences Stoney Creek, Battle of John K. Bettersworth† John S. Berman Cotton Money Arthur C. Bining† New York University Industries, Colonial Sex Education Herman Beukema† Iron Act of 1750 West Point Larry Berman Mary Jo Binker University of California, Davis Fred W. Beuttler George Mason University Vietnam, Relations with University of Illinois at Chicago Ames Espionage Case Carnegie Corporation of New Hanssen Espionage Case Lila Corwin Berman York † Yale University Carnegie Foundation for the Robert H. Birkby Institute for Advanced Study Advancement of Teaching Delegation of Powers Rafts and Rafting Encyclopedias Foundations, Endowed Martina B. Bishopp William C. Berman MacArthur Foundation Washington University in St. Louis University of Toronto Mayo Foundation Music: Classical Bitburg Controversy Pew Memorial Trust Opera Clinton Scandals Philanthropy Clinton v. Jones Revolution, Right of Erin Black Domino Theory Rockefeller Foundation University of Toronto Eagleton Affair Battle Fleet Cruise Around the Kosovo Bombing Gary Bevington World Tonkin Gulf Resolution Northeastern Illinois University World Bank Cherokee Language Daniel Bernardi Custer Died for Your Sins Liza Black University of Arizona Indian Languages University of Michigan Citizen Kane Lakota Language Remington and Indian and Star Wars Navajo Language Western Images

Celeste-Marie Bernier Rae Sikula Bielakowski Ned Blackhawk University of Nottingham Loyola University of Chicago University of Wisconsin–Madison Creole Slave Case Dime Novels Ex Parte Crow Dog Slave Rescue Cases Jungle, The Fox War

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Indians and Slavery Jack S. Blocker Jr. Prisoners of War: Prison Ships Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Huron University College, University Ships of the Line Lyng v. Northwest Indian Ceme- of Western Ontario Twenty-One Gun Salute tery Association Alcohol, Regulation of Navajo War Alcoholics Anonymous Bruce A. Bolt† Paiute Prohibition Earthquakes Pontiac’s War Seminole Tribe v. Florida Irene Bloemraad Charles K. Bolton† Seminole Wars Harvard University “Don’t Fire Till You See the Sioux Uprising in Minnesota Naturalization Sioux Wars White of Their Eyes” Tecumseh’s Crusade Lansing B. Bloom† † Tribes: Great Basin California Trail Ethel Stanwood Bolton United States v. Sioux Nation Wax Portraits Wounded Knee (1973) Francis X. Blouin Yakima Indian Wars University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Theodore Bolton† Michigan Silhouettes Martha Royce Blaine University of Michigan Oklahoma State Historical Center Beverley W. Bond Jr.† † Pawnee Albert A. Blum Miami Purchase Yellow-Dog Contract John B. Blake† † Martyn Bone Martin Blumenson Malaria University of Copenhagen Anzio City on a Hill Cherbourg Ellen Sue Blakey “Dixie” Gothic Line Wyoming Folk Center Jazz Age Gustav Line Honolulu Soccer Kasserine Pass, Battle of Monte Cassino G. Robert Blakey † North African Campaign Milledge L. Bonham Jr. University of Notre Dame Law School Bull Run, First Battle of RICO Saint-Lô Salerno Caroline Affair

† Sicilian Campaign Edwin H. Blanchard Peninsular Campaign Jeremy Bonner Edith L. Blumhofer† Washington, D.C. † Wheaton College Thomas E. Blantz, C.S.C. African Methodist Episcopal Adventist Churches Holy Cross, Priests of Church Millennialism Assemblies of God

† Church of God in Christ T. C. Blegen Lance R. Blyth Disciples of Christ Northwest Angle Northern Arizona University Episcopalianism Snelling, Fort Encomienda System Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankrupt- cy Act Arthur R. Blessing† † Idaho Bonhomme Richard-Serapis Robert C. Boardman Latter-day Saints, Church of Encounter Audubon Society Jesus Christ of Mody C. Boatright† Lutheranism Daniel K. Blewett Tall Stories Moravian Brethren The College of DuPage Library Pentecostal Churches Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of † Louis H. Bolander Progressive Party, 1924 Constitution Reorganized Church of Jesus † Jack Blicksilver “Don’t Give Up the Ship” Christ of Latter-day Saints Cotton Dreadnought Scandinavian Americans Golden Hind Utah David W. Blight Jersey Prison Ship Amherst College Mortars, Civil War Naval Timothy G. Borden Souls of Black Folk, The Nautilus Toledo, Ohio

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American Federation of State, E. Douglas Branch† Carolyn Bronstein† County, and Municipal Buffalo Trails Achille Lauro Employees Pack Trains Jonestown Massacre Americorps Mount St. Helens Black Panthers Robert M. Bratton Indiana Salmon P. Chase College of Law, Philip Coolidge Brooks† International Union of Mine, Northern Kentucky University Convention of 1818 with Eng- Mill, and Smelter Workers U.S. Steel land Wayne, Fort Era of Good Feeling Susan Roth Breitzer Georg Borgstrom† University of Iowa † Meatpacking R. P. Brooks Amalgamated Clothing Work- Bankhead Cotton Act ers of America Douglas E. Bowers Child Labor † Economic Research Service, U.S. Discrimination: Race Robert C. Brooks Department of Agriculture Canvass Agriculture, Department of † Marion V. Brewington France, Quasi-War with Alfred L. Brophy Ray L. Bowers† University of Alabama School of Law Air Force Academy Common Law Howard Brick Property Washington University in St. Louis Julian P. Boyd† Tulsa Race Riot Sociology Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan Paxton Boys † William W. Brickman† Cornelius James Brosnan Education, Higher: Colleges Coeur d’Alene Riots Anne M. Boylan and Universities University of Delaware Education, United States Office Dorothea Browder Sunday Schools of University of Wisconsin–Madison Exchange Students Coeur d’Alene Riots Eric William Boyle Schools, Private Gasoline Taxes University of California, Santa Bar- Medicine, Occupational bara Ron Briley Childbirth and Reproduction † Endangered Species Sandia Preparatory School Dee Brown Wildlife Preservation Audio Technology Industry Galvanized Yankees Thrift Stamps

† † Frederick A. Bradford † Harry James Brown Banking: Banking Acts of 1933 Tom A. Brindley Wool Growing and Manufac- and 1935 Corn Borer, European ture Banking: Banking Crisis of 1933 Bills of Credit Jerry Brisco James A. Brown Glass-Steagall Act Arizona State University Northwestern University Gold Exchange Dime Stores Adena Gold Purchase Plan Macy’s Hopewell Inflation in the Confederacy Retailing Industry Natchez Liberty Loans Sears Roebuck Catalog Spiro McFadden Banking Act National Bank Notes James E. Brittain† L. Carl Brown National Monetary Commis- Electric Power and Light Indus- Princeton University sion try Arab Nations, Relations with Lighting Phillips Bradley† Microwave Technology † Hylton v. United States Niagara Falls Lloyd A. Brown Cabot Voyages Richard Bradley David Brody† Central Methodist College American Labor Party Phillip M. Brown† Anti-Semitism Socialist Party of America Deerfield Massacre

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R. Blake Brown Ohio Company of Virginia Audubon Society Dalhousie University Proclamation of 1763 Bay of Pigs Invasion Eminent Domain Boxer Rebellion Grosjean v. American Press Com- Jay H. Buckley pany Brigham Young University George R. Burkes Jr. Jury Trial Fur Companies Library of Congress Staggers Rail Act Fur Trade and Trapping Encounter Groups Family Values Richard Maxwell Brown Peter Buckley University of Oregon Cooper Union for the Advancement of Roger Burlingame† Violence Science and Art International Harvester Com- Cooper Union for the Advance- pany William Lincoln Brown† ment of Science and Art Rum Trade Schooner Raymond A. Bucko, S.J. David Burner W. Elliot Brownlee Creighton University State University of New York at Stony University of California, Santa Barbara Sioux Brook Hamilton’s Economic Policies Hudson River School Taxation John Budd Polling University of Minnesota Trusts Kathleen Bruce† Arbitration Water Supply and Conservation White House of the Confeder- Comprehensive Employment acy and Training Act Christina Duffy Burnett Princeton University Mia Sara Bruch Arthur F. Buehler Territorial Governments Stanford University Louisiana State University Ethical Culture, Society for Asian Religions and Sects Edmund C. Burnett† Islam Independence Day John Brudvig University of Mary John D. Buenker John C. Burnham† North Dakota University of Wisconsin–Parkside Gasoline Taxes Union, Fort Progressive Party, Wisconsin Referendum Chester R. Burns† Lester H. Brune University of Wisconsin Hygiene Bradley University Jay-Gardoqui Negotiations Paul Buhle Jennifer Burns Joint Occupation Brown University University of California, Berkeley Socialist Labor Party Leatherstocking Tales Erik Bruun† Leaves of Grass Animal Rights Movement David Buisseret Modernists, Protestant Junk Bonds University of Texas, Arlington Mysticism Small Business Administration Creoles and Creolization Stagflation Lawrence J. Burpee† John J. Bukowczyk Abraham, Plains of G. S. Bryan† Wayne State University Montreal, Capture of (1760) Campaign Songs Polish Americans Saint Lawrence River United Empire Loyalists David R. Buck Vern L. Bullough† West Virginia University Prostitution Harold L. Burstyn† Extraterritoriality, Right of International Geophysical Year Monongahela, Battle of the Craig Bunch Open Door Policy Coldspring-Oakhurst High School, Stephen Burwood Texas State University of New York at Geneseo Solon J. Buck† Museum of Modern Art Marketing Braddock’s Expedition Duquesne, Fort Flannery Burke Alfred Bush Great Meadows University of Wisconsin–Madison Princeton University Library

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Association on American Indian Charles S. Campbell† Gregg Cantrell Affairs Atlantic Charter University of North Texas Bretton Woods Conference Texas Richard Lyman Bushman Cairo Conferences Columbia University Four Freedoms Gerald M. Capers Jr.† Nauvoo, Mormons at McCarran-Walter Act Mississippi Plan Rio de Janeiro Conference Natchez Trace Pierce Butler† Smith Act Mafia Incident United Nations Declaration Antoine Capet Yalta Conference University of Rouen, France Stephen R. Byers Versailles, Treaty of † University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Gregg M. Campbell Newspapers Sacramento James H. Capshew Indiana University John J. Byrne† Gregory Campbell Psychology Health Food Industry University of Montana, Missoula Home Shopping Networks Indian Reservations Michael Carew New Age Movement New York University Ian Campbell† Albuquerque Mark E. Byrnes Petrography Brooklyn Bridge Middle Tennessee State University Buffalo Chappaquiddick Incident Martin Campbell-Kelly Empire State Building Checkers Speech University of Warwick Massachusetts Institute of Tech- National Aeronautics and Space Software Industry nology Administration Prizes and Awards: Academy Jack Campisi Awards Mark S. Byrnes Mashantucket Pequot Museum and Wall Street Journal Wofford College Research Center Spain, Relations with Mahican Jim Carl Yugoslavia, Relations with Mashpee Cleveland State University Mohegan School Vouchers Anthony Christopher Cain Pequots College of Aerospace Doctrine Research Douglas W. Carlson and Education Dominic Candeloro Northwestern College Air Force, United States Governors’ State University Temperance Movement Armored Vehicles Italian Americans Helicopters Laurie Winn Carlson Korean War, Air Combat in Carl L. Cannon† Washington State University Cattle † Albatross Philip D. Caine Army Posts Overland Companies Cambodia, Bombing of Bonanza Kings Pioneers Doubloon Polk Doctrine † J. M. Callahan Drogher Trade Puget Sound Mexican-American War Forty-Mile Desert Textbooks, Early Freeman’s Expedition Washington, State of George H. Callcott Great Valley University of Maryland Kelly’s Industrial Army Victor Carlson Maryland Mangeurs de Lard Los Angeles County Museum of Art Marcy, R. B., Exploration of (emeritus) Colin G. Calloway Passes, Mountain Art: Painting Dartmouth College Sovereigns of Industry Cubism Abenaki Train Robberies Genre Painting Printmaking Krista Camenzind David Canon University of California, San Diego University of Wisconsin–Madison W. N. C. S. Carlton† Tea Trade, Prerevolutionary Voting Rights Act of 1965 Cumberland, Army of the

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Neil Carothers† John Cashman Alan Chartock† Dollar Sign Boston College Political Action Committees Silver Legislation Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Trade Dollar Porters Eric L. Chase† Homestead Strike Erie Railroad Company v. Tompkins William S. Carpenter† International Brotherhood of Extra Sessions Holmes v. Walton Teamsters Poll Tax Midnight Judges Lawrence Strike State Laws, Uniform Rights of Englishmen Paterson Silk Strike Trade with the Enemy Acts

Bret E. Carroll Alfred L. Castle† Harold W. Chase† California State University at Stanis- Post-structuralism Erie Railroad Company v. Tomp- laus kins Church of Christ, Scientist Norman Caulfield Expenditures, Federal Spiritualism Fort Hays State University Extra Sessions Electrical Workers Poll Tax James T. Carroll International Longshoremen’s State Laws, Uniform Iona College and Warehousemen’s Union Trade with the Enemy Acts Indian Boarding Schools Pike, Zebulon, Expeditions of L. A. Chase† Dominic Cerri Menominee Iron Range Clayborne Carson University of Wisconsin–Madison Belize, Relations with Stanford University Gabriel J. Chin El Salvador, Relations with King, Martin Luther, Assassina- University of Cincinnati College of Law Guatemala, Relations with tion Chinese Exclusion Act Insular Cases Mina Carson Martha L. Chaatsmith Oregon State University Ohio State University Leslie Choquette Algonquin Round Table Indian Child Welfare Act Nightclubs Assumption College Personal Ads Huguenots Ragtime Thomas Chaffin Sexual Harassment Emory University Lawrence O. Christensen Track and Field Filibustering University of Missouri at Rolla Vaudeville Force Acts Missouri Women’s Studies Ranes C. Chakravorty Howard P. Chudacoff Carolle Carter Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Brown University San Jose State University and Menlo University Adolescence College Transplants and Organ Dona- San José tion Christopher Clark University of Warwick † Dan T. Carter † John Whiteclay Chambers Manufacturing, Household Scottsboro Case Desertion Dan E. Clark† Harvey L. Carter† Big Horn Mountains Howard M. Chapin† Four Hundred “Hell on Wheels” Gaspée, Burning of the Oratory Homestead Movement Mount Hope Jumping-Off Places † Newport, French Army at Lynn M. Case Public Lands, Fencing of Algeciras Conference Railroad Surveys, Government † William C. Chapman South Pass David W. Cash† Aircraft Carriers and Naval Air- Species, Introduced craft Ellery H. Clark Jr.† Spanish-American War, Navy in W. T. Cash† Thomas Chappelear New Smyrna Colony University of Chicago John B. Clark† Ocala Platform Pure and Simple Unionism Elkins Act

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Keith Clark† Kenneth Cmiel Bounties, Military Covered Wagon University of Iowa Cold Harbor, Battle of Atlantic, The Quebec, Capture of

† Dictionaries Shiloh, Battle of R. C. Clark World War II Walla Walla Settlements † Robert W. Coakley Military Academy Arthur C. Cole† T. D. Clark† Compromise of 1850 “Dark and Bloody Ground” Daniel M. Cobb Irrepressible Conflict Feuds, Appalachian Mountain University of Oklahoma Omnibus Bill Kentucky Conventions Indian Self-Determination and † Education Assistance Act Fred Cole Guano Victor S. Clark† Justin Cober Carriage Making † Kenneth Colegrove Friends of Domestic Industry InteLex Corporation Boxer Rebellion Hemp Great Train Robbery, The China Clipper Linen Industry † Sawmills Thomas C. Cochran Arica Coleman† Soda Fountains Brewing Peace Movement of 1864 Tar Debt and Investment, Foreign

† † † John Colbert Cochrane Charles H. Coleman Jeffrey J. Clarke Canada, Confederate Activities Ordnance Fourierism Jones Act in Tallmadge Amendment Copperheads Sally Clarke Elections, Presidential: 1868 University of Texas, Austin † and 1872 Rexmond C. Cochrane Agricultural Price Support General Order No. 38 National Academy of Sciences National Union (Arm-in-Arm) † Convention Dane S. Claussen Robert P. Tristram Coffin† Northwest Conspiracy Lever Act Little Red Schoolhouse Saint Albans Raid

† Vallandigham Incident Martin P. Claussen Seddie Cogswell† Arrest, Arbitrary, during the Bonuses, Military David G. Coleman Civil War Memorial Day Miller Center of Public Affairs, Uni- Conspiracies Acts of 1861 and Midway Islands versity of Virginia 1862 Antiwar Movements Plumb Plan Charles L. Cohen Berlin Airlift Prize Cases, Civil War University of Wisconsin–Madison Berlin Wall Railroad Administration, U.S. Great Awakening Cuban Missile Crisis Smuggling of Slaves Hijacking, Airplane Ronald D. Cohen Hostage Crises Lyn Clayton Indiana University Northwest Peace Corps Brigham Young University National Education Association Fur Companies R. V. Coleman† Fur Trade and Trapping Barbara Cohen-Stratyner Ludlow’s Code Performing Arts Museum, New York † J. Garry Clifford Public Library for the Performing Arts Francis J. Colligan† Conscription and Recruitment Ballet Fulbright Act and Grants Gulf of Sidra Shootdown Persian Gulf War Jan Cohn Henry B. Collins† Vietnam War Memorial Trinity College, Hartford Ethnology, Bureau of American Saturday Evening Post Scott Cline James L. Collins Jr.† Seattle Municipal Archives Elbridge Colby† Germany, American Occupation Seattle Billeting of

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Richard B. Collins Terry A. Cooney Robert C. Cottrell University of Colorado School of Law University of Puget Sound California State University at Chico Native American Rights Fund New York Intellectuals American Civil Liberties Union Espionage Act Robert M. Collins Evelyn S. Cooper University of Missouri at Columbia Arizona Historical Foundation, Ari- E. Merton Coulter† Employment Act of 1946 zona State University Bowles’s Filibustering Expedi- Keynesianism Arizona tions National Association of Manu- Photographic Industry Chisholm v. Georgia facturers Georgia Platform Gail A. Cooper Jenkins’s Ear, War of Lehigh University † Savannah, Siege of (1779) Jerald A. Combs Air Conditioning Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Southwest Territory Grace R. Cooper† † Edward Countryman Mary Commager Cotton Gin Southern Methodist University North American Free Trade Sewing Machine Committees of Correspondence Agreement Susan J. Cooper† Committees of Safety

† Conservation Biology Intolerable Acts Carl W. Condit Environmental Business Loyalists Building Materials Wetlands Revolution, American: Political Tunnels History Elmer E. Cornwell Jr.† Sons of Liberty (American Rev- † Stetson Conn Elections, Presidential: olution) Reserve Officers’ Training Overview Stamp Act Corps Stamp Act Congress Graham A. Cosmas Stamp Act Riot C. Ellen Connally Joint History Office, Joint Chiefs of University of Akron Staff Robert D. Couttie Davis, Imprisonment and Trial Vietnam War Balangiga Research Group of Philippine Insurrection Sarah Costello Margaret Connell-Szasz University of Wisconsin–Madison Akiba J. Covitz University of New Mexico [Various revisions] University of Richmond Education, Indian Extradition Jeffrey T. Coster Fletcher v. Peck Marie D. Connolly† University of Maryland, College Park Gelpcké v. Dubuque International Monetary Fund Bail Loving v. Virginia Direct Mail Miscegenation Home Rule Presidents and Subpoenas Timothy C. Coogan Initiative Privacy Rutgers University–Newark McDonalds Search and Seizure, Unreason- New Jersey Procter and Gamble able Soft Drink Industry Statutes of Limitations † Jacob E. Cooke Supreme Court Packing Bills American Independent Party George B. Cotkin United States v. Virginia Compromise of 1790 California Polytechnic State University Doves and Hawks Existentialism David L. Cowen White Citizens Councils Historiography, American Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey † Dane Coolidge Carl H. Cotterill† Pharmacy Death Valley Lead Industry Resorts and Spas Zinc Industry B. Franklin Cooling† Thomas W. Cowger Civil Defense R. S. Cotterill† East Central University Energy Research and Develop- Black Belt National Congress of American ment Administration Hermitage Indians

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Isaac J. Cox† United Brotherhood of Carpen- Detroit Riots Elections, Presidential: 1800 ters and Joiners Galveston and 1804 United Textile Workers Great Lakes Steamships Green Bay Thomas H. Cox Kathleen B. Culver† Independence, Mo. State University of New York at Buffalo Los Angeles Riots Kansas City Shreveport Rate Case Pyramid Schemes Tulsa Robberies † Jerry Craddock R. W. Daly University of California, Berkeley Charles Cummings Archangel Campaign Spanish Language Newark Public Library/Newark City Gunboats Historian Meuse-Argonne Offensive Wesley Frank Craven† Newark Monitor and Merrimack, Battle Two Penny Act of Noble E. Cunningham Jr.† Murmansk Martin Crawford Quids Naval Academy Keele University Naval Operations, Chief of Confederate States of America Lynne Curry Navy, Department of Nashville Convention Eastern Illinois University Pensions, Military and Naval Southern Unionists Child Abuse Somme Offensive Domestic Violence Warships Donald T. Critchlow Robert Daly Saint Louis University Cathy Curtis State University of New York at Buffalo Brookings Institution Los Angeles, California Scarlet Letter, The Think Tanks Dentistry Disasters Brian Isaac Daniels Ann Jerome Croce Emigration San Francisco State University DeLand, Florida Poverty Archaeology and Prehistory of Homeopathy Urban Redevelopment North America

† Christopher M. Curtis James B. Crooks Emory University Maygene F. Daniels Jacksonville Debt, Imprisonment for National Gallery of Art

† National Gallery Philip A. Crowl Jane E. Dabel Caroline Islands California State University at Long Roger Daniels Gilbert Islands Beach University of Cincinnati Saipan Draft Riots Grand Army of the Republic Tinian Quilting Immigration Immigration Act of 1965 Robert D. Cuff † Edward Everett Dale Immigration Restriction York University Abilene Internment, Wartime National War Labor Board, Abilene Trail Japanese American Incarcera- World War I Boomer Movement tion National War Labor Board, Cherokee Trail World War II Chisholm Trail † World War I, Economic Mobi- Allison Danzig Indian Brigade Tennis lization for Prairie Schooner Rustler War W. M. Darden† Katherine Culkin Singing Schools Bougainville Pace University Sooners Women’s Rights Movement: Southwest † The Nineteenth Century Arthur B. Darling Matthew L. Daley Elections, Presidential: 1816 David O’Donald Cullen Bowling Green State University and 1820 Collin County Community College Baltimore Cow Towns City Directories R. J. Davey† Music: Gospel Detroit Hogs

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Lee Davis Special Forces Michael J. Devine San Francisco State University Vietnamization Harry S. Truman Library Tribes: California Illinois Michael Aaron Dennis † Matthew R. Davis Cornell University H. A. DeWeerd University of Puget Sound Laboratories Embalmed Beef Jazz Singer, The War Industries Board David Dent Ronald W. Davis† Towson University Lynda DeWitt Liberia, Relations with Mexico, Relations with Bethesda, Maryland Discrimination: Religion Jared N. Day Electricity and Electronics Carnegie Mellon University Jeremy Derfner Federal Register New York City Columbia University Petrochemical Industry Amusement Parks Public Utilities Jane Sherron De Hart Assistant University of California, Santa Barbara Bowling Herbert Maynard Diamond† Discrimination: Sex Central Park Walsh-Healey Act Equal Rights Amendment College Athletics Golf † Reed v. Reed Everett Dick Government Ownership Roe v. Wade Adobe Government Publications Arbor Day Governors Guillaume de Syon Long Drive Graffiti Albright College Sorghum Grants-in-Aid Balloons Harlem Space Program † Inspection, Governmental W. M. Dick X-1 Plane Ironclad Oath Labor Parties Lecompton Constitution William Tucker Dean† Lindbergh’s Atlantic Flight Edwin Dickens Licenses to Trade Niagara Movement Drew University Political Subdivisions Building and Loan Associations Ada E. Deer Radical Republicans Check Currency University of Wisconsin–Madison Reconstruction Finance Corpo- Credit Unions Menominee ration Investment Companies Resettlement Administration Open-Market Operations Christian Mark DeJohn Shays’s Rebellion Redlining Wyncote, Pennsylvania Sons of Liberty (Civil War) † Air Defense Tillmanism O. M. Dickerson Bombing Union Party Colonial Councils War Democrats Enumerated Commodities Denys Delage War Powers Indentured Servants Laval University Navigation Acts Huron/Wyandot Parson’s Cause Andy DeRoche Sugar Acts Front Range Community College Andrew Delbanco Sumptuary Laws and Taxes, South Africa, Relations with Columbia University Colonial Moby-Dick Tea, Duty on † Chester M. Destler Townshend Acts Vincent H. Demma Ohio Idea Trading Companies United States Army Center for Mili- Pendleton Act Writs of Assistance tary History Ten-Forties Atrocities in War Union Labor Party Irving Dilliard† Liberty Incident “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!” My Lai Incident Tracey Deutsch United We Stand, Divided We Navajo Code Talkers University of Minnesota Fall Prisoners of War: Exchange of Boycotting “We Have Met the Enemy, and Prisoners Chain Stores They Are Ours”

14 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Robert W. Dimand Charles M. Dobbs Potsdam Conference Brock University Iowa State University Roosevelt Corollary Laffer Curve Theory Canadian-American Waterways Teheran Conference China, Relations with United Nations Conference Eli Moses Diner Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of Washington Naval Conference New York, New York House-Grey Memorandum American Association of Uni- Jay’s Treaty Jameson W. Doig versity Professors Kellogg-Briand Pact Princeton University American Association of Uni- London Naval Treaties George Washington Bridge versity Women Marshall Plan Big Sisters Monroe Doctrine Jay P. Dolan Dugout Most-Favored-Nation Principle University of Notre Dame Mexican American Women’s North Atlantic Treaty Organi- Catholicism National Association zation National Conference of Puerto Paris, Treaty of (1783) Paul Dolan† Rican Women Perry’s Expedition to Japan Myers v. United States National Federation of Business Statutory Law † and Professional Women’s J. Frank Dobie Clubs Bowie Knife Marc Dollinger 9 to 5, National Association of Cattle Brands San Francisco State University Working Women Cattle Drives Jewish Defense League Phi Beta Kappa Society Herpetology Zionism Scrabble Horse Stealing Medicine Show Melanie M. Domenech- Mesa Hasia R. Diner Rodriguez Mesquite New York University Utah State University Mule Skinner Lower East Side Filipino Americans Stampedes Substance Abuse Trail Drivers Shira M. Diner Windmills Susan Dominguez Brookline, Massachusetts Michigan State University Apalachin Conference † John M. Dobson Society of American Indians Bronson v. Rodes General Agreement on Tariffs Ex Parte Merryman and Trade Greg Donaghy Freedom of Information Act Trade Agreements Iraq-gate Department of Foreign Affairs and Israeli-Palestinian Peace Accord International Trade Motor Carrier Act Gordon B. Dodds Canadian-American Reciprocity Platt Amendment Portland State University Reynolds v. United States Oregon Gregory Michael Dorr Society for Women’s Health Portland University of Alabama Research Breast Implants Speed Limits Rick Dodgson Dalkon Shield Toxic Substance Control Act Ohio University DNA United States–Canada Free Beat Generation † Trade Agreement Hippies Jonathan T. Dorris Surfing Cumberland Gap Woodstock Cumberland River Bruce J. Dinges Arizona Historical Society Lyle W. Dorsett† Tombstone Justus D. Doenecke University of South Florida Pendergast Machine

† Bricker Amendment P. Allan Dionisopoulos Casablanca Conference Joseph A. Dowling† Federal Government Dollar Diplomacy Blacklisting Powell Case Dumbarton Oaks Conference Enemy Aliens in the World Hague Peace Conferences Wars Robert B. Dishman† Intervention Sedition Acts State Constitutions Operation Dixie Test Laws

15 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Donald A. Downs Louise B. Dunbar† Literature: African American University of Wisconsin–Madison Meetinghouse Literature Book Banning Mourt’s Relation Contempt of Congress Robert A. East† First Amendment Robert G. Dunbar† Dutch Bankers’ Loans Supreme Court Reclamation Sheep Clare Virginia Eby Robert C. Doyle Wheat University of Connecticut Franciscan University of Steubenville Naturalism Prisoners of War: Overview James T. Dunham† † Copper Industry H. J. Eckenrode Edmund Lee Drago Monroe, Fortress College of Charleston E. Melanie DuPuis Red Shirts University of California, Santa Cruz R. David Edmunds Packaging University of Texas, Dallas Dennis Dresang Mesquakie University of Wisconsin–Madison Dawn Duquès Miami (Indians) Legislatures, State Nova Southeastern Potawatomi Education, Cooperative Shawnee Henry N. Drewry† Homework Wars with Indian Nations: Berea College v. Kentucky Self-Help Movement Early Nineteenth Century Black Codes (1783-1840) Education, African American Donald F. Durnbaugh Rebecca Edwards Equal Employment Opportuni- Juniata College Vassar College ty Commission Amish Farmers’ Alliance Nat Turner’s Rebellion Brethren Slave Insurrections Mennonites † Pietism Thomas L. Edwards Robert S. Driscoll Free Trade Joint Chiefs of Staff George Matthew Dutcher† Martha Avaleen Egan War Casualties Pequot War Emory & Henry College

† Anthracite Strike Stella M. Drumm Meaghan M. Dwyer Prisoners of War: Prison Missouri River Boston College Camps, World War II Missouri River Fur Trade Great Books Programs Irish Americans † Michael Egan John Duffy Washington State University Cholera Linda Dynan Colorado River Explorations Influenza Cincinnati, Ohio Dust Bowl Sanitation, Environmental Hospitals Seniority Rights Michael J. Eig Jonathan R. Dull Strikes Michael J. Eig and Associates The Papers of Benjamin Franklin Trade Unions Disabled, Education of the Revolution, American: Diplo- matic Aspects Mary Ann Dzuback John F. Eisenberg Washington University University of Florida † Foster Rhea Dulles University of Chicago Mammalogy Cushing’s Treaty † Kearny’s Mission to China Vicki L. Eaklor Charles Winslow Elliott† Sino-Japanese War Gay and Lesbian Movement Chapultepec, Battle of Mexico City, Capture of Lynn Dumenil† Polly Anne Earl† Newburgh Addresses Fraternities and Sororities Clothing Industry Angela Ellis Wayland F. Dunaway† Gerald Early University of Wisconsin–Madison Free Society of Traders Washington University in St. Louis Arlington National Cemetery

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Army of Northern Virginia Lisa A. Ennis Alona E. Evans† Army of Virginia Georgia College and State University Women, Citizenship of Married Backlash Assisted Suicide Jersey Prison Ship Cardiovascular Disease C. Wyatt Evans Korea War of 1871 Chiropractic Drew University Nonferrous Metals Cosmetic Surgery Anti-Saloon League Prize Courts General Motors Bourbons Soldiers’ Home G.I. Joe Bull Moose Party Southern Commercial Conven- Livestock Industry Cleveland Democrats tions Osteopathy Muckrakers Volunteer Army Paper and Pulp Industry Mugwumps War and Ordnance, Board of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder New Freedom Tariff Recall Elmer Ellis† Video Games Square Deal Elections, Presidential: 1896 Vietnam Syndrome Elections, Presidential: 1900 West Virginia David S. Evans Elections, Presidential: 1912 University of California, Davis Elections, Presidential: 1916 Jonathan L. Entin Deaf in America Greenbacks Case Western Reserve University Gallaudet University Silver Democrats Miranda v. Arizona Silver Republican Party Stephen H. Evans† David J. Erickson Coast Guard, U.S. L. Ethan Ellis† Berkeley, California Dartmouth College Case Budget, Federal Bruce J. Evenson† Beirut Bombing J. W. Ellison Erik McKinley Eriksson† Black Monday Stock Market “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” Blue Eagle Emblem Crash “Go West, Young Man, Go West” Brain Trust Challenger Disaster Legal Tender Act Corrupt Bargain Korean Airlines Flight 007 Elections, Presidential: 1836 Waco Siege Lucius F. Ellsworth† Elections, Presidential: 1932 Boot and Shoe Manufacturing and 1936 Robert Eyestone† Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Blocs Fred A. Emery† Act Unit Rule Japanese Cherry Trees Gold Reserve Act Interests Regina M. Faden Eugene M. Emme† “Kitchen Cabinet” University of Missouri at St. Louis Missiles, Military Majority Rule Chanukah National Labor Relations Board v. Volunteerism Judith E. Endelman Jones and Laughlin Steel Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Corporation William B. Faherty Village Pump-Priming Saint Louis University Henry Ford Museum and Resumption Act Louisiana Purchase Exposition Greenfield Village Specie Circular War Trade Board Robert B. Fairbanks† Francene M. Engel Austin University of Michigan Grover Antonio Espinoza Executive Privilege Columbia University Charles Fairman† Cabeza de Vaca Expeditions Bank of Augusta v. Earle Jeffrey A. Engel Cohens v. Virginia † Yale University Emmett M. Essin III Cooley v. Board of Wardens of Port Great Britain, Relations with Cavalry, Horse of Philadelphia Ex Parte Bollman Hugh English Elizabeth W. Etheridge† Queens College of the City University of Centers for Disease Control Leslie A. Falk† New York and Prevention Leyte Gulf, Battle of Celebrity Culture Legionnaires’ Disease Medicine, Occupational

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Stanley L. Falk† Roger Feinstein Roger Finke Bismarck Sea, Battle of University of Massachusetts at Boston Pennsylvania State University Coral Sea, Battle of the Massachusetts Religion and Religious Affilia- Guadalcanal Campaign tion Lingayen Gulf Werner Feld† Peleliu Prize Courts Paul Finkelman Rabaul Campaign University of Tulsa College of Law Tarawa Andrew Feldman† Ableman v. Booth Air Traffic Controllers Strike Calder v. Bull Alving F. Farlow† Civil Rights Act of 1991 Dred Scott Case Beaver Hats Daniel Feller Fugitive Slave Acts University of New Mexico † Palimony Hallie Farmer Albany Regency Personal Liberty Laws Bloody Shirt Antibank Movement Prigg v. Commonwealth of Penn- Emancipation, Compensated Expunging Resolution sylvania Freedman’s Savings Bank Jacksonian Democracy Zenger Trial “King Cotton” Removal of Deposits Montgomery Convention Spoils System Wormley Conference Bernard S. Finn† David Fellman† Cables, Atlantic and Pacific Karenbeth Farmer Suffrage: Exclusion from the University of Kansas Suffrage Martin H. Fishbein† Housing and Urban Develop- Patents and U.S. Patent Office ment, Department Of Ann Harper Fender Norsemen in America † Gettysburg College Lillian Estelle Fisher Sovereignty, Doctrine Of Blast Furnaces, Early Presidio State Constitutions Coffee Health Maintenance Organiza- Robert Fishman† Brenda Farnell tions Atlantic City University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Monopoly paign Michael Fitzgerald Dance, Indian † John H. Fenton Sign Language, Indian Saint Olaf College Property Qualifications South, the: The New South V. J. Farrar† Ellen Fernandez-Sacco † Klondike Rush Lena G. FitzHugh University of California, Berkeley Candles Museums H. U. Faulkner†

China Trade † John Fitzpatrick Sarah Ferrell In Re Debs Charles Scribner’s Sons Lost Generation Appalachian Trail City University of New York Jefferson Faye Sina † Lenore Fine Michigan State University Music: Theater and Film Engineers, Corps of Aleut River and Harbor Improve- † John C. Fitzpatrick ments Conway Cabal Loren Butler Feffer Roads, Military Aberdeen, New Jersey Elections, Presidential: 1789 and 1792 Ague † Charles J. Finger Creationism Seal of the Confederate States Shanty Towns Evolutionism of America LSD Seal of the United States † Primal Therapy Gary M. Fink Prozac Labor, Department of Donald L. Fixico Semiconductors University of Kansas Vegetarianism Leslie Fink† American Indian Movement Videocassette Recorder Human Genome Project Native American Studies

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Martin S. Flaherty Burghers Daughters of the American Fordham Law School Duke of York’s Laws Revolution Antifederalists Dutch West India Company DES Action USA Fulton’s Folly Explorations and Expeditions: Douglas Flamming Half Moon Spanish Georgia Institute of Technology King William’s War Girl Scouts of the United States Georgia Leisler Rebellion of America New York City, Capture of Junior Leagues International, Maureen A. Flanagan Oriskany, Battle of Association of Michigan State University Patroons League of Women Voters Consumers Leagues Petition and Remonstrance of Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, General Federation of Women’s New Netherland Colonization Efforts of Clubs Saratoga Springs National Organization for White Plains, Battle of Guy Stanton Ford† Women Workingmen’s Party Committee on Public Informa- Sanitary Commission, United tion States James J. Flink† Women, President’s Commis- American Automobile Association Michael James Foret sion on the Status of Automobile University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point Women’s Bureau Houma Women’s Clubs Percy Scott Flippin†

Hundred † Richard M. Flanagan Cornelius P. Forster, O.P. Dominicans College of Staten Island of the City Uni- Matthew J. Flynn versity of New York San Diego State University Black Caucus, Congressional Flapper Harold S. Forsythe Bonus Army Oregon Trail Fairfield University Bosses and Bossism, Political Washington’s Farewell Address Underground Railroad Contract with America † Democracy † S. J. Folmsbee Robert Fortenbaugh Drug Trafficking, Illegal Franklin, State of Dissenters Great Society Tennessee River Great Law of Pennsylvania Kerner Commission Harrisburg Convention Narcotics Trade and Legislation William E. Forbath Port Authority of New York † Philip L. Fosburg And New Jersey University of Texas School of Law Elevators Violence Commission Antitrust Laws Watergate Clayton Act, Labor Provisions Danbury Hatters’ Case Gaines M. Foster Hague v. Committee on Industrial Louisiana State University Michael A. Flannery Organization United Daughters of the Con- University of Alabama at Birmingham Injunctions, Labor federacy Diets and Dieting International Labor Organization Nutrition and Vitamins Right-to-Work Laws † Obesity Kristen Foster Taft-Hartley Act Literature: Native American Literature James Rodger Fleming Bonnie L. Ford Colby College Sacramento City College † Joseph H. Foth Climate Association of Southern Safety First Movement Meteorology Women for the Prevention of Lynching K. E. Fleming Birth Control Movement Steve M. Fountain New York University Coalition of Labor Union University of California, Davis Greece, Relations with Women Great Salt Lake Colonial Dames of America A. C. Flick† Convention on the Elimination Arlen L. Fowler† Albany Plan of All Forms of Discrimina- Black Cavalry in the West Bennington, Battle of tion Against Women Black Infantry in the West

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Daniel M. Fox† Russell W. Fridley† Joseph Fronczak Acquired Immune Deficiency Farmer-Labor Party of Min- University of Wisconsin–Madison Syndrome nesota Rock and Roll

† Stephen Fox Amy Fried† Clifford Frondel California State University Rape Crisis Centers Mineralogy Relocation, Italian-American Max Paul Friedman Polly Fry John Francis Jr.† Florida State University University of Minnesota Sequoia Agency for International Devel- Blizzards Whiskey Ring opment Hennepin, Louis, Narratives of Armistice of November 1918 Midwest Perry Frank Bermuda Conferences Mississippi Valley American Dream & Associates, Inc. Carter Doctrine Prairie Battle Hymn of the Republic Eisenhower Doctrine Trans-Appalachian West Circus and Carnival Geneva Conferences Motels Genocide Ralph T. Fulton† Social Register Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Fruit Growing Hay-Pauncefote Treaties Norma Frankel† Lend-Lease Tom Fulton† Savings Bonds Olney Corollary Horse Panama Revolution W. Neil Franklin† Propaganda Robert Frank Futrell† Virginia Indian Company Pugwash Conferences Korean War, Air Combat in Reciprocal Trade Agreements Eric M. Freedman Reykjavik Summit John Lewis Gaddis† Hofstra University School of Law Summit Conferences, U.S. and Geneva Conferences Habeas Corpus, Writ of Russian Paris Conferences Unconditional Surrender Douglas Southall Freeman† X Article David W. Galenson† Appomattox Tennis Bull Run, Second Battle of Monroe Friedman Pickett’s Charge Eastern Michigan University Gilbert J. Gall† Hidden Persuaders, The Automobile Workers v. Johnson Frank Freidel† Product Tampering Controls, Inc. Civil War General Order No. † Ward’s Cove Packing Co., Inc., v. 100 Herman R. Friis Atonio Mexican-American War Claims Cartography Ruth A. Gallaher† Allen French† Derek W. Frisby Iowa Band Bunker Hill, Battle of University of Alabama Lexington and Concord, Battles Censorship, Military Robert E. Gallman† of Enlistment National Bureau of Economic Minutemen Thresher Disaster Research Revere’s Ride Standards of Living Morton J. Frisch† † Tony Freyer† Republic Perrin C. Galpin Griggs v. Duke Power Company World War I, U.S. Relief in International Brotherhood of Henry E. Fritz Teamsters v. United States Saint Olaf College W. Freeman Galpin† Meritor Savings Bank v. Mechelle Billings Entail of Estate Vinson Board of Indian Commissioners Magna Carta Personnel Administrator of Massa- Meriam Report Primogeniture chusetts v. Feeney Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company Percy S. Fritz† Oscar H. Gandy Jr. Rust v. Sullivan Prospectors University of Pennsylvania Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez Smelters Communications Industry

20 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Paul Neff Garber† Anthony Gaughan Norman Gevitz Gadsden Purchase Harvard University Law School Ohio University, College of Osteopathic Belknap Scandal Medicine Robert Garland Executive Agreements Medicine, Alternative Colgate University Presidents, Interment of Emigrant Aid Movement Sherman Silver Purchase Act David Ghere Marathons Tweed Ring General College, University of Min- Passports nesota Gary Gault Passamaquoddy/Penobscot † Maryland Air National Guard Raymond L. Garthoff National Guard † Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Guy Gibbon Cahokia Mounds Daniel Geary Poverty Point Ellen Gruber Garvey University of California, Berkeley New Jersey City University Book-of-the-Month Club † Magazines Environmental Movement Arrell M. Gibson Magazines, Men’s Frankfurt School Midcontinent Oil Region Reader’s Digest Time † Welfare System Paul H. Giddens Carol Gaskin† Pipelines, Early Aerobics Noah Gelfand New York University James B. Gilbert K. Healan Gaston Mount Rushmore University of Maryland University of California, Berkeley Scopes Trial Bay Psalm Book Karen E. Geraghty National Council of Churches Chicago, Illinois Carolyn Gilman American Medical Association Missouri Historical Society Paul W. Gates† Medical Societies Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Alien Landholding Bounties, Commercial Scott D. Gerber Nils Gilman Claim Associations Pettit College of Law, Ohio Northern University of California, Berkeley Cornell University University Catch-22 Deposit Act of 1836 Commerce Clause Unsafe at Any Speed Glebes Indian Trade and Intercourse Louis S. Gerteis Rhoda R. Gilman Act University of Missouri at St. Louis Minnesota Historical Society Land Bounties Gag Rule, Antislavery Minnesota Land Grants: Land Grants for Liberty Party Locofoco Party Education † Land Grants: Land Grants for Minstrel Shows Lawrence Henry Gipson Railways Webster-Hayne Debate Colonial Assemblies Land Office, U.S. General and Bureau Plans Management Irwin N. Gertzog† Philippe R. Girard Land Scrip Caucuses, Congressional McNeese State University Land Speculation Comparable Worth America’s Cup Mesabi Iron Range Tailhook Incident Class Conflict Morrill Act Violence Against Women Act Earth Day Public Domain Women’s Educational Equity Monopoly Public Land Commissions Act Olympic Games, American Par- School Lands ticipation in Subsidies Pierre Gervais Pork Barrel Timber Culture Act University of Paris Running Western Lands Industrial Revolution TWA Flight 800

Robert Moulton Gatke† Marvin E. Gettleman Betsy Glade Discovery Brooklyn Polytechnic University Saint Cloud State University Pacific Fur Company Abraham Lincoln Brigade Wedding Traditions

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Joseph T. Glatthaar Ozone Depletion A. A. Gray† University of Houston Volcanoes Camels in the West Civil War Wildfires Ellen Gray† Frederic W. Gleach Stephanie Gordon Rockefeller Commission Report Cornell University University of Georgia Powhatan Confederacy House Made of Dawn Ralph D. Gray† Waterways, Inland George W. Goble† Dayo F. Gore West Coast Hotel Company v. Par- New York University Fletcher M. Green† rish Stanford University Address of the Southern Dele- gates Dorothy Burne Goebel† Daniel Gorman Peculiar Institution Elections, Presidential: 1840 McMaster University Star of the West British Empire, Concept of Jennifer Gold Victorianism John C. Green† Elections, Presidential: 1976 University of California, Berkeley † Ripley’s Believe It or Not Hugh Gorman Elections, Presidential: 1980 Acid Rain Elections, Presidential: 1984 Joseph P. Goldberg† Elections, Presidential: 1988 Labor, Department of Ken Gormley Elections, Presidential: 1992 Duquesne University School of Law Special Prosecutors Joseph Goldenberg Michael S. Green Community College of Southern Nevada Virginia State University † Shipbuilding T. P. Govan Las Vegas Commission Merchants And Factors Phyllis Goldfarb David Greenberg Newton, Massachusetts American Academy of Arts and Sciences William Graebner Rape Impeachment Trial of Bill Clin- State University of New York at Fredo- ton nia 9/11 Attack David Goldfield Common Sense Book of Baby and Nixon, Resignation of University of North Carolina at Char- Child Care Nixon Tapes lotte

Atlanta † Hugh Davis Graham † Charlotte Mary Greenberg Busing Brown University

Ellen Goldring † Otis L. Graham Jr. Kent Greenfield Vanderbilt University Youth Administration, National Boston College School of Law Magnet Schools Administrative Discretion, Del- Pete Granger egation of Pedro M. Pruna Goodgall University of Washington Administrative Justice Smithsonian Institution Archives Salmon Fisheries Airline Deregulation Act Zoology Business, Big W. Brooke Graves† Business, Minority Judith R. Goodstein Enabling Acts Code, U.S. California Institute of Technology Guinn and Beal v. United States Employment Retirement California Institute of Technol- Lochner v. New York Income Security Act ogy Minnesota Moratorium Case Equal Protection of the Law Mugler v. Kansas Group Libel Laws † Colin B. Goodykoontz Original Package Doctrine Hate Crimes Jefferson Territory Rule of Reason Leveraged Buyouts Missionary Societies, Home Transportation Act of 1920 Meat Inspection Laws Union Colony Victory Loan of 1919 Mergers and Acquisitions Wisconsin Railroad Commission v. Romer v. Evans Nancy M. Gordon† Chicago, Burlington and Smith v. Oregon Employment Earthquakes Quincy Telecommunications Act

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Washington v. Glucksberg J. Justin Gustainis Executive Agent Williamson v. Lee Optical Plattsburgh State University of New Nonimportation Agreements York Papal States, Diplomatic Service Linda Greenhouse Counterculture to New York Times Credibility Gap Bush v. Gore Pornography Commission E. Irvine Haines† Solid South Cowboys and Skinners Richard A. Greenwald † † United States Merchant Marine Academy Robert M. Guth Gerald Haines Sweatshop Nuclear Power Intelligence, Military and Women’s Trade Union League Serial Killings Strategic Vigilantes Ross Gregory† Michael R. Haines K. R. Constantine Gutzman Korea-gate Colgate University Western Connecticut State University Demography and Demographic

† Enumerated Powers Trends Thomas G. Gress Hartford Convention Bakke v. Regents of the University Maysville Veto J. Evetts Haley† of California Mazzei Letter Deregulation Cattle Rustlers William Haber† † Elizabeth Armstrong Hall James M. Grimwood Employment Service, U.S. Manassas, Virginia Moon Landing Apartment Houses Kurt Hackemer Saint Louis R. Dale Grinder University of South Dakota United States Department of Trans- Armored Ships Joseph Hall portation Bates College Interstate Commerce Commis- Sally E. Hadden [Various revisions] sion Florida State University

Transportation, Department of Common Sense † Timothy D. Hall Continental Congress Fundamentalism Erwin N. Griswold† General Court, Colonial Panhandle † Mark Haller LeRoy R. Hafen Temple University Cripple Creek Mining Boom Dean Grodzins Crime, Organized Meadville/Lombard Theological School Mail, Overland, and Stage- Transcendentalism coaches † Mail, Southern Overland George H. Hallett Jr. Mountain Men Preferential Voting Bethany Groff Pikes Peak Gold Rush Bradford, Massachusetts Holman Hamilton† Salem Steve Hageman Elections, Presidential: 1848

† University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Theodore G. Gronert paign Michael S. Hamilton Yellow Journalism Compromise of 1890 Seattle Pacific University Evangelicalism and Revivalism Norman Gross Edward Hagerman American Bar Association Museum of York University Milton W. Hamilton† Law Chemical and Biological Warfare Pamphleteering American Bar Association Printer’s Devil Travis Haglock † Wayne Grover Boston College W. J. Hamilton† Council of National Defense Work Craig v. State of Missouri

Farley Grubb Peter L. Hahn C. H. Hamlin† University of Delaware Ohio State University Doughfaces Convict Labor Systems Diplomatic Missions Gastonia Strike

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Peter Hammond Saint-Mihiel, Campaigns at Old North Church University of Nottingham Seven Days’ Battles Onions Folklore Somme Offensive Oxen Spotsylvania Courthouse, Battle Paving Samuel B. Hand of Post Roads University of Vermont Potatoes Vermont Russell L. Hanson Richmond Junto Indiana State University Scab Jack Handler† Equality, Concept of Sheridan’s Ride Civil Rights Restoration Act of Liberty, Concept of Snake River 1987 Southern Campaigns Patients’ Rights Fraser Harbutt Tar and Feathers Quality Circles Emory University Telephone Cases Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Anti-Imperialists Veracruz Incident Foreign Policy Volstead Act Richard Carlton Haney Wise Men Wall Street Explosion University of Wisconsin–Whitewater Wells, Fargo and Company † Western Federation of Miners Wisconsin D. B. Hardeman Whiskey Rules of the House † Wickersham Commission A. J. Hanna Whip, Party

Florida, Straits of † † George D. Harmon Mary W. M. Hargreaves Bonus Bill of 1816 Jonathan M. Hansen Deserts Boston University Mexico, Confederate Migration to Beyond the Melting Pot Alvin F. Harlow† Pluralism Airmail Gillis J. Harp Backcountry and Backwoods Mary Anne Hansen Grove City College Black Laws Positivism Montana State University Boomtowns Archives Broadway † Lawrence A. Harper Children’s Bureau Cincinnati Riots Hat Manufacture, Colonial Family of Man Exhibition Civil Aeronautics Act Restriction on Gulf Stream Dollar-a-Year Man Molasses Trade Interior, Department of the Eads Bridge Knights of the Golden Circle Economic Royalists John W. Harpster† Mineral Springs Ferris Wheel Wagoners of the Alleghenies Northwest Passage “Forgotten Man” Penobscot Region Gallatin’s Report on Roads, † Pinckney Plan Canals, Harbors, and Katy J. Harriger Sequoyah, Proposed State of Rivers Set-Asides Tornadoes Harlem, Battle of Son-of-Sam Law Inland Lock Navigation Tower Commission † Carl E. Hanson Lifesaving Service Noise Pollution Lincoln Highway Ben Harris Maple Sugar University of New Hampshire Elizabeth Hanson May Day Behaviorism Rockefeller University Military Order of the Loyal † Rockefeller University Legion of the U.S.A. Ruth Roy Harris Mint, Federal Bionics Joseph Mills Hanson† Mints, Private Clinical Research Belleau Wood, Battle of Monterrey, Battles of Heart Implants Château-Thierry Bridge, Amer- Mooney Case Lyme Disease icans at Moonshine Far West Narrows Thomas L. Harris† “Lafayette, We Are Here” National Union for Social Justice “In God We Trust” Leavenworth Expedition New Lights Liberty-Cap Cent Petersburg, Siege of Niblo’s Garden Pine Tree Shilling

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Cynthia Harrison† W. B. Hatcher† Maryland, Invasion of Equal Pay Act Dark Horse New York City, Plot to Burn Women in Public Life, Busi- Organization for Economic ness, and Professions Guy B. Hathorn† Cooperation and Develop- Commerce, Department of ment Jennifer Harrison Comptroller General of the Pennsylvania, Invasion of College of William and Mary United States Pennsylvania Troops, Mutinies American Ballet Theatre of American Protective Association Laurence M. Hauptman Perryville, Battle of Barbie Doll State University of New York at New Powhatan Incident Burr-Hamilton Duel Paltz “Public Be Damned” Cambridge Onondaga Railroads in the Civil War Dance Red River Campaign Feminine Mystique, The Raymond E. Hauser Savannah, Siege of (1864) Martha Graham Dance Compa- Waubonsee Community College Shenandoah Campaign ny Illinois (Indians) Stuart’s Ride Melting Pot Sauk Tidelands New York City Ballet Tydings-McDuffie Act Vicksburg in the Civil War Resolutions, Congressional Bernice L. Hausman Wilderness, Battles of the Williamsburg, Colonial Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State XYZ Affair University Gender and Gender Roles Stephen Haycox Howard L. Harrod University of Alaska at Anchorage Vanderbilt University Miriam Hauss Alaska Sun Dance American Historical Association Alaska Native Claims Settle- American Historical Association ment Act D. G. Hart Alaskan Pipeline Tribes: Alaskan Westminster Theological Seminary in Richard A. Hawkins California University of Wolverhampton † Denominationalism Duties, Ad Valorem and Specific John D. Hayes Presbyterianism Wal-Mart World War I, Navy in Reformed Churches World War II, Navy in Religious Thought and Writings Ellis Hawley University of Iowa John Earl Haynes Hendrik Hartog New Era Library of Congress Princeton University Anticommunism Divorce and Marital Separation Paul L. Haworth† Communist Party, United Marriage Elections, Presidential: 1876 States of America

Gordon E. Harvey Thomas Robson Hay† Sarah E. Heath University of Louisiana at Monroe Army of Northern Virginia Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi “Chicken in Every Pot” Army of the James Young Women’s Christian Asso- Irrepressible Conflict Army of Virginia ciation Brannan Plan † Susan Haskell Brown v. Maryland Charles W. Heathcote University of California, Berkeley Burlington Strike Brandywine Creek, Battle of Hinduism Chattanooga Campaign Quakers Columbia River Treaty Darlene L. Brooks Hedstrom Davis-Johnston Controversy Wittenberg University Adele Hast Donelson, Fort, Capture of Egypt, Relations with Newberry Library Elections, Presidential: 1824 Newberry Library Fallen Timbers, Battle of Paul Hehn Harpers Ferry, Capture of Who2.com Dorothea E. Hast Hood’s Tennessee Campaign Elections, Contested Eastern Connecticut State University Kenesaw Mountain, Battle of Iranian Americans Music: Early American Levy Nevada Music: Folk Revival McHenry, Fort Police

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Prizefighting Norriss Hetherington Office of Price Administration Television: Technology University of California, Berkeley Office of Price Stabilization Astronomy Carol Heim Curtis M. Hinsley Jr. † University of Massachusetts at Amherst James E. Hewes Jr. Northern Arizona University Capitalism War Department National Museum of the Ameri- can Indian † Ronald L. Heinemann Richard G. Hewlett Hampden-Sydney College Hydrogen Bomb Leo P. Hirrel Pentagon Nuclear Power United States Army Center for Mili- tary History DuBose Heyward† Awakening, Second Robert Debs Heinl Jr.† Sumter, Fort Bismarck Archipelago Cam- Iwo Jima paign Wake, Defense of † John D. Hicks Edwardsean Theology Citizens’ Alliances John Heitmann Elections, Presidential: 1904 Adam Hodges University of Dayton Granger Movement University of Houston, Clear Lake Automobile Safety Middle-of-the-Road Populists Machine, Political Patrons of Husbandry Oregon System Leonard C. Helderman† World War I Financial Panics Dennis R. Hidalgo Hurtado v. California Adelphi University Graham Russell Hodges United States v. Lee Manifest Destiny University of Kansas Art: Photography † Douglas Helms Kenneth B. Higbie Family and Medical Leave Act United States Department of Agricul- Aluminum Film ture Flags Insecticides and Herbicides Don Higginbotham Music: Theater and Film University of North Carolina at Chapel Nationalism Michael B. Henderson Hill New York Slave Conspiracy of Louisiana State University French in the American Revolu- 1741 Smoke-Filled Room tion Pregnancy Discrimination Act Revolution, American: Military Republicanism History Women’s Equity Action League Kimberly A. Hendrickson Rhodes College Carol L. Higham M. H. Hoeflich Blue Laws Davidson College University of Kansas Mann Act Indian Missions Housing and Urban Develop- National Traffic and Motor ment, Department of Vehicle Safety Act John Higham Norsemen in America Pierce v. Society of Sisters Johns Hopkins University Sovereignty, Doctrine of Restraint of Trade Statue of Liberty State Constitutions Sherman Antitrust Act

† † Jim Dan Hill J. David Hoeveler David Henry Horse Marines University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Iran-Contra Affair Press Gang Postmodernism Rough Riders † Gary R. Hess San Juan Hill and El Caney, Abraham Hoffman Prisoners of War: POW/MIA Battles of Los Angeles Valley College Controversy, Vietnam War Texas Navy Salton Sea

W. B. Hesseltine† Roscoe R. Hill† Christine E. Hoffman Belknap Scandal Journal of Congress Colgate University Elmira Prison Art: Sculpture Prisoners of War: Prison Willam G. Hines Automobile Racing Camps, Confederate United States Navy Education, Department of

26 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Hymns and Hymnody Cape Cod David C. Hsiung Lake Okeechobee Nantucket Juniata College Marching Bands New England Coyote Mines, U.S. Bureau of Plymouth Rock National Bureau of Standards Yankee Donald W. Hunt† National Women’s Political Rio Grande Caucus Tom Holm New Albion Colony University of Arizona John J. Hunt† New Castle Indians in the Military Iceland, U.S. Forces in Nonpartisan League, National Pacific Northwest John Dewey Holmes Richard A. Hunt† Sagadahoc, Colony at University of California, Berkeley Geneva Conventions

† International Ladies Garment Photography, Military J. H. Hoffman Workers Union Coal Richard T. Hunt

† Ryan F. Holznagel Idaho National Engineering and Envi- Raymond H. Hoffman Belmont, Massachusetts ronmental Laboratory Big Brother Movement Boy Scouts of America Hydroelectric Power Mother’s Day and Father’s Day L. Lynn Hogue Nickelodeon Leslie Gene Hunter† Georgia State University College of Weather Service, National Prisoners of War: Prison Law Camps, Union Military Law Herbert T. Hoover University of South Dakota Louis C. Hunter† E. Brooks Holifield South Dakota Waterpower Emory University Baptist Churches T. N. Hoover† R. Douglas Hurt Marietta Iowa State University Cecelia Holland Agricultural Machinery Fortuna, California † Agriculture, American Indian Alcaldes Vincent C. Hopkins Fair Deal Bear Flag Revolt † California James A. Huston Donner Party Brian C. Hosmer Logistics Florida Newberry Library and University of Munitions Illinois at Chicago Forty-Niners † Kearny’s March to California Arapaho John Hutchinson Mountain Meadows Massacre Indian Policy, U.S.: 1830-1900 Espionage, Industrial Saint Augustine † Neil Howe† Bradley Hyman Max Holland Generational Conflict Alzheimer’s Disease Miller Center of Public Affairs, Uni- versity of Virginia Joel D. Howell† Jeffrey Hyson Warren Commission Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Saint Joseph’s University Zoological Parks Stanley C. Hollander William G. Howell † Michigan State University Harvard University Dennis Ippolito Hardware Trade Removal, Executive Power of Literacy Test Traveling Salesmen Frederick E. Hoxie Benjamin H. Irvin David A. Hollinger University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Brandeis University University of California, Berkeley paign “E Pluribus Unum” Great Gatsby, The From the Deep Woods to Civiliza- Patterns of Culture tion Chippy Irvine Sand Creek Massacre Patterson, New York Peter C. Holloran Wounded Knee Massacre Glassmaking Worcester State College Wyoming Massacre Kitchens

27 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Ray W. Irwin† Monongahela River Lumber Industry Ogden v. Saunders Mosby’s Rangers United Farm Workers of Amer- Washington Burned Nashville, Battle of ica Tidewater Water Pollution Bliss Isely† Homesteaders and the Cattle Marquis James† Daniel J. Johnson Industry Alamo, Siege of the California State University at Long Johnny Appleseed San Jacinto, Battle of Branch Santa Fe Trail Hollywood Yellowstone River Expeditions Duncan R. Jamieson Long Beach Ashland University Los Angeles Andrew C. Isenberg Bicycling McNamara Case Princeton University Oakland Buffalo (Bison) Reese V. Jenkins† San Diego Dodge City Photographic Industry Symbionese Liberation Army

Peter Iverson Robert Jenkins Hugh Buckner Johnston† Arizona State University Mississippi State University United Confederate Veterans Defiance, Fort Mississippi Indians and the Horse Leon W. Johnson† Navajo Matthew Holt Jennings Ploesti Oil Fields, Air Raids on University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Brenda Jackson paign Robert W. Johnson† Washington State University Panton, Leslie and Company Installment Buying, Selling, and Ghost Towns Stockbridge Indian Settlement Financing Sutter’s Fort Timucua Trading Posts, Frontier † † Samuel A. Johnson John E. Jessup Jr. Jayhawkers Kenneth T. Jackson Cemeteries, National Kansas Committee, National New York Historical Society Decorations, Military Lawrence, Sack of Columbia University Guerrilla Warfare Quantrill’s Raid Office of Strategic Services Wyandotte Constitution Philip E. Jacob† Rangers Pacifism † Sharon L. Johnson Philip C. Jessup Denver, Colorado David Jacobs Root Arbitration Treaties Western Union Telegraph Temple University Root Mission Company Unidentified Flying Objects Root-Takahira Agreement Troy Johnson Ruth Harriet Jacobs Andrew Jewett California State University at Long Beach Wellesley College Center for Research on American Academy of Arts and Sciences Red Power Women Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations Old Age National Science Foundation New Republic, The Arnita A. Jones American Historical Association John A. Jakle Office of Scientific Research National Trust for Historic University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- and Development Preservation paign Robert W. Johannsen Food, Fast † University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Chester Lloyd Jones Alfred P. James† paign Elections, Presidential: 1908 Allegheny Mountains, Routes Lincoln-Douglas Debates Across Dorothy V. Jones Chancellorsville, Battle of Benjamin H. Johnson Newberry Library Commander in Chief of British Southern Methodist University Indian Treaties, Colonial Forces Forestry Lookout Mountain, Battle on Gold Rush, California Edgar A. Jones Jr.† Mason-Dixon Line Irrigation Picketing

28 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Fred M. Jones† Indian Territory Deportation Commodity Exchanges Little Bighorn National Monu- Green Card Markets, Public ment Political Exiles to the United Mission Indians of California States Gwyn Jones† Pueblo Revolt Refugee Act of 1980 Vinland Stevens, Isaac, Mission Refugees Winnebago/Ho-Chunk J. Wayne Jones Shawn Kantor University of Georgia Shibu Jose University of Arizona Utopian Communities University of Florida Southern Tenant Farmers’ Forest Service Union James E. Jones Jr. University of Wisconson Law School D. George Joseph Jeffrey Kaplan Philadelphia Plan Yale University School of Medicine Sullivan and Cromwell Epidemics and Public Health West Indies, British and French Hantavirus Karen Jones † University of Essex Leprosy Lawrence S. Kaplan Everglades National Park Sexually Transmitted Diseases Convention of 1800 National Park System Tuberculosis Ruth Kaplan Yellowstone National Park † Yosemite National Park Louis Joughin New York, New York Sacco-Vanzetti Case Hoover Dam New Yorker, The Katherine M. Jones † University of Virginia Robert J. T. Joy Verrazano-Narrows Bridge Blue Sky Laws Medicine, Military Whitney Museum

Fair Labor Standards Act † † General Welfare Clause Fred B. Joyner Stefan J. Kapsch Gold Clause Cases Blue and Gray Office of Management and Minimum-Wage Legislation Ducking Stool Budget Norris-LaGuardia Act † Robinson-Patman Act Suzanne White Junod Carol F. Karlsen Social Legislation United States Food and Drug Adminis- University of Michigan tration Witchcraft R. Steven Jones Food and Drug Administration † Southwestern Adventist University Toxic Shock Syndrome James Kates Buenos Aires Peace Conference Citizens Band (CB) Radio Colonization Movement David Kahn Cultural Literacy Colored National Labor Union Great Neck, New York National Public Radio Consumerism Cryptology Department Stores Kenneth D. Katkin Indian Treaties Ronald Kahn Northern Kentucky University Nullification Oberlin College Scientific Fraud Ostend Manifesto Federal-Aid Highway Program Palsgraff v. Long Island Bruce Kaufman † Savannah Yale Kamisar Georgia State University Suburbanization Gideon v. Wainright Industrial Relations Toys and Games Transcontinental Railroad, Harmke Kamminga Thomas Kavanagh Building of University of Cambridge Bloomington, Indiana Biochemistry Comanche Veda Boyd Jones Institute of Children’s Literature I. Howell Kane† Margaret Keady American Indian Gaming Regu- Gideon Bibles Astoria, New York latory Act Contract Labor, Foreign Architecture, American Indian Daniel Kanstroom Labor’s Non-Partisan League Art, Indian Boston College School of Law Mercantilism Ethnohistory Aliens, Rights of Privatization

29 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Linda Nelson Keane Lawrence W. Kennedy Christine K. Kimbrough School of the Art Institute of Chicago University of Scranton New York University Art: Interior Decoration Boston Railroads Art: Interior Design Faneuil Hall John M. Kinder † Mark Keane William V. Kennedy University of Minnesota University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Conscription and Recruitment Abstract Expressionism Art: Interior Decoration Bungee Jumping Art: Interior Design Linda K. Kerber† Pop Art Alien and Sedition Laws Rollerblading † Skateboarding Louise Phelps Kellogg Tennis Connolly’s Plot Kevin F. Kern Dunmore’s War University of Akron William E. King Howard, Fort Racial Science Western State College of Colorado Jesuit Relations English Language † Jolliet-Marquette Explorations K. Austin Kerr Recycling Prairie du Chien, Indian Treaty Railroad Mediation Acts Slang at Telecommunications Wisconsin Idea Louise B. Ketz Louise B. Ketz Agency Connie Ann Kirk Alfred H. Kelly† Chess Mansfield University Constitution of the United America the Beautiful States Daniel J. Kevles† Barn Raising Allison Commission Bloomers John Haskell Kemble† Carnegie Institution of Wash- Ellis Island Coasting Trade ington Flag of the United States Coastwise Steamship Lines Physics: Overview Liberty Bell Navigation Act of 1817 Literature: Children’s Literature Clara Sue Kidwell “My Country, Tis of Thee”

† University of Oklahoma New York State Donald L. Kemmerer Choctaw Provincetown Players Banking: Overview Indian Technology “Star-Spangled Banner” Banking: Bank Failures Banking: State Banks John A. Kidwell Dan Kirklin Brokers University of Wisconsin Law School Liberty Fund Federal Reserve System Copyright Printing Industry Financial Panics Intellectual Property Gold Standard Mineral Patent Law Tristan Hope Kirvin Hard Money Patents and U.S. Patent Office New York University Independent Treasury System Trademarks World Trade Center International Monetary Fund Repudiation of Public Debt Vincent Kiernan† Joel D. Kitchens Artificial Intelligence Texas A&M University Emory L. Kemp Cold Nuclear Fusion Barnstorming Institute for the History of Technology and Cybernetics Industrial Archaeology, West Virginia Weather Satellites Ruth A. Kittner University Carnegie Mellon University James River and Kanawha John D. Kilbourne† Comics Company Cincinnati, Society of the Margaret Klapthor† † John S. Kendall Sukkoo Kim Inauguration, Presidential New Orleans Riots Washington University in St. Louis and White League National Bureau of Economic Harvey Klehr Research Emory University John W. Kendrick† Distribution of Goods and Ser- Rosenberg Case Productivity, Concept of vices Subversion, Communist

30 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Frank M. Kleiler† Martha Kohl Bill Kovarik† National Labor Relations Act Montana Historical Society Energy, Renewable Montana Milton M. Klein† Stewart Koyiyumptewa Suffrage: Colonial Suffrage Sally Gregory Kohlstedt Hopi Tribe, Hopi Cultural Preservation University of Minnesota, Office Herbert M. Kliebard† Minneapolis/St.Paul Hopi Curriculum American Association for the Advancement of Science Nathan Ross Kozuskanich Frank J. Klingberg† Ohio State University Coercive Acts Paul A. C. Koistinen Civilized Tribes, Five California State University at North- James T. Kloppenberg ridge Benjamin R. Kracht Harvard University Military-Industrial Complex Northeastern State University, Okla- Democracy in America homa Liberalism Charles C. Kolb Kiowa Locke’s Political Philosophy National Endowment for the Humani- Powwow ties † James C. Klotter Great Lakes Ellen Percy Kraly Georgetown College, Kentucky Johnstown Flood Russian and Soviet Americans Kentucky Ohio River Ohio Valley Barbara Krauthamer Daniel Knapp† New York University Community Action Program Maureen Konkle Treaty Councils (Indian Treaty- University of Missouri at Columbia making) † Son of the Forest, A Joseph G. Knapp Cooperatives, Tobacco Michael L. Krenn David B. Kopel Appalachian State University Edgar W. Knight† Independence Institute Chile, Relations with Charity Schools Gun Control Dominican Republic Dame School Haiti, Relations with Latin Schools Ronald J. Kopicki† Hay-Herrán Treaty Peabody Fund Electrification, Household Sheldon Krimsky† Dudley W. Knox† Charles P. Korr Biological Containment “Damn the Torpedoes” University of Missouri at St. Louis Five-Power Naval Treaty Baseball Union Carol Herselle Krinsky Ironclad Warships New York University Frick Collection Naval Operations, Chief of Jeremy L. Korr Navy, Department of the University of Maryland, College Park † Parity in Naval Defense Railways, Urban, and Rapid Samuel Krislov “White Squadron” Transit Chicago Seven Toll Bridges and Roads Anne Meis Knupfer Charles A. Kromkowski Purdue University J. Morgan Kousser University of Virginia National Association of Colored California Institute of Technology Articles of Confederation Women Disfranchisement Census, U.S. Bureau of the National Council of Negro Election Laws Suffrage: Overview Women Grandfather Clause Suffrage: African American Suf- Jim Crow Laws frage † Louis W. Koenig Plessy v. Ferguson Suffrage: Woman’s Suffrage Watergate Reitman v. Mulkey Voter Registration Barbara Krueger Sheilah R. Koeppen† Voter Residency Requirements Stained Glass Association of America Freedom Riders Voting Art: Stained Glass Windows

31 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Warren L. Kuehl† Henrietta M. Larson† Railroad Brotherhoods Hague Peace Conferences Cooke, Jay, and Company Calvin B. T. Lee† † Bruce Kuklick Christopher Lasch Apportionment University of Pennsylvania Elections, Presidential: 1940 Philosophy Elections, Presidential: 1944 Mark H. Leff Pragmatism Elections, Presidential: 1948 University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Elections, Presidential: 1952 paign Elections, Presidential: 1956 Gary Kulik Medicare and Medicaid Elections, Presidential: 1960 Winterthur Museum, Garden, and GI Bill of Rights † Library Hugh T. Lefler War Crimes Trials Winterthur Bundling Charleston Harbor, Defense of Carol Lasser Cowpens, Battle of Eric Kupferberg Oberlin College Gilbert’s Patent Harvard University Oberlin College Great Smoky Mountains Microbiology Society for the Propagation of Robert N. Lauriault the Gospel in Foreign Parts Stanley I. Kutler University of Florida Tobacco as Money University of Wisconsin–Madison Citrus Industry Wilmington Riot Charles River Bridge Case Tampa–St. Petersburg Richard M. Leighton† Robert B. Kvavik† Mark A. Lause Defense, National Proportional Representation University of Cincinnati War Costs Industrial Workers of the World Modupe G. Labode Knights of Labor Keith A. Leitich Colorado Historical Society National Trades’ Union Seattle, Washington Colorado Railroad Strike of 1877 School Prayer Railroad Strike of 1886 Thomas C. Leonard Mark Ladov Michael K. Law New York University University of California, Berkeley University of Kansas New York Times Tenements Christiana Fugitive Affair Cotton Kingdom Henry Lesesne Marcel C. LaFollette Vesey Rebellion Washington, D.C. University of South Carolina South Carolina Science Journalism and Televi- Alan Lawson sion Boston College Civilian Conservation Corps W. Bruce Leslie † State University of New York at Brock- Lionel H. Laing Farm Security Administration port Antelope Case Home Owners’ Loan Corpora- tion State University of New York † National Recovery Administra- Lewis E. Lawes Harvey Levenstein Hanging tion New Deal McMaster University Works Progress Administration Food and Cuisines Eric E. Lampard† Dairy Industry R. A. Lawson Jane Freundel Levey Vanderbilt University D.C. Heritage Tourism Coalition Rosalyn LaPier Harlem Renaissance White House Piegan Institute Blackfeet Edwin T. Layton Jr.† Zach Levey Engineering Societies University of Haifa, Israel Edward J. Larson Israel, Relations with University of Georgia Eugene E. Leach Science and Religion, Relations Trinity College, Hartford Werner Levi† of American Railway Union Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

32 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Robert M. Levine O. G. Libby† Christina Lindholm University of Miami Dakota Expeditions of Sibley Virginia Commonwealth University Alliance For Progress and Sully Clothing and Fashion Confederate Expatriates in Dakota Territory Textiles Brazil Little Bighorn, Battle of González, Elián, Case Red River Cart Traffic Edward T. Linenthal Mariel Boatlift University of Wisconsin–Oshkosh † Holocaust Museum † Willard F. Libby David Levinson Radiocarbon Dating Kinship Christina Linsenmeyer-van Schalkwyk Nelson Lichtenstein Alan Levy Washington University in St. Louis University of California, Santa Bar- Slippery Rock University Blues bara Symphony Orchestras Jazz American Federation of Labor- Congress of Industrial David W. Levy † Organizations Seymour Martin Lipset University of Oklahoma Collective Bargaining Radical Right Bork Confirmation Hearings Sit-down Strikes Brandeis Confirmation Hear- Socialist Movement Julia E. Liss ings United Automobile Workers of Scripps College Thomas Confirmation Hearings America Anthropology and Ethnology

Anne Lewandowski Kimberly Little Nhi T. Lieu Minneapolis, Minnesota Ohio University University of Michigan Soil Barbecue Southeast Asian Americans Anna Lewis† T. L. Livermore Arkansas River Blanche M. G. Linden Triple T Double L Research Cimarron, Proposed Territory Fort Lauderdale, Florida Bank of the United States of Cemeteries Explosives Erector Sets † Merchant Adventurers Charles Lee Lewis Lincoln Logs Oil Fields Chesapeake-Leopard Incident Pet Banks Decatur’s Cruise to Algiers Leslie J. Lindenauer Petroleum Industry Intrepid Hartford College for Women of the Petroleum Prospecting and Island Number Ten, Operations University of Hartford Technology at Carolina, Fundamental Consti- Surveying Mobile Bay, Battle of tutions of Wildcat Oil Drilling

† Charter of Liberties David K. Lewis Colonial Agent Terri Livermore Laser Technology Farmer’s Letters Triple T Double L Research Holy Experiment Oil Fields David Rich Lewis Hutchinson Letters Pet Banks Utah State University Instructions Petroleum Industry Ute Ipswich Protest Petroleum Prospecting and Kinsey Report Technology † Emanuel Raymond Lewis Massachusetts Bay Colony Surveying Fortifications Narragansett Bay Wildcat Oil Drilling Narragansett Planters James G. Lewis New England Colonies H. Matthew Loayza Falls Church, Virginia New England Company University of Wisconsin–La Crosse Fire Fighting Plans of Union, Colonial Geneva Accords of 1954 Geological Survey, U.S. Port Royal Nicaragua, Relations with Royal Colonies Yolanda Chávez Leyva Royal Disallowance Hartman H. Lomawaima University of Texas, El Paso Salem Witch Trials Arizona State Museum El Paso Smuggling, Colonial Hopi

33 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

John A. Lomax† Philip K. Lundeberg† Robert McColley Cowboy Songs Convoys University of Illinois at Urbana–- Dry Docks Champaign Kyle Longley War Hawks Arizona State University Mary Lou Lustig Contra Aid West Virginia University Kent A. McConnell Cuba, Relations with Catskill Mountains Dartmouth College Latin America, Relations with Colonial Settlements Assassinations and Political Vio- Panama Canal Colonial Society lence, Other Dongan Charters Education, Higher: Denomina- Paul K. Longmore† Hudson River tional Colleges Disability Rights Movement Gettysburg Address Denis Tilden Lynch† Ireland, Relations with Ella Lonn† Tweed Ring Yale University Blockade Runners, Confederate † Stephanie Wilson McConnell Confederate Agents William O. Lynch National Republican Party Bowling Green State University Camp David Peace Accords Brad D. Lookingbill Iran Hostage Crisis Columbia College of Missouri Willem Maas Conquistadores Yale University Donald R. McCoy† Coronado Expeditions Public Opinion Libraries, Presidential

James J. Lorence Laurie McCann Mary McCune Gainesville College AARP Foundation Litigation State University of New York at Trade Union Educational Discrimination: Age Oswego League National Council of Jewish Trade Union Unity League John McCarthy Women Marquette University Justin T. Lorts Nashville David P. McDaniel† Rutgers, The State University of New Officers’ Reserve Corps Chess Jersey † SAT Carl S. McCarthy Allan Macdonald† Soldiers’ Home Malmédy Massacre Arnold S. Lott† Normandy Invasion Minesweeping James P. McCartin Oneida Colony University of Notre Dame † Anti-Catholicism † Leland P. Lovette Charles B. MacDonald Liberation Theology Flag Day Bastogne Vatican II Bulge, Battle of the John Low Wilfred M. McClay Elbe River Pokagon Band Potawatomie and University of Tennessee, Chattanooga Guantánamo Bay Indiana University Northwest Individualism Java Sea, Battle of Indian Civil Rights Act Lonely Crowd, The Lafayette Escadrille Indian Country Political Theory Lebanon, U.S. Landing in Marshall Islands Bradford Luckingham Timothy P. McCleary Siegfried Line Arizona State University Little Big Horn College Phoenix Crow Dedra S. McDonald Hillsdale College Kenneth M. Ludmerer William M. McClenahan Jr. New Mexico Washington University in St. Louis University of Maryland at College Park † Health Care Banking: Export-Import Banks Girard L. McEntee Medical Education Champagne-Marne Operation Dennis McClendon Elizabeth A. Lunbeck Chicago CartoGraphics Lisa MacFarlane Princeton University Dallas University of New Hampshire Psychiatry Sears Tower Uncle Tom’s Cabin

34 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Eliza McFeely American Federation of Teach- Susan L. Malbin College of New Jersey ers District of Columbia Public Library Zuni Checkoff Folger Shakespeare Library Lockout William S. McFeely† Edward S. Malecki† Freedmen’s Bureau Donald L. McMurry† Lobbies Coxey’s Army Richard McGowan, S.J. Pensions, Military and Naval James C. Malin† Boston College Dry Farming Lotteries Neil MacNeil† Pottawatomie Massacre Hoover Commissions † Reginald C. McGrane† W. C. Mallalieu Financial Panics Rebecca McNulty Lyceum Movement Repudiation of State Debts University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- paign Mark G. Malvasi John T. McGreevy American Indian Defense Asso- Randolph Macon College University of Notre Dame ciation Consumer Purchasing Power Jesuits Indian Rights Association Hockey Judaism Rebecca C. McIntyre John A. McQuillen Jr.† Stock Market University of Alabama Gliders Tourism Meg Greene Malvasi Michael R. McVaugh† Midlothian, Virginia David MacIsaac† Parapsychology Arab Americans Bombing Assay Offices Baby Bells World War II, Air War against Jeffrey D. Madura Germany Bank for International Settle- Duquesne University ments Chemistry † Business Forecasting Effie Mona Mack Cost of Living Comstock Lode † James D. Magee Cost of Living Adjustment Deseret Adamson Act Debt, Public Great Basin Gallatin’s Report on Manufac- Economic Indicators tures Exchange, Bills of Guian McKee Gold Act Financial Services Industry Miller Center of Public Affairs, Uni- Hoosac Tunnel Individual Retirement Account versity of Virginia Horizontal Tariff Bill Interest Laws Albany National Trades’ and Workers’ Iraqi Americans Association Lebanese Americans † John P. Mackenzie Public Credit Act Money Baker Case Soft Money Moody’s Subtreasuries Options Exchanges † C. H. McLaughlin Wildcat Money Peter Principle Executive Agreements Price and Wage Controls C. Peter Magrath† Revenue Sharing Judson MacLaury Yazoo Fraud United States Department of Labor Peter Mancall Federal Mediation and Concili- Jennifer Lane Maier University of Southern California ation Service Worthington, Ohio Indians and Alcohol Maritime Commission, Federal Don E. McLeod† Migration, Internal Herbert Manchester† Demobilization Oceanographic Survey Blacksmithing Mobilization Pithole Psychological Warfare Daniel R. Mandell Pauline Maier Truman State University Jonathan W. McLeod Massachusetts Institute of Technology Narragansett San Diego Mesa College Declaration of Independence Praying Towns

35 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Joan D. Mandle† Timothy Marr Albert Matthews† Women’s Rights Movement: University of North Carolina at Chapel Uncle Sam The Twentieth Century Hill Pledge of Allegiance Jeffrey G. Matthews Patrick Maney Thanksgiving Day University of Puget Sound University of South Carolina Young Plan La Follette Civil Liberties Kevin R. Marsh Boise State University Committee Hearings Robert Matthews Sauk Prairie Legislative Reorganization Act Federal Aviation Administration John F. Marszalek Airports, Siting and Financing of A. M. Mannion Mississippi State University Civil Aeronautics Board University of Reading Eaton Affair Federal Aviation Administration Aleutian Islands Sherman’s March to the Sea Interstate Highway System Daniel Mannix† James Marten Aaron Mauck Slave Ships Marquette University University of California, San Diego Childhood Medical Profession W. W. Manross†

Church of England in the † Albro Martin Thomas Maulucci Colonies Railroad Rate Law State University of New York at Fredo- nia Deanna B. Marcum † Asa E. Martin European Union Council on Library and Information Stalwarts Germany, Relations with Resources Libraries † Joel W. Martin Seymour H. Mauskopf University of California, Riverside Parapsychology Sarah S. Marcus Indian Religious Life Chicago Historical Society Dean L. May Lincoln Tunnel Judith A. Martin University of Utah University of Minnesota Salt Lake City Robert A. Margo Minneapolis-St. Paul Vanderbilt University and National Robert E. May Bureau of Economic Research Russell Martin Purdue University Inflation Southern Methodist University Contraband, Slaves as Prices Almanacs Crittenden Compromise Missouri Compromise Norman Markowitz Joseph Mason Rutgers, The State University of New LeBow College of Business, Drexel Uni- Martin Mayer Jersey versity Brookings Institution American Liberty League Banking: Savings Banks Savings and Loan Associations Progressive Party, 1948 Radicals and Radicalism Mary Ann Mason Dennis Mazzocco Scott P. Marler University of California, Berkeley Hofstra University Rice University Children’s Rights Communications Workers of Country Store America Mail-Order Houses James I. Matray Malls, Shopping California State University at Chico Karen Rae Mehaffey Peddlers Burlingame Treaty Sacred Heart Major Seminary, Detroit Dawes Plan Automated Teller Machines Edward J. Marolda Japan, Relations with Death and Dying Naval Historical Center Japanese Americans Dueling Navy, United States Korean Airlines Flight 007 Funerary Traditions Lafayette’s Visit to America Alice Goldfarb Marquis Yoshihisa T. Matsusaka Peonage University of California, San Diego Wellesley College Prizes and Awards: Guggen- Middlebrow Culture Manchuria and Manchukuo heim Awards

36 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Perry Mehrling† Susan Gluck Mezey† Covenant, Church Banking: Overview Equal Employment Opportuni- Divine Providences ty Commission Fast Days August Meier† Indian Bible, Eliot’s Congress of Racial Equality Debra Michals Puritans and Puritanism Student Nonviolent Coordinat- New York, New York Saybrook Platform ing Committee Ms. Magazine Separatists, Puritan Theocracy in New England Marcia L. Meldrum† Sonya Michel Aquired Immune Deficiency University of Maryland Toby Miller Syndrome Child Care New York University Mass Media Caroline Waldron Merithew Christopher Miller University of Dayton Marquette University Allan R. Millett Birds of Passage Milwaukee Ohio State University Hanging Railways, Interurban Defense Policy Lynching Mining Towns Christopher L. Miller John D. Milligan† United Mine Workers of Amer- University of Texas, Pan American Pillow, Fort, Massacre at ica Tribes: Northwestern † Patricia Hagler Minter R. L. Meriwether † Charleston Indian Trade Glenn H. Miller Jr. Western Kentucky University Eutaw Springs, Battle of Mortgage Relief Legislation Antimonopoly Parties State Sovereignty James H. Merrell Glenn T. Miller† Vassar College Civil Religion Steven Mintz Catawba Congregationalism University of Houston Jehovah’s Witnesses Family Myrna W. Merron† Nazarene, Church of the Academic Freedom Orthodox Chuches Cecilia S. Miranda Coeducation Salvation Army University of California, San Diego Education, Experimental Nursing Head Start Jason Philip Miller Schools, For-Profit Nashville, Tennessee Charlene Mires Teacher Training Pinkerton Agency Villanova University Centennial Exhibition Thomas J. Mertz Jay Miller University of Wisconsin–Madison † Cultrix Research Broadus Mitchell Aldrich-Vreeland Act Delaware Indians Federal Aid California Alien Land Law Indian Oral Literature Interstate Trade Barriers Enabling Acts Nativist Movements (American Sinking Fund, National Indian Revival Movements) Donna Merwick Ozette Kris Mitchener Centre for Cross-Cultural Research, Yakama Santa Clara University Australian National University Intermediate Credit Banks University, Canberra, Australia John C. Miller† New Netherland Mutiny Act Raymond A. Mohl Quartering Act University of Alabama at Birmingham Timothy Messer-Kruse Miami University of Toledo Karl Hagstrom Miller Memorial Day Massacre University of Texas, Austin Frank Monaghan† Pure Food and Drug Movement Music Industry Crystal Palace Exhibition Elections, Presidential: 1796 Jeffrey F. Meyer Perry Miller† Pan-American Exposition University of North Carolina at Char- Antinomian Controversy lotte Brownists Paul Monroe† Washington Monument Cambridge Platform School, District

37 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Chalmers A. Monteith† Molasses Act Rebekah Presson Mosby Debts, State New Amsterdam Hamilton, New York Sales Taxes New York Colony Alvin Ailey American Dance Privy Council Theater Royal E. Montgomery† Proprietary Colonies Arts and Crafts Movement Coppage v. Kansas Providence Plantations, Rhode Ballads Island and Disco Richard W. Moodey† Raleigh Colonies Music: African American Veterans Affairs, Department of Virginia Company of London Music: Popular Theater † Robert E. Moody Richard B. Morris† Penobscot Expedition Appeals from Colonial Courts Vincent Mosco Webster-Parkman Murder Case Borough Carleton University Capitation Taxes Electronic Commerce Gregory Moore Justice of the Peace Notre Dame College of Ohio Philadelphia Cordwainers’ Case John E. Moser French and Indian War Rights of the British Colonies Ashland University Mixed Commissions Asserted and Proved Panay Incident Nez Perce War Peace Conferences Oregon Treaty of 1846 Peacekeeping Missions Overland Trail Alan B. Morrison Stanford Law School Pension Plans Wilson J. Moses Philippines Public Interest Law Veto, Line-Item Pennsylvania State University Retirement Pan-Africanism Retirement Plans † Wars with Indian Nations: Jarvis M. Morse Kenneth B. Moss† Later Nineteenth Century Providence Plantations, Rhode Military Base Closings (1840–1900) Island and Oil Crises Wilmot Proviso Silicon Valley Eric J. Morser John H. Moore University of Wisconsin–Madison Douglas M. Muir University of Florida Army, Confederate The World Bank Cheyenne Army, Union Samoa, American Army of Occupation Trust Territory of the Pacific Leonard J. Moore Army of the Potomac McGill University Arrest, Arbitrary, during the John Muldowny Ku Klux Klan Civil War University of Tennessee, Knoxville Billeting † Titanic, Sinking of the John Morelli Contraband of War Superfund Germany, American Occupation † Times Beach Charles F. Mullett of East India Company, English In Re Debs

John A. Morello Preparedness † DeVry University Robert P. Multhauf Agent Orange Borax Love Canal David Morton Heating IEEE History Center, Rutgers Univer- Potash sity Michelle M. Mormul Refrigeration Answering Machines California State University at Fullerton Salt Automation Amistad Case Business Machines † Assemblies, Colonial Dana G. Munro Electronic Mail Board of Trade and Plantations ABC Conference Fax Machine Charter of Privileges Bryan-Chamorro Treaty Office Technology Chesapeake Colonies Colonial Charters M. Susan Murnane House of Burgesses Louis Morton† Case Western Reserve University Middle Colonies Dartmouth College Conspiracy

38 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Joseph M. Murphy E. Clifford Nelson† J. Harley Nichols† Georgetown University Norwegian Churches Mulligan Letters Santeria Rights of Man Patricia Nemetz † Robert E. Mutch Eastern Washington University Jeannette P. Nichols Washington, D.C. Industrial Management Aldrich-Vreeland Act Campaign Financing and Bland-Allison Act Resources Coin’s Financial School Bruno Nettl Free Silver University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- † Gold Democrats Margaret G. Myers paign Kansas-Nebraska Act Clearing House, New York Music: Indian Clearinghouses University of Pennsylvania World Economic Conference C. T. Neu† William Starr Myers† “Remember the Alamo!” Elections, Presidential: 1860 Roger L. Nichols Elections, Presidential: 1864 University of Arizona Elections, Presidential: 1928 Caryn E. Neumann Tucson Sovereignty, Doctrine of Ohio State University Mount Holyoke College Roy F. Nichols† Seven Sisters Colleges Joanne Nagel Elections, Presidential: 1852 Young Men’s and Young University of Kansas Women’s Hebrew Associa- † Trail of Broken Treaties Freda H. Nicholson tion Science Museums

June Namias † University of Alaska at Anchorage Nancy P. Neumann Edgar B. Nixon Captivity Narratives Albing International Marketing Natchez Campaign of 1813 Marketing Research Orleans, Territory of

David Nasaw † Graduate Center, City University of Mark Neuzil Ransom E. Noble Jr. New York University of Saint Thomas Ex Parte Merryman San Simeon Steamboats Humphrey’s Executor v. United States † Nebbia v. New York Gerald D. Nash† Allan Nevins Strauder v. West Virginia Natural Gas Industry Alabama Claims United States v. Cruikshank Black Friday United States v. Harris Elections, Presidential: 1884 Jan Olive Nash United States v. Trans-Missouri Elections, Presidential: 1888 Tallgrass Historians, L.C. Freight Association Wolves Elections, Presidential: 1892 Financial Panics † Kerosine Oil James D. Norris National Archives Olney-Pauncefote Treaty Nonferrous Metals National Archives Standard Oil Company North Sea Mine Barrage Washington, Treaty of Michael S. Neiberg Walter B. Norris† United States Air Force Academy Alexandria Conference Jason Newman Aachen Barbary Wars Cosumnes River College Conscientious Objectors Essex, Actions of the Vietnam, Relations with Courts-Martial Lake Erie, Battle of Martial Law Lexington † Uniform Code of Military Jus- Kent Newmyer Maine, Sinking of the tice Contract Clause Perry-Elliott Controversy Princeton, Explosion on the Daniel Nelson L. W. Newton† “Yankee” University of Akron Buena Vista, Battle of Business Unionism Dodge City Trail Walter Nugent Labor Grand Prairie University of Notre Dame (emeritus) Scientific Management Survey Act West, American

39 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Grace Lee Nute† James Oakes Martha L. Olney Grand Portage Graduate Center, City University of University of California, Berkeley Hudson’s Bay Company New York Advertising North West Company Impending Crisis of the South Credit Voyageurs Overseer and Driver Credit Cards Plantation System of the South James P. O’Brien† Slavery David J. Olson† Students for a Democratic Soci- Backlash ety D. W. Oberlin† Youth Movements Saint Lawrence Seaway Peter S. Onuf University of Virginia Kenneth P. O’Brien James Oberly Ordinances of 1784, 1785, and State University of New York at Brock- University of Wisconsin–Eau Claire 1787 port Land Claims State University of New York † Land Companies Ernest S. Osgood Land Grants: Overview McCormick Reaper Kym O’Connell-Todd Land Patents Packers’ Agreement Gunnison, Colorado Land Policy Stockyards Rivers San Juan Islands Kerry A. Odell Molly Oshatz Telegraph Scripps College University of California, Berkeley Tennessee Valley Authority Banking: Investment Banks Whaling Social Gospel Swedenborgian Churches Paul H. Oehser† Alice O’Connor Smithsonian Institution University of California, Santa Barbara Brian Overland Bellevuw, Washington Welfare Capitalism † Adele Ogden Computers and Computer Sea Otter Trade William F. O’Connor Industry Microsoft Asia University † Barnum’s American Museum Christine A. Ogren Education, Higher: Colleges Christopher Owen † and Universities Catherine O’Dea Northeastern State University, Okla- Teacher Corps Tammany Hall homa South, the: The Antebellum † Michael O’Malley Morris S. Ogul South George Mason University Filibuster, Congerssional Southern Rights Movement Daylight Saving Time † Gary Y. Okihiro Robert M. Owens E.H. O’Neill† Asian Americans University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Godey’s Lady’s Book Asian Indian Americans paign Poor Richard’s Almanac Cahokia Mounds Bill Olbrich Greenville Treaty Kenneth O’Reilly Washington University in St. Louis Indian Agents University of Alaska at Anchorage American Legion Indian Land Cessions Abscam Scandal Associations Indian Oratory Amerasia Case Clubs, Exclusionary Indians in the Revolution COINTELPRO Fraternal and Service Organiza- Kickapoo Freedom of Information Act tions Ohio Wars Federal Bureau of Investigation National Rifle Association Osage Hiss Case Political Cartoons Scalping House Committee on Un- Secret Societies Tomahawk American Activities Veterans’ Organizations Investigating Committees War Memorials Linda E. Oxendine ITT Affair University of North Carolina at Pem- John Birch Society John W. Oliver† broke Palmer Raids Pension Act, Arrears of Lumbee

40 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Keith Pacholl Labor Day Donald M. Pattillo California State University at Fullerton Labor Legislation and Adminis- Atlanta, Georgia Embargo Act tration Air Transportation and Travel Nonintercourse Act Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Aircraft Industry

Dominique Padurano Alison M. Parker† Timothy R. Pauketat Rutgers, The State University of New Pornography University of Illinois at Urbana- Jersey Champaign Camp David Frank Parker† Indian Mounds Sherman Silver Purchase Act † Mary Borgias Palm, S.N.D.† Depression of 1920 Arnold M. Paul Company of One Hundred Export Debenture Plan Income Tax Cases Associates Safety Fund System Philip J. Pauly Aaron J. Palmer Jerry L. Parker Rutgers, The State University of New Georgetown University Truckee Meadows Community College Jersey Dominion of New England American Fur Company Eugenics Dorchester Company Fisk Expeditions “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Free Society of Traders Brian Payne Death!” Starving Time University of Maine, Orono Mayflower Compact Maine New England Confederation Robert J. Parker† “Our Federal Union! It Must Stockton-Kearny Quarrel Robert L. Peabody† Be Preserved!” Caucus Plymouth Colony † E. T. Parks Suffolk Resolves † Galápagos Islands Haywood J. Pearce Jr. “Taxation without Representa- Lower South tion” George B. Parks† Navy, Confederate Hakluyt’s Voyages Diane Nagel Palmer † Center for Civic Education C. C. Pearson Communication Satellites Donald L. Parman Readjuster Movement Gentrification Purdue University Virginia v. West Virginia Manners and Etiquette Bureau of Indian Affairs † Plastics Indian Policy, U.S.: 1900–2000 Louis Pelzer Polygamy Food Preservation Julius H. Parmelee† Cattle Associations Nancy B. Palmer† Latrobe’s Folly Star Route Frauds Pro-Choice Movement Pro-Life Movement Jon Parmenter Mark Pendergrast Saint Lawrence University Colchester, Vermont Alex Soojung-Kim Pang Warfare, Indian Coca-Cola Stanford University Wars with Indian Nations: Geodesic Dome Colonial Era to 1783 Pamela E. Pennock University of Michigan, Dearborn Wayne Parent Jay Parrent Spirits Industry Louisiana State University Madisonville Community College Wine Industry “Benign Neglect” Talk Shows, Radio and Televi- sion Joshua Perelman David Park New York University Madison, Wisconsin Jeffrey Pasley Guggenheim Museum Centralia Mine Disaster University of Missouri at Columbia Huntington Library and Museum Commonwealth v. Hunt Aurora Jews Employers’ Liability Laws Ex Parte Milligan Thomas G. Paterson J. R. Perkins† Korea, Relations with University of Connecticut Central Pacific-Union Pacific Korean Americans Iron Curtain Race

41 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Linda M. Perkins Donald K. Pickens Busing Hunter College and Graduate Center, University of North Texas Comparable Worth City University of New York Agrarianism Congress of Racial Equality Education, Higher: African Brownsville Affair Daughters of Bilitis American Colleges Buccaneers “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Capital Punishment Doves and Hawks Hobart S. Perry† Corruption, Political Fuel Administration Hepburn Act Crédit Mobilier of America “Lost Cause” Seamen’s Act Flogging Molly Maguires Gone with the Wind River Navigation Political Scandals Water Law Lewis Perry Red River Indian War White Caps Saint Louis University Rifle Shakers Tennessee, Army of Frank Pommersheim Texas Rangers † University of South Dakota School of John J. Pershing Tribute Law American Expeditionary Forces Indian Tribal Courts Gordon K. Pickler† Allan Peskin Flying Tigers Gerald M. Pomper† Cleveland State University Elections, Presidential: 1964 † Assassinations, Presidential Ezra H. Pieper Elections, Presidential: 1968 Fenian Movement Elections, Presidential: 1972 Lawrence A. Peskin † Morgan State University Frank C. Pierson Nancy A. Pope Manufacturing Wages and Hours of Labor, National Postal Museum Regulation of Pony Express

Shannon C. Petersen † Law Firm of Latham & Watkins Stanley R. Pillsbury Samuel H. Popper† Clean Air Act Astor Place Riot Teachers’ Loyalty Oath Clean Water Act Dearborn Wagon Fraunces Tavern Environmental Protection David L. Porter Jingoism Agency William Penn University Pine Tree Flag Highway Beautification Act Hatch Act Occupational Safety and Health Proclamation Money Speakeasy Act † Tin Pan Alley Kenneth Wiggins Porter Sierra Club East Indies Trade

† † Harvey Pinney William J. Petersen Briscoe v. Bank of the Common- Theodore M. Porter Galena-Dubuque Mining Dis- wealth of Kentucky University of California, Los Angeles trict Capper-Volstead Act Statistics Inland Waterways Commission Field v. Clark National Waterways Commis- Near v. Minnesota Amanda Porterfield sion Sturges v. Crowninshield University of Wyoming New Orleans United States v. Butler Televangelism Towboats and Barges

† † Mark Pitcavage W. B. Posey Paul C. Phillips Anti-Defamation League Camp Meetings Helena Mining Camp Militia Movement Militias † Brian D. Posler Robert Phillips Millikin University † Mesa Verde, Prehistoric Ruins John D. R. Platt Cloture of Independence Hall District, Congressional Filibuster, Congressional William Philpott Cynthia R. Poe Speaker of the House of Repre- Illinois State University University of Wisconsin–Madison sentatives Leadville Mining District Antiquities Act Ways and Means, Committee on

42 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Charles Postel Code Noir John C. Putman University of California, Berkeley Elections, Presidential: 1844 San Diego State University Populism Lake Pontchartrain Ludlow Massacre Mississippi Bubble † Kenneth Potter New Orleans, Battle of Steve Pyne† Tripartite Agreement New Orleans, Capture of Geophysical Explorations Pieces of Eight † A. L. Powell Vieux Carré M. M. Quaife† Lamp, Incandescent Chicago Fire Carl E. Prince Clark’s Northwest Campaign † Norman John Powell New York University Dearborn, Fort Profiteering Boston Common French Frontier Forts Checks and Balances Griffon William S. Powell† Colonial Commerce Mackinac, Straits of, and Mack- Albemarle Settlements Committee of Inspection inac Island Confederation Portages and Water Routes Julius W. Pratt† Customs Service, U.S. Thames, Battle of the Paris, Treaty of (1898) Debts, Revolutionary War Tippecanoe, Battle of Teller Amendment Declaration of Rights Declaratory Act Ellen G. Rafshoon East Jersey Charles Prebish Atlanta, Georgia Insurrections, Domestic Pennsylvania State University Ambassadors Logrolling Buddhism Annexation of Territory Manhattan Embassies Massachusetts Government Act Christopher A. Preble Isolationism New Haven Colony Woodbury, Minnesota State, Department of New Sweden Colony Missile Gap Treaties, Negotiation and Rati- Postal Service, U.S. fication of † Proclamations Heather Munro Prescott Truman Doctrine Provincial Congresses Eating Disorders Riots, Urban † Riots, Urban, of 1967 Allen E. Ragan Stephen B. Presser Rotation in Office Addyston Pipe Company Case Northwestern University School of Law Selectmen Wolff Packing Company v. Court Barron v. Baltimore Treasury, Department of the of Industrial Relations Erie Railroad Company v. Tompkins Vancouver Explorations Gibbons v. Ogden Vice President, U.S. Jack Rakove Hayburn’s Case Wilkes Expedition Stanford University Higher Law Wyoming Valley, Settlement of Annapolis Convention Impeachment Bill of Rights in U.S. Constitu- Impeachment Trial of Samuel C. Herman Pritchett† tion Chase Privileges and Immunities of Federalist Papers Inherent Powers Citizens Independence Judicial Review

Judiciary † † Charles W. Ramsdell Judiciary Act of 1789 John R. Probert Army, Confederate Judiciary Act of 1801 Washington Naval Conference

Natural Rights † Separation of Powers Robert N. Proctor Stephen J. Randall Swift v. Tyson Pennsylvania State University Offshore Oil Ware v. Hylton Cancer Smoking Armin Rappaport† B. Byron Price Retaliation in International Law University of Oklahoma Raymond H. Pulley† Cowboys Virginia Ronald S. Rasmus Tacoma, Washington Walter Prichard† Carol Pursell† Censorship, Press and Artistic Code Napoléon Steam Power and Engines Physiology

43 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Nicolas Rasmussen David Reddall Nathan Reingold† University of New South Wales University of Alberta Lighthouse Board Molecular Biology Literature: Overview Thomas Reins Wayne D. Rasmussen† Robert Nelson Reddick California State University at Fullerton Cattle Industry Rutgers, The State University of New Amnesty Corn Jersey Defoliation Food Preservation Rutgers University Sugar Industry Jesse A. Remington† Amanda Rees Roads, Military W. P. Ratchford† University of Missouri at Kansas City Texas Public Lands Great Plains Barbara O. Reyes University of New Mexico Donald J. Ratcliffe Jonathan Rees Santa Fe University of Durham University of Southern Colorado † South Carolina Exposition and Iron and Steel Industry Clark G. Reynolds Protest National Labor Union Philippine Sea, Battle of the Whig Party Steel Strikes Task Force 58 United Steelworkers of America Sidney Ratner† Judith Reynolds Excess Profits Tax Linda Reese LaCrosse, Kansas Trade Agreements University of Oklahoma Capitol at Washington Oklahoma France, Relations with Oklahoma City Housing Eric Rauchway Real Estate Industry University of California, Davis Progressive Movement Rosalie Jackson Regni Virginia Commonwealth University David Rezelman Temple University † Silk Culture and Manufacture P. Orman Ray Trade, Domestic Arms Race and Disarmament California Alien Land Law Hydrogen Bomb Claims, Federal Court of Manhattan Project Michael Regoli Cummings v. Missouri Nuclear Weapons Organization of American Historians Golden Gate Bridge Strategic Defense Initiative In Re Neagle Compact Discs Internet Kearneyites Samuel Rezneck† Lame-Duck Amendment Financial Panics Morgan-Belmont Agreement Andrew Rehfeld Old Hickory Washington University Leo R. Ribuffo Pairing Representation George Washington University Panama Refining Company v. Representative Government Conservatism Ryan Fascism, American Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance Joseph D. Reid Neoconservatism Weeks Act George Mason University

Patronage, Political † † Rupert N. Richardson Allen Walker Read Bridger, Fort America, Naming of Roddey Reid Virginia City University of California, San Diego † T. T. Read Tobacco Industry Jeffrey Richelson Anaconda Copper National Security Archive Naval Oil Reserves Janice L. Reiff Central Intelligence Agency University of California, Los Angeles National Security Agency Donna W. Reamy Pullman Strike National Security Council Virginia Commonwealth University Carpet Manufacture Conrad L. Rein Monica Rico Honky-Tonk Girls Our Lady of Holy Cross College Lawrence University Trade, Domestic Houston Frémont Explorations

44 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Long, Stephen H., Explorations Appropriations by Congress William Spence Robertson† of Congress, United States Foraker Act Hay-Pauncefote Treaties S. F. Riepma† Christine M. Roane Latin America, Commerce with “Young America” Springfield, Massachusetts Mexico, French in Floor Leader Andrew C. Rieser Gardening Doane Robinson† State University of New York at Geneseo Nitrates Badlands Camp Meetings Soybeans Black Hills Chautauqua Movement Telephone Chesapeake-Leopard Incident Edgar Eugene Robinson† Chickamauga, Battle of Dana L. Robert Elections, Presidential: 1828 Cummings v. Missouri Boston University and 1832 Income Tax Cases Missions, Foreign Elections, Presidential: 1920 Knox, Fort Elections, Presidential: 1924 Lochner v. New York Frédéric Robert Taft-Roosevelt Split McCarran-Walter Act University Jean Moulin Lyon III, Mugler v. Kansas France George C. Robinson† National Labor Relations Board v. Marijuana Congressional Record Jones and Laughlin Steel U-2 Incident Grain Futures Act Corporation Standard Oil Company of New Margaret Roberts Jersey v. United States Michael Robinson Venice, California University of Southern California Oklahoma City Bombing Literature: Popular Literature Steven A. Riess

Northeastern Illinois University Philip J. Roberts † Madison Square Garden Victor Robinson University of Wyoming Scurvy National Collegiate Athletic Wyoming Association Yellow Fever Sports Timothy M. Roberts W. A. Robinson† Bilkent University, Turkey † Bayard-Chamberlain Treaty Elizabeth Ring America as Interpreted by For- Aroostook War Commerce, Court of eign Observers Freeholder Autobiography of Malcolm X Gristmills Natalie J. Ring Freemasons Tulane University Moratorium, Hoover Harpers Ferry Raid Railroad Retirement Acts Chain Gangs Immediatism Sharecroppers Railroad Retirement Board v. Kennebec River Settlements Alton Railroad Company “Kilroy Was Here” Tolls Exemption Act R. Volney Riser Know-Nothing Party Trevett v. Weeden University of Alabama New England Antislavery Soci- United States v. Wong Kim Ark American Tobacco Case ety Veazie Bank v. Fenno Balanced Budget Amendment New England Emigrant Aid

Collector v. Day Company † Craig v. Boren Oberlin Movement William A. Robinson Ex Parte Garland Port Authorities Reed Rules Granger Cases † Missouri v. Holland Andrew W. Robertson William M. Robinson Jr. Saenz v. Roe Herbert H. Lehman College and the Privateers and Privateering United States v. Butler Graduate Center, City University of Rams, Confederate New York † † C. C. Rister Democratic Party Nathan C. Rockwood Red River Indian War Elections Cement Sheep Wars Federalist Party Jacobin Clubs John Rodrigue Donald A. Ritchie Political Parties Louisiana State University United States Senate Historical Office Republican Party Louisiana

45 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Junius P. Rodriguez Eugene H. Roseboom† Peter L. Rousseau Eureka College Black Swamp Vanderbilt University Kwanzaa Geographer’s Line Financial Panics Morgan’s Raids George H. Roeder Jr. Osborn v. Bank of the United James M. Rubenstein School of the Art Institute of Chicago States Miami University of Ohio Art Institute of Chicago Tammany Societies Roads Metropolitan Museum of Art Transportation and Travel Norman Rosenberg Naomi Rogers Macalester College Ted Rubin† Yale University Kidnapping Juvenile Courts Women’s Health Libel Lindbergh Kidnapping Case David Rudenstine Ron Roizen Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Wallace, Idaho Denise Rosenblatt Yeshiva University Alcoholism National Library of Education New York Times v. Sullivan Pacific Islanders Pentagon Papers Jon Roland Constitution Society Ross Rosenfeld John Rury American Party State University of New York at Stony DePaul University Appointing Power Brook Education Boston Committee of Corre- Polling spondence Trusts Jerrold G. Rusk† Charlotte Town Resolves Water Supply and Conservation Ballot Colonial Policy, British Constitutional Union Party Paul C. Rosier Jonathan S. Russ Council of Revision, New York Villanova University University of Delaware Parliament, British Indian Claims Commission Delaware States’ Rights in the Confederacy

Subsistence Homesteads † † Titles of Nobility Frank Edward Ross R. R. Russel Treason Ginseng, American Railroad Conventions Virginia Resolves Hide and Tallow Trade Carl P. Russell† † David C. Roller† M. W. Rossiter Astoria Distilling Lawrence Scientific School Bullboats

† † Don Russell Philip Ashton Rollins David Rossman Ensign Saddles Boston University School of Law Plea Bargain Muster Day † Charles F. Romanus † Nelson Vance Russell Burma Road and Ledo Road Michael S. Roth Camden, Battle of Merrill’s Marauders California College of Arts and Crafts Guilford Courthouse, Battle of Getty Museum † Katharine Metcalf Roof † † Paul B. Ryan Samplers Morton Rothstein Contraband of War Elevators, Grain Merchantmen, Armed † Winfred T. Root Pueblo Incident Proprietary Agent Kristen L. Rouse Warships Toleration Acts Florida State University ACT UP Robert W. Rydell II F. Arturo Rosales AIDS Quilt Montana State University University of Arizona Birth of a Nation, The World’s Fairs Mexican Americans Mardi Gras Military Service and Minorities: Frank Rzeczkowski Frances Rose-Troup† Homosexuals Northwestern University Dorchester Company Westerns Burke Act

46 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Century of Dishonor John Saillant Greenback Movement Dawes Commission Western Michigan University Olive Branch Petition Dawes General Allotment Act Hartford Wits Revolutionary Committees Ghost Dance Saratoga Campaign Indian Citizenship Frank Salamone Indian Reorganization Act Iona College Vilma Santiago-Irizarry Laramie, Fort, Treaty of (1851) Italy, Relations with Cornell University Laramie, Fort, Treaty of (1868) Puerto Rico Termination Policy Kirkpatrick Sale† Tribes: Great Plains Bioregionalism Jack Santino Bowling Green State University Paul Sabin Matt T. Salo Holidays and Festivals Yale University Cheverly, Maryland † Global Warming Gypsies Leo Sartori Submarines Shelia Salo George Sabo III Cheverly, Maryland Richard A. Sattler University of Arkansas Gypsies University of Montana Caddo Seminole Stephen Salsbury† Soap and Detergent Industry Honor Sachs Claudio Saunt University of Wisconsin–Madison University of Georgia Bradford W. Sample Alamo, Siege of the Creek Indiana University–Purdue University, Black Cavalry in the West Indian Policy, U.S.: 1775-1830 Indianapolis Black Hills Tribes: Southeastern Indianapolis Claims, Federal Court of Flying Tigers † Terry Samway Max Savelle France, Quasi-War with United States Secret Service Indiana Company Impressment of Seamen Secret Service Paris, Treaty of (1763) Lawrence, Sack of Ryswick, Peace of London, Declaration of Kathleen Waters Sander † Navy, Confederate University of Maryland University Col- Ken W. Sayers Piracy lege Submarines Unknown Soldier, Tomb of Johns Hopkins University Woman’s Exchange Movement T. Laine Scales J. Fred Saddler Baylor University Temple University Peggy Sanders Charity Organization Movement Charleston Oral, South Dakota Social Work Virginia Beach Cooperatives, Consumers’ Cooperatives, Farmers’ Jennifer Scanlon Cameron L. Saffell County and State Fairs Bowdoin College New Mexico Farm and Ranch Heritage Gambling Magazines, Women’s Museum Mule Boll Weevil Taverns and Saloons Margaret Schabas Rural Life University of British Columbia Andrew K. Sandoval-Strausz Economics University of New Mexico Ernesto Sagas Hotels and Hotel Industry Ludwig F. Schaefer† Rutgers, The State University of New German-American Bund Jersey Margaret D. Sankey Caribbean Policy Auburn University Elizabeth D. Schafer American Republican Party Loachapaha, Alabama Kelly Boyer Sagert Anti-Rent War Digital Technology Lorain, Ohio Boston Tea Party DVD Downsizing Brook Farm Horse Profit Sharing Culpeper’s Rebellion Mustangs Thirty-Hour Week Green Mountain Boys Robotics

47 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Sealing Hubble Space Telescope Dorothy Schwieder Space Shuttle Insurance Iowa State University Rust Belt Iowa Joseph Schafer† Supply-Side Economics Farmers Institutes Trade, Foreign James T. Scott Russian Claims Gahanna, Ohio Zachary M. Schrag African American Religions and Harry N. Scheiber Baruch College of the City University of Sects University of California, Berkeley New York Border Slave State Convention Canals Washington, D.C. Conglomerates Corporations Paul J. Scheips† Sarah Schrank International Labor Defense Signal Corps, U.S. Army California State University at Long Beach Justice, Department of Artists’ Colonies Race Relations † Taft Commission John T. Schlebecker Viagra Grasshoppers Ellen Schrecker Yeshiva University Louis Martin Sears† Kurt C. Schlichting McCarthyism Elections, Presidential: 1808 Fairfield University † and 1812 Grand Central Terminal Stephen A. Schuker Joint Commissions World War I War Debts Slidell’s Mission to Mexico Janet Schmelzer Susan Schulten Tarleton State University Bruce Seely University of Denver Fort Worth Michigan Technological University Geography Engineering Education John R. Schmidhauser† Stare Decisis Kevin Schultz Jeff Seiken University of California, Berkeley Ohio State University Leigh E. Schmidt Social Darwinism Colonial Wars Princeton University † Secularization Scott T. Schutte Amanda I. Seligman American Association of Retired University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee Steffen W. Schmidt Persons Museum of Science and Industry Iowa State University Bermuda Islands Philip Schwadel J. Paul Selsam† Coast and Geodetic Survey Pennsylvania State University Germantown Long Island Religion and Religious Affilia- Sailing and Yacht Racing tion Ted Semegran Chemical Industry Consultant † Bernadotte E. Schmitt Carlos A. Schwantes Chemical Industry Four-Power Treaty University of Missouri at St. Louis Fourteen Points Stagecoach Travel Alfred E. Senn† Lusitania, Sinking of the Afghanistan, Soviet Invasion of Sussex Case Anna J. Schwartz† Devaluation R. Stephen Sennott Dorothee Schneider Illinois Institute of Technology, College University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Ira M. Schwartz of Architecture paign Temple University Monticello German Americans Foster Care Jennifer Sepez James C. Schneider Larry Schweikart University of Washington University of Texas at San Antonio University of Dayton Makah San Antonio Banking: Private Banks Bimetallism Gilbert T. Sewall† Brent Schondelmeyer† Free Banking System Educational Technology Clothing Industry Trickle-Down Economics Textbooks

48 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Stacy Kinlock Sewell Augustus H. Shearer† Michael Sherfy Saint Thomas Aquinas College Barnburners University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Affirmative Action Broadsides paign Walloons Glaize, The Esa Lianne Sferra Indian Removal University of Richmond Deirdre Sheets Osage Orange Extradition Chicago, Illinois Trail of Tears Fletcher v. Peck Barbed Wire Gelpcké v. Dubuque Beauty Contests Thomas E. Sheridan Loving v. Virginia Bees University of Arizona Miscegenation Benefit Concerts Akimel O’odham and Tohono Presidents and Subpoenas Bible Commonwealth O’odham Privacy Burlesque Search and Seizure, Unreason- Fertilizers able Carol Sheriff Feudalism Statutes of Limitations College of William and Mary Grand Ole Opry Supreme Court Packing Bills Erie Canal Ice Skating United States v. Virginia Kensington Stone Caroline R. Sherman † Miss America Pageant William G. Shade Princeton University Mountain Climbing American Colonization Society Botanical Gardens Oats Antislavery Botany Peace Commission (1867) Scalawag Weeds Piecework Benjamin F. Shambaugh† Rocky Mountains Pit Rodeos Daniel John Sherman Showboats Cornell University Bertha M. H. Shambaugh† Trailer Parks County Government Amana Community Energy, Department of H. H. Shenk† Federal Agencies Henry T. Shanks† Fries’ Rebellion Impressment, Confederate H. Shimanuki† Sons of the South Massey H. Shepherd Jr.† Beekeeping Oxford Movement Kathryn W. Shanley Clifford K. Shipton† University of Montana Samuel C. Shepherd Pillory Surrounded, The Centenary College of Louisiana Stocks New Orleans † Fred A. Shannon Richmond Frank R. Shirer Army, Union United States Army Center of Military Army of the Potomac Steve Sheppard History Bounties, Military University of Arkansas School of Law D Day Bounty Jumper Bioterrorism Pearl Harbor Substitutes, Civil War Civil Rights Act of 1957 Due Process of Law Frank C. Shockey Shelby Shapiro Enron Scandal University of Minnesota University of Maryland at College Park Ex Parte McCardle Inuit Log Cabin Legal Profession Sheffield Scientific School Marbury v. Madison Fred Shore Martin v. Mott † University of Manitoba Robert P. Sharkey Neutral Rights Cree Specie Payments, Suspension Neutrality and Resumption of Petition, Right of † Police Power Jack Shulimson G. Terry Sharrer Regulators Marine Corps, United States Smithsonian Institution United States v. E. C. Knight Flour Milling Company Wilbur H. Siebert† Smallpox War, Laws of Burns Fugitive Slave Case

49 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Robert H. Silliman Alfred Lindsay Skerpan† Richard K. Smith† Emory University Schools, Private Dirigibles Geology William Z. Slany Stephen A. Smith John R. Sillito University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee University of Arkansas Weber State University Foreign Service Liberty Poles Farmer-Labor Party of 1920 † Susan Sleeper-Smith Theodore Clark Smith David J. Silverman Michigan State University Chickamauga, Battle of Wayne State University Indian Social Life Elections, Presidential: 1880 Wampanoag Victoria A. O. Smith Faren R. Siminoff Michael A. Sletcher University of Nebraska Nassau Community College Yale University Apache Bowery Scotch-Irish Apache Wars Brooklyn Tribes: Southwestern Ghent, Treaty of Charles W. Smith

Greenwich Village Queens College and Graduate Center of † Indian Policy, Colonial the City University of New York Willard H. Smith Nicolls’ Commission Auctions Tenure of Office Act Times Square Wade-Davis Bill

Dale C. Smith † Francis B. Simkins† Uniformed Services University William Paul Smith Hamburg Riot Medical Research Holding Company Indigo Culture Medicine and Surgery † Tithes, Southern Agricultural J. F. Smithcors Dale O. Smith† Veterinary Medicine † Edwin H. Simmons Air Power, Strategic China, U.S. Armed Forces in John Smolenski † University of California, Davis Spanish-American War E. C. Smith Philadelphia Union Sentiment in Border Harvey G. Simmons States York University Charles W. Smythe† Terrorism Mexico, Punitive Expedition Hilda L. Smith into University of Cincinnati Stephanie R. Sims Declaration of Sentiments Rutgers, The State University of New David L. Snead

Jersey † Texas Tech University Princeton University J. F. Smith Cold War Mormon Handcart Companies

† Bruce Sinclair Itai Sneh Franklin Institute Janet S. Smith Columbia University Mechanics’ Institutes Slippery Rock University Christian Coalition Appalachia Cross of Gold Speech Daniel J. Singal Maps and Mapmaking Emily’s List Hobart and William Smith Colleges Mississippi River Ferguson Impeachment Fugitive-Agrarians Mohawk Valley Gabriel’s Insurrection Vinland Iran, Relations with Joseph M. Siracusa Yukon Region Moral Majority Griffith University Panama Canal Treaty Australia and New Zealand, Jason Scott Smith Suez Crisis Relations with Harvard University Tiananmen Square Protest Pacific Rim Virtual Reality Recognition, Policy of Dean Snow John Howard Smith Pennsylvania State University J. Carlyle Sitterson† Texas A&M University, Commerce Iroquois Sugar Industry Eagle, American Tribes: Northeastern

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Michael M. Sokal Jonathan P. Spiro King George’s War Worcester Polytechnic Institute University of California, Berkeley King Philip’s War Phrenology American Museum of Natural London, Treaty of History Lords of Trade and Plantation Winton U. Solberg Conservation Louisburg Expedition University of Illinois at Urbana-Cham- Lovejoy Riots paign Michael H. Spiro† Massachusetts Body of Liberties Universities, State Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act New England Way

Rayman L. Solomon Jr. Harold H. Sprout† Francis Borgia Steck† Rutgers School of Law–Camden Ludlow Resolution Apalachee Massacre Circuits, Judicial Santa Maria Law Schools James Duane Squires† EPIC Michael Stein Frank J. Sorauf† Ipswich Protest College of William and Mary Two-Party System Americans with Disabilities Act C. P. Stacey† Discrimination: Disabled Mary Deane Sorcinelli† Montreal, Capture of (1775) Free Universities Preparedness Wayne J. Stein Schools, Community Montana State University Martin H. Stack Tribal Colleges Frank A. Southard Jr.† Saint Mary College Emergency Fleet Corporation Boeing Company Wendell H. Stephenson† Export Taxes Canning Industry Alabama Platform Shipping Board, U.S. Ford Motor Company Border Ruffians Border War James Spady Amy Stambach Fire-Eaters College of William and Mary University of Wisconsin–Madison “Full Dinner Pail” Apprenticeship Charter Schools Topeka Constitution Class Henry E. Stamm IV Keir B. Sterling Oliver Lyman Spaulding† Lucius Burch Center for Western Tra- United States Army Combined Arms Aisne-Marne Operation dition at the Wind River Historical Support Command Antietam, Battle of Center Exploration of America, Early Boston, Siege of Shoshone Doughboy Kyes Stevens Trenches in American Warfare Edith Kirkendall Stanley† Waverly, Alabama Woman’s Christian Temperance Alabama Ronald Spector† Union Blockade Mitchell Stevens Warships Warner Stark† Hamilton College Torpedo Warfare Aircraft, Bomber Home Schooling Aircraft, Fighter Mark David Spence Aircraft Armament Wayne E. Stevens† Knox College Artillery Vandalia Colony Columbia River Exploration Flying the Hump and Settlement Paratroops John W. Stewart Explorations and Expeditions: Revolution, American: Profi- Princeton Theological Seminary U.S. teering Higher Criticism Mandan, Fort Rifle, Recoilless Northwest Territory Kenneth M. Stewart† Western Exploration Warren Stark† Black Hawk War Decorations, Military Black Hills War Robert F. Spencer† Canoe Indians and Tobacco Raymond P. Stearns† Cherokee Wars Sachem Debts, Colonial and Continental Cibola Wampum Halfway Covenant Creek War

51 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

National Indian Youth Council David Stradling Mack Swearingen† Soto, Hernando de, Explo- University of Cincinnati Vicksburg Riots rations of Currier and Ives White Caps Landscape Architecture Williams v. Mississippi Meredith L. Stewart Municipal Government University of Richmond Municipal Ownership Martin J. Sweet Extradition Municipal Reform University of Wisconsin–Madison Fletcher v. Peck Preservation Movement Book Banning Gelpcké v. Dubuque Contempt of Congress Loving v. Virginia Roxanne Struthers First Amendment Miscegenation University of Minnesota Supreme Court Presidents and Subpoenas Medicine, Indian Privacy William W. Sweet† Search and Seizure, Unreason- William W. Stueck Jr. Calvinism able University of Georgia Circuit Riders Statutes of Limitations Korean War Evangelical Alliance Supreme Court Packing Bills Finney Revivals United States v. Virginia † Paul E. Sultan Latitudinarians Closed Shop Theosophy Phia Steyn

University of the Free State, South Africa † Robert P. Swierenga Cook, James, Explorations of Justin Suran Corn Belt Exxon Valdez University of California, Berkeley Death of a Salesman, The Health Insurance Peter Swirski Robert Stockman University of Alberta DePaul University Literature: Overview Bahá’í Jeremi Suri University of Wisconsin–Madison † Marvel M. Stockwell† Diplomacy, Secret Carl Brent Swisher Single Tax Helsinki Accords Jury Trial Imperialism Legal Tender Cases † Monroe-Pinkney Treaty James J. Stokesberry Nuclear Non-Proliferation Underwater Demolition Teams Richard Sylla Treaty New York University Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Michael E. Stoller Comptroller of the Currency Treaties with Foreign Nations New York University Library of Congress Marcia G. Synnott Marc J. Susser University of South Carolina Department of State Lisa Stone Ivy League Human Rights Roger Brown Study Collection of the School of the Art Institute of Chicago John Syrett † Art: Self-Taught Artists Charles Süsskind Trent University Radar Baseball Samuel M. Stone† Basketball Colt Six-Shooter William R. Swagerty Black Sox Scandal University of the Pacific Confiscation Acts Ronald Story Beaver Little League University of Massachusetts Indian Trade and Traders Harvard University Nez Perce Aissatou Sy-Wonyu Taos University of Rouen, France William Stott Clayton-Bulwer Treaty † University of Texas, Austin Charles B. Swaney Virgin Islands Let Us Now Praise Famous Men Colonial Ships Plank Roads Rick Szostak Mulford Stough† University of Alberta Carlisle Indian Industrial John P. Swann† Business Cycles School Pharmaceutical Industry Great Depression

52 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Tad Szulc† Robert S. Thomas† Native American Graves Protec- Bay of Pigs Invasion American Expeditionary Forces tion and Repatriation Act In Italy Peter J. Thuesen Joel A. Tarr† Army of Occupation Benning, Fort Tufts University Hazardous Waste Bible Waste Disposal Independence Rock Long Island, Battle of Antonine S. Tibesar† Lost Battalion † Franciscans Paul S. Taylor Marion, Battle at Farmhand Moultrie, Fort, Battle of John A. Tilley World War I Training Camps East Carolina University Jon C. Teaford Packets, Sailing Purdue University W. Scott Thomason Charters, Municipal Cornelia Strong College, University of Richard H. Timberlake Jr.† Chicago North Carolina at Greensboro Counterfeiting Cincinnati Andersonville Prison City Councils Atlanta Campaign C. A. Titus† City Manager Plan Gettysburg, Battle of Elizabethtown Associates Cleveland Richmond Campaigns Monmouth, Battle of Columbus, Ohio Princeton, Battle of Commission Government Elizabeth Lee Thompson Trenton, Battle of Enterprise Zones Palo Alto, California Levittown Commodities Exchange Act Kathleen A. Tobin Local Government Confiscation of Property Purdue University, Calumet Memphis Webster v. Reproductive Health Abortion Metropolitan Government Services Birth Control Sectionalism

Town Government † Mark Thompson Frederick P. Todd Zoning Ordinances University of North Carolina at Pem- Unknown Soldier, Tomb of the broke David J. Teece Yorktown Campaign Mark Todd University of California, Berkeley Western State College of Colorado Industrial Research Robert Thompson Bell Telephone Laboratories Syracuse University Electronic Surveillance James Tejani All in the Family Energy Industry Columbia University I Love Lucy Middle Passage Columbia Infomercials Observatories, Astronomical Federal Trade Commission March of Time Strontium 90 Food Stamp Program Music Television Galloway’s Plan of Union Saturday Night Live Rebecca Tolley-Stokes McClellan Committee Hearings Sesame Street East Tennessee State University 60 Minutes Genealogy Lisa Tetrault Soap Operas March of Dimes University of Wisconsin–Madison Today Rock and Roll Tonight Anthony R. Tomazinis Transportation Studies Laboratory, Women, Citizenship of Married † Yellow Journalism Elizabeth H. Thomson University of Pennsylvania Sheffield Scientific School Infrastructure Charles Marion Thomas† Ross D. Thomson Maria Emilia Torres-Guzman Pribilof Islands University of Vermont Columbia University Leather and Leather Products Education, Bilingual † David Y. Thomas Industry Ex Parte Garland John Townes† Russell Thornton Courier Services Hugh Thomas† University of California, Los Angeles Hydroponics Pocket Veto Indian Intermarriage Sun Belt

53 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

James Tracy Diana B. Turk Gregory Fritz Umbach Boston University Academy Turk University John Jay College of the City University Christmas Education, Higher: Women’s of New York Colleges Police Brutality Roger R. Trask† Schools, Single-Sex Defense, Department of Betty Miller Unterberger General Accounting Office Richard W. Turk† Texas A&M University Grenada Invasion Siberian Expedition Hans L. Trefousse Panama Invasion Brooklyn College of the City University Bernard Unti of New York American University James Turner Animal Protective Societies Emancipation Proclamation University of Notre Dame Reconstruction Society for the Prevention of Agnosticism Cruelty to Animals

Anton Treuer † William B. Turner Paul Uselding Bemidji State University Saint Cloud State University Clock and Watch Industry Ojibwe Language Defense of Marriage Act Sexual Orientation R. W. G. Vail† Stanley W. Trimble Sexuality Chapbooks University of California, Los Angeles King’s Province Bluegrass Country Mark V. Tushnet Massachusetts Ballot Piedmont Region Georgetown University Law Center Mayflower Potomac River Brown v. Board of Education of Shenandoah Valley Topeka Michael Valdez Civil Rights Act of 1964 Triple T Double L Research Ronald L. Trosper Civil Rights and Liberties Explosives Northern Arizona University Desegregation Merchant Adventurers Indian Economic Life Segregation Richard W. Van Alstyne† Impressment of Seamen Gil Troy James H. Tuten London, Declaration of McGill University Juniata College Conventions, Party Nominating Rice Culture and Trade First Ladies John Vickrey Van Cleve New Frontier Gallaudet University New Nationalism Robert Twombly Sign Language, American Platform, Party City College of New York Third Parties Architecture Ruth G. Van Cleve† Skyscrapers Guam Samuel Truett † † University of New Mexico Robert W. Twyman John G. Van Deusen Spanish Borderlands Bayou Detroit, Surrender of Fall Line Patricia Trutty-Coohill Poor Whites Jon M. Van Dyke Siena College William S. Richardson School of Law, Yaddo Carl Ubbelohde† University of Hawaii at Manoa Gold Mines and Mining Admiralty Law and Courts Andie Tucher Silver Prospecting and Mining Ruth M. Van Dyke Columbia University Colorado College Nation, The Peter Uhlenberg Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) University of North Carolina at Chapel Hohokam † Thaddeus V. Tuleja Hill Pueblo Midway, Battle of Life Expectancy David Van Leer Richard W. Tupper† B. A. Uhlendorf† University of California, Davis Selden Patent German Mercenaries Romanticism

54 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

A. Bowdoin Van Riper Tet Offensive Brady Photographs Southern Polytechnic State University Thirty-eighth Parallel Essex Junto Bermuda Triangle Fee Patenting Rockets Alan Villiers† Freedom of the Seas Supersonic Transport Cape Horn Georgiana Horse Racing and Showing Paul P. Van Riper† Tom Vincent Intelligence, Military and Civil Service North Carolina State University Strategic Interstate Commerce Laws Raleigh Legislatures, Bicameral and Unicameral Rupert B. Vance† Margaret Vining Macon’s Bill No. 2 Peonage National Museum of American History, Martha’s Vineyard Smithsonian Institution Moral Societies Philip R. VanderMeer Uniforms, Military Muscle Shoals Speculation Arizona State University Nominating System Gold Bugs Dale Vinyard† Nonintervention Policy Cabinet Pinckney’s Treaty Charles Garrett Vannest† Steering Committees Point Four Clipper Ships Randolph Commission Hornbook Paul S. Voakes† Russia, Relations with Alcatraz Spies James Varn States’ Rights Trent Affair Johnson C. Smith University Vernon L. Volpe Two-T hirds Rule Huckleberry Finn University of Nebraska at Kearney War of 1812 Kansas Free-State Party Christopher Vecsey Harvey Walker† † Colgate University John Vosburgh Legal Tender American Indian Religious Yellowstone National Park Pools, Railroad Freedom Act Yosemite National Park Riders, Legislative Native American Church Clement E. Vose† J. Samuel Walker David W. Veenstra Statutes at Large, United States United States Nuclear Regulatory University of Illinois at Chicago Commission Bicentennial Barbara Schwarz Wachal Nuclear Regulatory Commis- Saint Louis University sion Charles Vevier† American Studies † “Yellow Peril” Arminianism Charles C. Wall Autobiography of Benjamin Mount Vernon John R. Vile Franklin Middle Tennessee State University Carpetbaggers Wendy Wall Electoral College Deism Colgate University Gateway Arch Elections, Presidential: 1996 Gilberto Villahermosa Invisible Man Elections, Presidential: 2000 United States Army Louisiana Purchase Prohibition Party Military Service and Minorities: Methodism Recreation African Americans Pilgrims Skid Row Military Service and Minorities: Poet Laureate Skiing Hispanics Roots Southern Christian Leadership Women in Military Service Conference Israel Waismel-Manor Swimming Erik B. Villard Cornell University United States Army Center of Military Federal Communications Com- Anthony F. C. Wallace History mission University of Pennsylvania Army, United States Removal Act of 1830 Cambodia Incursion Michael Wala Chosin Reservoir University of Erlangen–Nürnberg D. D. Wallace† Mayaguez Incident Belgian Relief Columbia, Burning of

55 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Peter Wallenstein† Haywood-Moyer-Pettibone Marc D. Weidenmier Virginia Case Claremont McKenna College and Laissez-Faire National Bureau of Economic Research James Elliott Walmsley† Syndicalism Exchanges Beecher’s Bibles Truax v. Corrigan † Dismal Swamp Walking Delegate Russell F. Weigley Draper’s Meadows Air Cavalry Hampton Roads Conference Myron W. Watkins† Huguenots Codes of Fair Competition Steven Weiland† Virginia Dynasty Northern Securities Company v. Prizes and Awards: Nobel Prizes United States Jessica Wang Trust-Busting James Weinstein University of California, Los Angeles In These Times, Chicago, Illinois Science Education Annette Watson (retired) University of Minnesota National Civic Federation M. L. Wardell† Greely’s Arctic Expedition Wages and Salaries Cherokee Strip R. L. Watson† Carol Weisbrod Harry R. Warfel† Africa, Relations with University of Connecticut School of Law McGuffey’s Readers Somalia, Relations with Displaced Homemakers Self- New England Primer Sufficiency Assistance Act Spelling Bee John Sayle Watterson Family Education Rights and Webster’s Blue-Backed Speller James Madison University Privacy Act Football Married Women’s Property Act, † New York State Colston E. Warne † Megan’s Law Consumer Protection Jill Watts Right to Die Cases Cults Sheppard-Towner Maternity † Rainbow Coalition Elizabeth Warren and Infancy Protection Act Revolution, American: Financial † Aspects John W. Wayland † Francis Phelps Weisenburger Baltimore Bell Teams Cumberland Road Harris Gaylord Warren† Technocracy Movement Spencer Weart Anne C. Weiss† Center for the History of Physics, Amer- Children, Missing Stephen Warren ican Institute of Physics Physics: Solid-State Physics Augustana College Jane Weiss Tribes: Prairie State University of New York at Old John B. Weaver Westbury † Manfred Waserman Sinclair Community College Love Medicine National Institutes of Health Ohio Pennsylvania Germans Toledo † Wilcomb E. Washburn Nancy J. Weiss† Bacon’s Rebellion Warren E. Weber National Urban League Federal Reserve Bank Janet Wasko Suffolk Banking System Ralph Foster Weld† University of Oregon Burgoyne’s Invasion Disney Corporation Charles A. Weeks† Music: Bluegrass Paul I. Wellman† Mary Lawrence Wathen Music: Country and Western Dull Knife Campaign Southern Methodist University Music Festivals Hays, Fort Dow Jones Scouting on the Plains Standard & Poor’s Ross Weeks Jr.† Shelby’s Mexican Expedition William and Mary, College of Gordon S. Watkins† Christopher Wells Conciliation and Mediation, Murray L. Weidenbaum† University of Wisconsin–Madison Labor Revenue, Public Automobile

56 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Bowles’s Filibustering Expedi- Social Security James P. Whittenburg tions Unemployment College of William and Mary Cambodia, Bombing of Workers’ Compensation Triangular Trade Expatriation Galvanized Yankees Jeannie Whayne Christine Whittington McFadden Banking Act University of Arkansas Greensboro College Merrill’s Marauders Arkansas Columbus Quincentenary Prisoners of War: Prison Wild West Show Camps, Union Steven C. Wheatley Profiteering American Council of Learned Societies A. W. Whittlesey† Railroads in the Civil War Learned Societies Bank of North America Scouting on the Plains Serial Killings † Arthur P. Whitaker William M. Wiecek Trucking Industry Blount Conspiracy Syracuse University College of Law Tydings-McDuffie Act Spanish Conspiracy Adkins v. Children’s Hospital Waco Siege Alden v. Maine Matthew Whitaker Attainder Wyatt Wells Arizona State University Boerne v. Flores Auburn University, Montgomery African Americans Carter v. Carter Coal Company Reaganomics Migration, African American Chicago, Milwaukee, and Saint

† Paul Railway Company v. Peter C. Welsh Devin Alan White Minnesota Flour Milling University of Colorado, Boulder Child Labor Tax Case Archaeology Dorr’s Rebellion † Raymond C. Werner Archaeology and Prehistory of Georgia v. Stanton Coutume de Paris North America Jones v. Van Zandt License Cases † Edgar B. Wesley Ronald C. White Jr. Luther v. Borden Frontier Defense San Francisco Theological Seminary McCray v. United States Indian Trading Houses Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee Address Mississippi v. Johnson Marilyn F. Wessel† Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada 4-H Clubs J. G. Whitesides Muller v. Oregon University of California, Santa Bar- Schechter Poultry Corporation v. Elizabeth Howard West† bara United States Chickasaw-Creek War Bioethics United States v. Lopez Euthanasia United States v. Reese Allan Westcott† Genetic Engineering Manila Bay, Battle of Genetics Thomas Wien Marque and Reprisal, Letters of Persian Gulf Syndrome Université de Montréal Merrimac, Sinking of Acadia Sampson-Schley Controversy Stephen J. Whitfield Champlain, Samuel de, Explo- Brandeis University rations of R. E. Westmeyer† Frank, Leo, Lynching of Explorations and Expeditions: Beef Trust Cases Leopold-Loeb Case French Till, Emmett, Lynching of Grand Banks Carmen Teresa Whalen Lake Champlain Williams College Theodore M. Whitfield† New France Cuban Americans Connecticut Compromise Nicolet, Explorations of Puerto Ricans in the United Entangling Alliances States House Divided Henry Mark Wild California State University at Los Robert Whaples Marcus Whitman† Angeles Wake Forest University Lakes-to-Gulf Deep Waterway American System Education, Parental Choice in Inheritance Tax Laws Donald R. Whitnah† Harry Emerson Wildes† Negative Income Tax Weather Service, National Franklin Stove

57 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

Korea War of 1871 John Wills Oscar Osburn Winther† Valley Forge University of Essex Promontory Point Agriculture Mira Wilkins San Francisco Earthquakes David A. Wirth Florida International University Three Mile Island Boston College School of Law Foreign Investment in the Unit- International Court of Justice ed States Angela Cavender Wilson International Law Arizona State University Territorial Sea Brien R. Williams Spirit Lake Massacre American Red Cross Harvey Wish† Locomotives Bobby M. Wilson† De Lima v. Bidwell Red Cross, American Birmingham Haymarket Riot Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and C. Fred Williams Trust Company Daniel J. Wilson University of Arkansas, Little Rock Progress and Poverty Muhlenberg College Little Rock Pullmans Poliomyelitis Railway Shopmen’s Strike Charles E. Williams Smith-Hughes Act † Clarion University of Pennsylvania G. Lloyd Wilson Smith-Lever Act Floods and Flood Control Railroad Rate Wars Social Democratic Party Texas v. White Daniel T. Williams† Graham K. Wilson Tuskegee University University of Wisconsin–Madison Clark Wissler† Bureaucracy Wigwam Dennis Williams† Interest Groups Air Pollution President, U.S. John Witte Marine Sanctuaries Veto Power of the President University of Wisconsin–Madison Organic Farming Surplus, Federal Paul J. Wilson Ernest W. Williams Jr.† Nicholls State University Martin Wolfe† Ferries Chicago Riots of 1919 Currency and Coinage Crown Heights Riots Mary Wilhelmine Williams† Watts Riots Julienne L. Wood Clayton Compromise Noel Memorial Library, Louisiana Samuel M. Wilson† State University, Shreveport Samuel C. Williams† Wilderness Road Anti-Masonic Movements Cumberland Settlements Conscience Whigs Indian Trails William E. Wingfield Copperheads Christian Brothers University Free Soil Party † Stanley T. Williams Mental Illness Popular Sovereignty Sleepy Hollow William Woodruff† Robin W. Winks† Vernon J. Williams Jr. Rubber Canada, Relations with Purdue University African American Studies † † C. Vann Woodward James E. Winston Share-the-Wealth Movements Brady C. Williamson Jr. Butler’s Order No. 28 Townsend Plan University of Wisconsin Law School † Bankruptcy Laws Robert W. Winston Richard D. Worthington† Bayard v. Singleton Herpetology Hugh E. Willis† Juilliard v. Greenman Thomas Winter William E. Worthington Jr. Bilkent University, Turkey National Museum of American History, C. A. Willoughby† Gilded Age Smithsonian Institution Mormon Expedition Young Men’s Christian Associa- Bridges Villa Raid at Columbus tion Plumbing

58 DIRECTORY OF CONTRIBUTORS

A. J. Wright Publishing Industry Nigel J. Young University of Alabama at Birmingham Scientific Information Retrieval Colgate University Tuskegee University Peace Movements Larry Yackle Women and the Peace Move- Ivan Wright† Boston University School of Law ment Joint-Stock Land Banks Arrest Attica Rosemarie Zagarri James D. Wright† Crime George Mason University Brady Bill Prisons and Prison Reform Seneca Falls Convention Punishment Jamil Zainaldin Jon Wright Reformatories Georgia Humanities Council Hartlepool, United Kingdom San Quentin National Endowment for the Atheism Sing Sing Humanities Emerson’s Essays Gaynor Yancey † † Edmund Zalinski Peter H. Wright Baylor University Insurance Chemotherapy Settlement House Movement Magnetic Resonance Imaging Albert Louis Zambone Richard E. Yates† † Saint Cross College, Oxford University Malcolm G. Wyer Union Sentiment in the South Secession Pikes Peak Zimmermann Telegram

† Christine Clark Zemla George Wycherley C. K. Yearley† Rutgers, The State University of New Piracy Coal Mining and Organized Jersey

† Labor Intelligence Tests John Cook Wyllie Guffey Coal Acts University of Virginia Xiaojian Zhao

† University of California, Santa Barbara Rufus Kay Wyllys Eric S. Yellin Chinese Americans Grand Canyon Princeton University Wagon Trains Columbine School Massacre Delaney Amendment Larry J. Zimmerman Kerry Wynn Operation Rescue University of Iowa University of Illinois at Urbana- Riots Tipi Champaign Sabotage † Cherokee Sacco-Vanzetti Case Harold Zink Teapot Dome Oil Scandal Black Horse Cavalry John Wyzalek Rings, Political Weehawken, New Jersey Diana H. Yoon Discrimination: Sexual Orienta- New York University Andrei A. Znamenski tion Chinese Exclusion Act Alabama State University Federal Government Insular Cases Explorations and Expeditions: Government Regulation of Russian Business L. E. Young† Hairstyles Mormon Battalion Hiller B. Zobel† Office of Economic Opportunity Mormon Trail Boston Massacre

59 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

We have designed this section to help students and educators use the large number of arti- cles, maps, and primary source documents gathered in the Dictionary of American History, 3rd edition, for classroom study and research. Part One of this guide correlates the Dictionary’s contents to three widely used American history textbooks from Wadsworth publishers: • American Passages: A History of the American People (Edward L. Ayers, Lewis L. Gould, David M. Oshinsky, Jean R. Soderlund, 2000). • The American Past: A Survey of American History, 6th ed. (Joseph R. Conlin, 2001). • Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People, 3rd ed. (John M. Murrin, Paul E. Johnson, James M. McPherson, Gary Gerstle, Emily S. Rosenberg, Norman L. Rosenberg, 2002). Part Two consists of a research guide that provides essential information on gathering data for, and writing, a research paper in history.

The Editors of Charles Scribner’s Sons

PART ONE: USING THE DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN HISTORY WITH CLASSROOM TEXTBOOKS

The Dictionary of American History, 3rd edition, is, like its predecessors, a reference book, which necessarily locates it not only in the library, but as part of the noncirculating collec- tion. Nevertheless, the Dictionary contains much information that directly supports class- room work and textbook use in particular. Its articles, maps, and primary materials add depth and detail to topics that textbooks only touch upon or omit. In so doing, they provide a point of departure for a variety of assignments and papers. History textbooks present chronological narratives. American historians tend to tell the story of the U.S. in periods bracketed by the beginning or end of significant events: the Civil War, World War II, and so on. To make Dictionary of American History content accessible to textbook readers, we have organized it into eight chronological segments: To 1760 1761–1788 1789–1860 1861–1877 1878–1920 1921–1945 1946–1974 1975–2002 This scheme follows no particular textbook’s arrangement. Rather, it adopts a common- sense approach intended to be capacious and flexible enough to suit many U.S. history texts.

61 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

In the pages that follow, we correlate chapters from the above-cited textbooks to content in the eight periods. A student or educator can, of course, substitute others. The central point is that periodizing the Dictionary’s entries allows the reader to relate them to specific topics that are found in textbooks and provides a basis for class discussions and written investiga- tions. In the 1761–1788 period, for example, a student or educator can pursue a paper topic or group examination spurred by a textbook allusion to Shays’s rebellion. Using this guide she can quickly identify not only the Dictionary’s entry on this event, but also a primary account. Combine these with information contained in the archival maps on the revolution- ary period and the result is an array of resources that usefully amplifies textbook information. Apart from its link to specific textbook topics, each chronological grouping of Dictionary content provides a cluster of information for spurring new research on a period, in the process creating an opportunity for new knowledge. An original class unit or major paper about the Civil War, for example, can be built from the entries, maps, and primary sources covering the 1861–1877 period. Evidentiary (maps, primary sources) and secondary (articles) materials coalesce in a way that supports fresh connections by the student or educator. Thus, the Dictionary of American History can be used beyond the confines of the reference collec- tion and outside the walls of the library.

TO 1760: America, Naming of Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi) PERTINENT TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS Antinomian Controversy American Passages Apalachee Massacre 1. Contact, Conflict, and Exchange in the Atlantic Appeals from Colonial Courts World to 1590 Archaeology and Prehistory of North America 2. Colonization of North America, 1590–1675 Arminianism 3. Crisis and Change, 1675–1720 Assemblies, Colonial 4. The Expansion of Colonial British America, 1720– Assistant 1763 Attainder Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin The American Past Bacon’s Rebellion 1. When Worlds Collide: America and Europe before Bible Commonwealth 10,000 B.C.–A.D. 1550 Board of Trade and Plantations 2. England in America: The Struggle to Plant a Braddock’s Expedition Colony 1550–1624 Brownists 3. Puritans and Proprietors: Colonial America Buccaneers 1620–1732 Buffalo Trails 4. Colonial Society: English Legacies, American Facts Burghers of Life Cabeza de Vaca Expeditions 5. Other Americans: The Indians, French, and Cabot Voyages Africans of Colonial North America Cahokia Mounds 6. British America: The Colonies at the Equinox Cambridge Agreement Cambridge Platform Liberty, Equality, Power Carolina, Fundamental Constitutions of 1. When Old Worlds Collide: Contact, Conquest, Champlain, Samuel de, Explorations of Catastrophe Charity Schools 2. The Challenge to Spain and the Settlement of Charleston Indian Trade North America Charter of Liberties 3. England Discovers Its Colonies: Empire, Liberty, Charter of Privileges and Expansion Chartered Companies 4. Provincial America and the Struggle for a Continent Church of England in the Colonies Cibola DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN HISTORY ENTRIES Code Noir Articles Colonial Agent Albany Plan Colonial Assemblies Albemarle Settlements Colonial Charters

62 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Colonial Commerce Indian Mounds Colonial Councils Instructions Colonial Policy, British Ipswich Protest Colonial Settlements Iron Act of 1750 Colonial Ships Jenkins’ Ear, War of Colonial Society Jolliet-Marquette Explorations Colonial Wars Kennebec River Settlements Company of One Hundred Associates King George’s War Conquistadores King Philip’s War Coronado Expeditions King William’s War Council for New England King’s Province Covenant, Church La Salle Explorations Culpeper’s Rebellion Latin Schools Dame School Latitudinarians “Dark and Bloody Ground” Leisler Rebellion Deerfield Massacre Liberty Bell Divine Providences Locke’s Political Philosophy Dominion of New England London, Treaty of Dongan Charters Lords of Trade and Plantation Dorchester Company Louisburg Expedition Draper’s Meadows Ludlow’s Code Ducking Stool Magna Carta Duke of York’s Laws Markets, Public Duke of York’s Proprietary Massachusetts Ballot Dutch West India Company Massachusetts Bay Colony East Jersey Massachusetts Body of Liberties Edwardsean Theology Mayflower Elizabethtown Associates Mayflower Compact Encomienda System Meetinghouse Exploration of America, Early Mercantilism Fast Days Merchant Adventurers Feudalism Mesa Verde, Prehistoric Ruins of Franklin Stove Molasses Act Free Society of Traders Monongahela, Battle of the French Frontier Forts Mount Hope General Court, Colonial Mourt’s Relation Germantown Narragansett Planters Gilbert’s Patent Navigation Acts Golden Hind New York Slave Conspiracy of 1741 Governors New Albion Colony Great Law of Pennsylvania New Castle Great Migration New England Company Griffon New England Confederation Hakluyt’s Voyages New England Primer Half Moon New England Way Halfway Covenant New France Hat Manufacture, Colonial Restriction on New Haven Colony Hennepin, Louis, Narratives of New Lights Hohokam New Netherland Holy Experiment New Sweden Colony Homework New York City, Capture of Hornbook New York Colony House of Burgesses Nicolet, Explorations of Huguenots Nicolls’ Commission Hundred Norsemen in America Indentured Servants Oñate Explorations and Settlements Indian Bible, Eliot’s Orleans, Territory of

63 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Parliament, British Provinciae Borealis Americae non itapridem dete ctae Parson’s Cause aut magis ab europaeis excuitae (1703) Patroons Pennsylvania Germans Maps: The Colonies Penobscot Region A Map of Virginia and Maryland, Sold by Thomas Bas- Pequot War set in Fleet Street and Richard Chiswell in St. Pauls Petition and Remonstrance of New Netherland Church Yard (1676) Pieces of Eight A Map of New England, Being the first that was ever Pilgrims here cut (1677) Pillory A Mapp of New England by John Seller Hydrographer Pine Tree Flag to the King (1675) Pine Tree Shilling A New Map of the Most Considerable Plantations of Plans of Union, Colonial the English in America, Dedicated to His Highness Plymouth Colony William Duke of Glocester (1722) Plymouth Rock An accurate map of the English colonies in North Plymouth, Virginia Company of America bordering on the River Ohio (1754) Port Royal New England, New York, New Jersey and Pensilvania Poverty Point (1736) Powhatan Confederacy Virginiae partis australis et Floridae partis orientalis (1671) Privy Council Proprietary Agent Maps: Explorations of the American Continent Proprietary Colonies A Map of Louisiana and of the River Mississippi, by Providence Island Company John Senex (1721) Providence Plantations, Rhode Island and A New Map of the River Mississippi from the Sea to Pueblo Revolt Bayagoulas (1761) Puritans and Puritanism Carte de la Louisiane et du Cours du Mississippi (1730) Quebec, Capture of Louisiana, as formerly claimed by France, and now con- Raleigh Colonies taining part of British America to the East & Span- Randolph Commission ish America to the West of the Mississippi (1765) Royal Colonies Unidentified French manuscript map of the Mississippi Royal Disallowance River (1683) Ryswick, Peace of Sagadahoc, Colony at Maps: Colonial Wars Santa Maria Map of that part of America which was the Principal Saybrook Platform Seat of War in 1756 Soto, Hernando de, Explorations of Plan of the City & Fortifications of Louisburg, from a Sow Case Survey made by Richard Gridley (1745) Starving Time A Plan of the River St. Lawrence, from the Falls of Suffrage, Colonial Montmorenci to Sillery; with the Operations of the Sumptuary Laws and Taxes, Colonial Siege of Quebec (1759) Tea Trade, Prerevolutionary Theocracy in New England Maps: New York: The Development of a City Titles of Nobility Plan de Manathes ou Nouvelle Yorc (1675) Tobacco as Money A Plan of the City of New York from an actual Survey, Toleration Acts Made by James Lyne (1728) Tomahawk Trading Companies Primary Source Documents Two Penny Act A Dialogue Between Piumbukhou and His Unconverted Vinland Relatives Virginia Company of London An Act Concerning Religion Virginia Indian Company Captivity Narrative of a Colonial Woman Walloons Charter to Sir Walter Raleigh Earliest American Protest Against Slavery Maps: Early Maps of the New World Evidence Used Against Witches Die Nüw Welt (1540) Excerpt from The History and Present State of Virginia Mondo Nuovo (1576) Excerpt from Voyages of the Slaver St. John Norumbega et Virginia (1597) Letter Describing Plantation Life in South Carolina

64 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Massachusetts School Law Burgoyne’s Invasion Maxims from Poor Richard’s Almanack Camden, Battle of Powhatan’s Speech to John Smith Charleston Harbor, Defense of Spanish Colonial Official’s Account of the Triangular Cherokee Wars Trade with England Clark’s Northwest Campaign Starving in Virginia Coercive Acts The Mayflower Compact Commander in Chief of British Forces The Origin of the League of Five Nations Committees of Correspondence Trial of Anne Hutchinson at Newton Committees of Safety Untitled Poem Common Sense Confederation 1761–1788: Connecticut Compromise Connolly’s Plot PERTINENT TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS Continental Congress American Passages Conway Cabal 4. The Expansion of Colonial British America, 1720– Cook, James, Explorations of 1763 Council of Revision, New York 5. Wars for Independence, 1764–1783 Cowboys and Skinners 6. Toward a More Perfect Union, 1783–1788 Cowpens, Battle of Cumberland Settlements The American Past Declaration of Independence 7. Years of Tumult: T he Quarrel with Great Britain Declaration of Rights 1763–1770 Declaratory Act, 1766 8. Riot to Rebellion: The Road to Independence Delaware, Washington Crossing the 1770– 1776 “Don’t Fire Till You See the White of Their Eyes” 9. War for Independence: Winning the Revolution “Don’t Give Up the Ship” 1776–1781 Dunmore’s War 10. Inventing a Country: American Constitutions 1781– Duquesne, Fort 1789 Dutch Bankers’ Loans Essex Junto Liberty, Equality, Power Eutaw Springs, Battle of 5. Reform, Resistance, Revolution Farmer’s Letters 6. The Revolutionary Republic Federalist Papers Franklin, State of DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN HISTORY ENTRIES French in the American Revolution Articles Galloway’s Plan of Union Alexandria Conference Gaspée, Burning of the Annapolis Convention Geographer’s Line Antifederalists Georgiana Arnold’s March to Quebec German Mercenaries Arnold’s Raid in Virginia “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death!” Arnold’s Treason Great Meadows Articles of Confederation Greenville Treaty Associations Guilford Courthouse, Battle of Bank of North America Harlem, Battle of Bayard v. Singleton Henry, Fort Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan Holmes v. Walton Bennington, Battle of Hutchinson Letters Billeting Independence Bonhomme Richard–Serapis Encounter Indiana Company Boston Committee of Correspondence Indians in the Revolution Boston Massacre Committees of Inspection Boston, Siege of Intolerable Acts Boston Tea Party Jay-Gardoqui Negotiations Brandywine Creek, Battle of Jeffersonian Democracy British Empire, Concept of Jersey Prison Ship Bunker Hill, Battle of Kentucky Conventions

65 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Lexington and Concord, Battles of Trevett v. Weeden Liberty Poles United Empire Loyalists Long Island, Battle of United We Stand, Divided We Fall Loyalists Valley Forge Marietta Vandalia Colony Massachusetts Circular Letter Virginia Declaration of Rights Massachusetts Government Act Virginia Resolves Minutemen War and Ordnance, Board of Mississippi Bubble White Plains, Battle of Monmouth, Battle of Wyoming Massacre Montreal, Capture of (1760) Yorktown Campaign Montreal, Capture of (1775) Zenger Trial Morse, Jedediah, Geographies of Moultrie, Fort, Battle of Maps: Explorations of the American Continent Mutiny Act Carte de la Californie et des Pays Nord-Ouest separés New Smyrna Colony de l’Asie par le détroit d’Anian (1772) Newburgh Addresses Newport, French Army at Maps: The Revolutionary War Nonimportation Agreements A Map of the Country which was the scene of opera- Olive Branch Petition tions of the Northern Army; including the Wilder- Ordinances of 1784, 1785, and 1787 ness through which General Arnold marched to Oriskany, Battle of attack Quebec (1806) Paris, Treaty of (1763) A Map of Part of Rhode Island, Showing the Positions Paris, Treaty of (1783) of the American and British Armies at the Siege of Paxton Boys Newport (1778) Pennsylvania Troops, Mutinies of A Map of the United States of America, As settled by Penobscot Expedition the Peace of 1783 (1785) Pinckney Plan Plan of the Town and Harbour of Boston, and the Plan of 1776 Country adjacent with the Road from Boston to Pontiac’s War Concord, shewing the Place of the late Engagement Princeton, Battle of between the King’s Troops & the Provincials (1775) Prisoners of War: Prison Ships Plan of the Battle of Bunkers Hill (1775) Proclamation of 1763 Provincial Congresses Maps: The Early Republic Quartering Acts A Chorographical Map of the Northern Department of Revere’s Ride North America (1780) Revolution, American: Military History A Plan of the Boundary Lines between the Province of Revolution, American: Political History Maryland and the Three Lower Counties of Revolution, Diplomacy of the Delaware with Part of The Parallel of Latitude Revolution, Financing of the which is the Boundary between the Provinces of Revolution, Profiteering in the Maryland and Pennsylvania (1768) Revolutionary Committees Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved Primary Source Documents Rogers’ Rangers A Soldier’s Love Letter Saratoga Campaign Address of the Continental Congress to Inhabitants of Savannah, Siege of (1779) Canada Shays’s Rebellion Battle of Lexington, American and British Accounts Sons of Liberty (American Revolution) Constitution of the United States Southern Campaigns Correspondence Leading to Surrender Stamp Act Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Con- Stamp Act Congress gress Stamp Act Riot Declaration of Independence Suffolk Resolves Excerpt from Life and Adventures of Colonel Daniel “Taxation Without Representation” Boon Ticonderoga, Capture of Excerpt from “Common Sense” Townshend Acts Eyewitness Account of the Boston Massacre Trenton, Battle of From Annapolis to Philadelphia

66 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Indentured “White Slaves” in the Colonies Liberty, Equality, Power Letter Describing Catholic Missions in California 7. The Democratic Republic, 1790–1820 Letters of Abigail and John Adams 8. Completing the Revolution, 1789–1815 Letters of Eliza Wilkinson 9. The Market Revolution, 1815–1860 Life at Valley Forge, 1777–1778 10. Toward an American Culture Logan’s Speech 11. Society, Culture, and Politics, 1820s–1840s Massachusetts Circular Letter 12. Jacksonian Democracy Patrick Henry’s Resolves 13. Manifest Destiny: An Empire for Liberty—or Slav- Paul Revere’s Account of His Ride ery? Shays’s Rebellion 14. The Gathering Tempest, 1853–1860 Slave Andrew’s Testimony in the Boston Massacre Trial Stamp Act DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN HISTORY ENTRIES The Call for Amendments Articles The Continental Association Ableman v. Booth The Pennsylvania Farmer’s Remedy Address of the Southern Delegates Townshend Revenue Act Alabama Platform Treaty with the Six Nations, 1784 Alamo, Siege of the Virginia Declaration of Rights Albany Regency Writ of Assistance Albatross Alcaldes Alien and Sedition Laws 1789–1860: American Fur Company American Party PERTINENT TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS American Republican Party American Passages American System 7. The Federalist Republic Amistad Case 8. The New Republic Faces a New Century, 1800–1814 Anesthesia, Discovery of 9. Exploded Boundaries Antelope Case 10. The Years of Andrew Jackson, 1827–1836 Antibank Movement 11. Panic and Boom: 1837–1845 Anti-Rent War 12. Expansion and Reaction: 1846–1854 Aroostook War 13. Broken Bonds: 1855–1861 Astoria Aurora The American Past Baltimore Bell Teams 11. We the People: Putting the Constitution to Work Bank of Augusta v. Earle 1789–1800 Barbary Wars 12. The Age of Jefferson: Expansion and Frustration Bargemen 1800–1815 Barnburners 13. Beyond the Appalachian Ridge: The West in the Barron v. Baltimore Early Nineteenth Century Bathtubs and Bathing 14. Nation Awakening: Political, Diplomatic, and Eco- Bear Flag Revolt nomic Developments 1815–1824 Beecher’s Bibles 15. Hero of the People: The Age of Andrew Jackson Black Hawk War 1824–1830 Black Laws 16. In the Shadow of Old Hickory: Personalities and Bloomers Politics 1830–1842 Blount Conspiracy 17. Sects, Utopias, Visionaries, Reformers: Popular Bonus Bill of 1816 Culture in Antebellum America Border Ruffians 18. A Different Country: The South Border War 19. The Peculiar Institution: Slavery as It Was Per- Bridger, Fort ceived and as It Was Briscoe v. Bank of the Commonwealth of Kentucky 20. From Sea to Shining Sea: American Expansion British Debts 1820–1848 Brown v. Maryland 21. Apples of Discord: The Poisoned Fruits of Victory Buena Vista, Battle of 1844–1854 Bullboats 22. The Collapse of the Old Union: The Road to Burns Fugitive Slave Case Secession 1854–1861 Burr-Hamilton Duel

67 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Calder v. Bull Freeman’s Expedition Capitals Freeport Doctrine Chapultepec, Battle of Frémont Explorations Charles River Bridge Case French Decrees Charlotte Town Resolves Friends of Domestic Industry Chesapeake-Leopard Incident Fries’ Rebellion Chickasaw-Creek War Fulton’s Folly Chisholm v. Georgia Gabriel’s Insurrection Christiana Fugitive Affair Gadsden Purchase Claim Associations Gag Rule, Antislavery Clayton Compromise Gallatin’s Report on Manufactures Clayton-Bulwer Treaty Gallatin’s Report on Roads Cohens v. Virginia Georgia Platform Commonwealth v. Hunt Ghent, Treaty of Compromise of 1790 Gibbons v. Ogden Compromise of 1850 Godey’s Lady’s Book Conscience Whigs Gold Rush, California Constitutional Union Party Great Lakes Naval Campaigns of 1812 Convention of 1800 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of Convention of 1818 With England Guano Cooley v. Board of Wardens of Port of Philadelphia Hamilton’s Economic Policies Corrupt Bargain Harpers Ferry Raid Cotton Gin Harrisburg Convention Cotton Kingdom Hartford Convention Craig v. State of Missouri Hartford Wits Creek War Hayburn’s Case Crystal Palace Exhibition Higher-Law Doctrine Cushing’s Treaty Howard, Fort Dartmouth College Case Hudson River School Dearborn Wagon Hunkers Debts, Revolutionary War Hylton v. United States Decatur’s Cruise to Algiers Illinois Fur Brigade Defiance, Fort Immediatism Democracy in America Impeachment Trial of Samuel Chase Deposit Act of 1836 Impending Crisis of the South Detroit, Surrender of Impressment of Seamen Donner Party Independent Treasury System Dorr’s Rebellion Indian Trade and Intercourse Act Doughfaces Indian Trading Houses Dred Scott Case Inland Lock Navigation Drogher Trade Intrepid Eaton Affair Irrepressible Conflict Embargo Act Jacksonian Democracy Emerson’s Essays Jacobin Clubs Emigrant Aid Movement Jayhawkers Entangling Alliances Jay’s Treaty Era of Good Feeling Jefferson Territory Essex, Actions of the Johnny Appleseed Ex Parte Bollman Joint Occupation Fallen Timbers, Battle of Jones v. Van Zandt “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight” Judiciary Act of 1789 Finney Revivals Judiciary Act of 1801 Fire-Eaters Kansas Committee, National Fletcher v. Peck Kansas Free-State Party Forty-Niners Kansas-Nebraska Act France, Quasi-War with Kearny’s March to California Free Soil Party Kearny’s Mission to China

68 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

King Cotton Natchez Campaign of 1813 “Kitchen Cabinet” National Republican Party Lafayette’s Visit to America Nautilus Lake Erie, Battle of Nauvoo, Mormons at Laramie, Fort Navigation Act of 1817 Laramie, Fort, Treaty of (1851) Navy, Confederate Latin American Wars of Independence New England Antislavery Society Latrobe’s Folly New England Emigrant Aid Company Lawrence, Sack of New Orleans Leatherstocking Tales New Orleans, Battle of Leavenworth Expedition Niagara Campaigns Lecompton Constitution Nonintercourse Act Levy Oberlin Movement Lewis and Clark Expedition Oberlin-Wellington Rescue Case Liberty Party Ogden v. Saunders Liberty-Cap Cent Old Hickory License Cases Omnibus Bill Lincoln-Douglas Debates Oregon Treaty of 1846 Locofoco Party Osborn v. Bank of the United States Long, Stephen H., Explorations of Ostend Manifesto Louisiana Purchase “Our Federal Union! It Must Be Preserved!” Lovejoy Riots Overland Companies Luther v. Borden Overseer and Driver McCulloch v. Maryland Oxford Movement McHenry, Fort Pacific Fur Company Macon’s Bill No. 2 Peculiar Institution Mail, Southern Overland Perry-Elliott Controversy Mandan, Fort Perry’s Expedition to Japan Marbury v. Madison Pet Banks Marcy, R. B., Exploration of Philadelphia Cordwainers’ Case Maria Monk Controversy Philadelphia Riots Married Women’s Property Act, New York State Pike, Zebulon, Expeditions of Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee Pikes Peak Gold Rush Martin v. Mott Pinckney’s Treaty Maysville Veto Plank Roads Mazzei Letter Polk Doctrine Mechanics’ Institutes Pony Express Mexican-American War Popular Sovereignty Mexico City, Capture of Pottawatomie Massacre Midnight Judges Prairie du Chien, Indian Treaty at Mims, Fort, Massacre at Prigg v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Missouri Compromise Princeton, Explosion on the Moby-Dick Public Credit Act Monroe-Pinkney Treaty Quids Monterrey, Battles of Rail Splitter Mormon Battalion Railroad Conventions Mormon Expedition Red River Cart Traffic Mormon Handcart Companies “Remember the Alamo” Mormon Trail Removal Act of 1830 Mormon War Removal of Deposits Morrill Act Republicans, Jeffersonian Mountain Meadows Massacre Richmond Junto Muscle Shoals Speculation Rights of Man Muster Day Romanticism My Country, Tis of Thee Russian Claims Nashville Convention Safety Fund System Nat Turner’s Rebellion San Jacinto, Battle of

69 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Savannah Webster-Parkman Murder Case Scarlet Letter, The Whig Party Seminole Wars Whiskey Rebellion Seneca Falls Convention Wildcat Money Silhouettes Wilkes, Charles, Expedition of Slaughterhouse Cases Wilmot Proviso Slidell’s Mission to Mexico Workingmen’s Party Smuggling of Slaves Wyandotte Constitution Sons of the South XYZ Affair South Carolina Exposition and Protest Yakima Indian Wars South Pass Yankee Southern Rights Movement Yazoo Fraud Southwest Territory Yellowstone River Expeditions Specie Circular “Young America” Spirit Lake Massacre Star-Spangled Banner Maps: The Early Republic Stockton-Kearny Quarrel An Exact Map of North America from the best Authori- Stoney Creek, Battle of ties (c. 1780) Sturges v. Crowninshield Suffolk Banking System Maps: The War of 1812 Survey Act of 1824 Attack on Fort Bowyer (1814) Sutter’s Fort Attack on New Orleans (1815) Swift v. Tyson Tallmadge Amendment Maps: The United States Expands Tammany Societies A Map of the eclipse of Feb.y 12th. in its passage across Tecumseh’s Crusade the United States (1831) Texan Emigration and Land Company Map of the Northern parts of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois Texas Navy with Michigan, and that part of the Ouisconsin Ter- Texas Public Lands ritory Lying East of the Mississippi River (1836) Thames, Battle of the Map of the Western Territory &c. (1834) “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!” North America (1812) Tippecanoe, Battle of North America (1851) Tolls Exemption Act Sketch of the Lower portion of the White Fish River Topeka Constitution (1857) Trail of Tears Transcendentalism Maps: Texas and the Mexican War Tribute Map of Texas and the Country Adjacent (1844) Uncle Tom’s Cabin Ornamental Map of the United States and Mexico Underground Railroad (1848) United Americans, Order of Untitled [map of U.S. and Mexico] (1849) Upper Peninsula of Michigan Ursuline Convent, Burning of Maps: Transportation Vancouver, George, Explorations of A Complete Map of the Feather and Yuba Rivers, With Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance Towns, Ranches, diggings, Roads, distances […] Vesey Rebellion (1851) Virginia Dynasty Map of the Country between the Atlantic & Pacific Wagoners of the Alleghenies Oceans […] shewing the proposed route of a Rail War Democrats Road from the Mississippi Valley to the ports of St. War Hawks Diego, Monterey, & St. Francisco […] (1848) War of 1812 Map of the United States, Shewing the principal Steam- Ware v. Hylton boat routes and projected Railroads connecting Washington Burned with St. Louis. Compiled for the Missouri Republi- Washington’s Farewell Address can, Jan 8[?], 1854 Wayne, Fort “We Have Met the Enemy, and They Are Ours” Maps: Gold Rush in California Webster-Ashburton Treaty Run for Gold, from all Nations, Geographically Webster-Hayne Debate Explained (1849)

70 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Map of the Gold Regions of California, Compiled from 1861–1877: the best Surveys (1849) PERTINENT TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS Plan of Benicia, California; Founded by Thomas O. Larkin and R. Simple Esq’rs (1847) California (1855) American Passages 13. Broken Bonds: 1855–1861 14. Descent into War, 1861–1862 Maps: New York: The Development of a City 15. Blood and Freedom, 1863–1867 Plan of the City of New York for the Use of Strangers 16. Reconstruction Abandoned, 1867–1877 (undated) The American Past 23. Tidy Plans, Ugly Realities: The Civil War 1861–1862 Primary Source Documents 24. Driving Old Dixie Down: General Grant’s War of A House Divided Attrition 1863–1865 A Pioneer Woman’s Letter Home 25. Reconstruction: Rebuilding the Shattered Union: American Party Platform 1863–1877 Americans in Their Moral, Social and Political Relations 26. Parties, Patronage, and Pork: Politics in the Late Civil Disobedience Nineteenth Century Constitution of the Committee of Vigilantes of San 27. Big Industry, Big Business: Economic Development Francisco in the Late Nineteenth Century Excerpt from Across the Plains to California in 1852 28. Living with Leviathan: Americans React to Big Business and Great Wealth Excerpt from An Expedition to the Valley of the Great 29. We Who Made America: Factories and Immigrant Salt Lake of Utah Ships Excerpt from Glimpse of New Mexico 30. Bright Lights and Squalid Slums: The Growth of Excerpt from Memories of the North American Invasion Big Cities Excerpt from Notes Illustrative of the Wrong of Slavery 31. The Last Frontier: Winning the Rest of the West Excerpt from On the Equality of the Sexes 1865–1900 Excerpt from Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom 32. Stressful Times down Home: The Crisis of Ameri- Excerpt from Sociology for the South can Agriculture 1865–1896 Excerpt from The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It Liberty, Equality, Power Excerpt from The Oregon Trail 15. Secession and Civil War, 1860–1862 Excerpt from The Vigilantes of Montana 16. A New Birth of Freedom, 1862–1865 Fort Laramie Treaty 17. Reconstruction, 1863–1877 Human Rights Not Founded on Sex, October 2, 1837 18. Frontiers of Change: Politics of Stalemate, John Brown’s Last Speech 1865–1890 Letter Replying to Manuel de la Peña y Peña Life of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kai-kiak, or Black Hawk DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN HISTORY ENTRIES Madison’s War Message Articles Message on the Lewis and Clark Expedition Abilene Trail Mill Worker’s Letter on Hardships in the Textile Mills Alabama National Songs, Ballads, and Other Patriotic Poetry, Alabama Claims Chiefly Relating to the War of 1846 Andersonville Prison On the Underground Railroad Antietam, Battle of Polk’s Message on the War with Mexico Antimonopoly Parties Sleep Not Longer, O Choctaws and Chickasaws Appomattox Army of the Potomac South Carolina Declaration of Causes of Secession Army, Confederate Text of the Pro-Slavery Argument Army, Union The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition Army of the James The Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary Army of Virginia The Nat Turner Insurrection Army of Northern Virginia The Seneca Falls Declaration Arrest, Arbitrary, during the Civil War The Story of Enrique Esparza Atlanta Campaign What If I Am a Woman? Baltimore Riot When Woman Gets Her Rights Man Will Be Right Battle Hymn of the Republic

71 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Belknap Scandal Embalmed Beef Black Codes Ex Parte Garland Black Friday Ex Parte McCardle Black Hills War Ex Parte Merryman Bland-Allison Act Ex Parte Milligan Blockade Runners, Confederate Far West Bloody Shirt Fisk Expeditions Blue and Gray “Forty Acres and a Mule” Border Slave State Convention Fredericksburg, Battle of Bounty Jumper Freedmen’s Bureau Brady Photographs Galvanized Yankees Bronson v. Rodes Gelpcké v. Dubuque Bull Run, First Battle of General Order No. 38 Bull Run, Second Battle of Georgia v. Stanton Burlingame Treaty Gettysburg Address Butler’s Order No. 28 Gettysburg, Battle of Canada, Confederate Activities in Gilded Age Caroline Affair Gold Act Carpetbaggers Gold Exchange Catlin’s Indian Paintings Granger Cases Centennial Exhibition Granger Movement Central Pacific-Union Pacific Race Greenbacks Chancellorsville, Battle of Hamburg Riot Chattanooga Campaign Hampton Roads Conference Chickamauga, Battle of Harpers Ferry, Capture of Civil Rights Act of 1866 Hays, Fort Civil Rights Act of 1875 “Hell on Wheels” Civil War Hood’s Tennessee Campaign Civil War General Order No. 100 Horizontal Tariff Bill Cold Harbor, Battle of House Divided Collector v. Day Impeachment Trial of Andrew Johnson Colorado River Explorations Impressment, Confederate Columbia, Burning of Indian Brigade Committee on the Conduct of the War Indians in the Civil War Comstock Lode Inflation in the Confederacy Confederate Agents Ironclad Oath Confederate Expatriates in Brazil Island Number Ten, Operations at Confederate States of America Joint Committee on Reconstruction Confiscation Acts Kasserine Pass, Battle of Conspiracies Acts of 1861 and 1862 Kenesaw Mountain, Battle of Contraband, Slaves as Korea War of 1871 Cooke, Jay, and Company Laramie, Fort, Treaty of (1868) Cotton Money Legal Tender Act Crédit Mobilier of America Little Bighorn, Battle of Crime of 1873 Lookout Mountain, Battle on Crittenden Compromise “Lost Cause” Cumberland, Army of the Marion, Battle at Cummings v. Missouri Maryland, Invasion of Dakota Expeditions of Sibley and Sully Mexican-American War Claims Dakota Territory Mexico, Confederate Migration to “Damn the Torpedoes” Mexico, French in Davis, Imprisonment and Trial of Mineral Patent Law Davis-Johnston Controversy Minor v. Happersett Donelson, Fort, Capture of Mississippi v. Johnson Draft Riots Mobile Bay, Battle of Elmira Prison Modoc War Emancipation Proclamation Molly Maguires

72 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Monitor and Merrimack, Battle of Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children Montgomery Convention Sons of Liberty (Civil war) Morgan’s Raids Southern Commercial Conventions Mortars, Civil War Naval Southern Unionists Mosby’s Rangers Sovereigns of Industry Mulligan Letters Spotsylvania Courthouse, Battle of Munn v. Illinois Star of the West Nashville, Battle of Stuart’s Ride National Union (Arm-in-Arm) Convention Substitutes, Civil War Navajo War Sumter, Fort New Orleans, Capture of Ten-Forties New Orleans Riots Tennessee, Army of New York City, Plot to Burn Tenure of Office Act Northfield Bank Robbery Texas v. White Northwest Conspiracy Timber Culture Act Ohio Idea Tithes, Southern Agricultural Peace Movement of 1864 Trent Affair Peninsular Campaign Tweed Ring Pennsylvania, Invasion of Twenty-One Gun Salute Perryville, Battle of Union Party Petersburg, Siege of Union Sentiment in Border States Pickett’s Charge Union Sentiment in the South Pillow, Fort, Massacre at United States v. Cruikshank Pipelines, Early United States v. Reese Pithole Vallandigham Incident Powhatan Incident Veazie Bank v. Fenno Prisoners of War: Prison Camps, Confederate Vicksburg in the Civil War Prisoners of War: Prison Camps, Union Vicksburg Riots Prize Cases, Civil War Wade-Davis Bill Progress and Poverty Washington, Treaty of Quantrill’s Raid Whiskey Ring Railroad Strike of 1877 White League Railroads In the Civil War Wilderness, Battles of the Rams, Confederate Wormley Conference Readjuster Movement Reconstruction Maps: The Civil War Red River Campaign Sketch of the country occupied by Federal and Confed- Red River Indian War erate Armies (1861) Red Shirts Map of the United States, Showing the Territory in Pos- Regulators session of the Federal Union (1864) Resumption Act Plan of Cantonment Sprague near Washington, D.C. Richmond Campaigns (1861) Saint Albans Raid White House to Harrison’s Landing (1862) Sand Creek Massacre Sanitary Commission, United States Primary Source Documents Savannah, Siege of (1864) A Confederate Blockade-Runner Scalawag Address to President Lincoln by the Working-Men of Seal of the Confederate States of America Manchester, England Secession Benjamin Butler’s Report on Contrabands of War Seven Days’ Battles Black Code of Mississippi, November, 1865 Shelby’s Mexican Expedition Congress Debates the Fourteenth Amendment Shenandoah Campaign Emancipation Proclamation Sheridan’s Ride Excerpt from Half a Century Sherman’s March to the Sea Excerpt from My Army Life Shiloh, Battle of Excerpt from Roughing It Singleton Peace Plan Excerpt from The Crime Against Kansas Sioux Uprising in Minnesota Gettysburg Address

73 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Head of Choctow Nation Reaffirms His Tribe’s Position 20. An Industrial Society, 1890–1920 Lee’s Farewell to His Army 21. Progressivism Letter to President Lincoln from Harrison’s Landing 22. Becoming a World Power, 1898–1917 Letters from Widows to Lincoln Asking for Help 23. War and Society, 1914–1920 Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address Police Regulations of Saint Landry Parish, Louisiana DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN HISTORY ENTRIES President Andrew Johnson’s Civil Rights Bill Veto Articles Prisoner at Andersonville ABC Conference Speech of Little Crow on the Eve of the Great Sioux Adamson Act Uprising Addyston Pipe Company Case Women in the Farmers’ Alliance Aisne-Marne Operation Aldrich-Vreeland Act Algeciras Conference Allison Commission 1878–1920: Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America PERTINENT TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS American Expeditionary Forces American Expeditionary Forces In Italy American Passages American Federation of State, County, and Municipal 17. The Economic Transformation of America, 1877–1887 Employees 18. Urban Growth and Farm Protest American Federation of Teachers 19. Domestic Turmoil and Overseas Expansion, American Museum of Natural History 1893–1901 American Protective Association 20. Theodore Roosevelt and Progressive Reform American Railway Union 21. Progressivism at its Height American Tobacco Case 22. Over There and Over Here: The Impact of World Anaconda Copper War I Anthracite Strike Anti-Imperialists The American Past Archangel Campaign 26. Parties, Patronage, and Pork: Politics in the Late Armistice of November 1918 Nineteenth Century Army of Occupation 27. Big Industry, Big Business: Economic Development Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy in the Late Nineteenth Century Battle Fleet Cruise Around the World 28. Living with Leviathan: Americans React to Big Bayard-Chamberlain Treaty Business and Great Wealth Beef Trust Cases 29. We Who Made America: Factories and Immigrant Belgian Relief Ships Belleau Wood, Battle of 30. Bright Lights and Squalid Slums: The Growth of Berea College v. Kentucky Big Cities Birth of a Nation, The 31. The Last Frontier: Winning the Rest of the West Black Horse Cavalry 1865–1900 Boomer Movement 32. Stressful Times down Home: The Crisis of Ameri- Boston Police Strike can Agriculture 1865–1896 Bourbons 33. In the Days of McKinley: The United States Boxer Rebellion Becomes a World Power 1896–1903 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters 34. Theodore Roosevelt and the Good Old Days: Brownsville Affair American Society in Transition 1890–1917 Bryan-Chamorro Treaty 35. Age of Reform: The Progressives after 1900 Bull Moose Party 36. Victors at Armageddon: The Progressives in Power Burke Act 1901–1916 Burlington Strike 37. Over There: The United States and the First Carlisle Indian Industrial School World War 1914–1918 Century of Dishonor 38. Over Here: World War I at Home 1917–1920 Champagne-Marne Operation Château-Thierry Bridge, Americans at Liberty, Equality, Power Chautauqua Movement 18. Frontiers of Change: Politics of Stalemate, Chicago, Milwaukee, and Saint Paul Railway Company v. 1865–1890 Minnesota 19. Economic Change and the Crisis of the 1890s Chinese Exclusion Act

74 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Cimarron, Proposed Territory of In Re Debs Cincinnati Riots In Re Neagle Citizens’ Alliances Income Tax Cases Civil Aeronautics Act Industrial Workers of the World Clayton Act, Labor Provisions Inland Waterways Commission Cleveland Democrats Insular Cases Coeur d’Alene Riots Interests Coin’s Financial School International Harvester Company Colorado Coal Strikes International Ladies Garment Workers Union Commerce, Court of International Longshoremen’s and Warehousemen’s Committee on Public Information Union Communication Workers of America Japanese Cherry Trees Compromise of 1890 Johnstown Flood Consumerism Jones Act Coppage v. Kansas Juilliard v. Greenman Council of National Defense Jungle, The Coxey’s Army Kearneyites Cripple Creek Mining Boom Kelly’s Industrial Army Cripple Creek Strikes Klondike Rush Cross of Gold Speech Lafayette Escadrille Danbury Hatters’ Case “Lafayette, We Are Here” Dawes Commission Lawrence Strike Dawes General Allotment Act League of Nations De Lima v. Bidwell Legal Tender Cases Depletion Allowances Lever Act Dreadnought Liberal Republican Party Dull Knife Campaign Liberty Loans Electrical Workers Lochner v. New York Elkins Act London, Declaration of Emergency Fleet Corporation Lost Battalion Equal Rights Party Louisiana Purchase Exposition Espionage Act Lusitania, Sinking of the Farmer-Labor Party of 1920 McCray v. United States Farmers’ Alliance McNamara Case Field v. Clark Mafia Incident Foraker Act Maine, Sinking of the “Forgotten Man” Manila Bay, Battle of Four Hundred Mann Act Fourteen Points Meat Inspection Laws Fuel Administration Merrimac, Sinking of “Full Dinner Pail” Metropolitan Museum of Art Gold Bugs Meuse-Argonne Offensive Gold Democrats Mexico, Punitive Expedition into Great Train Robbery, The Middle-of-the-Road Populists Greely Arctic Expedition Missouri v. Holland Guinn and Beal v. United States Morgan-Belmont Agreement Hague Peace Conferences Muckrakers Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty Mugler v. Kansas Hay-Herrán Treaty Mugwumps Hay-Pauncefote Treaties Mussel Slough Incident Haymarket Riot National Monetary Commission Haywood-Moyer-Pettibone Case National Trades’ and Workers’ Association Hepburn Act National War Labor Board, World War I Homestead Strike National Woman’s Party House-Grey Memorandum New Freedom Huckleberry Finn New Nationalism Hurtado v. California Niagara Movement

75 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Nickelodeon Somme Offensive Normalcy Sooners North Sea Mine Barrage Souls of Black Folk, The Northern Securities Company v. United States Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union Ocala Platform Spanish-American War Occupational Health and Safety Act Spanish-American War, Navy in Oil Fields Springer v. United States Olney Corollary Square Deal Oregon System Stalwarts Packers’ Agreement Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United States Palmer Raids Star Route Frauds Pan-American Exposition Statue of Liberty Panama Revolution Strauder v. West Virginia Paris, Treaty of (1898) Sussex Case Pendleton Act Syndicalism Pension Act, Arrears of Taft Commission Philippine Insurrection Taft-Katsura Memorandum Platt Amendment Taft-Roosevelt Split Plessy v. Ferguson Telephone Cases Plumb Plan Teller Amendment Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company Tillmanism Populism Titanic, Sinking of the Portsmouth, Treaty of Transportation Act of 1920 Preparedness Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Progressive Movement Trust-Busting Promontory Point Union Labor Party “Public Be Damned” United States v. E. C. Knight Company Pujo Committee United States v. Harris Pullman Strike United States v. Lee Railroad Administration, U.S. United States v. Trans-Missouri Freight Association Railroad Rate Law United States v. Wong Kim Ark Railroad Strikes of 1886 Veracruz Incident Reed Rules Versailles, Treaty of Roosevelt Corollary Root Arbitration Treaties Victory Loan of 1919 Root Mission Villa Raid at Columbus Root-Takahira Agreement Virginia v. West Virginia Rough Riders Volstead Act Rustler War Wall Street Explosion Saint-Mihiel, Campaigns at War Industries Board Sampson-Schley Controversy War Trade Board San Juan Hill and El Caney, Battles of Washington Monument Schenck v. United States Weeks Act Seamen’s Act of 1915 Western Federation of Miners Selden Patent White Caps Sequoyah, Proposed State of “White Squadron” Sherman Antitrust Act Williams v. Mississippi Sherman Silver Purchase Act Wilmington Riot Shreveport Rate Case Wisconsin Idea Siberian Expedition World War I Silver Democrats World War I Training Camps Silver Republican Party World War I War Debts Single Tax World War I, Economic Mobilization for Sino-Japanese War World War I, Navy in Smith-Hughes Act World War I, U.S. Relief in Smith-Lever Act Wounded Knee Massacre Social Democratic Party “Yellow Peril”

76 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Maps: New York: The Development of a City Adkins v. Children’s Hospital A map of Manhattan issued as a publicity brochure by Airmail the Navarre Hotel (1913) America First Committee American Dilemma, An Primary Source Documents American Indian Defense Association A Letter from Wovoka American Liberty League A Soldier’s Account of the Spanish-American War, 1898 Anzio America’s War Aims: The Fourteen Points Ashcan School Conditions in Meatpacking Plants Atlantic Charter Excerpt from A Century of Dishonor Atlantic, Battle of the Excerpt from Path Breaking Bankhead Cotton Act Excerpt from Peace and Bread in Time of War Banking: Banking Acts of 1933 and 1935 Excerpt from The Principles of Scientific Management Banking: Banking Crisis of 1933 Excerpt from The Theory of the Leisure Class Bastogne Excerpt from The War in Its Effect upon Women Bataan-Corregidor Campaign Gentlemen’s Agreement Berlin, Treaty of In the Slums Bismarck Sea, Battle of Letters from the Front, World War I, 1918 Blue Eagle Emblem Lyrics of “Over There” Bonus Army Platform of the Anti-imperialist League, 1899 Bougainville The Pullman Strike and Boycott Brain Trust Women in Industry (Brandeis Brief) Bretton Woods Conference Women in the Farmers’ Alliance Buenos Aires Peace Conference Bulge, Battle of the Burma Road and Ledo Road Cairo Conferences 1921–1945: California Alien Land Law Capper-Volstead Act PERTINENT TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS Caroline Islands American Passages Carter v. Carter Coal Company 23. The Age of Jazz and Mass Culture Casablanca Conference 24. The Great Depression Centralia Mine Disaster 25. The New Deal, 1933–1939 Cherbourg 26. The Second World War, 1940–1945 China Clipper Citizen Kane The American Past Civilian Conservation Corps 39. In the Days of Harding: Time of Uncertainty Codes of Fair Competition 1919–1923 Commodities Exchange Act 40. Calvin Coolidge and the New Era: When America Coral Sea, Battle of the Was a Business 1923–1929 Council of Economic Advisors 41. National Trauma: T he Great Depression 1930–1933 Dawes Plan 42. Rearranging America: Franklin D. Roosevelt and D Day the New Deal 1933–1938 Depression of 1920 43. Headed for War Again: Foreign Relations Dumbarton Oaks Conference 1933–1942 Economic Royalists 44. America’s Great War: The United States at the Pin- Elbe River nacle of Power 1942–1945 Empire State Building Employment Act of 1946 Liberty, Equality, Power EPIC 24. The 1920s Erie Railroad Company v. Tompkins 25. The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929–1939 Export Debenture Plan 26. America during the Second World War Fair Labor Standards Act Farm Security Administration DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN HISTORY ENTRIES Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota Articles Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service Aachen Five-Power Naval Treaty Abraham Lincoln Brigade Flying the Hump

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Flying Tigers Midway, Battle of Four Freedoms Minnesota Moratorium Case Four-Power Treaty Missouri ex rel Gaines v. Canada Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act Monte Cassino Gastonia Strike Mooney Case German-American Bund Moratorium, Hoover German-American Debt Agreement Myers v. United States Gilbert Islands National Congress of American Indians Glass-Steagall Act National Labor Relations Act Gold Clause Cases National Labor Relations Board v. Jones and Laughlin Steel Gold Purchase Plan Corporation Gold Reserve Act National Recovery Administration Golden Gate Bridge National Union for Social Justice Good Neighbor Policy National War Labor Board, WWII Gothic Line Near v. Minnesota Grain Futures Act Nebbia v. New York Great Gatsby, The New Deal Grosjean v. American Press Company New Era Guadalcanal Campaign Normandy Invasion Guffey Coal Acts Norris-La Guardia Act Gustav Line North African Campaign Hague v. Committee on Industrial Organization Office of Strategic Services Harlem Renaissance Okinawa Hatch Act Packers and Stockyards Act Hiss Case Panama Refining Company v. Ryan Home Owners’ Loan Corporation Panay Incident Hoover Dam Pearl Harbor How to Win Friends and Influence People Peleliu Humphrey’s Executor v. United States Philippine Sea, Battle of the Iceland, U.S. Forces in Pierce v. Society of Sisters Indian Reorganization Act Ploesti Oil Fields, Air Raids on Iwo Jima Potsdam Conference Japanese American Incarceration Progressive Party, 1924 Java Sea, Battle of Rabaul Campaign Jazz Singer, The Railroad Retirement Acts Kellogg-Briand Pact Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Railroad Company Keynesianism Railway Shopmen’s Strike “Kilroy Was Here” Reconstruction Finance Corporation La Follette Civil Liberties Committee Hearings Reparation Commission Lame-Duck Amendment Resettlement Administration Lausanne Agreement Robinson-Patman Act Lend-Lease Sacco-Vanzetti Case Let Us Now Praise Famous Men Saint-Lô Leyte Gulf, Battle of Saipan Lindbergh Kidnapping Case Salerno Lindbergh’s Atlantic Flight Schechter Poultry Corporation v. United States Lingayen Gulf Scottsboro Case London Naval Treaties Share-the-Wealth Movements Lost Generation Sheppard-Towner Maternity and Infancy Protection Act Ludlow Resolution Sicilian Campaign McFadden Banking Act Siegfried Line McNary-Haugen Bill Sit-down Strikes Malmédy Massacre Smith Act Manhattan Project Stafford v. Wallace Marshall Islands Tarawa Meriam Report Task Force 58 Merrill’s Marauders Teapot Dome Oil Scandal

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Technocracy Movement 28. The White House Years, 1953–1960 Teheran Conference 29. Turbulent Years, 1961–1968 Tinian 30. Crisis of Confidence, 1969–1980 Townsend Plan Tripartite Agreement The American Past Truax v. Corrigan 45. Anxiety Time: The United States in the Early Tydings-McDuffie Act Nuclear Age 1946–1952 Unconditional Surrender 46. Eisenhower Country: American Life in the 1950s United Nations Declaration 47. Consensus and Camelot: The Eisenhower and United States v. Butler Kennedy Administrations 1953–1963 Unknown Soldier, Tomb of the 48. Years of Turbulence: Conflict at Home and Abroad Wake, Defense of 1961–1968 Walsh-Healy Act 49. Presidency in Crisis: Policies of the Nixon, Ford, Washington Naval Conference and Carter Administrations 1968–1980 West Coast Hotel Company v. Parrish Wickersham Commission Liberty, Equality, Power Wisconsin Railroad Commission v. Chicago, Burlington and 27. The Age of Containment, 1946–1954 Quincy Railroad 28. Affluence and Its Discontents, 1954–1963 Wolff Packing Company v. Court of Industrial Relations 29. America during Its Longest War, 1963–1974 Works Progress Administration World Economic Conference DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN HISTORY ENTRIES World War II Articles World War II, Air War against Japan ACTION World War II, Air War against Germany Air Cavalry World War II, Navy in Air Force Academy Yalta Conference Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act Yap Mandate All in the Family Young Plan Alliance For Progress Youth Administration, National American Independent Party American Indian Movement Primary Source Documents Anticommunism Advice to the Unemployed in the Great Depression Association on American Indian Affairs “America First” Speech AT&T Divestiture Dedicating the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Attica Excerpt from Land of the Spotted Eagle Autobiography of Malcolm X Excerpt from Who Shall be Educated? Automation Fireside Chat on the Bank Crisis Backlash Ford Men Beat And Rout Lewis Baker Case Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Message on War Against Japan Baker v. Carr Hobby’s Army Bay of Pigs Invasion Letter to Franklin Roosevelt on Job Discrimination Beat Generation Living in the Dust Bowl Berlin Airlift Pachucos in the Making Berlin Wall Power Bermuda Conferences Proclamation on Immigration Quotas Beyond the Melting Pot Total Victory Black Panthers Vanzetti’s Last Statement Black Power War and The Family Brannan Plan Women Working in World War II Bricker Amendment Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Busing Cambodia Incursion 1946–1974: Cambodia, Bombing of Chicago Seven PERTINENT TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS Civil Rights Act of 1957 American Passages Civil Rights Act of 1964 27. Post-War America, 1946–1952 Civil Rights Movement

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Cold War Red Power Columbia River Treaty Revenue Sharing Communication Satellites Rio de Janeiro Conference Community Action Program Roe v. Wade Cuban Missile Crisis Rosenberg Case Doves and Hawks Saint Lawrence Seaway Downsizing Silent Spring Eagleton Affair Software Industry Eisenhower Doctrine Southeast Asia Treaty Organizations Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Existentialism Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Fair Deal Students for a Democratic Society Family Education Rights and Privacy Act Suez Crisis Family of Man Exhibition Taft-Hartley Act Feminine Mystique, The Termination Policy Freedom Riders Tet Offensive Geneva Accords of 1954 Thresher Disaster Great Society Tonkin Gulf Resolution Hidden Persuaders, The Truman Doctrine Hoover Commissions Unit Rule House Committee on Un-American Activities United Nations Conference Hydrogen Bomb Vatican II Indian Civil Rights Act Vietnam War Indian Claims Commission Vietnamization International Geophysical Year Voting Rights Act of 1965 Interstate Highway System War Crimes Trials Invisible Man War on Poverty Iron Curtain Warren Commission ITT Affair Watergate Kent State Protest White Citizens Councils Kerner Commission Wise Men Kinsey Report Women’s Educational Equity Act Korean War X-1 Plane Korean War, Air Combat in Youth Movements Lebanon, U.S. Landing in Legislative Reorganization Act, 1946 Primary Source Documents Liberty Incident A Personal Narrative of the Korean War Lonely Crowd, The An Interview with Fannie Lou Hamer McCarran-Walter Act Black Power Speech McClellan Committee Hearings Constitutional Faith Marshall Plan Eisenhower’s Farewell Address Miranda v. Arizona Excerpt from American Diplomacy Moon Landing Excerpt from Chicano Nationalism: The Key to Unity Nader’s Raiders for La Raza National Council of Churches Excerpt from The Blue Book of the John Birch Society New Frontier Excerpt from the Pentagon Papers New Left Excerpts from Dear America: Letters Home from Viet- Nixon, Resignation of nam Nuclear Test Ban Treaty General Douglas MacArthur’s Speech to Congress Organization of Afro-American Unity Letter to Nguyen Van Thieu Paris Conferences Lyndon B. Johnson’s Speech Declining to Seek Re-elec- Pentagon Papers tion Point Four NOW Statement of Purpose Powell Case President Gerald R. Ford’s Proclamation 4311, Granting Power of Positive Thinking, The a Pardon to Richard Nixon Pueblo Incident Statement by Committee Seeking Peace with Freedom Quiz Show Scandals in Vietnam

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee Found- Archives ing Statement Arms Race and Disarmament The Arrest of Rosa Parks Artificial Intelligence The Christmas Bombing of Hanoi was Justified Assimilation Vietnamization and Silent Majority Astronomy Voice from Moon: The Eagle Has Landed Atlantic City War Story Automobile Industry Watergate Investigation Address Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc. Bakke v. Regents of the University of California Baltimore Baseball 1975–2002: Basketball Beirut Bombing PERTINENT TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS Bicentennial American Passages Biochemistry 30. Crisis of Confidence, 1969–1980 Biological Containment 31. The Reagan-Bush Years Bionics 32. Toward the Twenty-First Century: T he Clinton Bioregionalism Presidency Biosphere 2 Bitburg Controversy The American Past Black Monday Stock Market Crash 49. Presidency in Crisis: Policies of the Nixon, Ford, Bork Confirmation Hearings and Carter Administrations 1968–1980 Boston 50. Morning in America: The Reagan Era 1980–1993 Botany 51. Millennium: Frustration, Anger, Division, Values Brady Bill Budget, Federal Liberty, Equality, Power Cardiovascular Disease 30. Economic and Social Change in the Late 20th Cen- Carter Doctrine tury Caucuses, Congressional 31. Power and Politics since 1974 Celebrity Culture Centers for Disease Control & Prevention DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN HISTORY ENTRIES Challenger Disaster Articles Child Care Abscam Scandal Children, Missing Achille Lauro China, Relations with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ACT UP Cincinnati Aerobics Citizens Band (CB) Radio Affirmative Action Civil Rights Act of 1991 Afghanistan, Soviet Invasion of Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 Africa, Relations with Clean Air Act Agent Orange Clean Water Act Agriculture, Department of Clubs, Exclusionary AIDS Quilt Cold Nuclear Fusion Air Pollution College Athletics Air Traffic Controllers Strike Columbus Quincentenary Aircraft Industry Communications Industry Airline Deregulation Act Compact Discs Alaskan Pipeline Comparable Worth Albuquerque Computers and Computer Industry Alzheimer’s Disease Congress, United States America’s Cup Conservation Biology American Association of Retired Persons Contra Aid American Indian Religious Freedom Act Contract with America Americans with Disabilities Act Cost of Living Adjustment Americorps Courier Services Ames Espionage Case Craig v. Boren

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Credit Cards Gambling Crown Heights Riots Gay and Lesbian Movement Cuba, Relations with General Accounting Office Cuban Americans General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Cultural Literacy General Electric Company v. Gilbert Cybernetics Genetic Engineering Cyborgs Gentrification Dalkon Shield Geology Death and Dying Global Warming Defense, Department of Golf Dentistry Graffiti Denver Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act Deregulation Grenada Invasion Desegregation Griggs v. Duke Power Company Detroit Griswold v. Connecticut Direct Mail Gulf of Sidra Shootdown Discos Gun Control Domestic Violence Hairstyles “Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” Haiti, Relations with Earthquakes Harris v. McRae Economic Indicators Head Start Education, Cooperative Health and Human Services, Department of Education, Department of Health Care Education, Experimental Health Food Industry Education, Higher: African American Colleges Health Maintenance Organizations Education, Parental Choice in Heart Implants Educational Technology Helsinki Accords El Paso Hispanic Americans Employment Retirement Income Security Act Home Shopping Networks Endangered Species Hostage Crises Energy Industry Housing Energy Research and Development Administration Hubble Space Telescope Energy, Department of Human Genome Project Energy, Renewable Hydroponics Enterprise Zones Indian Rights Association Environmental Business Indianapolis Environmental Movement International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States Environmental Protection Agency Internet Equal Pay Act Iran-Contra Affair European Union Iranian Americans Euthanasia Iraq-gate Exxon Valdez Iraqi Americans Family and Medical Leave Act Israeli-Palestinian Peace Accord Federal Bureau of Investigation Japan, Relations with Fertilizers Jewish Defense League Fiber Optics Jews Filipino Americans Jonestown Massacre Financial Services Industry Junk Bonds Food and Drug Administration Justice, Department of Food, Fast Korea-gate Football Korean Airlines Flight 007 Foreign Investment in the United States Laffer Curve Theory Fort Worth Laser Technology Foster Care Latin America, Relations with Free Universities Legionnaires’ Disease Freedom of Information Act Leveraged Buyouts Frontiero v. Richardson Libraries

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Life Expectancy Pro-Life Movement Los Angeles Riots Product Tampering Love Canal Publishing Industry Loving v. Virginia Pure Food and Drug Movement LSD Pyramid Schemes Lyme Disease Rainbow Coalition Manners and Etiquette Reaganomics Mariel Boatlift Real Estate Industry Marine Biology Recycling Marriage Redlining Medicare and Medicaid Reed v. Reed Mental Illness Refugee Act of 1980 Meritor Savings Bank v. Mechelle Vinson Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Microbiology Retailing Industry Military Base Closings Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company Millennialism Robberies Milwaukee Roberts et al. v. United States Jaycees Minneapolis-St. Paul Rockefeller Commission Report Moral Majority Roots Mount St. Helens Rotary International v. Rotary Club of Duarte Multiculturalism Ruby Ridge Music Television Rust v. Sullivan National Association for the Advancement of Colored Rust Belt People Saint Louis Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation San Diego Act Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez Native American Rights Fund Scandals Neoconservatism Schools, For-Profit New York City Scientific Fraud 9/11 Attack Semiconductors North American Free Trade Agreement Set-Asides North Atlantic Treaty Organization Sexual Harassment Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Sexually Transmitted Diseases Nuclear Regulatory Commission Skiing Office Technology Soccer Offshore Oil Son-of-Sam Law Oklahoma City Bombing Sports Olympic Games, American Participation in Star Wars Options Exchanges State, Department of Paleontology Strategic Defense Initiative Palimony Superconducting Super Collider Pan Am Flight 103 Superfund Panama Canal Treaty Supply-Side Economics Panama Invasion Surrogate Motherhood Peace Movements Tailhook Incident Pentecostal Churches Taylor v. Louisiana Persian Gulf War Telecommunications Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney Televangelism Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey Tennis Political Correctness Terrorism Pregnancy Discrimination Act Textbooks Printing Industry Thomas Confirmation Hearings Prizefighting Three Mile Island Prizes and Awards: MacArthur Foundation “Genius” Tiananmen Square Protest Awards Times Beach Prizes and Awards: Nobel Prizes Tourism Pro-Choice Movement Tower Commission

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Toxic Shock Syndrome Megan’s Law Toxic Substance Control Act Telecommunications Act United States–Canada Free Trade Agreement TWA Flight 800 Unsafe at Any Speed Veterans Affairs, Department of Maps: New York: The Development of a City Vice President, U.S. Bird’s Eye View of Manhattan Video Games The Day After Vietnam War Memorial Violence Against Women Act Virtual Reality Primary Source Documents Voice of America Address on Energy Crisis Volcanoes Deming’s 14 Points for Management Volunteer Army Excerpt from Maya in Exile: Guatemalans in Florida Waco Siege Excerpt from The New American Poverty Ward’s Cove Packing Co., Inc., v. Atonio Excerpt from The New Right: We’re Ready to Lead Webster v. Reproductive Health Services Interrogation of an Iran Hostage Wine Industry Pardon for Vietnam Draft Evaders Women in Military Service Report on the Iran-Contra Affair Women’s Health The Fall of Saigon

PART TWO: A GUIDE TO HISTORICAL RESEARCH

In addition to being a scholarly enterprise, research is a social activity intended to create new knowledge. Historical research leads to an informed response to the questions that arise while examining the record of human experience: What was life like under Jim Crow? How did New York City develop? Why were women tried as witches in Salem, Massachusetts, in the late seventeenth century? This guide defines the terminology and describes the processes involved in investigating and writing about history, in asking and answering questions about the past. It includes the following topics: I. Understanding Historical Resources II. Analyzing Sources III. Developing a Research Assignment IV. Beginning and Organizing a Research Paper V. Drafting and Revising a Research Paper VI. Works Cited in This Guide VII. Works to Consult

I. Understanding Historical Resources pare that topic with other events in history. Secondary Every historical period leaves traces—records of what sources are a good starting point in the research process. occurred and who lived during a time. These traces History books, encyclopedias, historical dictionaries, reside in newspaper articles, books, studies, pho- and academic articles are secondary sources. All of the tographs, advertisements, corporate files, and more. entries in the Dictionary of American History, volumes 1 Historians call this disparate array of materials sources. through 8, are secondary sources. Historians classify sources in two major categories: Primary sources are created by individuals who par- primary and secondary. Secondary sources are created ticipated in, or witnessed, an event and recorded that by someone who was either not present when the event event while, or immediately after, it occurred. Volume 9 the source refers to occurred, or removed from it in of the Dictionary of American History is a rich repository time. Historians use secondary sources for overviews, of primary sources. It includes maps, speeches, memoirs, and to help familiarize themselves with a topic and com- articles, and much more.

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Both primary and secondary sources vary in the be refined and tested. Historians (and other researchers) kind of information they contain and how they present refer to a topic at this stage as a hypothesis, a proposition that information. A primary source like Mathew Brady’s made without necessarily being factually correct. photographs of Civil War battlefields, for example, pro- A good researcher avoids committing to any one vides important visual evidence of how the war was hypothesis early in the research process. Rather, she uses fought: the landscape, how soldiers looked, what they it as a general direction for careful reading of primary wore, etc. Yet Brady and his photographers did not sim- and secondary sources. All the while, the researcher ply point their cameras and capture a set of facts. They takes notes and the hypothesis changes and matures. Ini- made conscious decisions about the composition of their tial sources lead to new ones. New information prompts pictures, sometimes arranging the positions of soldiers. rereading of old. This is the trajectory of investigation: They both recorded and interpreted the scenes they shot. more spiraling or iterative than strictly linear. This is also the case with secondary sources. Each Along the way, you can refine a working hypothesis has a design, a slant of some kind on the information it by asking: conveys. An economic historian’s study of the Great Depression emphasizes certain facts that a political histo- • Is it broad enough to promise a variety of sources? rian’s account downplays or omits. Their differing pur- • Is it limited enough to be investigated thoroughly poses require asking different questions; they examine and suit the assignment at hand? different evidence and arrive at different conclusions. • Is it original enough to interest you and your read- Some sources are also more credible than others. The ers? Has it been overdone? economist’s study, for example, could be more thoroughly • Is it worthwhile enough to offer information and researched than the political historian’s, supplying more insights of substance? Is it trivial? balanced information. Discerning the slant and quality of • Can it be verified? Is it supported by facts and primary or secondary sources requires careful analysis. sources? From a refined hypothesis the main idea of a II. Analyzing Sources research assignment, or thesis, can be crafted. The thesis The historian determines the “five W’s” for every piece of is a declarative sentence that information he examines. Who authored the source? What is it about? When was it produced, written, or pub- • focuses on a well-defined idea or set of ideas lished? Where did it originate? Why was it created? Sub- • makes an arguable assertion that facts can support jecting a source to these and similar questions, a historian • prepares your readers for the body of your paper determines its context, its motive, and, often, its credibility. and foreshadows the conclusion Analysis does not necessarily lead a historian to the An example of a thesis statement for a research truth; this presumes there is, in the end, only one true paper on World War II is: “Air warfare had an important account or interpretation of an event. Rather, good his- influence on the outcome of World War II.” torical research requires examining many, often conflict- ing, sources to arrive at a subtle and meaningful under- Like the hypothesis, the thesis is not carved in stone standing, the “new knowledge” that is the object of and, if necessary, can be revised during the research investigation. This is why the Dictionary of American His- process. As you research, it is important to continue to tory includes a variety of primary source documents, evaluate the thesis for breadth, practicality, originality, maps, photos, and entries. and verifiability—the same criteria used to refine your hypothesis. III. Developing a Research Assignment With a well-formed thesis, a researcher returns to With this analytical framework in mind, a student or the primary and secondary literature, this time to sup- researcher can develop an assignment or activity for port, illuminate, and document the idea. How many pri- research. Choosing a topic is the first step. Textbooks mary and secondary sources you should use depends on frequently suggest topics at the ends of chapters. Skim- your topic, the length of your writing assignment, and ming reference works, critical essays, and periodical arti- specific guidelines given by a teacher or professor. There cles can also help you choose a topic. Another method is no general rule, but emphasis on the use of primary consists of reviewing tables of contents of secondary materials is increasing at all levels of the curriculum. sources, identifying a concept or concepts of interest, They are the essential tools of the historian. For the and reading the opening paragraph of each, while look- research paper on World War II mentioned above, a stu- ing at illustrations and checking captions. dent might consult the following sources: Having a topic in mind does not mean you can • articles from Military History Quarterly on World begin writing. What if the idea is too large for the War II air warfare assignment at hand—covering the entire Civil War in a • articles under Battles, Air, from an encyclopedia on five-page paper—or misguided? Rather, your idea must World War II

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• firsthand reports of air battles in Britain from the • Title Search: Enter a title to obtain a list of all Times of London the books the library carries with that title. • memoirs of air war by former German and Japanese 2. Keyword Search/Full-text Search. A one-word pilots search, e.g., “Kennedy,” will produce an overwhelm- ing number of sources, as it will call up any entry that The bibliographies of these sources would, of includes the name “Kennedy.” To narrow the focus, course, lead to other sources. add one or more keywords, e.g., “John Kennedy, Where and how do you find historical materials? Peace Corps.” Be sure to use precise keywords. Today the availability of primary and secondary litera- 3. Boolean Search. Boolean searches use words such as ture is not restricted to a school, public, or academic “and,” “or,” and “not,” which clarify the relation- library. The Internet also provides a vast array of prima- ship between keywords, narrowing the search. ry and secondary texts for research. As with all sources, “John Dean and senate hearings,” for example, will you should ask the questions associated with the “five retrieve materials related to Nixon administration W’s” mentioned above. The sheer amount and widely counsel John Dean’s testimony during the Ervin varying quality of Internet information requires extra committee’s Watergate hearings. rigor. Many students and researchers end up combining library research with Internet investigation, with the There may be far more books and articles listed guidance of the librarian often informing the latter. than you have time to read, so be selective when choos- ing a reference for further investigation. Take informa- In “Introduction to the Library,” the Modern Language tion from works that clearly relate to your thesis, Association Handbook for Writers of Research Papers suggests remembering that you may not use them all. that you become familiar with the library you use by: As you identify sources for review, it is important to • taking a tour or enrolling for a brief introductory keep them organized and to take good notes. Keeping a lecture complete and accurate bibliography during the research • referring to the library’s publications describing its process is a time- (and sanity-) saving practice. If you resources have ever needed a book or pages within a book only to discover that an earlier researcher has failed to return it • introducing yourself and your project to the refer- or torn pages from your source, you will understand the ence librarian need for good documenting and note taking. Every The Handbook also lists guides to the use of libraries researcher has a favorite method for taking notes. Here (Gibaldi, 5–6). Among them are Jean Key Gates, Guide are some suggestions to customize for your own use. to the Use of Libraries and Information (7th ed., New York: • Note cards. In an age when students and researchers McGraw-Hill, 1994) and Thomas Mann, A Guide to routinely bring laptops into the library, this low-tech Library Research Methods (New York: Oxford University method may seem out of date, but it does have its Press, 1987). advantages. Keeping a 3 in. ϫ 5 in. note card with Today most libraries have their holdings listed on a bibliographic information on one side and notes on computer. The online catalog may offer access to Inter- another is a convenient and time-tested practice. net sites, Web pages, and commercial databases that • Digital files. Another method for recording a work- relate to a university or community’s needs. It may also ing bibliography, of course, is to enter sources and include academic journals and online reference books. notes into a computer file. Adding, removing, and Below are three search techniques for accessing refer- alphabetizing titles is a simple process. Be sure to ences to primary and secondary literature in an online save often and to create a backup file. library catalog: Most researchers use hard copy notes and computer 1. Index Search. Although online catalogs may differ files in tandem. Regardless of your method, your biblio- slightly from one library to another, listings are usu- graphic entry should include some basic information. ally accessible by: Most of the information required for a book entry • Subject Search: Enter the subject terms related (Gibaldi, 112) includes: to your topic. If, for example, your paper topic Author’s name focuses on the significance of the Saint Title of a part of the book [preface, chapter title, etc.] Lawrence River, you can enter “River, Saint Title of the book Lawrence.” To determine whether you need to Name of the editor, translator, or compiler follow a particular sequence of terms, as this Edition used example does, check with a reference librarian. Number(s) of the volume(s) used • Author Search: Enter an author’s name to find Name of the series out the library’s holdings of works written by Place of publication, name of the publisher, and the author. date of publication

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Page numbers you are not alone. Many students—and many published Supplementary bibliographic information and writers—find beginning to write the most daunting part annotations of the entire research process. “The best antidote to Most of the information required for an article in a writer’s block is—to write” (Klauser, 15). periodical (Gibaldi, 141) includes: To an extent, if you have been following the meth- Author’s name ods for research and annotation mentioned earlier, you Title of the article have already begun writing your paper. The next step is Name of the periodical to structure and amplify the ideas captured in your notes. Organize your notes according to key topic head- Series number or name (if relevant) ings. This involves grouping like ideas and assigning a Volume number (for a scholarly journal) general label to them. These headings will eventually Issue number (if needed) serve as your paper’s main points. Date of publication Page numbers Taking time to assess key topic headings will lead Supplementary information you to build up, or omit, certain topics, thus sharpening your argument. Does one topic have few primary or sec- Citations for electronic versions of books and arti- ondary sources supporting it, compared with another? If cles are generally the same as for print sources. For so, you may need to perform more research, or you may information on how to cite other sources, refer to the delete it. Each key topic should have approximately the Chicago Manual of Style, MLA Handbook, the American same amount of information associated with it. Have Historical Association’s and/or the Organization of you resolved or at least accounted for a topic’s conflict- American Historians’ web site. ing information? If not, further research and thought are Effective note taking ensures your research is pro- required. ductive. Focus on points in sources that support and Once you have assembled key topics, you can con- enhance your thesis as well as those that conflict with it or sider two different methods for organizing them: deduc- call it into question. A good researcher sharpens her thesis tion or chronological order. when confronted with new and challenging information. Be concise. Do not weave in the author’s phrases. Read Deduction. From the Latin deducere, meaning to lead the information first and then capture the main points in away from, deduction is a process of reasoning, and writ- your own words. If necessary, simplify the language of the ing, in which one point leads into another. Usually, the source and list the ideas in the same order. A good para- first point is a general one and the second is a more spe- phrase can be as long as the original phrase. Paraphrasing cific point related to it. In a paper, the thesis statement is is also helpful when you struggle to understand a particu- the generalization that leads to specific points. These larly difficult passage. It also helps you analyze the text specific points are the key topics assembled from research you are reading and evaluate its strengths and weaknesses and supported by primary and secondary sources. The (Barnet and Bedau, 13). If you quote, copy patiently word thesis is stated early in the paper. The body of the paper for word. Quote from the original source, if possible. A then provides the facts, examples, and analogies that flow secondary source may have misquoted the original. logically from that thesis. The thesis contains keywords that are reflected and enhanced in the subordinate points Whether you paraphrase or quote directly from drawn from research. These keywords become a unifying another work, you must acknowledge the original element throughout the paper, as they reappear in the source. Remember, taking the words and ideas of others detailed paragraphs that support and develop the thesis. without crediting them is plagiarism. From the Latin The conclusion of the paper circles back to the thesis, plagium, meaning kidnapping, plagiarism, whether which is now far more meaningful because of the deduc- intentional or not, is stealing someone else’s ideas and tive development that supports it. An old saying sums it expressions. It is unethical and illegal. up this way: “Tell ’em what you’re going to tell ’em, tell Just as you would not misappropriate others’ ideas, ’em, and then tell ’em what you told ’em.” do not neglect your own. Ralph Waldo Emerson warns you to “look sharply after your thoughts. They come In the example given earlier on air warfare in World unlooked for, like a new bird seen on your trees, and, if War II, the structure of the research paper could be: you turn to your usual task, disappear.” To differentiate Thesis: “Air warfare had an important influence on these insights from those of the source you are reading, the outcome of World War II.” initial them as your own in your notes. Key Topic 1: Overall effects of air battles on the out- come of the war. IV. Beginning and Organizing a Research Paper Notes from Military History Quarterly When you have amassed substantial research on your —the Allied air campaign against Germany thesis, you are ready to write your paper. Where to destroyed many weapons factories, compromis- begin? If you feel overwhelmed staring at a blank page, ing German offense and defense.

87 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

Key Topic 2: Air warfare was crucial to England’s settled on a method of citing sources. Now you need to successful self-defense against a German inva- put your ideas into prose for a first draft. Some writing sion, an important factor in the outcome of the teachers suggest “freewriting” your first draft. Freewrit- war. ing is a process during which the writer freely moves Notes from German former pilot’s memoir from idea to idea, not necessarily imposing a strict order —the strategy the Germans pursued is recalled as or sequence at first. In Writing without Teachers, Peter follows.… Elbow asserts that “[a]lmost everybody interposes a mas- Note that topics support and detail the thesis in sive and complicated series of editings between the time increasing levels of specificity and always refer to sources. words start to be born into consciousness and when they finally come off the end of the pencil or typewriter [or Chronological Order. A chronological organizing prin- word processor] onto the page” (Elbow, 5). Regardless ciple presents key topics gathered in research as events of the method you use, your primary intention in draft- in a story. If you are analyzing a specific historical event, ing your paper should be to write your ideas so that you such as the Triangle Shirtwaist fire, or exploring cause can begin the process of revising and refining your work. and effect, a chronological organization is useful. Subsequent drafts focus on writing a paper that is Whether you develop your paper’s argument using a grammatically correct, flows smoothly, supports your the- deductive or chronological method, you will need to cite sis fully, and speaks clearly and interestingly. This involves the sources behind your key topics. A works cited page at reviewing the language and structure of your paper. the paper’s end is not sufficient documentation to Although a thorough discussion of grammar and style is acknowledge the ideas, facts, and opinions you have beyond the scope of this guide, here is a checklist of major included within your text. The MLA Handbook for Writers points that will help you in reviewing your first draft and of Research Papers describes an efficient parenthetical style revising it to produce a more refined piece of writing. of documentation—this guide uses it—to be used within the body of your paper. The author’s last name and the Grammar. In reviewing your paper for grammatical cor- page number referred to appear in the text in parentheses. rectness, you should bear the following factors in mind: A full bibliographic description of the source follows on 1. Sentence completeness. Be sure sentences are com- the works cited page. There are numerous styles for par- plete. Eliminate fragments. enthetical and full bibliographic citations. Your instructor Example: Because Roosevelt believed in the may direct you to use a specific one. Refer also to the cause [fragment], he hewed to his New Deal American Historical Association’s Web site. program [completion]. There are a variety of titles for the page that lists 2. Subject and verb agreement. Do subjects and verbs agree primary and secondary sources (Gibaldi, 106–107). A in number? Works Cited, also called a Bibliography, page lists those works you have cited within the body of your paper. The Example: The trouble with truth is [not are] its reader need only refer to it for the information required many varieties. for further independent research. An Annotated Bibliog- 3. Pronoun and noun agreement. Review pronouns for raphy or Annotated Works Cited page offers brief agreement in number (this, these, that, those) and descriptions of the works listed. A Works Consulted gender (his, hers) with the nouns to which they page lists those works you have used but not cited. refer. Remember that a pronoun refers back to the Regardless of the style you adopt, a citation should noun preceding it. accompany the following pieces of information: 4. Punctuation. Are you using correct punctuation • direct quotations throughout your paper? • paraphrases and summaries What follows are some basic punctuation guide- lines: • information that is not common knowledge and can be traced to a specific source • A period completes a sentence, which is a complete thought. • borrowed material that could be mistaken for your own in the absence of a citation • A semicolon separates two complete, related thoughts within the same sentence. • Use of a colon implies introduction of an example. V. Drafting and Revising a Research Paper “There are days when the result is so bad that no fewer than • A comma introduces a pause after a phrase or in a five revisions are required. In contrast, when I’m greatly sequence within a sentence. inspired, only four revisions are needed.”—John Kenneth Examples: Speed, skill, and agility constituted Galbraith success factors. Or: Her journey ended, she You have assembled the research paper’s key topics. began to edit her travel journal. You have determined an organizing principle. You have • Avoid the use of exclamations in formal prose.

88 GUIDE TO RESEARCH AND LEARNING

• Use the apostrophe in “it’s” to signify a contraction ment? Is your reasoning convincing? Does your of “it is.” Use “its” for the possessive of “it.” conclusion relate to your thesis? Style. Consider the following points: 9. Spelling. Do not rely only on spell-checking pro- grams. The program will not pick up correctly 1. Voice. Do you speak in the first person in your spelled words that are misused, such as “affect,” paper? Avoid using phrases such as “I think…” in “effect,” “it’s,” and “its.” When you edit for spelling formal expository prose. errors, read sentences backward. This procedure 2. Passive constructions. Are you frequently using pas- will help you look closely at individual words. sive verb constructions? Passive sentences hide These points constitute major areas of concern. cause and effect relationships and obscure responsi- There are dozens of others. Following this guide’s sug- bility. You can revise passive sentences to restore gestions for research and writing will not ensure an agency: unqualified success in historiography. Rather, we hope It was decided to remain in the building. we have provided a useful point of departure for utiliz- The firefighters decided to remain in the building. ing the Dictionary of American History. The consequences of his actions were shown to Two lists follow. T he first identifies sources cited in him. this guide; the second lists other works to consult. Both contain further suggestions for historical research and The scientists showed him the consequences of his for writing papers. actions. 3. Verbs. Favor vivid verbs over verb and adverb combina- tions. The first sentence shows a weak, wordy expres- VI. Works Cited in This Guide sion. The second shows a forceful, efficient expression. Barnet, Sylvan, and Hugo Bedau. Critical Thinking, Reading, Emphasize vivid verbs over forms of “to be.” and Writing: A Brief Guide to Argument. Boston: Bed- ford/St. Martin’s, 1998. She too hastily arrived at a conclusion. Elbow, Peter. Writing without Teachers. New York: Oxford Uni- She rushed to a conclusion. versity Press, 1973. 4. Repetition. As you review your first draft, eliminate Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. repeated thoughts and phrases. As stated elsewhere, 4th ed. New York: Modern Language Association of however, judicious repetition of your thesis state- America, 1995. ment’s keywords throughout your argument can Klauser, Henriette Anne. Writing on Both Sides of the Brain: signal the introduction of an important idea. Breakthrough Techniques for People Who Write. San Francis- 5. Transition. Transition between thoughts is essential co: HarperSanFrancisco, 1987. if you want your reader to follow you from intro- duction to conclusion. Transitional words and VII. Works to Consult phrases, such as “however,” “then,” “next,” “there- Barzun, Jacques, and Henry F. Graff. The Modern Researcher. fore,” “first,” “moreover,” and “on the other hand,” 6th ed. Stamford, Conn.: International Thomson, 2002. signal changes in your argument. You should not Brent, Doug. Reading as Rhetorical Invention: Knowledge, Persua- overuse them, however. sion, and the Teaching of Research-Based Writing. Urbana, 6. Organization. Throughout revision, check and Ill.: National Council of Teachers of English, 1992. recheck your paper’s organization for logical Davidson, James West, and Mark H. Lytle. After the Fact: The sequencing of ideas. Continue the practice of label- Art of Historical Detection. 2nd ed. New York: Knopf, 1986. ing key topics in your prose. Write the main idea of Furay, Conal, and Michael J. Salevouris. The Methods and Skills each paragraph in the margin and review the pro- of History: A Practical Guide. 2nd ed. Wheeling, Ill.: Harlan gression of your paper in shorthand form as you Davidson, 2000. revise. This technique produces a “living outline” of Rico, Gabriele Lusser. Writing the Natural Way: Using Right your paper. Brain Techniques to Release Your Expressive Powers. Los 7. Sound. As you revise sentences and paragraphs, read Angeles: J. P. Tarcher, 1983. them aloud. Hearing your own words puts them in Sorenson, Sharon. How to Write Research Papers. New York: a new light. Listen to the use of language and flow Arco, 2002. of ideas. Does the writing sound awkward or Steffens, Henry J., Mary Jane Dickerson, Toby Fulwiler, and wordy? Reading your work aloud will likely lead Arthur W. Biddle. Writer’s Guide: History. Boston: D.C. you to shorten sentences, generally a positive edito- Heath, 1987. rial decision. Strunk, William, Jr., and E. B. White. The Elements of Style. 4th 8. Peer review. Find a peer reader to read your paper ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2000. with you present. Or, visit your college or universi- Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, ty’s writing lab. Guide your reader’s responses by and Dissertations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, asking specific questions. Can he follow your argu- 1996.

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INDEX

Index preparation by Jennifer Burton, Nedalina (Dina) Dineva, and Marianna Wackerman at Coughlin Indexing Services, Inc., with the assistance of Maria Coughlin and Scott Smiley. Volume numbers are in boldface and precede page numbers. Page numbers in boldface refer to the main entry on the subject. Pages with illustrations, tables, or figures are cited in italics.

A ABC television network, 8:72, 73, Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe) and, 138 8:248–249 AA. See Alcoholics Anonymous cartoons on, 2:64 women and, 8:505–506, 512 AAA. See Agricultural Adjustment Abduction. See Kidnapping See also Antislavery movement Act; Agricultural Adjustment Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem, 1:425 Abortion, 1:3–7 Administration; American Auto- Abel, Rudolph Ivanovich, 8:247 in 19th century, 1:4, 5 mobile Association Abenaki, 1:1–2; 8:219 in 20th century, 1:4–7 AAAS. See American Association for in 20th century, 1:2 adolescent girls and, 2:149 the Advancement of Science in colonial era, 1:1; 5:21; 6:56; black-market, 1:5–6 Aachen (Germany), 1:1 8:311 in colonial era, 1:3 AAFL. See All America Football France’s alliance with, 1:1; 2:293; Comstock law and, 1:467 League 8:311 contraception and, 1:4–5 AAIA. See Association on American Iroquois and, 5:21; 8:311 criminal regulation of, 2:459 Indian Affairs member tribes of, 1:1 in electoral politics, 3:168 AALS. See Association of American in New Hampshire, 6:56 gender roles and, 1:4 Law Schools in Vermont, 1:2; 5:21; 8:311 legislative restrictions on, 1:4–7 Aandahl, Fred G., 6:132 Abercromby, James, 5:21; 7:193 under Medicaid, 1:7; 4:100 Aaron, Henry (Hank), 1:421 Abilene (Kansas), 1:2; 2:442 methods of, 1:3–4, 7 AARP. See American Association of cattle market at, 2:75, 158 partial-birth, 1:7 Retired Persons railroads and development of, 7:34 perceptions of fetus and, 1:3–4, 5 AAS. See American Anti-Slavery Abilene Trail, 1:2 pro-choice movement and, 6:489 Society Ableman, Stephen V., 1:2–3 pro-life movement against, 1:4, 6; AAU. See Amateur Athletic Union Ableman v. Booth, 1:2–3; 3:482 2:165; 6:489 AAUP. See American Association of ABM. See Anti-ballistic missile Moral Majority in, 5:456 University Professors Abolitionism Operation Rescue in, 5:549; ABA. See American Bar Association and boycotts, 1:528 6:199–200 Abbe, Cleveland, 2:235 censorship of, 2:84 rates of, 1:3, 4, 5 Abbey, Edward, 5:552 and colonization movement, 2:297 religious protests against, 2:165 Abbott, Berenice, 1:301 goals of, 1:208 right to privacy and, 4:497; 6:479 Abbott, Gilbert, 1:185 Liberty Party and, 5:96–97 Supreme Court on Abbott, Jacob, 5:127 and Lovejoy riots, 5:165 discussion of, 7:216 Abbott, Lyman, 8:263 in New York, 6:88 legalization of (Roe v. Wade), Abbott, Robert, 6:98 organized, 5:96 1:6–7; 7:192–193; 8:517 ABC bill (Act for Better Child Care in Pennsylvania, 6:278 as litmus test for Court nominees, Services) (1990), 2:139 Quakers and, 7:2 1:7 ABC Conference (1914), 1:1 Second Great Awakening and, 2:163 under Medicaid, 4:100

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Abortion, (continued) Acheson, Dean G. Act of Chapultepec (1945), 8:272 reactions to, 1:6–7 Cuban missile crisis and, 2:471 ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to restrictions on, 1:7, 45–46; in Korean War, 4:545 Unleash Power), 1:16, 18–19 6:361–362; 8:433–434 Acheson, Lila Bell, 7:51, 51 ACTION, 1:19 right to privacy and, 4:497 Achille Lauro hijacking, 1:13 Action figures (toys), 8:153 women’s rights movement and, Acid rain, 1:13–14, 14, 80; 3:480 Action for Progress, 1:128 8:511, 518 Canadian complaints about, 2:27 Active life expectancy, 5:106 Abourezk, James, 5:72 fossil fuels and, 3:214 Actors’ Equity, 8:114 Abraham, Plains of, 1:7 Ackerman, James, 1:70 Actors’ Society of America, 8:114 Abraham, Spencer, 5:72 ACLS. See American Council of Actors Studio, 8:115 Abraham Lincoln Brigade, 1:7–8 Learned Societies Acuff, Roy, 5:491 Abrams, Creighton W., 8:335 ACLU. See American Civil Liberties ACWA. See Amalgamated Clothing Abrams, Elliott, 6:32 Union Workers of America Abscam scandal, 1:8; 3:338 ACLU, Reno v., 2:85 Ad valorem duties, 3:97 Abstract art ACLU Greater Pittsburgh Chapter, vs. specific duties, 8:50 cubism, 2:475–476 County of Allegheny v., 2:166 ADA. See Americans with Disabili- expressionism, 1:8–10, 298 ACLU v. Reno, 3:340 ties Act ABT. See American Ballet Theatre Acquired immune deficiency syn- Adair v. United States, 2:408; 8:578 Abuse drome (AIDS), 1:14–18; 2:512; Adam, Robert, 1:291 child (See Child abuse) 3:37, 241 Adam of Bremen, 8:337 domestic (See Domestic violence) activists on, 1:16, 16, 18–19; 7:327 Adams, Abigail, 3:375; 7:7; 8:512 sexual, Catholic Church scandal in Africa, 1:18, 40, 41 letters of, excerpts from, 9:144–145 involving, 2:71 and gays and lesbians, 3:514; 7:327 Adams, Alice, 1:309 Abzug, Bella, 8:517 incidence of, 7:332–333 Adams, Ansel, 1:301; 4:200 AC. See Alternating current by state, 1:17 Adams, Arthur, 3:521, 522 ACA. See Automobile Club of Amer- people with, 1:15, 16, 17 Adams, Bud, 3:411 ica prostitution and, 6:514 Adams, C. F., 1:106 Academia public attitudes toward, 1:16–17 Adams, Charles Francis, 4:31; 5:90; growth of, 5:67 quilt dedicated to victims of, 8:290 middlebrow culture and, 5:366 1:72–73, 73; 7:6 and Free Soil Party, 2:361 Academic freedom, 1:10–11 recognition of, 2:88 Adams, Douglas, The Hitchhiker’s American Association of University research on, 1:15–16 Guide to the Galaxy, 2:338 Professors and, 1:10, 142–143 sex education and, 1:17, 18 Adams, Franklin P., 1:123 American Federation of Teachers treatment for, 1:15–16, 17–18 Adams, George Burton, 1:159 and, 1:155 tuberculosis in, 8:237 Adams, Henry, 1:55; 3:280; 4:138 Academy Awards, 6:485–486 Acquisitions. See Mergers and acqui- Adams, Herbert Baxter, 1:158 Acadia, 1:11, 11–12; 6:52 sitions Adams, John ACC. See Air Combat Command Across the Plains to California in 1852 and Alien and Sedition Acts, 6:145 Accelerators, 6:339, 342–343 (Frizzell), excerpt from, American Academy of Arts and Accidents, 1:12–13 9:229–233 Sciences and, 1:139; 5:66 airplane (See Airplane crashes) Acrylic, 6:366 birthplace of, 1:508 automobile, 1:12, 376–377 ACS. See American Colonization Blount conspiracy and, 1:489 environmental, 3:228 Society Boston Massacre and, 1:513 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 3:39, 233, Act for Better Child Care Services and Declaration of Independence, 305, 305–306 (ABC bill) (1990), 2:139 2:521–522 industrial, Safety First Movement Act for International Development and Declaration of Rights, 2:524 and, 7:222 (1950), 6:381 diplomacy of, 2:394; 7:146, 147 Accommodations, equal Act for the Government and Protec- and Dutch bankers’ loans, 3:96 Civil Rights Act of 1875 on, 2:194 tion of Indians (1850), 8:214 and Essex Junto (term), 3:255 Civil Rights Act of 1964 on, Act for the Impartial Administration estimate of number of Loyalists, 2:195–196 of Justice. See Coercive Acts; 5:167 Accounting scandals, 4:27–28 Intolerable Acts foreign policy of, 2:398; 7:117 Acculturation, 1:336 Act for the Punishment of Certain and France, relations with, 3:450 Acharya, Pandit, 1:326 Crimes (1798), 1:123–124 and independence, goal of, 2:520

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legal training of, 5:56, 73 British attempt to arrest, 2:287 Administrative law, 3:333 letters of, excerpts from, 9:144–145 and Federalists, 2:381 Administrative Procedure Act (APA) Locke’s political philosophy and, at First Continental Congress, (1946), 1:22 5:141 2:524 Admiralty law and courts, 1:23–24 midnight judges appointed by, Massachusetts Circular Letter by, Adobe, 1:24 5:367 5:272; 8:349 Adolescence, 1:24–27 and Navy, Department of, 6:23 text of, 9:122–123 social recognition of, 2:137; 3:73 and Plan of 1776, 6:361 Adams, Samuel Hopkins, 6:554 violent crime in, 2:460 presidency of, 3:351 Adamson Act (1916), 1:19; 6:54; See also under Juvenile in presidential campaign of 1789, 7:24, 25; 8:360 Adoptees’ Liberty Movement Asso- 3:150, 171 Adams-Onís Treaty, 1:188; 3:386, ciation, 1:29 in presidential campaign of 1792, 425; 5:159; 8:204 Adoption, 1:27–30 3:150 Arkansas River in, 1:264 international, 1:29 in presidential campaign of 1796, Adarand Constructors v. Pena, 1:581; legislation on, 1:27–29; 2:137; 3:150, 171; 8:322 7:316 3:443 in presidential campaign of 1800, ADC. See Aid to Dependent Chil- of Native Americans, 4:263–264 3:150, 351–352 dren; American Arab Anti-Dis- open, 1:29 and presidential open house, 8:471 crimination Committee transracial, 1:29 on republican order, 2:315 Addams, Jane, 2:132, 349; 5:91; Adoption and Safe Families Act and Seal of the United States, 3:99 6:267, 317, 440; 8:114, 499, 521 (ASFA) (1997), 2:137; 3:443 on state representation, 2:86 Peace and Bread in Time of War, Adoptions Assistance and Child subpoena to, 6:456 excerpt from, 9:365–367 Welfare Act (1980), 3:443 Thoughts on Government, 7:136 in settlement house movement, Adorno, Theodor, 1:196, 207; 3:454 and Treaty of Paris, 1:541; 6:248 1:146; 7:317–318 ADR. See Alternative dispute resolu- and Virginia dynasty, 8:348 social gospel and, 7:414 tion; Applied Data Research and XYZ affair, 8:570 Addes, George, 8:261 Adult education, 3:115 Adams, John Quincy Address of the Southern Delegates, Chautauqua movement and, 2:113 Adams-Onís Treaty and, 1:188; 1:19–20 Adultery, Uniform Code of Military 8:204 Addyston Pipe Company case, 1:20 Justice on, 8:256 in Amistad case, 1:176 ADEA. See Age Discrimination in Advanced Research Projects Agency on astronomy, 1:343 Employment Act (ARPA), 4:398; 8:66 birthplace of, 1:508 Adena, 1:20 Advanced Research Projects Agency caucus supporting, 6:113 Aderholt, O. F., 3:512 Network (ARPANET), 2:337; and civil service, 2:206 ADHD. See Attention-deficit/hyper- 3:184–185; 4:398–399; 8:65, 66, against gag rule, 3:502 activity disorder 70 on metric system, 5:529 Adirondack Mountains, 6:86 Advanced Technology Program, and Monroe Doctrine, 5:46 Adirondack Park Agency Act (1971), 5:529 and National Republican Party, 5:38 Adventist churches, 1:30–31 5:555 Adkins v. Children’s Hospital, origins of, 8:501 on natural dominion, 1:187 1:20–21; 3:308; 5:394–395; Adventurers, merchant, 5:316–317 in presidential campaign of 1824, 8:445 Adventures of Augie March, The (Bel- 2:420; 3:152, 171; 5:555; Adler, Felix, 1:55; 3:256 low), 8:294 8:322–323 Adler, Mortimer, 3:124; 4:40 Adverse possession, 6:506–507 in presidential campaign of 1828, and Encyclopaedia Britannica, 3:204 Advertising, 1:31–35 3:152 Administration of Justice Act (1774), in 19th century, 1:32–33 Vancouver explorations and, 8:307 4:408 in 20th century, 1:33–34 and westward expansion, Administration Reorganization Act in almanacs, 1:129 1:187–188; 8:307 (1939), 6:44 for borax, 1:505 Adams, Lewis, 8:241 Administrative agencies, federal. See on cable television, 8:76 Adams, Robert, 5:129 Federal agencies celebrities and, 2:79, 98 Adams, Samuel, 1:509; 7:135 Administrative discretion, delegation for Coca-Cola, 2:260, 260 and Boston Committee of Corre- of, 1:21–22 in colonial era, 1:31 spondence, 1:512; 2:314 Administrative justice (adjudication), and consumerism, 2:388, 389–390 and Boston Tea Party, 1:514 1:22–23 cowboy imagery in, 2:444

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Advertising, (continued) Supreme Court on, 1:36–37, 386; adoption of, 1:28, 29 department stores and, 3:7 4:66; 7:157 affirmative action for, 1:35–37 flag used in, 3:380 for women, 1:36–37 African alliances with, 1:138 The Hidden Persuaders (Packard) Affluent Society, The (Galbraith), in Alabama, 1:103 on, 4:130 6:438 civil rights movement and, on Internet, 1:34 Afghanistan 1:104–105 in magazines, 1:32; 5:193, 198; CIA operations in, 2:92 in Alvin Ailey Dance Theater, 7:252 Soviet invasion of, 1:37–38, 38; 1:131 in mail-order catalogs, 5:206 2:269, 270 in American Bar Association, 1:145 mass marketing, 5:245–246 chemical weapons used in, 2:119 in American Revolution, 1:48; men as targets of, 2:391 U.S. response to, 2:60 7:116, 146, 152 motivation research in, 4:130 and U.S. relations with Pakistan anti-Semitism among, 1:207; 6:32 in newspapers, 6:96, 97 and India, 4:260 in Arkansas, 1:261, 263 online, 2:323 U.S. bombing campaign in, 1:496; bank for, 3:462 outdoor, 1:34 6:109 black arts movement among, and packaging, 6:229 armed forces used in, 1:277–278; 5:194; 8:115 in print, 1:31–32 2:365 and black nationalism, 1:477–478, with product placement, 1:34 AFL. See American Federation of 479 on radio, 1:34 Labor; American Football boycotting by, 1:529 roadside, 2:389 League in California slogans in, 1:33 AFL-CIO. See American Federation Los Angeles, 5:153 for smoking, 1:34; 7:404, 405; of Labor–Congress of Industrial Oakland, 6:151 8:136 Organizations on chain gangs, 2:99, 99 for soap, 7:408 Africa Christianity and, 7:8, 87–88 for spirits, 7:504, 505 African American alliances with, churches of, 2:477; 7:89 (See also on television, 1:34; 8:72, 73, 75–76 1:138 specific churches) infomercials, 4:354–355 African American colonization of, membership in, 7:91 volume of, 1:34t, 34–35 1:147–148, 208–209, 477; citizenship for, 2:180, 193, 219 women as targets of, 2:390–391 2:296–297; 3:197; 6:47 civil rights for (See Civil rights Advertising agencies, 1:32–33 AIDS in, 1:40, 41 movement) Advocate, The (magazine), 5:198 Cuban troops in, 2:471 in Civil War, 1:510; 2:212, 215, AEC. See Atomic Energy Commission economic and political crises in, 395–396 AEI. See American Enterprise Insti- 1:38 Confederate States of America, tute foreign aid to, 3:416, 418 2:343 Aerial Phenomenon Research Orga- foreign observers from, 1:138 Fort Pillow Massacre and, 6:356 nization (APRO), 8:255 immigration from, 4:221 New York City Draft Riots and, Aerobics, 1:35 Pan-Africanism and, 6:234–236 3:84; 7:164 Aerospace industry, 1:96 religion in, 1:41 after Civil War, 7:10 Aesthetic preservationism, and slave culture, 7:396 political participation of, 7:61 2:368–369 slavery within, 7:386–387, 389–390 in Civilian Conservation Corps, AFC. See America First Committee; U.S. aid to, 1:40–41 2:220 American Fur Company U.S. relations with, 1:38–41 in colonial era, 1:47–48 (See also AFDC. See Aid to Families with World War II in, 6:123–124; Slave[s]) Dependent Children 8:549 colonization movement and, Affirmative action, 1:35–37; 3:49 See also specific countries 1:147–148, 208–209; 2:296, arguments against, 1:386; 2:205; African Abroad or His Evolution in 296–297; 6:47 3:249, 250 Western Civilization, Tracing His in Communist Party, 2:327 in employment, 1:35–37; 4:66; Development Under Caucasian compensation for, 3:440 7:315–316 Milieu, The (Ferris), 6:236 in Congressional Black Caucus, in higher education, 1:37 African American(s), 1:47–53 1:471 neoconservatives on, 6:32 in 18th century, 1:48 in Connecticut, 2:358 Philadelphia Plan and, 6:314 in 19th century, 1:48–50 cowboys, 2:443 Proposition 209 and, 6:509–510 in 20th century, 1:51–52 cultural pluralism and, 6:375, 376 set-asides as, 7:315–316 activist organizations of, 5:371 culture of, in 18th century, 1:48

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INDEX dance among, 2:497 in Indiana, 4:317, 319 in Ohio, 6:174 and Democratic Party, 2:195, 201, International Labor Defense and, in Oklahoma, 6:185, 186 552; 6:398 4:389 in old age, 6:189 discrimination against (See Racial in Iowa, 4:417 in Oregon, 6:206, 207 discrimination) Jim Crow laws and, 4:479–480 in Organization of Afro-American disfranchisement of, 3:57 as jurors, 4:503; 7:555 Unity, 6:211 and Dorr’s Rebellion, 3:80 in Kentucky, 4:521 in Pennsylvania, 6:278, 312 legal challenge to, 8:483 Kwanzaa among, 4:148, 553 picketing, 6:350 Mississippi Plan for, 5:414–415 as law students, 5:58 pioneers, 6:358 through voter registration laws, literature by, 2:205; 4:95–96; in political office 8:354 7:197; 8:248 in 19th century, 1:50; 8:8 education for, 3:115, 117, 118, in Louisiana, New Orleans, 6:74 in 20th century, 8:9 120–121 lynching of, 5:179, 179; 8:337 and African policies, 1:38, 39 African American Studies and, and NAACP, 5:526 in Virginia, 8:345 1:46–47; 3:119 of Till (Emmett), 8:126, 126 Voting Rights Act and, 8:357 colleges, 3:121, 125–127; 8:263 during World War I, 8:537 political participation of, after Civil at Oberlin College, 6:152 magazines of, 5:193, 194, 199–200 War, 7:61 universities, 8:263 marriage among, interracial (mis- poverty among, 6:437, 440 emigration to Africa, 1:477; cegenation), 4:479; 5:405–406 in prison, 6:477, 478 2:296–297; 3:197 in Maryland, Baltimore, 1:393 rape laws and, 7:49, 50 family life of, 3:313 in Massachusetts, Cambridge, 2:18 in Reconstruction era, 1:49–50; farmers’ alliance created by, 3:323; in Michigan, Detroit, 3:20 3:462–463; 4:374; 8:23 6:417 migration by, 5:369–371, 370 relations with whites, 7:9–10 as farmhands, 3:325 in 20th century, 1:51; 8:537 religions of, 1:41–46 (See also spe- FBI operations targeting, 2:266 from Georgia, 3:557 cific denominations) in Florida, 3:386, 388 to Liberia, 1:148 in Republican Party, 8:356 folklore of, 3:394–395 military service by, 2:201; in Rhode Island, 7:152 foreign observers on, 1:138 5:380–382, 381 rights of in foster care, 1:29 black cavalry, 1:471–472 Force Acts and, 3:413–414 free black infantry, 1:475, 476 and liberalism, 5:92 in 18th century, 1:48 Brownsville affair, 1:549–550 rioting by in 19th century, 1:48–49; 7:465 women, 8:505 in 1960s, 7:165 kidnapping, 6:294, 462 minstrel shows and, 5:402, Rodney King riots, 7:12, 165 in Louisiana, 5:160 489–490, 496 Watts riots, 2:12; 8:430–431, 431 in Lower East Side, 5:166 in Mississippi, 5:412–413 separatists, 4:375 in South, 7:465 in Missouri, Saint Louis, 7:227 sexuality of, 7:329 Freedom Riders, 3:464 music of, 4:96; 5:489–490, 492 sharecroppers, 7:335 as freemasons, 3:466 blues, 1:491–492 in South, New, 7:468 gender roles of, 3:519, 520 gospel, 5:497–498 in South Carolina, 7:456–457 genealogical community of, jazz, 4:467–468 Charleston, 2:107 3:522–523 ragtime, 7:22 in sports, 7:511 in Georgia, 3:555–558 rock and roll, 7:185 baseball, 1:420, 421, 422, 547 Atlanta, 1:348–349 names of, 5:509 basketball, 1:424–425 in Great Depression, 1:51; 5:563 National Urban League and, 5:563 football, 3:412 and gun control, 4:74, 75 Native Americans and, 4:324; prizefighting, 6:483, 484, 485; gun violence among, 2:460 7:8–9; 8:249 7:510 hairstyles of, 4:84 in Nebraska, 6:31 track and field, 8:154–156 Harlem Renaissance and, 4:94, in New Hampshire, 6:58 in State Department, 7:530 95–97 in New Jersey, 6:63 steelworkers, compensation of, 8:278 heritage of, 7:197 in New York City, 4:94 stereotypes regarding, 2:223 holiday celebrations by, 4:148, 149, newspapers of, 5:193, 194, as strikebreakers, 3:49 553 199–200; 6:88, 96–97, 98 suburbanization and, 7:575 in Illinois, 4:217 censorship of, 6:99 suffrage for, 1:542; 3:145; 7:106; Chicago, 2:133, 134, 201 in North Carolina, Raleigh, 7:46 8:6–9, 7, 355, 356

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INDEX

African American(s), (continued) in military, 8:505 Age Discrimination in Employment in 20th century, 8:9 National Association of Colored Act (ADEA) (1967), 3:46–47; after Civil War, 7:58, 59, 59, 62 Women and, 5:527 5:15 Federal Elections Bill (1890) and, National Council of Negro Age of Reason (Paine), 2:539 2:332 Women and, 5:534 Agee, James, Let Us Now Praise Mississippi Plan and, 5:414–415 as nurses, 6:146–147 Famous Men: Three Tenant Fami- in Reconstruction, 8:7–9 suffrage organizations of, 8:514 lies (with Walker Evans), resistance to, 3:146, 147; 7:58; in track and field, 8:155 5:83–84 8:8–9, 273, 275 in workforce, 8:507 Agencies, federal. See Federal agen- in Tennessee, 8:85–86 in World War I, 8:537, 537 cies in Texas, 8:101 in World War II, 1:49, 51; 8:545 Agency for International Develop- in textile industry, 8:111 and World’s Columbian Exposi- ment (USAID), 1:54 in theater, 8:113 tion, protesting against, 8:558 in Africa, 1:40 in trade unions, 2:301–302; in Wyoming, 8:566 criticism of, 1:54 3:49–50; 8:172, 263 in Young Men’s Christian Associa- functions of, 1:54 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe) and, tion, 8:584 in South Vietnam, 3:417 8:248 See also Civil rights movement Agency for Nuclear Stewardship, unemployed, during Great Depres- African American colleges, 3:121, 3:210 sion, 4:47; 5:563 125–127; 8:263 Agency shop, 2:243 urban experience of, 8:285, 291 in Reconstruction era, 1:50 Agent Orange, 1:54–55; 2:119, 537 urban renewal program and, 8:286 Tuskegee University, 8:241 illnesses attributed to, 2:538 in Utah, 8:298 Aging, 2:560 African American Studies, 1:46–47; in vaudeville, 8:309 See also Old age 3:119 in Vietnam War, 8:333 Agnew, Spiro T., 3:166 African Civilization Society, 6:235 violence against, 8:337–338 resignation of, 8:323 African Methodist Episcopal Church lynching of Till (Emmett), 8:126 on Skinner (B. F.), 1:438 (AMEC), 1:53–54; 8:501 and NAACP and, 5:526 Agnosticism, 1:55 origins of, 1:43–44, 44, 53 political, 1:332–333 Agrarianism, 1:55–58, 56 and Vesey Rebellion, 8:317 during World War I, 8:537 Granger movement, 4:36–37 African Methodist Episcopal Zion in Virginia, 8:344, 345, 346, 347 Jefferson on, 1:55, 56–57, 62 (AMEZ) Church, 1:44, 53–54 Richmond, 7:156 Nonpartisan League and, 6:118 African Union Church, 1:43 volunteerism among, 8:353 Southern, 3:481 Afrikaners, 7:451, 452 voter registration by, 8:354, 357 Tillmanism, 8:126 SNCC and, 7:561 Afrocentrism, 1:47 Agribusiness, 1:67 voting by, 8:356 AFS. See American Folklore Society Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA) constraints on, 8:356 AFSA. See Armed Forces Security (1933), 1:66, 71, 396; 6:43; grandfather clause, 4:35, 73; Agency 8:273 5:526 AFSCME. See American Federation Thomas Amendment to, 1:459; property qualifications and, of State, County, and Municipal 4:15 6:508 Employees Agricultural Adjustment Administra- white primaries and, 6:463 AFT. See American Federation of tion (AAA), 1:60; 3:318–319 in Georgia, 3:555–556, 557–558 Teachers in Arkansas, 1:262 NAACP and, 5:526–527 After the New Criticism (Lentricchia), Agricultural education, land-grant Voting Rights Act and, 8:357 6:429 colleges for, 5:28, 29–30 in Washington (D.C.), 8:410 Agassiz, Alexander, 6:160, 161 Agricultural machinery, 1:58–60 white flight from Agassiz, Louis, 1:140, 141, 192, 520; grain elevators, 3:187–188 in Philadelphia, 6:313 2:446; 3:541; 5:59, 240; 7:13 by International Harvester Com- in Virginia, 8:347 Agbebe, Mojola, 6:236 pany, 4:389 women Age McCormick reaper, 5:183–184 activists, 8:510, 512 discrimination based on, 3:46–47; wagons, 8:362 clubs for, 8:514 7:129 Agricultural policy, United States v. double jeopardy for, 8:521 shares of population by, 2:557 Butler and, 8:273 on mainstream women’s right voting, 7:106 Agricultural science, Morrill Act movement, 3:519, 520 Age Discrimination Act (1975), 5:15 and, 2:415

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Agricultural workers in Mississippi, 5:413 in Utah, 8:297 American, 5:4 in Montana, 5:450 in Utopian communities, 8:301 immigrant, 5:4 Native American, 1:61, 68–71; in Vermont, 8:313, 314 illegal, 4:229 2:96, 413 in Virginia, 1:62; 8:341–342, 343, migrant, 5:374 Akimel O’odham, 1:100 346 occupational health issues for, economics of, 4:267–269 in Washington, 8:413 5:297, 298–299 fruit growing, 3:478 weed control in, 8:436 trade union of, 8:266–267 gardening, 3:509 in West, 1:64–65; 3:18 See also Farmers in Great Plains, 8:218 World War II and, 8:162 Agriculture, 1:61–68 Hopi, 4:165 in Wyoming, 8:565 in 19th century, 1:63–65; 7:207 in New England, 8:220 See also Livestock industry; specific in 20th century, 1:65–67, 66 potatoes, 6:432 crops in Alabama, 1:102, 103, 104, 105 on prairie, 8:224 Agriculture, Department of in American Revolution, 1:62 of Pueblo, 6:540; 8:227 (USDA), 1:71–72; 3:331 apprenticeship in, 1:228 technology in, 4:307–308 agrarianism and, 1:57 in Arkansas, 1:260, 261, 262 in Nebraska, 6:30, 31 animal disease and, 8:319 botanical gardens and, 1:516 New Deal legislation on, 1:66–67, establishment of, 1:57, 63, 71; Brannan Plan for, 1:533 71; 7:474 8:319 capitalist, 2:42 in New Hampshire, 6:58–59 Food Safety and Inspection Service child labor in, 2:140 in New Jersey, 6:61 in, 5:278 in Civil War, 1:63 in North Dakota, 6:133 food stamp program of, 3:408–409; in colonial era, 1:61–62, 62; no-till, 7:445 6:150 2:96–97; 3:108; 4:125–126, in Oregon, 6:205–206 Forest Service in (See Forest Ser- 349; 6:151; 8:12–13 organic farming, 4:118; 6:210 vice) commercialization of, 1:67; 2:387 origins of, 2:95–96 and 4-H Clubs, 3:445 dry farming, 3:87–88 in Plymouth Colony, 6:378 functions of, 1:71–72 electrification and, 1:67 population on farms, 1:66 and genetically modified plant fertilizers in (See Fertilizers) on prairie, 6:447; 8:224 species, 1:463 in Florida, 3:478, 479 price supports in, 1:60–61, 66 head of, 2:2 gardening, 3:509–511 export debenture plan, 3:302 microbiology research by, 5:358 in Georgia, 3:555, 556 McNary-Haugen Bill, 5:189 and organic farming, 6:210 grants-in-aid for, 7:401–402 productivity of, 1:67, 72 soil mapping by, 7:444 grasshoppers and, 4:37 radio broadcasting on, 7:274–275 Great Depression and, 8:162 railroads and, 8:165 Ague, 1:72 in Great Lakes basin, 4:51–52 research on, 1:63, 71, 72; 5:17–18 Aguinaldo, Emilio, 6:319–320, 322 in Great Plains, 4:57 sharecropping in, 1:63; 7:335–336 AHA. See American Historical Asso- health issues in, occupational, slavery and, 7:383–384, 385 ciation; American Hospital 5:297, 298–299 in South Association hydroponic, 4:204 in 19th century, 1:63 Ahlquist, Jon, 6:215 in Idaho, 4:212, 213 antebellum, 7:463–464 Ahrens-Fox Manufacturing Compa- in Illinois, 4:216, 217 in Civil War, 1:63 ny, 3:372 in Indiana, 4:318, 320 in colonial era, 1:62 Ahtnas, 8:213 insecticides and herbicides in, 1:67; plantation system, 6:363–365 AIAA. See American Institute of 4:361–362 in South Carolina, 7:454 Aeronautics and Astronautics in Iowa, 4:414–417 in South Dakota, 7:460 AIC. See Art Institute of Chicago irrigation in (See Irrigation) statistics used in, 7:539 AICF. See American Indian College in Kansas, 4:508, 509, 510 subsidies for, 7:565 Fund in Kentucky, 4:519 surpluses in, 1:71–72 Aid. See Federal aid; Foreign aid legislation on, 1:63; 4:30 tariffs and, 3:460 Aid to Dependent Children (ADC), New Deal, 1:66–67, 71; 7:474 teaching, 3:325 2:146; 7:416; 8:440 loans for, by intermediate credit in Texas, 8:101–102 Aid to Families with Dependent banks, 4:384–385 in tidewater region, 8:125 Children (AFDC), 6:438; 8:440 in Maine, 5:208–209 transportation and, 1:63; 3:390 abolition of, 8:442 in Minnesota, 5:399 unsustainable, and Dust Bowl, 3:96 expansion of, 8:441–442

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AIDA. See American Indian Defense effectiveness of, 1:13–14 B-24, 1:86, 86 Association resistance to, 1:79 B-25, 1:86, 87, 90 AIDS. See Acquired immune defi- in Los Angeles, 5:154 B-26, 1:86 ciency syndrome in New Jersey, 6:64 B-29, 1:86, 494 AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power. and search for alternative fuels, in air war against Japan, See ACT UP 3:480 8:554–555 AIDS Quilt, 1:72–73, 73; 7:6 sources of, 1:79 B-36, 1:76, 86 Aiello, Geduldig v., 3:525 Air power, strategic, 1:81–82 B-45, 1:86 AIHEC. See American Indian High- helicopters in, 4:123–124 B-47, 1:86 er Education Consortium in Korean War, 4:550 B-52, 1:87, 496 Aiken, Conrad, 5:120 Air Quality Act (1967), 1:79 B-70, 2:528 Aiken, Howard, 2:334 limitations of, 1:362 FB-111A, 1:87 Ailey, Alvin, 1:131; 2:498, 499 Air Traffic Control (ATC), 3:336 manufacture of, 1:335–336 AIM. See American Indian Movement Air traffic controllers strike (1981), China Clipper, 2:153 AIP. See Airport Improvement Pro- 1:82; 2:275; 5:11; 7:559; 8:172 commercial, 1:83, 84 gram Air Transport Association (ATA), dirigibles, 3:30–32, 31 Air Cavalry, 1:73–74 1:84 executive, 1:95 Air Combat Command (ACC), 1:82 Air transportation and travel, fighters, 1:87–88 Air Commerce Act (1926), 1:82, 98; 1:82–86; 8:189, 190–191 on aircraft carriers, 1:89 3:336; 6:427 accidents in, 1:13; 3:35–36 insurance for, 4:368–369 Air Commerce Act (1938), 1:84 Korean Airlines flight 007, 4:543 Liberty engine, 5:481–482 Air conditioning, 1:74–75 Pan Am flight 103, 6:233–234 naval, 1:89–92 Air defense, 1:75–76 TWA flight 800, 8:241, 241–242 private ownership of, 1:93, 94, 95 Air Force, U.S., 1:76–78 air traffic controllers strike (1981) supersonic transport (Concorde), and aerial bombing, 1:495 and, 1:82; 8:172 8:21 in Cold War, 1:76–77 airplane hijackings in, 4:132–133 X-1 plane, 8:569, 569–570 creation of, 1:76 airports See also Airplane; Helicopters in Korean War, 1:76–77; 4:550 hub system of, 1:97 Aircraft carriers, 1:89–92 medicine in, 5:296 siting and financing of, 1:98–99 development of, 1:89; 8:406 in Persian Gulf War, 1:77; 6:293 in Alaska, 1:110 first battle of, 2:412 Special Forces of, 7:494 Civil Aeronautics Board and, radar room on, 7:14 SR-71 fleet of, 2:93 2:190–191 in World War II, 1:89–91; 8:557 and UFO research, 8:255 commercial airlines in, 1:83, 84 in Vietnam War, 1:77 deregulation of, 1:96–97 Pearl Harbor attack and, 8:556 in World War II, 8:545 Federal Aviation Administration Task Force 58, 8:53 Air Force Academy, 1:78 and, 3:336–337 Aircraft industry, 1:92–96 Air Force Cross, 2:526 infrastructure of, 1:84 aluminum in, 1:130 Air Guard, 5:542 jets in, 1:84–85 automation in, 1:364 Air Medal, 2:527 after 9/11 attack, 1:86; 6:108, 109; Boeing Company, 1:493, 493–494 Air pollution, 1:78–81 8:192 in California, 2:11 in 19th century, 1:78–79 regulation of, 1:84 Long Beach, 5:149 and acid rain, 1:13–14, 14; 3:480 subsidies for, 7:565 Southern, 5:152–153 automobiles and, 8:190 and vacation activities, 8:305 Federal Aviation Administration in cities, 1:80 after World War I, 1:82–84 and, 3:337 crisis of 1950s, 2:371 after World War II, 1:84 in Great Depression, 1:93 emissions trading and, 1:80 Air war. See Bombing holding companies in, 1:93 energy use and projections for, Airborne units. See Paratroops on Long Island, 5:149 3:213 Aircraft mergers in, 1:95 fossil fuels and, 3:214 armament on, 1:88–89 regulation of, 1:93 gasoline taxes and, 3:511 bombers, 1:86–87; 5:480 in Vietnam War, 1:96 indoor, 1:80–81 on aircraft carriers, 1:89 in World War I, 1:92 legislation on, 1:79, 362 (See also B-1, 1:87 in World War II, 1:93–94 Air Quality Act; Clean Air Act) B-2, 1:87 AIRFA. See American Indian Reli- and auto industry, 1:362 B-17, 1:86, 494 gious Freedom Act

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Airline Deregulation Act (1978), Democratic Party in, 1:102, 103, earthquakes in, 3:101, 101, 102 1:96–97; 8:191 104 economy of, 1:110 Airline industry emblems, nicknames, mottos, and emblems, nicknames, mottos, and deregulation of, 3:13 songs of, 7:532 songs of, 7:532 See also Air transportation and trav- governors of, 1:102, 104 Exxon Valdez oil spill in, 1:13, 111, el; Aircraft industry Great Depression in, 1:104 113; 3:233, 305, 305–306; Airmail, 1:82, 83, 97–98; 6:427; industry in, 1:103, 105 6:304 8:190–191 Ku Klux Klan in, 1:103, 104 fisheries in, 1:109–110 Airmail Act (1925), 1:82; 8:190 Montgomery Convention in salmon, 7:231 Airmail Act (1930), 1:83 (1861), 5:452 fur trapping in, 1:108, 121 Airplane crashes, 1:13; 3:35–36 Muscle Shoals speculation in, gold in, 1:109–110; 4:11 Korean Airlines flight 007, 4:543 5:483–484 legislature of, 1:109, 111 Pan Am flight 103, 6:233–234 Native Americans in, 1:101–102 Libertarian Party in, 8:120 TWA flight 800, 8:241, 241–242 in New Deal era, 1:104 maps of, 1:109, 110 Airplane hijacking, 4:132–133 population of, 1:102, 105 national parks in, 5:552–553 Airport Improvement Program Populist Party in, 1:103 Native Americans in, 1:108, 109, (AIP), 1:98, 99 Reconstruction in, 1:103 110, 111, 112 Airports school desegregation in, 1:104 Aleut, 1:120–121 hub system of, 1:97 Scottsboro case in, 1:104; 7:286 Inuit, 4:408–409 regulation of, 1:98 segregation in, 1:104; 3:464 natural resources in, 1:108, siting and financing of, 1:98–99 slavery in, 1:102 109–110 statehood for, 1:102 oil in, 1:111, 112, 113; 6:171, 179, Airy, George B., 3:552 strike in textile industry in, 8:111 180 Aisne-Marne Operation, 1:99 tidelands in, ownership of, 8:125 oil pipeline in, 1:111, 112, 113; Aitken, Robert, 1:447, 552 Union sentiment in, 8:260 6:180 Aityes, Victor, 5:72 voter requirements in, 1:103 population of, 1:109, 110 Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of (1748), women in, 1:103–104 public lands in, distribution of, 1:99–100; 4:313 in World War I, 1:103 5:30 and Louisburg expedition, 5:157 in World War II, 1:104 purchase of, 8:201, 204 Akimel O’odham, 1:100, 100–101; Alabama (ship), 1:105–106 Russian exploration and expansion 8:227 Alabama, Powell v., 3:575 in, 1:108, 120–121; 3:293, agriculture among, 1:100 Alabama, Thornhill v., 6:350 293–294; 4:409 language of, 1:100 Alabama claims, 1:106; 6:35 statehood for, 1:110–111, 112 water rights for, 1:100, 101 Treaty of Washington on, 1:106; U.S. purchase of, 7:210 Akron Rule (1872), 5:176 8:416 volcanoes in, 8:351 Al Qaeda, 6:108–109 Alabama Claims Arbitration (1871), wilderness of, 1:108, 109, 111 and Cole bombing, 2:270–271 6:35 winter in, 1:486 and embassy bombings, 3:194 Alabama Platform, 1:106 in World War II, 1:110, 121–122 See also Bin Laden, Osama ALAM. See Association of Licensed Alaska Highway, 2:27; 7:180 Alabama, 1:101–105 Automobile Manufacturers Alaska National Interest Lands Con- African Americans in Alamo, Siege of, 1:106–107, 107, servation Act (ANILCA) (1980), civil rights movement and, 354; 8:100 1:111; 5:553 1:104–105 eyewitness account of, 9:212–214 Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act during Reconstruction, 1:103 Alar, 6:210 (ANCSA) (1971), 1:111, 112; agriculture in, 1:102, 103, 104, 105 Alarcón, Hernando de, 1:256; 2:301, 8:212 Alabama Platform in, 1:106 416; 3:296 impact on Aleut, 1:121 Black Belt in, 1:471 Alarcón, Martín de, 8:99 Alaska Permanent Fund, 1:111 civil rights movement in, Alaska, 1:107–112 Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act 1:104–105 annexation of, 1:108–109, 189; (1973), 1:111 in Civil War, 1:102–103 3:425; 8:94 Alaska Purchase Treaty (1867), 8:204 Battle of Mobile Bay, 5:428–429 boundary question regarding, 2:26; Alaska Syndicate, 1:110 in colonial era, 1:102 7:215 Alaskan Indians. See Tribes, Alaskan constitution of, 1:102, 103; 7:525 coal mining in, 1:110 Alaskan Petroleum Reserve, 3:547 Creek War in, 1:102 constitution of, 1:110 Albanel, Charles, 3:291

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Albany (New York), 1:113 spirits industry, 7:504–505 Algiers Dongan charter and, 3:79 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 1:118, Decatur’s cruise to, 2:520 Dutch post at, 3:290 119; 7:570 U.S. relations with, 1:232 Albany Convention, 5:81 and self-help movement, war with, 1:415 See also Leisler Rebellion 7:304–305 Algonquin Indians Albany Plan, 1:113–114; 6:363 Alcoholism, 1:118–120 and Champlain explorations, 2:103 Albany Regency, 1:114 as disease, 1:118, 119 French alliance with, 2:293 Albatross (ship), 1:114 among Native Americans, 4:323 languages of, 8:219, 223 Albee, Edward, 8:309 origin of term, 1:118–119 in Pontiac’s War, 8:392 Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf?, treatment of, 1:118; 7:569–570 in Rhode Island, 7:151 5:122 Alcott, Abigail, 8:301 teachers among, 3:133 Albemarle settlements, 1:114 Alcott, Bronson, 7:194; 8:179, 180, Algonquin Round Table, 1:123 Albers, Josef, 1:298 301 Ali, Muhammad, 5:520; 6:484–485 Albertson, Ralph, 8:302 Alcott, Louisa May, Little Women, as conscientious objector, 2:362 Albizu Campos, Pedro, 6:545, 546 5:127 Alianza movement, 7:12 Albright, Horace, 3:268; 5:549, Alcott, William, 8:310 Alien(s) 550–551; 8:580 Alden v. Maine, 1:120 deportation of, 1:125 Albright, Madeleine Alderman, Edward A., 8:283 detention of, 1:125 and Cuba relations, 2:472 Aldrich, Nelson W., 7:343 enemy, in world wars, 3:207–208, and Kosovo bombing, 4:551 Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908), 1:120, 254 Albright, Miller v., 1:125 397 green card for, 4:60–61 Albuquerque (New Mexico), and National Monetary Commis- landholding by, 1:124–125, 126; 1:114–115, 115; 6:69 sion, 5:547 4:464 Alcaldes, 1:115 for panic of 1907, 3:344, 366 naturalization of, 6:13–14 Alcaraz, Lalo, 6:395 Aldrin, Edwin E. (Buzz), Jr., 5:454, rights of, 1:125–126 Alcatraz, 1:115–116, 116; 6:477 524; 7:480 Proposition 187 and, 6:509 AIM occupation of, 1:115–116, Alemany, José Sadoc, 3:77 wartime internment of, 4:399–400 161; 7:70, 70; 8:215 Alembert, Jean d’, Encyclopédie, 3:204 Alien and Sedition Acts, 1:123–124; Alcindor, Lew, 1:425 Aleut, 1:120–121; 8:211–212 2:84; 7:301 Alcoa. See Aluminum Company of housing of, 4:180 of 1798, 5:97 America Russians and, 1:120–121 and asylum principle, 6:396 Alcohol Aleutian Islands, 1:121, 121–122 Aurora and, 1:360 abuse of, 7:567–568 (See also Alco- Alexander, Sir Harold convictions under, 1:124; 3:374 holism) in Anzio, 1:217 and deportation, 3:11 consumption rates for, 1:116, 117 in Sicilian Campaign, 7:354 and Jeffersonian Republicans, 6:96 in colonial era, 2:292 Alexander, James, 2:292; 6:61, 95; and newspapers, 3:351 distilling of, 2:97; 3:59–61, 60 8:590 opposition to, 1:124; 6:145, 297; and driving, 1:118 Alexander, Jane, 5:536 8:349 legal age for use of, 1:118 Alexander v. Choate, 2:196 provisions of, 1:123–124; 7:301 moonshine, 5:455 Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Supreme Court on, 7:301 and Native Americans, 1:116; Education, 1:122 Virginia Resolves on, 1:124; 8:349 4:321–323 Alexander v. Sandoval, 2:196 Alien Enemies Act (1798), 1:123 recreation and, 7:64 Alexander VI, Pope, 3:284 Alien Friends Act (1798), 1:123 regulation of, 1:116–118 (See also Alexandria (Virginia), 1:122 Alien Registration Act. See Smith Act Prohibition; Temperance Alexandria Conference (1785), Alien registration receipt card. See movements) 1:122 Green card in 19th century, 1:116–117 Alexie, Sherman Alkalimat, Abdul, 1:47 in 20th century, 1:117–118 The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight All America Football League in colonial era, 1:116 in Heaven, 5:129 (AAFL), 3:412 federal, 1:117 Smoke Signals, 5:129 All in the Family (TV show), 1:126, after Prohibition, 1:117–118 Algeciras Conference (1904), 1:123 126–127 state, 1:117–118 Alger, Commonwealth v., 6:387 All the King’s Men (Warren), 5:121 research on, 1:118, 119 Alger, Horatio, 2:227; 8:325 All Things Considered (radio pro- at speakeasies, 7:492–493 Algeria, in World War II, 1:233 gram), 5:554; 8:44

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Allegheny Mountains, 6:86 Almond, Edward, 2:160 Amateur Athletic Union (AAU), Monongahela River in, 5:444 Almond, J. Linsey, Jr., 8:344 5:530 and pack trains, 6:228 Almshouses, 6:476 Amateur Sports Act (1978), 5:530 routes across, 1:127 as hospitals, 4:172 Amazon.com, 2:324; 3:183 wagoners of, 8:365 ALP. See American Labor Party Ambach v. Norwick, 1:126 Allegheny River, 1:127 Altair (personal computer), 2:336 Ambassadors, 1:133–134; 3:28; Allegheny Transportation Company, Alternating current (AC), 3:178, 211 7:528 6:359 Alternative dispute resolution Ambler Realty Company, Euclid v., Allen, Arthur, 1:248 (ADR), 1:236; 3:343 6:505; 8:593 Allen, Ethan, 8:311 Alternative Dispute Resolution Act AMEC. See African Methodist Epis- achievements in American Revolu- (1990), 3:343 copal Church tion, 7:142 Alternative medicine, 5:290–292, Amelung, John Frederick, 4:3 in capture of Ticonderoga, 8:124 301 Amendments, Constitutional, Green Mountain Boys formed by, chiropractic, 5:291–292 1:456–457 4:61 homeopathy, 5:291, 301 See also Bill of Rights; specific Allen, Forrest (Phog), 1:423, 424 medicine shows, 5:305–306, 306 amendments Allen, Frederick Lewis, 1:33–34 New Age, 5:292 Amerasia case, 1:134–135 Allen, Gracie, 8:309 Altgeld, John Peter, 6:550 America Allen, Henry T., Army of Occupa- Altman, Robert, 3:364 definition of, in American Studies, tion under, 1:278 Short Cuts, 5:123 1:170 Allen, Horatio, 7:30 Alton Railroad Company, Railroad exploration of (See Exploration[s]) Allen, Ira, 4:61 Retirement Board v., 7:28–29 flora of, 1:518 Allen, Ivan, Jr., 3:557 Altria Group, Inc., 8:137 as interpreted by foreign observers, Allen, Lewis F., 2:489 Aluminum, 1:130–131 1:135–139, 148–149 Allen, Macon Bolling, 5:74 applications for, 1:130–131 naming of, 1:135; 3:284 Allen, Mueller v., 2:169 as building material, 1:564–565 as New Israel, 1:447 Allen, Paul, 2:336; 3:184; 5:359–360 demand for, 6:116 America 2000 Excellence in Educa- Allen, Richard, 1:43–44, 44, 53, 53; electrolytic process for, 6:115 tion Act, 3:124 8:501 metalwork, 5:330 America First Committee (AFC), Allen, Steve, 8:142 production of, 1:130; 6:114, 1:139; 4:440 Allen, William, 1:494; 3:358 115–116 “America First” speech, Lindbergh’s, Allen, Woody, 3:364; 5:123 recycling of, 6:116; 7:67 text of, 9:393–395 Allen v. Board of Election, 8:357 Aluminum Company of America America Online (AOL), 2:323, 337; Allende, Salvador, 2:150; 5:49 (Alcoa), 1:130; 6:114, 115–116 8:127 Allgeyer v. Louisiana, 1:21 Alvarado, Hernando de, 3:296 “America the Beautiful” (song), Alliance, Treaty of (1778), Alvarez, Luis W., 6:343 1:139 8:199–200 Álvarez de Pineda, Alonso, 8:98–99 American Academy of Arts and Sci- Alliance for Progress, 1:127–128; Alvin (submersible research vessel), ences, 1:139–140; 5:66 3:143, 417–418; 5:48 6:161, 162 astronomy in, 1:343 in Guatemala, 4:70 Alvin Ailey Dance Theater, 1:131, American Academy of Dramatic Allin, Darcy v., 6:255 131 Arts, 8:114 Allison, W. B., 1:484 Alzheimer, Alois, 1:131 American Airlines, 1:83 Allison, William B., 1:128 Alzheimer’s disease, 1:131–132 crash of flight 191 (1979), 1:13 Allison Commission, 1:128 Am Olam movement, 8:302 American and Foreign Christian Allport, Gordon, 6:376 AMA. See American Medical Associ- Union, 6:4 Allred, James V., 8:103 ation American Anti-Slavery Society Allston, Washington, 1:295 Amador, Manuel, 6:243 (AAS), 1:209, 210; 3:502; 5:96 All-Volunteer Force (AVF), 3:223 Amalgamated Association of Iron, American Anti-Vivisection Society, Allwright, Smith v., 3:147; 5:526; Steel and Tin Workers, 7:545 1:186 6:463 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of American Arab Anti-Discrimination Almanacs, 1:129–130 America (ACWA), 1:132–133; Committee (ADC), 5:72 Poor Richard’s Almanac, 1:129; 2:249, 250; 8:278 American Art Union, 3:537 6:413 Amana Community, 1:133 American Association for Public excerpt from, 9:113–114 Amaraks, 1:413–414 Opinion Research, 6:534

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American Association for the American Class Reader (Wilson), thirty-hour week proposed by, Advancement of Science 5:127 8:120 (AAAS), 1:140–142; 3:548, 550; American Colonization Society and Trade Union Educational 5:66–67 (ACS), 1:147–148, 208–209, League, 8:170 American Association of Advertising 477; 3:197; 6:47 and Trade Union Unity League, Agencies, 1:33 on manumission, 5:230 8:170 American Association of Retired American Commonwealth (Bryce), on unemployment insurance, 2:227 Persons (AARP), 1:142; 6:189 1:137; 6:455 and United Brotherhood of Car- American Association of University American Communist Party. See penters and Joiners, 8:262–263 Professors (AAUP), 1:10, Communist Party, USA and United Electrical, Radio, and 142–143 American Company (theater), 8:113 Machine Workers of America, American Association of University American Council of Learned Soci- 3:176 Women, 1:143 eties (ACLS), 5:67, 537 and United Mine Workers of on coeducation, 2:263 American Crisis, The (Paine), 5:118 America, 8:267 American Atlas (Carey), 2:60 American Dilemma, An (Myrdal), and United Textile Workers, 8:278 American Automobile Association 1:138, 148–149 and Women’s Trade Union (AAA), 1:143–144 “American Diplomacy” (Kennan), League, 8:522 American Ballet Theatre (ABT), excerpt from, 9:411–413 in World War I, 1:150; 8:536 1:144, 390; 2:498–499 American Economic Association, in World War II, 1:151 American Banking Group, 6:197 3:108; 5:67 See also American Federation of American Bar Association (ABA), American Enterprise Institute (AEI), Labor–Congress of Industrial Organizations 1:144–145; 5:74 1:545; 8:117–118 American Federation of on Federal Trade Association, American Expeditionary Forces Labor–Congress of Industrial 3:349 (AEF), 1:149; 8:535 Organizations (AFL-CIO), and legal education, 5:56–57 and American Legion, 8:318 1:149–154 and National Lawyers Guild, 5:546 Americanism of, 8:318 anticommunism of, 1:151, 152, 197 American Bible Society, 1:145–146, buildup of, 5:338 civil rights movement and, 1:152; 447 in France, 1:149 8:172 American Board of Psychiatry and in Italy, 1:149 in Democratic Party, 1:151, Neurology, 6:521 transport of, 8:540 152–153 American Broadcasting Company. American Express, 1:580; 2:451; discrimination in, 1:152 See ABC television network 8:443 in domestic affairs, 1:151–152 American Civil Liberties Union American Federation of Labor on ergonomic workplace standards, (ACLU), 1:146–147; 2:84 (AFL), 1:150–151, 589; 5:7, 10, 5:12 and church-state separation, 2:169 16, 17 in foreign affairs, 1:152 on electronic surveillance, 3:186 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of functions of, 1:149 establishment of, 1:146 America in, 1:132 International Brotherhood of legal cases involving (See under on child labor, 2:140 Teamsters in, 1:151; 4:386 ACLU) discrimination in, 1:150 as monopoly, 1:151 on Palmer Raids, 6:232 racial, 3:49 No-Strike Pledge of, 8:171 on physician-assisted suicide, 3:262 establishment of, 1:150 size of, 1:151, 153 and prisons, 6:477 ideology of, 1:150 Supreme Court on, 4:82–83 on prostitution, 6:513 immigrants in, 1:150 and United Automobile Workers, public interest law carried out by, and Labor Day, 5:13 8:262 6:530 merger with CIO, 1:151; 8:172 and United Mine Workers of in Sacco-Vanzetti case, 1:146 and National Civic Federation, America, 8:268 in Scopes Trial, 1:146 5:530 and youth movements, 8:587 in Scottsboro case, 1:146 New Deal and, 1:150–151 American Federation of State, American Civil Liberties Union, Reno and Progressive Party, 6:498 County, and Municipal v., 3:374; 8:68 and Railroad Brotherhoods, 7:24 Employees (AFSCME), 1:154 American Civil War, The: Explorations Railway Employees Department American Federation of Teachers and Reconsiderations (Grant), of, 7:40 (AFT), 1:154–157 5:568 size of, 1:150, 151 on academic freedom, 1:155

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in Great Depression, 1:155–156 establishment of, 1:160 American Medico-Psychological National Education Association magazine publication and, 5:192 Association, 6:521 and, 1:155, 156, 157; 5:534 prosecution of, 7:71 American Museum (of P. T. Bar- origins of, 1:155 protests by, 1:161 num), 5:487 on racial discrimination, 1:155 Alcatraz occupation, 1:115–116, American Museum of Natural His- rightward shift of, 1:156–157 161; 7:70; 8:215 tory, 1:165 on school desegregation, 1:155, Wounded Knee occupation, 1:161; American Nazi Party, 3:328 156 7:70, 71; 8:560–561, 561 American Notes (Dickens), 1:136; in World War I, 1:155 “Trail of Broken Treaties” orga- 6:537 in World War II, 1:156 nized by, 8:177 American Nurses Association American Fiber Manufacturers American Indian Religious Freedom (ANA), 6:147 Association, 8:108 Act (AIRFA) (1978), 1:161–162; American Party, 1:165–166 American First Army, 1:149 5:180 platform of (1856), 9:242–243 American Folklore Society (AFS), American Institute of Aeronautics See also Know-Nothing Party 3:394 and Astronautics (AIAA), 8:255 American Peace Society (APS), American Football League (AFL), American Institute of Public Opin- 1:216 3:411 ion, 6:409 American Pharmaceutical Associa- American foulbrood disease, 1:436 American Journal of Nursing, 6:147 tion, 6:309 American Fur Company (AFC), American Journal of Physiology, 6:349 American Philosophical Society, 1:157–158; 3:298, 487, 494; American Journal of Psychology, 6:524 1:166–167; 5:66 8:175 American Kinship (Schneider), 5:251 astronomy in, 1:342 Illinois Fur Brigade by, 4:219 American Labor Party (ALP), 1:162; American Physical Society, 6:335, and Red River cart traffic, 7:71 5:16, 17 337, 346, 347, 348 American Genealogist, The (TAG) American Land Company, 5:36 American Physiological Society (magazine), 3:522 American Law Institute, on prostitu- (APS), 6:349 American Geographical Society, tion, 6:513 American Political Science Associa- 3:540, 541, 543 American Legion, 1:162–163 tion (APSA), 6:402–403 American Gothic (Wood), 3:538 Americanism of, 1:163; 8:318 American Political Science Review American Grocer (journal), 6:554 creation of, 1:162–163; 8:318 (journal), 6:402, 404 American Health Convention, 8:310 American Liberty League, American Press Company, Grosjean v., American Historical Association 1:163–164 4:67 (AHA), 1:158–159; 5:67 American Library Association, 5:98 American Printing House for the and archives, 1:255 American Lutheran Church, 5:177; Blind, 3:123 American History and Its Geographic 6:137 American Professional Football Conditions (Semple), 3:542–543 American Mathematical Society. See Association, 3:410 American Hospital Association Learned Societies American Protection Association, (AHA), 6:257 American Medical Association 6:4 American Independent Party, 1:159; (AMA), 1:164–165 American Protective Association 3:165; 7:16; 8:119 on abortion, 1:4 (APA), 1:167, 196 American Indian College Fund birth control and, 1:5, 466, 468 and little red schoolhouse, 5:134 (AICF), 8:211 and chiropractic, opposition to, American Protective League, 6:232 American Indian Dance Theater, 2:157 American Protestant Society, 6:4 2:501 on contraception, 1:5 American Psychiatric Association American Indian Day, 8:215 education standards of, 1:164 (APA), 6:521, 522 American Indian Defense Associa- establishment of, 1:164; on homosexuality, 3:514; 7:327 tion (AIDA), 1:159–160 5:284–285, 288 American Psychological Association Meriam Report compared to, 5:323 on health insurance, 4:119 (APA), 6:524 American Indian Gaming Regulato- lobbying by, 1:164–165 American Railway Union (ARU), ry Act (1988), 1:160; 8:489 on medical ethics, 1:164 1:167–168; 7:24 American Indian Higher Education organizational structure of, 1:164 and Pullman Strike, 6:549 Consortium (AIHEC), 8:211 on physician assistants, 6:334 American Relief Administration American Indian Movement (AIM), radio broadcasting by, 7:275 (ARA), 8:541 1:160–161; 7:165 American Medical Political Action American Renaissance (Matthiessen), activities of, 1:160–161 Committee (AMPAC), 6:393 1:169, 170

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American Republican Party, 1:168; American Textbook of Physiology Ames, Oakes, 2:453 6:4 (Howell), 6:349 Ames, Rosario, 1:174 American Samoa, 7:235–236 American Tobacco case, 1:172 Ames, Sarah Fisher Clampitt, 1:308 “American Scholar, The” (Emer- American Tobacco Company, 8:135 AMEX. See American Stock son), 5:119; 8:180 antitrust measures against, 1:172; Exchange American Ship Building Co. v. NLRB, 2:418 AMEZ. See African Methodist Epis- 5:141 American Tobacco Company, United copal Zion American Sign Language (ASL), States v., 1:172 Amherst, Jeffrey, 2:286; 3:470; 2:508, 509; 7:355–357 American Tragedy, An (Dreiser), 6:411; 7:193 opposition to, 3:32 5:120; 6:12 Amin, Hafizullah, 1:37 American Soccer League (ASL), American Trial Lawyers Association, Amish, 1:174–176, 176; 6:279, 280 7:410 5:75 barn raising by, 1:417 American Social Hygiene Associa- American Veterans Committee, and education of children, 2:170 tion, 6:513 8:318 Hutterites compared with, 8:301 American Social Science Association American Veterinary Association, Amistad case, 1:176–177 (ASSA), 5:66–67; 7:432 8:319 Amistead, Lewis, in Battle of Gettys- American Society for Colonizing the American Veterinary College, 8:319 burg, 3:569 Free People of Color, 6:235 American Veterinary Journal, 8:319 Amity and Commerce, Treaty of American Society for Psychical American Veterinary Medical Asso- (1778), 8:198 Research, 6:246 ciation, 8:319 Amlie, Tom, 6:500 American Society for the Promotion American Veterinary Review, 8:319 Ammann, Jakob, 1:174 of Temperance, 8:78 American Volunteer Group (AVG), Ammann, Othmar H., 1:539; 8:315 American Society of Composers, 3:392 George Washington Bridge Authors, and Publishers American Woman’s Suffrage Associ- designed by, 3:553 (ASCAP), 5:502 ation (AWSA), 8:11 Amnesty, 1:177–178 American Society of Genealogists Americana ballets, 1:390 Proclamation of, by Johnson (ASG), 3:521 American-Arab Anti-Discrimination (Andrew), 6:491 American Society of Hospital Phar- Committee, Reno v., 1:125 Amnesty International, benefit con- macists, 6:311 Americanism, 1:163; 8:318 certs by, 1:441 American Society of Mammalogists, American-Medico-Psychological Among the White Moon Faces (Lim), 5:217 Association (AMPA), 5:314 5:123 American Society of Newspaper Americans (Sherman), 6:494 Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, Editors, 6:99 Americans and Chinese (Hsu), 1:138 6:58 American Sociological Association Americans in Their Moral, Social and AMPA. See American-Medico-Psy- (ASA), 7:432, 434, 435 Political Relations (Grund), chological Association American Spelling Book, The (Web- excerpt from, 9:215–218 AMPAC. See American Medical ster), 8:106 Americans with Disabilities Act Political Action Committee American Standard Code for Infor- (ADA) (1990), 1:172; 3:47–48; Ampère, André Marie, 3:172 mation Interchange (ASCII), 5:15 Amphetamines, 7:568 3:24 America’s Coming of Age (Brooks), Amphibious assault operations, American Stock Exchange (AMEX), 5:120 8:557 3:275; 7:548–549 America’s Cup, 1:172, 172–173; Amsden, Alice, 2:43, 44 American Studies, 1:168–171 7:223–224 AMSII. See Association of Medical American System (economic policy), AmeriCorps, 1:173; 8:353 Superintendents of American 1:171 Ameryk, Richard, 1:135 Institutions for the Insane American System (of manufactur- Ames, Aldrich, 2:92 Amskapi Pikuni, 1:481 ing), development of, 5:262 espionage case of, 1:173–174 Amtrak, 1:178, 178–179; 7:39; American Teachers Association Ames, Elizabeth, 8:570 8:191 (ATA), 5:534 Ames, Fisher, 3:225, 255 Amundsen, Roald, 3:286; 6:136, American Telephone and Telegraph. Ames, James Barr, 5:58 383–384 See AT&T Ames, Jessie Daniel, 1:339 Amusement parks, 1:179–180 American Temperance Society Ames, John, 6:245 Coney Island, 1:546, 547; 2:178 (ATS), 1:116; 8:78, 80 Ames, Mary Clemmer, 3:375 family vacationing at, 8:305 American Temperance Union, 8:78 Ames, Nathaniel, 1:129 Amvets, 8:318

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ANA. See American Nurses Associa- Anderson v. Dunn, 2:393 rights of, 1:186–187 tion Andersonville Prison, 1:184 study of, 8:596–598 Anabaptists, 1:411, 533 firsthand account of, 9:304–307 veterinary medicine for, and Amish, 1:174 “Andes Initiative,” 5:512–513 8:318–320 Mennonites, 5:308–309 Andover Seminary, 7:96, 97 See also Wildlife See also Baptist churches Andre, Carl, 1:307 Animal Liberation Front, 1:186 Anaconda Copper Company, 1:180; André, John, 1:282; 7:145, 502 Animal rights movement, 2:409; 5:449 Andreessen, Marc, 2:337 1:186–187 Analytic philosophy, 6:327 Andreotti, Giulio, 4:448 Animal Welfare Act (1966), 1:186 Anarchists, 1:180–182 Andrews, Elisha Benjamin, 1:548 Animation. See Cartoons in 19th century, 1:180–181 Andrews, John, 5:297 Anishinabe culture, 8:496 assassinations by, 1:181 Andrews, William, on railroad liabil- Anka, Paul, 5:72 bombings by, 1:182, 198; 8:95 ity, 6:232 Annan, Kofi, 8:272 at Haymarket riot, 4:109 Andros, Sir Edmund, 3:77; 4:417; Annapolis (Maryland) nonviolent, 1:181–182 5:271; 6:83, 363 city plan for, 2:185 Palmer Raids and, 6:232 control of Connecticut, 2:281 Naval Academy in, 2:530 in Seattle protests (1999), 7:165 control of Rhode Island, 7:151 South River Club in, 2:251 and Utopian communities, 8:303 Duke of York’s proprietary and, 3:93 Annapolis Convention (1786), 1:187 violent, 1:180–181 retirement to England, 2:280 text of proceedings of, 9:156–159 Anasazi. See Ancestral Pueblo Androscoggin River, 6:56 Annapolis Royal, 6:421 Anaya, Pedro María, 9:218–219 Andrus, Ethel Percy, 1:142 Annexation of territory, 1:187–189 Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi), Anesthesia See also specific territories 1:182–183, 183, 243–244; 6:540 in dentistry, 1:184; 3:3 Annie Allen (Brooks), 5:125 in Colorado, 2:297 discovery of, 1:184–185 Anorexia nervosa, 3:104 in Mesa Verde, prehistoric ruins of, ANFO (ammonium nitrate-fuel oil Another Country (Baldwin), 5:126 5:325, 325–326 mixtures), 3:302 ANP. See Associated Negro Press in Nevada, 6:37 Angell, George, 1:186 Anslinger, Harry, 5:511 in New Mexico, 6:65 Angell, Thorndike, 6:553 Anson, Cap, 1:420 in Utah, 8:296 Angelou, Maya, 5:123 Answering machines, 1:189–190 and Zuni, 8:598 I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Antarctic Treaty (1961), 6:384 ANCSA. See Alaska Native Claims 1:500; 5:126 Antarctica. See South Polar explo- Settlement Act Angier, Joel, 6:301–302 rations Andersen, Arthur, LLP, 2:419; 3:223 Anglican Church. See Church of Antebellum period Anderson, Alexander, 8:522 England agriculture in, 1:62–63 Anderson, Carl, 6:336, 341, 344 Anglin, Jay P., 3:522 and gender roles, 3:519 Anderson, George M., in Philippine Anglo-African Magazine, 5:199 in South, 7:462–467 Insurrection, 6:319 Anglo-American relations. See Great vacationing in, 8:305 Anderson, John, 8:119–120 Britain, U.S. relations with Antelope case, 1:190 in presidential campaign of 1980, Anglo-conformity, 1:337 Anthem, national 2:548; 3:167 Angola, U.S. relations with, 1:38–39 “America the Beautiful” proposed Anderson, Kenneth, in North ANILCA. See Alaska National Inter- as, 1:139 African Campaign, 6:124 est Lands Conservation Act Confederate, 3:66 Anderson, Laurie, 1:307; 8:115 Animal(s) first, 2:302 Anderson, Marian, 2:504; 5:526 abuse of, legislation on, 4:168–169 Ripley (Robert LeRoy) on, 7:168 Anderson, Mary, 8:508 in circuses, 2:176, 176–177 “Star-Spangled Banner,” 7:524 Anderson, Maxwell, 5:121 disease in, 2:73; 8:318–320 Anthology of American Folk Music Anderson, Philip W., 1:440 domestic, Native Americans and, (Smith), 3:396 Anderson, Richard, in Battle of 8:318 Anthony, Susan B., 1:489; 3:248; Spotsylvania Courthouse, 7:512 industrialization of, 1:185 6:88, 97; 7:311; 8:11 Anderson, Robert, 7:523; 8:17 medical research on, 1:185, 186 at Centennial Exhibition, 2:87 Anderson, Sherwood, 6:13, 13 Native Americans and, 8:318, 496 as Quaker, 7:3 Winesburg, Ohio, 5:120 physiology of, 6:349 and voting rights for women, Anderson, Thomas J., 1:166 protective societies for, 1:185–186 7:106; 8:513 Anderson, William, 6:403 SPCAs, 1:185, 186; 7:429–430 Anthony, William A., 3:173

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Anthracite coal, 2:251–252, 253; and homosexuality, 3:513 Anti-Masonic movements, 8:567 HUAC and, 4:178 1:203–204; 3:466 Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, impact on student movements, in Vermont, 8:313 1:190; 7:557 8:587 Anti-Masonic Party, 2:399; 7:16; Anthracite strike (1902), 1:190–191; in John Birch Society, 4:481 8:467 6:279; 7:557 excerpt from manifesto of, in presidential campaigns, 3:152, Anthrax, 1:465; 3:241 9:429–433 153 experimentation with, 2:118 and loyalty oaths, 5:168 Anti-Missourian Brotherhood, 6:137 mail contaminated with, 6:109 in Marshall Plan, 5:252 Antimonopoly parties, 1:204, Anthropology, 1:191–195 of McCarthyism, 5:181–183 204–205 archaeology in, 1:239–240 and Mexico, bargained negligence in presidential campaign of 1884, natural history museums and, 5:488 policy with, 5:348–349 3:157 Patterns of Culture (Benedict), Monroe Doctrine as justification Antinomian controversy, 1:205; 6:259–260 for, 5:447 3:329; 5:271 racial science and, 7:13 National Union for Social Justice Antinomians, in Rhode Island, 7:151 radiocarbon dating and, 7:21 and, 5:563 Antiquarks, 6:338 Anti-abortion movement. See Pro- in nativism, 6:5 Antiques, collecting, 2:271 life movement and Palmer Raids, 6:232 Antiquities Act (1906), 1:205–206; Anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems, political, 1:197–198 6:529 1:75; 6:144–145 religious, 1:197 preservationists and, 2:369 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972), in Republican Party, 1:197 and president establishing national 2:269; 6:145; 8:202, 206 and Russia, interference in, 7:211 monuments, 5:550 See also Strategic Arms Limitation sedition legislation and, 7:401 Anti-Rent War, 1:206 Talks in Socialist Party, 1:197–198 Anti-Saloon League, 1:206; 6:501; Antibank movement, 1:195 and Vietnam War, 8:330, 332 8:81 Anti-Bigamy Act (1862), 5:54 backlash against, 2:328 Anti-Semitism, 1:206–208 Antibiotics, 3:241; 6:307 Anticult movement, 2:477–478 in 20th century, 1:206–207 Anti-Catholicism, 1:195–197; 2:69, Antidepressants, 6:521, 522 among African Americans, 6:32 163, 164 Anti-Drug Abuse Act (1988), 5:511 anti-Catholicism compared to, of American Protective Associa- Antietam, Battle of, 1:199, 199–200; 1:195 tion, 1:167, 196 2:212; 3:191; 5:259 in colonial era, 1:206 in colonial era, 7:93, 94 Anti-Evolution League, 3:484 conservatism and, 2:375 and Irish Americans, 4:223, 424 Antifederalists, 1:200–202; 2:381; and Crown Heights riots, 2:466 of Ku Klux Klan, 1:196; 2:167 8:243 decline after 1945, 7:94 in nativism, 6:4 on bill of rights, 1:454, 455 Great Depression and, 3:327–328 Order of United Americans and, failure of, 1:201 and lynching of Frank (Leo), 3:453 8:260 ideology of, 1:200, 201 racial-religious communities and, Philadelphia riots and, 6:315 impact of, 1:201–202 8:303 rightist backlash and, 7:16 on implied powers, 4:247 Rosenberg Case and, 7:197 Ursuline Covenant burning and, leaders of, 1:200–201 Antislavery movement, 1:208–212 8:295 origin of term, 1:200 African colonization in, 1:147–148, “Anti-Chain Store Act.” See Robin- writings of, 1:200–201 208–209 son-Patman Act Antigen, 8:182 arguments for, in original docu- Anticommunism, 1:197–199; Anti-immigrant sentiment ments, 9:269–271, 280–284, 2:327–328; 7:17 epidemics and, 3:236 288–292 in AFL-CIO, 1:151, 152, 197 eugenicists and, 2:371 Brown (John) in, 4:97–100 and African policies, 1:38, 39 evolutionism and, 3:269–270 last speech of, 9:286–287 and China, relations with, 2:151 Order of United Americans and, Burns Fugitive Slave Case and, Congress of Industrial Organiza- 8:260 1:577 tions as target of, 2:225; 8:278 See also Nativism forms of, 1:208 conservative, 1:197 Anti-imperialism, 1:202–203 Free Soil Party and, 3:459–460 in Democratic Party, 1:197 and Philippines, 6:320, 321 Fugitive Slave Acts and, 3:482; 6:146 and FBI activities, 3:338 Anti-Imperialist League, 1:202 gag rule and, 3:502 in government, 1:198–199 text of platform of, 9:263–264 gradualism in, 1:208

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immediatism in, 1:209–210; 4:219 by states, 1:213; 7:343 Apartment houses, 1:222–224; leaders of, 1:209 under Wilson, 1:214–215; 3:348; 4:182; 8:292 manumission in, 5:230–231 6:54, 63; 8:235 public housing debacle of 1950s Massachusetts leadership in, 5:266 See also Clayton Antitrust Act; and, 8:287 Mennonites on, 9:97–98 Monopoly(ies); Sherman APEC. See Asia-Pacific Economic among Methodists, 5:333 Antitrust Act Cooperation New England Antislavery Society, Antivice campaigns, 7:64 Apess, William, A Son of the Forest, 6:47 Antiwar movements, 1:215–217 5:128; 7:448 of Oberlin Movement, 6:152–153 Cambodia bombing and, 2:16, 17 Apgar, Virginia, alma mater of, 2:304 pacifism and, 6:227 Catholics and, 2:70 Aphorisms, 8:528 Pan-Africanism and, 6:234–235 Chicago Seven and, 1:479; 2:135 Apollo Hall, 8:54 in Pennsylvania, 6:277, 278 in Civil War, 1:284 Apollo program, 5:523–524, 524; political, 1:210–211 and environmentalism, 3:227 7:480, 481 in popular press, 5:199 and McNamara’s resignation, 2:528 Apollo 1, 3:41 among Quakers, 6:277 in Socialist Party, 7:426–427 Apollo 11, 5:454–455 Sewall’s tract against, 5:118 student participation in, 3:119; excerpt from transcript of, slave insurrections and, 7:387–388 8:587 9:435–444 slave rescue cases and, 7:381 in Vietnam War, 1:216–217, 217; See also Moon landing in South, 1:208 6:268 Appadurai, Arjun, 1:194 state sovereignty in, 7:534 Kent State protest, 4:517–518 Appalachia, 1:224, 224 Tallmadge Amendment and, 8:45 Students for a Democratic Soci- Cumberland Gap, 1:562; 2:479; Uncle Tom’s Cabin and, 8:248 ety, 7:561–562 8:461 Underground Railroad and, See also Pacifism; Peace move- feuds in, 3:356–357 8:249–251, 250 ment(s) Great Smoky Mountains, 4:57 in Vermont, 8:313 Antonius, George, 1:232–233 migration across, 8:460–461 violence in, 1:211 ANWR. See Arctic National moonshine in, 5:455 Antistrike decrees, 6:121 Wildlife Refuge mountain passes in, 6:253–254 Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Anza, Juan Bautista de, 6:67; 8:451 religious revivals in, 3:44 Penalty Act (1996), 4:81–82 Anzio (Italy), 1:217–218 in Tennessee, 8:83 Antitrust legislation, 1:212–215; ANZUS Treaty (1952), 1:361–362 Trans-Appalachian West, 8:179 4:26–27; 5:21 AOL. See America Online Appalachian Trail, 1:224–225 in 19th century, 1:213–214; 4:26 AP. See Associated Press Appeal, in Four Articles, Together with Beef Trust cases, 1:435–436 APA. See Administrative Procedure a Preamble, to the Colored Citizens under Clinton, 1:215 Act; American Protective Asso- of the World (Walker), 6:235 international enforcement of, 1:215 ciation; American Psychiatric Appeals, from colonial courts, 1:225 litigation under Association; American Psycho- Privy Council, 6:482 against AT&T, 1:347; 8:235 logical Association Appert, Nicolas, 2:35–36; 3:406 against IBM, 8:235 Apache, 1:218–220; 8:218, 228 Appiah, Anthony, 1:47 against railroad industry, 8:275 bands of, 1:218–220 Apple Computer, 2:336, 337 against Standard Oil, 7:521 defeat of, 7:9 Appleby, John, 1:59 against sugar industry, 8:274 language of, 6:18 Apples, 3:478 against tobacco industry, 1:172; in Nebraska, 6:29 Applewhite, Marshall Herff, 2:478 8:135 in New Mexico, 6:65, 67, 69 Appliances, electrical, 3:179–183, on mergers and acquisitions, 5:323 Pueblo and, 1:219, 220 182; 4:535, 536 Packers and Stockyards Act (1921), raids in Arizona, 1:257 Applied Data Research (ADR), 7:441 6:229 on reservations, 1:221; 6:263 Appointment(s), political, 1:573 and railroads, 6:135; 8:275 seminomadic lifestyle of, 8:227 criteria for, 1:225 under Reagan, 1:215 in Texas, 8:98 of midnight judges, 5:367 Robinson-Patman Act, 1:215; Apache Wars, 1:220–221 power of, 1:225–226 3:348; 7:183; 8:235 Apalachee, 8:225 removal of, Supreme Court on, under Roosevelt (Franklin Apalachee Massacre (1704), 1:221–222 5:506 Delano), 3:348 Apalachin Conference (1957), 1:222 Appomattox, 2:215, 343 under Roosevelt (Theodore), Apartheid, in South Africa, 1:38, 39; Lee’s surrender at, 1:226–227; 4:26–27; 8:233, 234 7:452–453 8:344

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Apportionment, 1:227; 2:351; Arab-Israeli wars, 1:233, 234; of Chicago, 2:132–133; 8:290 7:106–107 4:440–441 colonial, 1:248–249 Constitutional amendment on, 1:457 Arafat, Yasir of Denver, 3:6, 6 gerrymandering and, 3:564 and Achille Lauro hijacking, 1:13 eclecticism in, 1:249–250, 253 in House of Representatives, 1:227 Israeli negotiations with, 4:442, geodesic dome, 3:539, 539–540 in state legislatures, 1:227 443 Gothic Revival, 1:250 of Tennessee, 1:385 Arapaho, 1:234–235 Greek Revival, 1:249–250 of Vermont, 8:314 in Colorado, 2:298 modernist, 1:251–252, 288 of Virginia, 8:344 Fort Laramie Treaty with, text of, of Monticello, 5:452–453, 453 Supreme Court on, 1:227; 8:357 9:227–229 of Mount Vernon, 5:465–466, 467 Apportionment Act (1842), 1:227 and Ghost Dance, 3:573 murals and, 5:483 Apprenticeship, 1:228–229; 2:223 land of, 1:235 of museums, 5:485, 487 in legal education, 5:55–56 in Nebraska, 6:29 Native American, 1:254–255 printer’s devil, 6:465–466 on reservations, 1:235; 6:263 Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi), Appropriations, by Congress, Arbella (ship), 4:55, 56 1:182–183, 183; 5:325, 1:229–230 Arbenz, Jacobo, 2:54; 5:48 325–326 Appropriations Committees, 1:229 Arbitration, 1:235–238 Iroquois, 1:238 APRO. See Aerial Phenomenon commercial, 1:236, 237–238 neoclassical, 1:251 Research Organization vs. conciliation, 2:339 in New Orleans, 6:73 APS. See American Peace Society; international, 6:263 of New York City, 6:80 American Physiological Society development of, 4:394 of Pentagon, 6:285–286 APSA. See American Political Sci- international law in, 4:394 postmodern, 6:430; 7:376 ence Association by joint commissions, 4:484–485 preservation of, 6:452–453 Aptucxet Trading Post, 8:160 labor, 1:236–237 of skyscrapers, 1:252; 7:375–377 Aquariums, 8:594 mixed commissions, 5:428 statehouse, 2:48 Aquash, Anna Mae, 1:161 process of, 1:236 of University of Virginia, 8:283 Aquino, Benigno, 6:323 Arbor Day, 1:238 Victorian, 8:326 Aquino, Corazon, 6:323 Arboretums, 1:515, 516, 517 of White House, 8:470–471, 471 ARA. See American Relief Adminis- Arbus, Diane, 1:301 of World Trade Center, 8:532 tration Arc light, 5:108 See also Landscape architecture Arab Americans, 1:230–232 Arcadia conference, 8:545 Archival maps. See Maps and map- culture of, 1:231 Archaeoastronomy, 4:308 making, archival nativist movements against, 6:5 Archaeology, 1:238–241 Archives, 1:255–256 notable, 1:231–232 anthropological, 1:239–240 National Archives and Records number of, 1:230 dating in, 1:240 Administration, 5:524–526 professional activities of, of prehistoric North America, Arctic. See North Polar explorations 1:230–231 1:241, 241–247, 243, 245; Arctic National Wildlife Refuge religions of, 1:231 6:441 (ANWR), 6:304 Arab nations public and, 1:240 oil drilling in, 1:111; 6:171, 179 in Arab-Israeli wars, 1:233, 234; radiocarbon dating and, 7:21 Area 51, 6:39 4:440–441 Archaic Indians, 8:83 Area studies, and political science, Carter Doctrine on, 1:233 Archaic period 6:404–405 Eisenhower Doctrine on, 1:233 in Maine, 5:207 Arendt, Hannah, 5:121; 6:404 foreign investment from, 3:422 in Southwest, 1:243 Arent, Arthur, Power, excerpt from, at Geneva Conference (1973), Archambault, A. L., 1:59 9:388–390 3:535 Archangel Campaign, 1:247–248 Argall, Samuel, 2:540–541; 8:347 immigration from, 1:230–231 Archbald, Robert W., 2:310 Argand, Aimé, 5:107 Islam in, 4:436 Archer, Dennis W., 1:145; 3:20 Argentina fundamentalist, 1:234 Architecture, 1:248–254 at ABC Conference, 1:1 military coups in, 1:233–234 after American Revolution, commerce with, 5:44–45 U.S. relations with, 1:232–234 1:249–250 independence of, 5:50 in World War II, 1:233 of apartments, 1:222–223 trade agreements with, 6:125 See also specific countries Arts and Crafts, 1:320 U.S. relations with, 5:49 Arabella (ship), 5:270 building materials, 1:563–565 Argosy (magazine), 5:196

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Arias, Oscar, 6:105 Reconstruction in, 1:261 missiles in, 5:407–408 Arikara Indians, 1:383; 5:219–220, Republican Party in, 1:263 nuclear, 1:271–272 220 school desegregation in, 1:263 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Fort Laramie Treaty with, text of, slavery in, 1:260, 261 (1968) and, 6:138, 139–140 9:227–229 statehood for, 1:260–261 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) Aristide, Jean-Bertrand, 2:55; 4:85; Whig Party in, 1:260 and, 3:427; 6:142–143 5:49 Arkansas, Epperson v., 1:500 origins of, 1:269–271 Aristophanes, 1:575 Arkansas River, 1:264 and peace movement, 6:268–269 Aristotle, 6:407; 8:527 Long’s explorations of, 5:150 Reykjavik Summit and, 7:149–150 Arizin, Paul, 1:424 Pike expedition to, 6:354 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Arizona, 1:256–260 Arks. See Flatboat(s) (SALT I) and, 8:202, 206 astronomical observatories in, Arkwright, Richard, 8:108 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks II 6:155, 156–157 Arlandes, François d’, 1:391 (SALT II) and, 8:202, 206 in colonial era, 1:256–257 Arledge, Roone, 3:411 Strategic Arms Reduction Talks copper mining in, 2:409 Arlington National Cemetery, (START) and, 8:203 Democratic Party in, 1:259 1:264; 2:82 Strategic Defense Initiative in, education in, 1:259 Tomb of the Unknown Soldier at, 1:75; 7:554–555 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and 8:284, 284–285 Washington Naval Conference songs of, 7:532 United States v. Lee and, 8:274 and, 6:264; 8:555 governors of, 1:259 Armajani, Siah, 1:307 in World War II, 1:270–271 in Great Depression, 1:258 Armaments. See Weapons See also Nuclear weapons; Strategic industry in, 1:257–258, 259 Armas, Carlos Castillo, 5:48 Arms Limitation Talks mining in, 1:257; 8:141 Armed forces. See Military; specific Armstrong, C. Michael, 1:346 Native Americans in, 1:100–101, branches Armstrong, E. Howard, 7:20 256–257; 6:230, 540 Armed Forces Security Agency Armstrong, John, Jr., 6:94 New Deal and, 1:258 (AFSA), 5:558 Armstrong, Lance, 1:452 population of, 1:259 Armijo, Manuel, 6:68 Armstrong, Louis, 4:468 purchase of, 3:425 Arm-in-Arm (National Union) Con- Armstrong, Neil A., 2:102; 5:454, reclamation projects in, 7:55 vention, 3:155 454, 524; 7:480 Republican Party in, 1:259 Arminianism, 1:264–265 Armstrong, Samuel, 6:317 Spanish exploration in, 3:296 Arminius, Jacobus, 1:264, 264–265 Army, Confederate, 1:273; 2:210, 215 statehood for, 1:258 Armistice of November 1918, 1:265; activities in Canada, 2:24–25; Territory of, 1:257–258 8:539 6:136 water rights in, 1:100–101 Armored ships, 1:265–266 Army of Northern Virginia in, women in, 1:258–259 Armored vehicles, 1:266–268; 5:480 1:278 Arizona (battleship), 6:273 Armory Show (1913), 1:268–269, at Battle of Antietam, 1:200 Ark (ship), 2:290 297, 321–322 cavalry in, 2:78 Arkansas, 1:260–263 Armour, Philip and Simeon, 5:135 impressment in, 4:248 African Americans in, 1:261, 263 Arms race and disarmament, organization of, 1:274 agriculture in, 1:260, 261, 262 1:269–273; 6:144–145 uniforms of, 1:490; 8:256, 257 in Civil War, 1:261 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) veterans of, 8:264–265, 318 constitution of, 1:260–261 and, 6:145; 8:202, 206 in Vicksburg, 8:324 Democratic Party in, 1:261, 263 antiwar movements on, 1:216 Army, Continental, 1:509, 511; 7:141 economy of, 1:263 beginning of U.S.-Soviet negotia- cavalry in, 2:77 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and tions on, 7:212 Congress and, 2:394 songs of, 7:532 in Cold War, 1:271–272; 2:269, disbanding officers of, society of, flood of 1927 in, 1:262 528, 532 2:174 freedmen in, 1:261 in Eisenhower’s farewell address, organization of, 1:275 governors of, 1:261, 263 9:434–435 recruiting poster for, 2:363 industry in, 1:261–263 imperialism and, 1:270 training by Steuben, 7:144 legislature of, 1:261 military-industrial complex in, at Valley Forge, 8:306 Native Americans in, 1:260 5:376–378 Washington as commander in chief Progressivism in, 1:262 missile gap in (U.S. and USSR), of, 2:394 race riots in, 1:262 5:406–407 Yorktown campaign and, 8:580

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Army, Union, 1:273–274; 2:210, 215 in World War II, 1:277 Arrhenius, Svante, 4:6 Army of Tennessee in, 8:87 Army Corps of Engineers. See Engi- Arrow, Kenneth, 3:107, 110 Army of the Cumberland in, 2:479 neers, U.S. Army Corps of Arrowsmith (Lewis), 5:18 Army of the James in, 1:279 Army of Northern Virginia, 1:278 Arroyo, Gloria, 6:323 Army of the Potomac in, 1:279 at Battle of Antietam, 1:200 Arsenals, establishment of, 6:201–202 Army of Virginia in, 1:279 Army of Occupation, 1:278 Art(s), 1:285–314 cavalry in, 2:78 Army of Tennessee, 8:87 artists’ colonies, 1:319–320 desertion from, 1:524 Army of the James, 1:279 ceramics, 1:286, 303–305 Military Order of the Loyal Legion Army of the Potomac, 1:279; 9:67 porcelain, 6:418 of the U.S.A., 5:380 Army of Virginia, 1:279 collecting, 2:272, 272–273 organization of, 1:274, 276 Army on the Frontier, 1:279–280 cubism in, 2:475–476 transportation of, 7:40 Army posts (forts), 1:280–281 decorative, 1:285–288 uniforms of, 1:490; 8:257–258 in archival maps, 9:55, 56 Art Deco style, 1:287–288 veterans of life at, firsthand account of, ceramics, 1:286 bonuses for, 1:499 9:244–248 chairs, 1:286 pensions for, 7:127 See also specific forts early colonial style, 1:285 in Vicksburg, 8:324 Army School of Nursing, 6:147 industrialization and, 1:287 women nurses in, 8:502 Arnall, Ellis, 3:557 modernist, 1:288 Army, U.S., 1:274–278 Arnaz, Desi, 4:209, 209 Oriental style, 1:287 armored vehicles in, 1:267–268 Arneson, Robert, 1:305 pottery, 1:285–286 artillery regiments in, 1:318–319 Arnim, D. Juergen von, in Battle of silver, 1:286–287 black infantry in the West, 1:475, Kasserine Pass, 4:514 in Victorian era, 8:326 476 Arnold, Benedict, 1:574; 8:311 Winterthur Museum for, 8:489 cavalry in, 2:77–78 achievements in American Revolu- exhibitions in Cold War, 1:277 tion, 7:142, 143 Armory Show, 1:268–269 communist infiltration in, 4:411 in Battle of Valcour Island, 4:77 photography, 3:316, 316 Corps of Engineers in, 3:218–220 in capture of Ticonderoga, 8:124 existentialism in, 3:280 doughboy in, 3:82 court-martial of, 2:440 glass, 1:288–290; 4:4 early history of, 2:530 march to Quebec by, 1:281–282; graffiti, 4:30 forts of, 1:280–281 5:208; 9:34, 36 of Harlem Renaissance, 4:96–97 on frontier, 1:279–280 raid in Virginia, 1:282 interior decoration, 1:290–292 firsthand account of, 9:244–248 in Saratoga Campaign, 7:251, 251 interior design, 1:292–294 intelligence testing in, 4:378–379 treason by, 1:282; 7:144–145, 502; by Kentuckians, 4:520–521 in Korean War, 1:277; 4:547 8:447 National Endowment for the Arts liquor ration for, 3:59 Arnold, Henry H., 8:554 and, 5:535–536 Medical Department of, Arnold, James, 1:517 Native American, 1:314–316 5:286–287, 293 Arnold, Thurman W., 6:44; 8:263 Iroquois, 4:431 medicine in, 5:293–296 Aroostook War, 1:282–283 painting, 1:294–299 missions of, 1:274–275 ARPA. See Advanced Research Pro- abstract expressionism, 1:8–10, and National Rifle Association, jects Agency 298 5:556–557 ARPANET (Advanced Research genre painting, 3:537, 537–538 Native Americans in, 4:328–329 Projects Agency Network), Hudson River School of, ordnance of, 6:201–202 2:337; 3:184–185; 4:398–399; 4:188–190 organization of, 1:275–278 8:65, 66, 70 miniatures, 5:393–394, 394 in Persian Gulf War, 1:277 ARPC. See Associate Reformed murals, 5:483 Signal Corps of, 7:358 Presbyterian Church postmodernist, 6:430 in Spanish-American War, 1:276; Arpino, Gerald, 1:390 theft of, 7:182 7:486 Arrears Act (1879), 4:31 photography, 1:299–302; 6:330 Special Forces of, 7:494 Arrest(s), 1:283–284 in Civil War, 1:199, 200, 299, 530 uniforms in, 8:257, 258 arbitrary, during Civil War, 1:284; Family of Man Exhibition, 3:316, in Vietnam War, 1:277 2:210, 377, 411; 3:272 316 volunteer, 8:352 as search and seizure, 1:283; 7:290 pop, 6:414–415 in War of 1812, 1:275–276 Supreme Court on, 1:283, 284; postmodernism, 6:430 before World War II, 2:531 7:290 pottery, 1:303–305, 321

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printmaking, 6:470–472 handcrafted silver in, 5:328 Supreme Court on, 1:324 sculpture, 1:305–309 and Native American art, 1:315 gender roles of, 3:520 Mount Rushmore, 5:464–465, in pottery and ceramics, 1:304 geographic distribution of, 1:324 465 ARU. See American Railway Union hate crimes against, 1:323–324 by self-taught artists (folk art), As I Lay Dying (Faulkner), 5:121 as law students, 5:58 1:309–313 ASA. See American Sociological as “model minority,” 1:323 stained glass windows, 1:313–314, Association nativist laws and, 6:5 320 Asad, Talal, 1:194 in New Jersey, 6:63 in Victorian era, 8:326 Asante, Molefi Kete, 1:46–47 number of, 1:322 wax portraits, 8:431 Asawa, Ruth, 1:309 in old age, 6:189 See also Museum(s) Asbury, Francis, 1:44; 2:162, 175; science education for, 7:273 Art Deco, 1:287–288 5:333; 7:87 from Southeast Asia, 7:470–472 Art Institute of Chicago (AIC), and religious liberty, 7:93 in Virginia, 8:346 1:316–317 ASCAP. See American Society of Asian Indian Americans, 1:325 Art of Beautifying Suburban Home Composers, Authors, and Pub- in California, 1:324, 325 Grounds of Small Extent, The lishers in New Jersey, 6:63 (Scott), 3:510 ASCII (American Standard Code for number of, 1:325 Arthur, Chester Alan, 2:400; 3:157 Information Interchange), 3:24 religious practices of, 4:133 immigration restriction under, ASFA. See Adoption and Safe Fami- Asian religions and sects, 1:325–327 4:232 lies Act See also specific types presidency of, 2:485; 8:322 ASG. See American Society of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and tariffs, 8:51 Genealogists (APEC), 6:226 Arthur, Gabriel, 8:85 Ashcan School, 1:321–322 Asimov, Isaac, 5:130 Arthur, Timothy Shay, 8:80 Armory Show by, 1:268–269, 297, ASL. See American Sign Language; Articles of Confederation, 1:317; 321–322 American Soccer League 2:344, 394; 7:136 members of, 1:297, 321 Asphalt, 6:260–261, 301; 7:181 Annapolis Convention on, 1:187; printmaking by, 6:471 Aspin, Les, 2:529; 8:504 9:156–159 Ashcroft, John, as NRA life member, Aspinwald, Nathan, 7:361 Congress under, 2:350 5:557 ASSA. See American Social Science deficiency of, 2:378 Ashe, Arthur, 1:17 Association on enumerated powers, 3:225 Ashford, Bailey K., 5:294 Assassination(s), 1:327–333; 8:339 on privileges and immunities of Ashiwi. See Zuni of ambassadors, 1:134 citizens, 6:481–482 Ashley, James M., 8:564 by anarchists, 1:181 ratification of, 7:140 Ashley, William Henry, 2:301; 5:70 attempted states’ claims to western lands and, and fur trade, 1:158; 3:487, 493; of Field (Stephen J.), 4:250 8:455 8:563 of Ford, 1:330–331 system of representation under, Ashmun Institute, 3:121, 125 of Jackson (Andrew), 1:327–328 3:170; 7:109 Asia of Johnson (Andrew), 1:328 Articles of War (1775), 8:256 dollar diplomacy in, 3:71 of Nixon, 1:330 as military law, 5:379 foreign observers from, 1:138 of Reagan, 1:330, 331; 2:79; Artificial insemination technology, immigration from, 1:322, 324; 8:339 2:73 2:10; 7:10, 470–471; 8:291 of Roosevelt (Franklin Delano), Artificial intelligence, 1:318; 2:486 and religious affiliation, 7:91 1:329 Artificial perception, 1:318 Japanese power in, 4:457–458 of Roosevelt (Theodore), 1:329, Artificial Transmutation of the Gene religions and sects of, 1:325–327 566 (Muller), 3:532 State Department experts on, of Truman, 1:329; 4:135 Artillery, 1:318–319, 319 7:530 of Wallace (George C.), 3:166 See also Munitions; Nuclear U.S. imperialism in, 4:242–243, 245 of Evers (Medgar), 2:203; 5:527 weapons; Weapons See also specific countries of Garfield, 1:328, 572; 2:23; Artists’ colonies, 1:319–320 Asian Americans, 1:322–325 8:339 Yaddo, 8:570–571 challenges faced by, 1:323–324 of Kennedy (John F.), 1:330; 3:165; Arts and Crafts movement, definition of, 1:322–323 8:339 1:320–321 discrimination against, 2:10, 13, conspiracy theories on, 1:330; in furniture, 3:498 157; 8:577–578 2:378

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Assassination(s), (continued) Associated Negro Press (ANP), and land speculation, 5:36, 37 and gun control, 4:75; 5:557 5:200 Lewis and Clark Expedition and, Malcolm X on, 5:520 Associated Press (AP), 6:458 8:307 media coverage of, 8:339 first commercial facsimile service Pacific Fur Company of, 3:492; and Vietnam War, 8:331 introduced by, 3:329 6:225 Warren Commission on, Associated Press of Illinois, 6:458 Astor Place riot, 1:341, 341–342 8:394–395 Associates of New Jersey Company, Astoria (Oregon), 1:342 of Kennedy (Robert F.), 3:165 6:62 founding of, 1:342 and gun control, 4:75; 5:557 Association(s), 1:340–341 fur trading in, 1:342; 8:307 and Violence Commission, 8:340 definition of, 1:340 Albatross and, 1:114 of King, 2:204; 4:528–530; 8:339 See also specific associations; specific by American Fur Company, conspiracy theories on, 4:530 types 1:157 and gun control, 4:75; 5:557 Association Against the Prohibition by Pacific Fur Company, 6:225 prosecution of Ray after, Amendment, 6:501 Astronomical observatories, 1:343, 4:529–530 Association football. See Soccer 344, 345; 6:154–157 riots after, 4:528; 7:164; 8:338 Association of American Geogra- Astronomy, 1:342–346; 3:552 trade union support and, 1:154 phers, 3:541 among Native Americans, 4:308 and Violence Commission, 8:340 Association of American Geologists See also Telescopes of Lincoln, 1:328; 2:218; 8:339 and Naturalists, 1:140; 3:550 ASWPL. See Association of South- of Malcolm X, 5:520 Association of American Law ern Women for the Prevention of Mboya, 1:138 Schools (AALS), and legal edu- of Lynching of McKinley, 1:328–329; 2:84, cation, 5:56–57 Asylum. See Political exiles 227; 6:236; 8:323, 339 Association of Forest Service Asylums. See Mental illness anarchism and, 1:181 Employees for Environmental ATA. See Air Transport Association; of presidents, 1:327–331; 8:339 Ethics, 3:437 American Teachers Association Assay Offices, 1:333 Association of Intercollegiate Athlet- Atanasoff, John V., 3:25 Assemblies, colonial. See Colonial ics for Women, 5:531 Atari, 8:327 assemblies Association of Junior Leagues Inter- ATC. See Air Traffic Control Assemblies of God, 1:334; 6:288 national, 4:501 Atchison, David R., 1:505; membership in, 7:91 Association of Licensed Automobile 4:512–513; 5:59, 420 Assembly, right of. See First Amend- Manufacturers (ALAM), 1:367 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Rail- ment Association of Medical Superinten- road, 7:34 Assembly lines, 1:334–336 dents of American Institutions ATF. See Bureau of Alcohol, Tobac- in automobile industry, 1:335, for the Insane (AMSAII), 5:313, co, and Firearms 335–336, 372; 4:334; 5:262, 314 Atget, Eugene, 1:301 263 Association of Morning Newspa- Athapascans, 1:219 at Ford Motor Company, 2:389; pers, 6:458 in Alaska, 8:211, 213 3:414; 8:189 Association of Negro Life and His- in New Mexico, 6:65 See also Mass production tory, 5:200 Atheism, 1:347–348 Assimilation, 1:336–338 Association of Southern Women for definition of, 1:347 of Native Americans, 1:492; 3:115 the Prevention of Lynching “Athens of the South.” See Nashville stages of, 1:336–337 (ASWPL), 1:339–340; 5:180 Athey, Ron, 5:536 Assiniboin Indians, 5:23 Association of Women Geoscien- Athletic shoes, 1:503 Fort Laramie Treaty with, text of, tists, 3:550 Athletics. See Sports 9:227–229 Association on American Indian Atkinson, Henry, 8:580 gambling by, 3:506–507 Affairs (AAIA), 1:159, 340 Atlanta (Georgia), 1:348, 348–350 Assistant, 1:338–339 Assumption, Fort, 8:85 in Civil War, 1:350–351; 7:346 Assisted suicide, 1:339; 3:261–263 Aston, F. W., 6:341 damages to, 2:217 court cases on, 3:262; 7:160–161; Astor, Caroline Webster Schermer- after Civil War, 1:348 8:418 horn, 3:445 Empowerment Zone program in, definition of, 1:339 Astor, John Jacob, 1:404; 3:298; 8:490 8:287 Associate Reformed Presbyterian American Fur Company of, higher education in, 1:349 Church (ARPC), 6:451 1:157–158; 3:487, 491; 8:175 origins of, 7:32 Associate trading companies, 8:174 Astoria founded by, 1:342 race relations in, 1:348–349

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Atlanta Campaign, 1:350, 350–351 international agreements on, 1:354 Audiffron, Marcel, 3:182 Army of the Cumberland in, 2:479 in Mexican-American War, 1:354 Audio technology industry, Battle of Kenesaw Mountain in, prosecutions for (See War crimes 1:357–359 4:516 trials) film industry and, 1:358; “Atlanta Compromise” (Washing- in Vietnam War, 1:354; 8:333 3:362–363; 4:470 ton), 3:556 ATS. See American Temperance Audubon, John James, 1:359, 360; Atlanta Olympic bombing case, Society 3:268; 8:259, 597 3:339 AT&T (American Telephone and Birds of America, 6:214, 214 Atlantic, Battle of, 1:352, 352–353 Telegraph), 1:346, 440 exploration of American West and, Atlantic Charter (1941), 1:353; antitrust suit against, 8:235 3:299 8:273, 543 breakup of, 1:381; 3:13 Audubon Society, 1:359–360; 6:215 as executive agreement, 3:277 and cable advances, 2:3 Auenbrugger, Leopold, 2:53 imperialism of, 4:244–245 and code making, 2:468 Auerbach, Red, 1:424 Atlantic City (New Jersey), 1:353 divestiture of, 1:346–347 Augsburg Confession, 5:176, 177 Atlantic Community, 8:166 foundation of, 8:65, 70 Auguilar, Martin de, 7:173 Atlantic Intracoastal waterway, 8:430 industrial research at, 4:339, 342 Auguste Comte and Positivism (Mill), Atlantic Monthly (magazine), 1:351, innovations resisted by, 6:169 6:424 351–352; 8:233 lawsuits by, 8:70 Augustine, Saint, 3:261 Atlantic Ocean, cables across, 2:3–4 as monopoly, 8:65, 70 Aum Shinrikyo (Japanese cult), Atmospheric sciences. See Meteorol- research laboratory of, 5:18 1:465 ogy service provided by, 8:65, 66 Aurora (newspaper), 1:360–361; ATMs. See Automated teller and trade unions, 2:324–325 2:393 machines and Western Union, 8:456, 457 Auster, Paul, New York Trilogy, 5:122 Atomic bomb, 6:144, 342 AT&T, United States v., 1:347 Austin (Texas), 1:361 development of Attainder, 1:355 Austin, Hudson, 4:65 media coverage of, 7:275 Attakullakulla (Cherokee chief), 8:85 Austin, Mary, 1:320 in Soviet Union, 1:271 Attaway, William, Blood on the Forge, Austin, Moses, 5:61 in U.S., 4:203–204; 6:143, 336, 5:125 Austin, Stephen F., 1:361; 3:202; 342; 8:414–415 (See also Attention-deficit/hyperactivity dis- 8:104 Manhattan Project) order (ADHD), 7:568–569 Australia U.S. use against Japan, 6:143, 342; Attenuated vaccine, 6:389 in ANZUS Treaty, 1:361–362 8:551–552, 555 Attica State Prison, 1:355–356, 356; convict transportation to, 2:402 See also Nuclear weapons 7:165 U.S. relations with, 1:361–362 Atomic Café, The (Loader, Rafferty, Attorney(s) in World War II, 1:361 Rafferty), 5:121 African American, first, 5:74 Australian ballot, 1:392; 3:146–147 Atomic Energy Act (1946), 6:141 and counselors at law, Supreme Austria Atomic Energy Act (1954), 3:213; Court’s distinction between, U.S. relations with, 2:88 6:140, 141 5:73 after World War I, 2:89 Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), female Austrian State Treaty (1955), 8:205 3:213 first admitted to practice before Authoritarian Personality, The accelerator construction by, 6:339 Supreme Court, 5:74 (Adorno), 3:454 designing nuclear power plants, first black, 5:75 Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man 6:138–139 first in U.S., 5:74 (Johnson), 5:124 Atomic physics, 6:340 See also Legal profession Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, Atoms, 6:339, 340 Attorneys general, 4:503 1:363; 5:118 Atoms for Peace program, 3:208; Attucks, Crispus, 1:48, 509; 7:7, 164 Autobiography of Malcolm X, The, 6:140 Atwater, W. O., 3:325; 6:148 1:363; 5:126 Atonio, Ward’s Cove Packing Co., Inc., Atwood, Leland, 3:498 Autobiography of Miss Jane Pittman, v., 2:196, 197; 8:389–390 Atzerodt, George, 1:328 The (Gaines), 5:126 Atrocities in war, 1:353–355 Aubuisson, Roberto d’, 3:144 Autoflow, 7:441 in American Revolution, on Jersey Auchmuty, Robert, 1:513 Autologous transplantation, 8:182 Prison Ship, 4:473 Auctions, 1:356–357 Automated teller machines (ATMs), Americans as victims of, 1:354 Auden, W. H., 1:389; 3:280; 5:194 1:363–364 in Indian wars, 1:353–354; 8:337 Audiencias, 2:278–279 and theft, 7:182

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Automation, 1:364–366 automation in, 1:364 Aviation. See Air transportation and applications for, 1:364–366 competition in, 1:368–369 travel; Aircraft definitions of, 1:364 computers and, 2:392 Aviation and Transportation Securi- robotics, 7:183–185, 184 in Detroit, 3:20 ty Act (2001), 8:185 Technocracy Movement on, 8:63 disregard for consumer safety, Aviation insurance, 4:368–369 Automobile(s), 1:366–371; exposé of, 8:285 Avilés, Pedro Menéndez de, 3:296 8:189–190 early, 1:366–368 Awakening. See Great Awakening accidents in, 1:12, 376–377 energy crisis and, 1:370 Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu alcohol use and, 1:118 foreign trade and, 8:167 Nunnery of Montreal (Monk), alternative fuels for, 3:480–481 industrialization and, 5:228–229 5:238 catalytic converters for, 1:362 and installment credit, 2:449 AWSA. See American Woman’s Suf- culture of, 2:389 of Japan, 1:336, 373–374; 3:422 frage Association early development of, 1:366, legislation on, 1:369 Aycock, Alice, 1:307 366–367; 8:189 manufacturing process in, Ayer, J. C., and Co., 1:129 effects of, 1:368; 8:190 1:367–368 Ayer, N. W., & Son, 1:32 emissions from mass production in, 1:367, Ayer’s American Almanac, 1:129 and air pollution, 1:79 371–373 Ayllón, Lucas Vázquez de, 3:295 regulation of, 1:79, 362 in Michigan, 5:355 Ayres, Clarence E., 3:109 testing and standards for, 1:362 National Traffic and Motor Vehi- Ayub Khan, Mohammad, 4:259 and historic preservation, 6:452 cle Safety Act and, 5:561 Azidothymidine (AZT), 1:16 and hotel industry, 4:176 origins of, 1:371 Aztec Club, 8:318 hybrid, 1:79 in Rust Belt, 7:215 Azziz, Tariq, 6:292 installment financing of, safety and design changes in, 4:364–365 1:376–377; 2:384 insurance for, 4:370 strikes in internal combustion engine in, newspaper account of, 9:385–387 B patent on, 7:304 sit-down, 7:372 Babbage, Charles, 2:334 mass production of, 5:262–263, trade unions in, 1:373; 5:355; 8: Babbitt, Irving, 2:375 263 260–262 Babbitt (Lewis), 5:120; 8:290, 292 problems with, 1:369–370 vulcanized rubber in, 7:202 Babcock, Stephen M., 2:490 racing, 1:366–367, 374–376, 376; in Wisconsin, 8:492 Bábí movement, 1:384 2:436 after World War II, 1:369–370; Baby Bells, 1:381 and recreation, 7:65–66 3:527 Baby boom generation reliance on, 1:369–370 Automobile racing, 1:374–376, 376 in adolescence, 1:25–26 and road construction, 7:177–178 in early auto industry, 1:366–367, and crime, 2:460 safety of, 1:144, 376–377; 5:105 374–375, 375 and education, 3:117 speed limits for, 7:500–501 at fairs, 2:436 and fashion, rejection of, 2:247 in suburbanization, 7:573–574 Automobile safety, 1:376–377; and unemployment rate, 8:252 technological improvements in, 5:105 Bache, Alexander Dallas, 1:141; 1:368–369 American Automobile Association 2:257; 6:160, 335 and tourism, 8:146 and, 1:144 Bache, Benjamin Franklin, 1:360 and urbanization, 8:290 consumer movement and, 2:384 Bacher, Robert, 2:15 and vacation activities, 8:305 disregard for, exposé of, 8:285 Bachstrom, Friedrich, 6:148 See also Automobile industry governmental inspection for, 4:364 Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Automobile associations, 1:143–144 Automobile Workers v. Johnson Con- vaccine, 8:237 Automobile Club of America (ACA), trols, Inc., 1:377 Backcountry and backwoods, 1:143–144 Autonomous workers, 5:6 1:381–382 Automobile industry, 1:371–374 Avant-garde art, 1:298 Backlash, 1:382 air pollution regulations and, 1:79, Avedon, Richard, 1:301 Backlist titles, 6:538 362 Avery, Byllye, 8:511 Bacon, Francis, 3:204, 262; 6:335 aluminum used in, 6:116 Avery, Oswald, 3:67, 533; 7:188 on common law, 2:316 assembly lines in, 1:335, 335–336; AVF. See All-Volunteer Force on leisure, 8:526 2:389; 3:414; 4:334; 5:262, AVG. See American Volunteer Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., 1:62, 382–383, 263 Group 383; 8:342

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Bacon, Roger, 3:301 Baker v. Carr, 1:227, 385–386; 5:79; Ballet, 1:389–391; 2:497, 498–499 Bacon’s Rebellion, 1:62, 382–383; 7:108; 8:357 American Ballet Theatre, 1:144, 2:280; 8:125, 342 Baker v. Selden, 2:412 390; 2:498–499 Bacteriology. See Microbiology Bakke, Allan, 1:386 New York City Ballet, 1:390; Bad Axe, Battle of, 8:401 Bakke v. Regents of the University of 2:498; 6:81–82, 82 “Bad tendency test,” 3:374 California, 1:37, 386; 3:119 Ballet Society, 6:81 Baden-Powell, Robert, 1:527 Bakker, Jim, 8:71 Ballinger, R. A., and naval oil Badlands, 1:383–384, 384 Bakker, Tammy Faye, 8:71 reserves, 6:19 Baehr v. Levin, 2:532 Bakunin, Michael, 1:180–181 Ballinger-Pinchot controversy, 1:391 Baekeland, Leo, 6:366 Balaguer, Joaquin, 3:76 Ballistic Missile Defense System, Baer, Ralph, 8:327 Balance of trade, 1:386–387; 2:517 1:75 Baez, Joan, 8:499 with Japan, 4:459 Ballistic missiles, inter-continental Baffin, William, 3:286; 6:136 Balanced Budget Act (1997), 1:388; (ICBMs), 1:75 Baffin Bay, 6:136 2:515 Balloon-frame construction, 5:173 Bagley, Sarah, 8:505 Balanced Budget Amendment, 1:388 Balloons, 1:391–392 Bahá’í, 1:384 Balanced Budget and Emergency Ballot, 1:392 BAI. See Bureau of Animal Industry Deficit Control Act. See Australian, 1:392; 3:146–147 Bail, 1:385 Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act canvassing of, 2:38 Bailey, DeFord, 3:395 Balanchine, George, 2:498, 499; Massachusetts, 5:269 Bailey, Gamaliel, 5:96 6:81, 82 vs. voice voting, 3:146 Bailey, George, 2:177 Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 3:284 Ballou, Hosea, 2:350 Balch, Emily Green, 8:499 Baltimore (Maryland), 1:392–393 Bailey, Hachaliah,2:177 Baldrige National Quality Program, Empowerment Zone program in, Bailey, James A., 2:177 5:529 8:287 Bailey, Liberty Hyde, 1:57 Baldwin, Abraham, at Constitutional fire of 1904 in, 3:38 Bailey, Theodorus, 5:87 Convention, 2:379 flour milling in, 3:389, 391 Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Company, Baldwin, Billy, 1:292 Fort McHenry in, 5:185, 186 2:140, 142 Baldwin, James, 3:197; 8:248 Baltimore, Barron v., 1:419, 457; 2:198 Bailyn, Bernard, 7:148 Another Country, 5:126 Baltimore, Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Bain, Alexander, 3:329 Blues for Mister Charlie, 5:126 Baron, 2:67, 280, 287 Bainbridge, William, 1:415; 2:378 The Fire Next Time, 5:126 Baltimore, Charles Calvert, Lord, Bainter, Fay, 6:485 Go Tell It on the Mountain, 5:121, 1:392 Baird, Eisenstadt v., 5:251 125 Baltimore, David, 3:68, 533; 7:279 Baird, John Logie, 3:357; 8:76 Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been Baltimore, George Calvert, Lord, Baird, Robert, 3:2 Gone, 5:126 1:196, 333; 2:171, 287; 5:255; Baird, Spencer Fullerton, 8:597 Baldwin, Marcus W., American 6:433 Bakelite, 6:366 Eagle, 3:100 Baltimore Afro-American (newspa- Baker, Edward M., 8:404 Baldwin, Matthias W., 5:142 per), 6:98, 99 Baker, Eugene, 3:300 Baldwin, Roger, 1:146, 147 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, State of Baker, Gardiner, 5:486 Baldwin, Ruth Standish, 5:563 Maryland v., 2:438 Baker, James Addison, III Baldwin, Samuel, 6:61 Baltimore Bell Teams, 1:393 influence of, 2:2 Baldwin, Simeon Eben, 1:144 Baltimore Riot, 1:393 and Persian Gulf War, 6:292, 293 Baldwin, Thomas Scott, 3:30 Bambara, Toni Cade, 5:124 Baker, James Jay, 5:557 Balfour Declaration, 8:592 Bamberger, Louis, 4:366 Baker, Josephine, 2:497 Balkans. See specific countries Bamberger, Simon, 8:297 Baker, Newton (Cleveland mayor), Ball, Caroline Peddle, 1:308 Bananas, 3:479; 4:69–70 2:233 Ball, Lucille, 4:209, 209 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (BNL), Baker, Newton D. (secretary of war), Ball, Thomas, 1:306 4:422 8:378–379, 540 Balladares, Ernesto Pérez, 6:241 Bancroft, George, 2:485; 4:137–138; Baker, Ray Stannard, 2:73 Ballads, 1:388–389 6:19 Baker, Robert G. (Bobby), 1:385; on Mexican-American War, Bands, marching, 5:237–238 2:421 9:221–222 Bangladesh Baker Case, 1:385 Ballard, Guy W., 2:477 Concert for, 1:441 Baker Island, 1:189 Ballard, Robert, 8:132 creation of, 4:260

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Bank(s) foundation of, 3:365 subtreasuries in, 7:571 building and loan associations and, Hamilton’s proposal for, 4:89–90; Suffolk Banking System, 8:3 1:563 8:195 under Van Buren, 1:195 in capitalist economy, 2:41 implied powers of Congress and, Banking Act (1933). See Glass-Stea- central, 4:258 4:247 gall Act and check currency, 2:114–115 Jackson’s campaign against, 1:395, Banking Act (1935), 1:402; 3:345 commercial, 1:396, 405 397; 3:152; 7:103 Banking Modernization Bill credit provided by, 2:447–448 and antibank movement, 1:195; (Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of decline of, 3:367–368 3:365 1999), 1:402 export-import, 1:402–404 and pet banks, 6:295 Bankruptcy laws, 1:409–411 failures (See Bank failures) and panic of 1792, 3:365 Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Gold Exchange Bank, 4:10 and panic of 1819, 3:365 Act, 3:457 intermediate credit, 4:384–385 and panic of 1837, 3:365 state, Supreme Court on, 6:171; investment, 1:404–406 Second, removal of deposits from, 7:562 Jay Cooke and Company, 7:103 Banks, Dennis, 1:160, 160, 161; 2:404–405 state taxation of, Supreme Court 8:561 regulation of, 1:405–406 on, 4:247; 5:184; 6:218 Banks, Nathaniel P. Japanese, 3:422 Bank of the United States, Osborn v., in Army of Virginia, 1:279 joint-stock land, 4:486 6:218–219 in Red River Campaign, 7:71 national, 2:333 BankAmerica, 3:368 Banneker, Benjamin, 1:48 regulation of, 5:185 Bankers Trust, 3:370 Banning, Margaret Culkin, “War private, 1:406 Bankhead Cotton Act (1934), 1:396 and the Family” speech by, redlining by, 7:72–73 Bankhead-Jones Farm Tenancy Act 9:403–404 robberies of, 7:182 (1937), 2:371 Bannister, Robert, 6:424 savings, 1:406–408; 2:447 Banking, 1:396–400 Bantam Books, 6:539 state, 1:406, 408–409 antibank movement in, 1:195 Banting, William, 6:153 notes issued by, 8:310 ATMs in, 1:363–364 Baptist churches, 1:411–413, 413 regulation of, 5:185 in Charlotte (North Carolina), African Americans in, 1:42, 43, 43, wildcat, 8:477 2:109 44–45 See also Banking; specific banks and clearinghouses, 2:231–232 and camp meetings, 7:86, 87 Bank failures, 1:400–401 crisis of 1933 in, 1:402 membership in, 7:87, 90, 91 contractionary impact of, 1:585 and gold standard, 4:15–16 and religious liberty, 7:93 deregulation in 1980s and, 4:27 Roosevelt’s fireside chat on, text spread of, 7:86 Freedman’s Savings Bank, 3:462 of, 9:377–379 and Underground Railroad, 8:250 during Great Depression, 4:45 Roosevelt’s response to, 7:62–63 Bar associations, 5:74 Safety Fund System and, 7:222 free, 3:458 See also American Bar Association Bank for International Settlements interest rates in, 4:382 Barak, Ehud, 4:442–443 (BIS), 1:393–394 under Jackson, 1:195 Baraka, Imamu Amiri, 1:478; 5:123, creation of, 8:585 Jacksonian assaults on, opposition 126; 8:115 Bank Holiday Proclamation, 6:491 to, 8:467 Blues People, 5:126 Bank notes, 5:528 Lebanese Americans in, 5:71 The Dead Lecturer, 5:126 vs. check currency, 2:114 monetary system, 5:440–441 Dutchman, 5:126 counterfeit, 2:433–434 Morgan-Belmont Agreement, Home: Social Essays, 5:126 Bank of America, 1:394–395 5:457–458 Preface to a Twenty-Volume Suicide Bank of Augusta v. Earle, 1:395 offshore, 8:447 Note, 5:126 Bank of North America, 1:395, 396; open-market operations in, 6:198 Baran, Paul, 4:398; 8:66 2:447; 3:344 and organized crime, 2:463 Baranov, Aleksandr, 1:108; 3:294 Bank of the Commonwealth of Ken- under Polk, 1:195 Barbadians, 7:453, 454 tucky, Briscoe v., 1:540 regulation of, 1:405–406 Barbados, 1:413–415, 414 Bank of the United States (BUS), Comptroller of the Currency Barbara, Joseph, 1:222 1:395–396, 396–397 and, 2:333 Barbary states, U.S. relations with, as central bank, 3:344 savings and loan associations and, 1:232 and foreign investment, 2:516; 7:256–258 Barbary Wars, 1:415 3:420 in South Dakota, 7:460–461 Constitution (frigate) in, 2:378

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Decatur’s cruise to Algiers, 2:520 and circus, development of, 2:177 African Americans in, 1:420, 421, gunboats in, 4:77 and Crystal Palace Exhibition, 422, 547 Intrepid in, 4:408 8:558 Black Sox scandal, 1:479–480 sailing warships in, 8:405 Davis (Jefferson) trial and, 2:505 college, 2:276 Barbecue, 1:415–416 Barnum & Bailey, 2:177 women in, 2:277 Barbed wire, 1:416, 416 Baroody, William, 8:118 First World Series, 1:420 and cattle ranching, 2:443 Baroody, William, Jr., 8:118 salaries in, 8:361 and farmer-rancher relations, Baroque furniture, 3:496 and social stratification, 7:65 8:463 Barr, Alfred H., Jr., 5:484 trade union for, 1:422–423; 7:511 fencing with, 3:353 Barr, Elizabeth, 7:264 Bases, military. See Military base and livestock industry, 2:73, 76 Barras, Comte de, 3:473 closings and windmills, 8:486 Barreiro, Antonio, 9:201–203 Basketball, 1:423–426 Barber, Red, 1:421 Barrett, David D., 6:199 in college athletics, 2:276 Barbera, Joe, 2:64 Barrie, Dennis, 5:535 invention of, 8:584 Barbie doll, 1:417; 8:153 Barron, Clarence, 3:83; 8:367 Bass, Edward, 1:464 Barbiturates, 7:568 Barron, James, 2:129 Bass, Robert, 6:58 Barboncito (Navajo leader), 6:16 Barron, Samuel, 1:415 Bassett, Rex, 3:182 Barbour, John S., 7:52 Barron, William Wallace, 8:450 Bastogne, 1:426–427 Barclay, Robert H., 5:21 Barron v. Baltimore, 1:419, 457; BAT. See British-American Tobacco Bardeen, John, 1:346, 440; 6:337, 2:198 Company 346 Barrows and Company, 6:359 Bataan-Corregidor Campaign, Barents, Willem, 6:381–382 Barry, John, 5:87 1:427; 8:547 Barents Sea, 6:382 Barry, Marion, 8:411 Bates, Katharine Lee, 1:139 Murmansk in, 5:483 Barry, Rick, 1:425 Bathroom fixtures, 6:372 Bargained negligence policy, Barry, William T., 6:426 Bathtubs and bathing, 1:427–428 5:348–349 Barth, Carl G., 7:281 Batista, Fulgencio, 2:54, 470; Bargaining for a Horse (Mount), Barth, John 5:47–48 3:537 Coming Soon!!!, 5:122 Battery, electric, 3:172–173 Bargemen, 1:417 Lost in the Funhouse, 5:122 Battle Fleet Cruise Around the Barges, 8:147, 147–148 Barth, Karl, 7:414 World, 1:428–429, 429 Barker, Bernard L., 8:426 Barthold, Richard, at Hague Peace “Battle Hymn of the Republic,” Barker, Mary, 1:155 Conference, 4:82 1:429; 2:192–193; 4:100 Barkley, Alben W., 3:164 Barkley, Charles, 6:547 Bartholdi, Frédéric Auguste, 7:540 Battle of Lake Erie (Cooper), Barlow, Joel, 4:101 Bartlam, John, 1:304 6:290–291 Barn raising, 1:417, 436 Bartlett, Frederic Clay, 1:316 Battles of the American Revolution, Barnard, Christiaan, 4:121 Bartlett, James H., 6:343 1775–1781 (Harrington), 5:145 Barnard, Edward Emerson, 1:344 Bartlett, John, 1:419 Battleships, 8:407 Barnard, Henry, 3:114, 138 Bartlett, John Russell, 1:192 Batts, Nathaniel, 1:114 Barnard College, 3:131; 7:319–320 Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations, 1:419 Batts, Thomas, 8:447 Barnburners, 1:417–418; 2:400; Barton, Andrew, 6:199 Baum, Frederich, 1:442 4:195 Barton, Clara, 6:317 Baum, L. Frank, The Wonderful Wiz- Barnes, Albert C., 2:273 and American Red Cross, 7:68; ard of Oz, 5:127 Barnes, Hazel E., 3:280 8:502 Baumann, Eugene, 6:149 Barnes and Noble, 3:183; 6:538, 539 Bartram, John, 1:166, 516, 519; Baxter, William, 1:347 Barnett, Claude, 5:200 2:292 Bay of Pigs invasion, 1:430–431; Barnett, Samuel, 7:317 Bartram, William, 2:181; 6:214 2:55, 470–471; 4:22 Barnette, West Virginia State Board of Baruch, Bernard M., 2:189; 8:380 Bay Psalm Book, 1:431; 6:468, 536 Education v., 3:374; 6:370 Barus, Carl, 3:552 Bayard, James, 2:542 Barnstorming, 1:418 Baryshnikov, Mikhail, 1:144 Bayard, Thomas F., 3:156 Barnum, P. T., 1:32, 418, 418 Bascom, Florence, 6:300 Bayard v. Singleton, 1:431 American Museum of, 1:418–419; Baseball, 1:419–422 Bayard-Chamberlain Treaty, 1:431 5:487; 8:593 in 19th century, 7:508 Bayh, Evan, 4:320 burlesques sponsored by, 1:575 in 20th century, 7:509 Baylor, Elgin, 1:424

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Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan, Native Americans and, 5:207 during World War I, 1:439 1:431–432 Beaver, Tony, 8:45 during World War II, 1:426 Bayou, 1:432, 432 Bebop, 4:469 Belin, Edouard, 3:329 Baziotes, William, 1:10 Beccaria, Cesare, 2:40; 6:476 Belize, 1:439 BBC. See British Broadcasting Cor- Beck, Dave, 4:385, 386; 5:183 Belknap, Tomlinson, 1:440 poration Beck, Julian, 8:115 Belknap, William W., 1:440 BBN. See Bolt, Beranek, and New- Beck, Thomas, 8:481 Belknap scandal, 1:440 man Becker, Gary, 3:108 Bell, Alexander Graham, 1:440; BBS. See Bulletin board systems Becker, George F., 3:552; 6:300 2:388; 8:70 BCG. See Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin Becker, H., 6:340 on American Sign Language, 7:356 vaccine; Board for Certification Beckley, John James, 5:100 Bell Company founded by, 1:346; of Genealogists Beckmann, Max, 1:298 8:70 BEA. See Budget Enforcement Act; Becknell, William, 6:68; 7:248; at Centennial Exhibition, 2:87 Bureau of Economic Analysis 8:363 and deaf education, 3:32, 34 Beach, Alfred Ely, 8:240 Beckwith, E. G., 7:30 and fiber optics, 3:357 Beach, Frederick C., 3:204 Bedford, Gunning, at Constitutional and gramophone, 1:357 Beadle, Erastus, 5:129; 6:537 Convention, 2:379 on “grand system,” 8:65 Beadle, George Wells, 3:532–533 Beech, Walter H., 1:418 and National Geographic Society, Beadle, William Henry Harrison, Beecher, Catharine, 3:114, 131, 180; 5:541 7:459, 460 7:195; 8:106 and telephone, 3:577; 8:65, 69, 456 Beads. See Wampum Congregationalism and, 2:349 Bell, Buck v., 3:258 Beal, Fred E., 3:512 Beecher, Henry Ward, 1:435, 448; Bell, Daniel, 6:32; 7:428 Beale, Francis, 8:521 6:333; 7:195; 8:263 Bell, E. N., 6:288 “Bean bag” chair, 3:499 on John Brown, 2:163 Bell, Eudorus N., 1:334 Beans, Native American cultivation Beecher, Lyman, 1:377, 378, 379; Bell, Fiallo v., 1:125 of, 1:68 7:195; 8:78 Bell, Griffin, 3:206 Bear Dance, 8:299 Beecher’s Bibles, 1:435 Bell, Grove City College v., 2:206 Bear Flag Revolt, 1:432–433; 3:468 Beef Trust Cases, 1:435–436 Bell, James Ford, 2:98 Bear Island, 6:382 Beekeeping, 1:436 Bell, James Franklin, 6:320 Beard, Charles A., 1:139; 2:382; Beer, 7:504, 505, 567 Bell, John, 1:164; 4:205 4:139; 6:403 brewing of, 1:536, 536–537 in presidential campaign of 1860, Beard, Daniel, 2:21 Bees (social gatherings), 1:436–437 2:383; 3:154 Beard, Dita, 4:449 Beetlecreek (Demby), 5:125 Bell, Larry, 1:299, 307 Bearden, Romare, 1:298 Begin, Menachem, 3:141 Bell, Terrel H., 3:123 Beards, 4:84 Behavior, codes of. See Manners and Bell Curve, The (Herrnstein and Beasley, Daniel, 5:389 etiquette Murray), 1:194; 7:13 Beat generation, 1:433; 2:433; 5:121 Behavioral Science Unit of FBI, Bell System Beatles, The, 2:79; 7:185 3:338 microwave communications, 5:361 Beattie, Anne, 5:122 Behaviorism, 1:437–438 and trade unions, 2:324–325 Beatty, Willard W., 3:136 and political science, 6:403–404 Bell Telephone Company. See Beauharnais v. Illinois, 4:67; 6:91 and psychology, 6:524–525 AT&T Beaujeu, Daniel, 1:530 Behrman, Martin, 6:74 Bell Telephone Laboratories, 1:346, Beaumont, Andrew, 2:411 Beiber, Owen, 8:262 440–441; 4:339, 342 Beaumont, William, 5:286, 295; Beidler, John, 8:336 transistor invented at, 2:335 6:148, 348 Beirne, Joseph, 2:325 Bell X-1 plane, 8:569, 569–570 Beauregard, Pierre G. T., 1:567; Beirut bombing, 1:438–439 Bellah, Robert, 2:192 2:211 Beissel, Conrad, 1:534 Bellamy, Edward, 4:333; 6:417; Beauty contests, 1:433–434, 434 Békésey, Georg von, 1:463 7:424, 426; 8:304 Miss America pageant, 5:406 Belasco, David, 8:114 Looking Backward, 8:303 Beauvoir, Simone de, 3:279, 280 Belcher, Jonathan, 3:466 Bellamy, Francis M., 5:168; 6:370; The Second Sex, 3:281 Belgian Relief, 1:439 8:558 Beaver, 1:434–435 Belgium Bellamy, Joseph, 7:96 in Colorado, 2:298 in European Common Market, Bellamy, Mr., in XYZ affair, 8:570 hats, 1:434, 435 8:157 Bellamy, Samuel, 2:38

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Belle of Orleans (steamboat), 3:508 Bentham, Jeremy, 6:476, 534 Berry, Clifford E., 3:25 Belleau Wood, Battle of, 1:441 Bentley, Arthur F., 6:376–377, 402 Berry, Don, 6:207 Bellecourt, Clyde, 1:160 Bentley, Elizabeth, 8:1, 2 Berry, George L., 5:17 Bellecourt, Vernon, 1:161 Bentley, William, 2:271 Berryman, John, 5:122 Bellei, Rogers v., 2:181 Benton, Thomas Hart (artist), Bertoia, Harry, 3:499 Bellenger, Étienne, 3:291 1:297–298; 6:471 Bessemer, Henry, 4:427 Bellmon, Henry, 6:186 Benton, Thomas Hart (senator), Best Friend of Charleston (locomo- Belloc, Hilary, 1:57–58 2:351; 4:512, 513; 5:420; tive), 7:30 Bellow, Saul, 5:121 8:434–435 Betamax, 8:327 The Adventures of Augie March, Benton, William, 3:204 Bethe, Hans A., 6:344 8:294 Benton-Banai, Eddie, 1:161 Bethune, Mary McLeod, 1:51 Bellows, George, 1:268, 297, 320, Bentsen, Lloyd, 3:168 education of, 3:126 321, 321; 3:538; 6:471 Benz, Karl, 1:366 and National Council of Negro Bellows, Henry Whitney, 7:244 Benzodiazepines, 7:568 Women, 5:534 Belluschi, Pietro, 6:207 Berea College v. Kentucky, 1:443 Betio Island, 3:576 Belmont Report, The , 1:462 Berenson, Bernard, 2:272 Better Business Bureau, 2:383–384 Beloved (Morrison), 5:123, 126 Berenson, Senda, 2:277 Betts v. Brady, 3:575 Belter, John Henry, 3:497 Berg, Paul, 3:529 Beverages. See Brewing; Soft drink Bemen, Solon S., 1:252 Berger, Victor, 6:98; 7:426 industry; Spirits industry; Bemis, Samuel Flagg, 4:467 Bergh, Henry, 1:186 Whiskey; Wine industry Ben Franklin Stores, 3:26 Bergstresser, Charles M., 3:83 Beverly, Robert, The History and Pre- Ben Hur, burlesque parody of, 1:575 Bergstrom, G. Edwin, 6:286 sent State of Virginia, 1:191; Benchley, Robert, 1:123 Bering, Vitus, 1:108, 121; 2:8; 3:286, 9:109–111 Benedict, David, 1:412 293, 491; 8:453 Bey, Dawoud, 1:302 Benedict, Ruth, 1:193; 6:259; 8:599 Berkeley, Frances Culpeper Beyond the Melting Pot (Glazer and Benefit concerts, 1:441, 441–442 Stephens, 2:476 Moynihan), 1:446–447 Benham, Philip (Flip), 6:199 Berkeley, John, Lord, 2:289; 3:112; Bezos, Jeff, 3:183 Benicia (California), archival map of, 6:60, 511 See also Amazon.com 9:62, 62 Berkeley, Sir William, 1:62, 114, Bhaktivedanta, A. C., 2:477 Benign neglect, 1:442 382–383, 383; 2:280; 8:447 BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs Benjamin, Judah P., 2:341 Berkman, Alexander, 1:181 Biasone, Danny, 1:424 Bennett, Gordon, 1:374 Berkman v. Parker, 3:199 Bibb, William Wyatt, 1:102 Bennett, Hugh Hammond, 2:371 Berkowitz, David, 7:448 Bible, 1:447–449 Bennett, James Gordon, 2:3; 6:96; Berle, Adolf, in Brain Trust, 6:42 distributed by Gideon Society, 3:575 8:577 Berle, Milton, 8:72, 309 Eliot’s Indian, 4:262 Bennett, Louis (Deerfoot), 8:154 Berlin, Edward A., 7:22 geology and, 3:549 Bennett, William Berlin, Irving, 3:396 Gutenberg, 6:468 as director of Office of National Berlin, Treaty of (1921), 1:443 science and, 7:269–271 Drug Control Policy, 5:511 Berlin Airlift, 1:443, 443–444; 2:269 Bible box, 3:495 on National Endowment of the Berlin Wall, 1:444, 444; 2:269 Bible Commonwealth, 1:449–450; Humanities, 5:537; 6:33 Berliner, Emile, 1:358 8:116 Bennett College, 3:132 Berlitz, Charles, 1:446 Bible Presbyterian Synod (BPS), Benning, Fort, 1:442 Bermuda Company, 2:111 6:451 Benning, Henry L., 1:442 Bermuda Conferences, 1:444–445 Bible societies, 1:145–146; 3:575 Bennington, Battle of, 1:442–443; Bermuda Islands, 1:445–446 Biblical studies, 1:448 4:61 Bermuda Triangle, 1:445, 446 higher criticism in, 4:130–131 Benny, Jack, 8:309 Bermúdez, Juan de, 1:445 Bicameralism, 5:78 Benson, Crowell v., 1:22 Bernard, Claude, 6:348 See also Legislature Benson, Elmer A., 3:322 Bernard, John, 2:326 Bicentennial, 1:450 Benson, O. H., 3:445 Berners-Lee, Tim, 7:280 Bickford, William, 3:301 Bent, Charles, 1:220; 6:68; 8:48 Bernhardt, Sarah, 8:309 Bicycle messenger services, 2:439 Bent, William, 8:364 Bernstein, Leonard, 3:280 Bicycling, 1:450–451, 451 Benteen, Frederick, and Battle of Bernston, Jackie, 7:185 and road construction, 1:451; Little Bighorn, 5:131–132 Berry, Chuck, 7:185 7:178

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Bidault, Georges, 1:445 Second, 5:92 taxonomy, 5:217–218 Biddle, Charles, 6:237 Supreme Court on, 8:24–25 See also Zoology Biddle, Nicholas, 1:396, 397, 404 Billboards, 1:34 Biomass, as alternative energy removal of deposits and, 7:103 regulation of, 4:132 source, 3:212, 214, 215 Biden, Joseph, 8:339 Billeting, 1:457–458, 512 Bionics, 1:463 on Persian Gulf War, 6:292 Muntiny Act, 5:505 Biophysics, 5:437 Biderman, Jacques Antoine, 8:489 Billings (Montana), 1:458 Bioregionalism, 1:464 Bidwell, De Lima v., 2:545; 4:367 Billings, Frederick K., 1:458 Bioremediation, 3:531 Bidwell, John, 6:502 Billings, John Shaw, 4:482; Biosphere 2, 1:464 Bien, Julius, 2:61 5:295–296 Biotechnology Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne, Billings, Warren K., 1:146; 5:455 future directions for, 5:19 Sieur de, 2:262; 5:158; 6:73 Billings, William, 5:494 venture capital in, 4:341 Bierstadt, Albert, 1:295; 4:189; Billington, James H., 5:102 Bioterrorism, 1:464–465 8:583 Bills of credit, 1:458 CDC activities aimed to prevent, Big Bang, 6:339, 347 Supreme Court on, 2:446 2:88 Big Bear (Cree leader), 2:455 Bills of exchange, 3:273–274 See also Chemical and biological “Big Bend State.” See Tennessee Bimetallism, 1:458–460, 484; 4:14 warfare Big Brother movement, 1:452 failure of, 7:363 BIPAC. See Business-Industry Politi- Big business. See Business, big reasons for, 7:363 cal Action Committee Big Dig. See Central Artery/Tunnel Bin Laden, Osama, 6:108–109 Birch, John M., 4:481 Project and Cole bombing, 2:270–271 Bird, Larry, 1:425 Big Foot (Miniconjou leader), 8:562 and embassy bombings, 3:194 Birds Big Horn Mountains, 1:452, and 9/11 attack, 3:41 protection of, 6:215 452–453 Binckes, Jacob, 6:82 See also Ornithology Big Money (Dos Passos), 5:121 Binders, grain, 1:58 Birds of America (Audubon), 6:214, 214 Big Science, 6:337–338 Binet, Alfred, 3:116; 4:378, 379; Birds of passage, 1:465 Big Sisters, 1:453 6:524 Birdseye, Clarence, 3:407; 7:78 Big Sleep, The (Chandler), 5:121 Binford, Lewis, 1:240 Birge, Raymond T., 6:341 Bigamy, 6:410 Bing, Siegfried, 1:287 Birge, Robert, 1:463 Big-band swing era, 4:468–469 Bingham, Eula, 5:11 Birmingham (Alabama), 1:466 Bigelow, Erastus B., 2:58 Bingham, George Caleb, 3:537 church bombing in, 1:332; 2:203 Bigelow, Jacob, 1:519; 5:301 Bingham, Hiram, 5:542 civil rights movement in, 1:104 Bigelow, Julian, 2:486 Bingham, John A., 4:485 Birmingham (cruiser), 1:89 Biggs, Hermann, 3:239 Bini, Lucio, 6:522 Birney, James G., 3:153; 8:119 Bilingual education, 3:121–122, 136 Bini (prophet), 6:7 Liberty Party and, 5:96–97 Bilingual Education Act (1968), Biochemical genetics, 3:532 Birth. See Childbirth 3:118 Biochemistry, 1:460–461 Birth cohort, 5:103 Bilingualism. See Education, bilin- Biodiesel, 3:480 Birth control, 1:466 gual Bioengineering, and transplants, 8:183 abortion and, 1:4–5 Bill of Rights Bioethics, 1:461–462 AMA on, 1:5 in state constitutions, 1:453–454; Biograph, 3:361 Dalkon Shield, 1:469; 2:493–494 3:89; 7:525 Biological containment, 1:462–463 and gender roles, 3:519 in U.S. constitution, 1:453, Biological Survey, Bureau of, on legalization of, 5:274 454–457; 2:198; 3:341; 6:10 mammalogy, 5:217 pill, 1:466 (See also specific amendments) Biological warfare. See Chemical and development of, 1:468 Antifederalists and, 1:201–202 biological warfare restrictions on, 5:274 children under, 4:250 Biological Warfare Convention, in sex education, 7:321, 322 and Congressional powers, 2:350 2:119 and sexuality, 7:330 debate over adoption of, Biologics Control Act (1902), 6:554 Supreme Court on, 1:6; 4:66–67; 9:159–169 Biology 6:479 and First Amendment freedoms, conservation, 2:372–374 Birth control movement, 1:466–469 3:374 culture and, 1:194 abortion and, 1:4–5 privacy in, 6:479 marine, 5:240–241 Birth defects, March of Dimes and, and right to petition, 6:297 molecular, 5:359, 437–438 5:236

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Birth of a Nation, The (film), 1:469, Black Hawk War, 1:473–474; 8:300, Blackfoot Confederacy, and fur 469–470; 3:362; 4:552; 5:569 490 trade, 3:491 BIS. See Bank for International Set- Black Hills, 1:474; 8:275 Blacklisting, 1:483 tlements Custer’s expedition to, 1:474; 3:300 in film industry, 4:178; 5:183 Biscoe, John, 6:383 gold rush in, 1:474; 2:493 Blackmun, Harry, 2:197; 7:198 Bishop, Maurice, 4:65; 8:447 Mount Rushmore in, 5:464–465, on abortion, 1:6; 7:192 Bishop of Durham clause, 6:511 465 Blacks. See African American(s) Bismarck Archipelago Campaign, Black Hills War, 1:474–475; 5:41 Blacksburg (Virginia), settlement of, 1:470 Black horse cavalry, 1:475 3:84 Bismarck Sea, Battle of, 1:470 Black infantry in the West, 1:475, Blacksmithing, 1:483–484, 484 Bison. See Buffalo 476 Blackstone, William, 5:90; 6:387, Bissell, George H., 6:302 Black Kettle (Cheyenne chief), 505; 7:134, 151 Bissell, Wilson S., 7:205 2:298; 7:243 on common law, 2:316 Bitburg Controversy, 1:471 Black laws, 1:475–476 Blackton, James Stuart, 2:63 Bitter, Karl, 1:306 Black Militia, Free, 5:381 Blackwell, Antoinette Brown, 8:506 Bitumen, 6:301 Black Monday stock market crash Blackwell, Elizabeth, 7:244; 8:506, Bituminous coal, 2:251 (1987), 1:476–477, 563, 585 509 Bitzer, Fitzpatrick v., 1:120 Black Muslims. See Nation of Islam Blagdon, Emery, 1:311 Bitzer, G. W. (Billy), 1:469 Black nationalism, 1:477–478, 479; Blaine, James G., 5:46, 210, 473; Black, Calvin, 1:312 5:124 8:156 Black, G. V., 3:4 of Malcolm X, 6:211 Crédit Mobilier of America and, Black, Hugo C. Nation of Islam and, 5:519–521 2:453 appointment to Supreme Court, Pan-Africanism and, 6:234–236 and Harrison (Benjamin), 3:158 1:104 Black No More (Schuyler), 5:125 and “Mulligan Letters,” 2:453 on religious freedom, 2:168 Black Panthers, 1:478–479; 7:18, in presidential campaigns, 3:156, on right to privacy for birth con- 167 157 trol, 4:67 “Black powder,” 3:301 Blair, Francis P., 3:146 Thirty-Hour Work Week Bill of, Black Power, 1:479, 480; 2:204; Blair, Frank, 3:155 8:120 6:376; 7:167 Blair, Montgomery, 2:551 Black, James, 6:502 Carmichael’s speech on, text of, Blair, Vilray, 2:422 Black, Jesse, 3:73 9:452–454 Blaisdell et al., Home Building and Black, Ruby, 1:312 Congress of Racial Equality Loan Association v., 5:401 Black Americans. See African Ameri- (CORE) and, 2:355 Blake, Eubie, 8:309 can(s) at Olympics of 1968, 6:193, 193 Blake, Eugene Carson, 5:533 Black arts movement, 8:115 in SNCC, 7:561 Blake, Luther Lee, 7:520 periodicals in, 5:194 Black (covert) propaganda, 6:503 Blake, Lyman, 1:503; 5:69 Black Ball Line, 6:230 Black Regiment, in American Revo- Blake, or the Huts of America Black Belt, 1:471 lution, 7:152 (Delany), 6:235 Black Boy: A Recollection of Childhood Black Scholar, The (journal), 5:200 Blake, Peter, 1:173 and Youth (Wright), 5:125 Black Sox scandal, 1:479–480 Blanchard, Jean-Pierre, 1:391 Black Caucus, Congressional, 1:471 Black Star Line steamship company, Blanchard, Jonathan, 1:203 Black cavalry in the West, 3:197 Blanchard, Thomas, 5:262 1:471–472 Black Swamp, 1:480 Blanchet, Francis, 6:205 Black codes, 1:50, 472; 7:15 Black Thunder (Bontemps), 5:125 Bland, R. P., 1:484 Code Noir, 2:262–263 Blackbeard (Edward Teach), 1:550, Bland-Allison Act (1878), 1:459, of Mississippi, text of, 9:319–322 550 484; 3:458 in Texas, 8:101 Blackett, P. M. S., 6:343 Blanshard, Paul, 1:337 Black Elk (prophet), 6:6, 8 Blackface minstrelsy. See Minstrel Blanton, Smiley, 6:442 Black Friday, 1:472–473 shows Blasdel, Gregg N., 1:312 Black Hawk (Colorado), 3:574 Blackfeet, 1:481–483; 8:218 Blashfield, Edwin H., The Evolution Black Hawk (Sauk chief) camp of, 1:482 of Civilization, 5:101 excerpt of autobiography of, chief of, 1:483 Blast furnaces, 1:485 9:210–212 and fur trade, 3:490 Blatch, Harriot Stanton, 8:514 resistance to removal by, 8:401 in Montana, 5:449 Blatchford, Samuel, 2:134

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Blathwayt, William, 5:151 Blount conspiracy, 1:489–490 Board of Public Instruction of Orange Blatty, William Peter, The Exorcist, Blow molding, 6:366 County, Florida, Cramp v., 8:62 5:130 Blowers, Sampson Salter, 1:513 Board of Regents of University of State Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna, 5:507; BLS. See Bureau of Labor Statistics of New York, Knight v., 8:62 7:505; 8:116–117 Blue and Gray, 1:490 Board of Trade and Plantations, Blazejowski, Carol, 1:425 Blue Book of the John Birch Society, 1:493; 5:151 BLE. See Brotherhood of Locomo- The, excerpt from, 9:429–433 instructions from, 4:366 tive Engineers Blue Cross–Blue Shield, 4:119, 120, Board of Wardens of Port of Philadel- Bleeding Kansas, 1:505, 506; 3:196 121, 173 phia, Cooley v., 2:310, 405 Blimps (dirigibles), 3:30–32, 31, 35 Blue Eagle emblem, 1:490 Boarding schools, for Native Ameri- Blind, education of, 3:34 Blue Helmets, 6:270 cans, 2:55, 145; 3:135–136 Bliss v. Commonwealth, 4:74 Blue Jacket (Shawnee chief), 6:178 Boas, Franz, 1:192–193, 239; 3:396; Blithedale Romance, The Blue Lake, 6:69; 8:48 5:115; 7:13 (Hawthorne), 7:194; 8:292 Blue Laws, 1:490–491 Boat(s) Bliven, Bruce, 6:76 Blue Ridge Gap, 6:254 bullboats, 1:568–569 Blizzards, 1:485–487, 486, 487; 3:42 Blue sky laws, 1:491 canoes, 2:37, 37–38 BLM. See Bureau of Land Manage- Bluegrass country, 1:491, 491 See also Ship(s) ment Bluegrass music, 5:490–491, 491 Boat people, 7:471 Bloch, Felix, 6:336 Blues, 1:491–492; 5:490 Boatbuilding. See Shipbuilding Block, Adrian, 2:357 African American folklore and, Bodie (California), 3:574 Block, Herbert (Herblock), 6:395 3:395 Bodmer, Karl, 1:295; 8:259 Block, Sherman, 6:509 in Memphis, 5:308 Body, human, men’s magazines and, Blockade(s), 1:487 Blues for Mister Charlie (Baldwin), 5:196 in American Revolution, 8:466 5:126 Boehn, Max von, 1:441 in Civil War, 1:487–488; 2:214, Blues People (Baraka), 5:126 Boeing, William E., 1:493; 8:414 217, 396 Bluford, Guion, 7:481 Boeing Company, 1:83, 84, 493, firsthand account of, 9:296–297 Blum, Virgil, 3:137 493–494 of Cuba, 2:471 Blume, Judy, Forever, 1:500 supersonic transport by, 8:21 and trade with enemy, 8:173 Blumenschein, Ernest, 8:48 in Washington (state) economy, in War of 1812, 8:384 Blumstein, Dunn v., 8:355 8:414, 415 in World War I, 2:396 Bluntschli, Johann, 8:371 during World War II, 1:94 Blockade runners, Confederate, Blyden, Edward Wilmot, 1:477; Boerne v. Flores, 1:494; 2:318 1:487–488; 8:446 6:234, 235, 236 Boff, Leonardo, 5:93 firsthand account by, 9:296–297 BMI. See Broadcast Music, Inc. Boggs, Hale, 8:340 Blockaders (moonshiners), 5:455 B’nai B’rith, 5:166 in Warren Commission, 8:394 Blocs, political, 1:488 BNL. See Banca Nazionale del Boggs Act (1951), 5:511 Blondie (comic strip), 2:308 Lavoro Bogus laws, 6:435 Blood, Henry, 8:298 Board for Certification of Genealo- Bohlen, Charles, ambassadorship of, Blood on the Forge (Attaway), 5:125 gists (BCG), 3:521–522 1:134 Blood transfusion, 8:183 Board of Education, Everson v., 2:168 Bohr, Niels, 1:271; 6:338, 340, 343, AIDS transmitted through, 1:15 Board of Education, McCollum v., 345 Bloodless Revolution, in Rhode 2:168 Boise (Idaho), 4:212 Island, 7:153 Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Bok, Edward, 4:158; 5:193 Bloody Monday, 1:332 Dowell, 1:590 Boland Amendments. See Iran-Con- Bloody shirt, 1:488 Board of Education of Topeka, Brown v. tra Affair Bloom, Allan, 6:395 See Brown v. Board of Education of Boldt, George, 8:415 Bloom, Sol, 8:272 Topeka Bolívar, Simón, 5:51–52 Bloomer, Amelia, 1:489; 6:88, 96; Board of Education v. Lindsay Earls, Bolivia 8:513 2:149 commerce with, 5:45 Bloomers, 1:488–489, 489 Board of Education v. Mergens, 2:169 relations with, drug trafficking and, Bloomfield, Leonard, 5:115 Board of Election, Allen v., 8:357 5:512–513 Bloomingdale, Alfred, 2:450, 451 Board of Indian Commissioners, Boll weevil, 1:495 Blount, William, 1:489; 2:135 1:492 in Black Belt, 1:471 in Southwest Territory, 7:476 reorganization of, 5:323 Bolles, Eugene, 2:272

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Bolling v. Sharpe, 3:245 Bond, Christopher (Kit), 5:422 Boone and Crockett Club, 2:366, Bollinger, Grutter v., 1:386 Bond, Julian, 3:558 367; 8:480 Bollman, Justus Erlich, 3:270 Bond, William Cranch, 1:343 Boorstin, Daniel J., 4:139; 5:102; Bolm, Adolf, 1:390 Bonds, Barry, 1:421, 422 6:407 Bolshakov, Georgi, 2:475 Bondwoman’s Narrative (Crafts), Booster (Rauschenberg), 6:471 Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and 5:124 Boot and shoe manufacturing, anticommunism, 1:197, 198 Bone marrow transplantation, 8:183 1:502–503 Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN), Bonesetter’s Daughter, The (Tan), Booth, Ableman v., 1:2–3; 3:482 4:398 5:123 Booth, Catherine Mumford, 7:234 Bolton, John, 1:313 Bonfanti, Maria, 1:389 Booth, Charles, 6:533 Bolton, William, 1:313 Bonham, M. L., 1:567 Booth, Edmund, 2:509 Boltwood, Bertram B., 6:344 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich, 2:165 Booth, John Wilkes, 1:328; 2:218 Bomb(s) Bonhomme Richard (warship), 6:24 Booth, Sherman, 1:2–3 atomic (See Atomic bomb) Bonhomme Richard-Serapis encounter, Booth, William, 7:234, 235 hydrogen, 4:203–204 1:497, 497–498 Bootlegging, 1:503–504 in arms race, 1:271 Bonifacius: Essays to Do Good (Math- moonshine, 5:455 Bombers. See Aircraft, bombers er), 6:316 and organized crime, 2:463 Bombing(s), 1:495–497, 496 Bonneville, Benjamin L. E., 8:363 BOR. See Reclamation, Bureau of of Afghanistan, 1:496 Bonneville Dam, 4:201; 8:414 Borax, 1:504–505; 2:513 of American embassies, 6:109 Bonney and Bush, 8:192 Borbridge, John, 1:112 by anarchists, 1:182, 198; 8:95 Bonnin, Gousse, 1:304 Borchgrevink, Carsten, 6:383 of Beirut, 1:438–439 Bonny, Anne, 1:550 Borden, Gail, 2:490 of Birmingham church, 1:332; Bono, 1:41 Borden, Luther v., 5:175 2:203 Bonpland, Aimé, 3:551 Border disputes. See Boundary dis- of Cambodia, 2:16, 16 Bonsack, James, 8:135 putes of Cole (destroyer), 2:270–271; Bontemps, Arna Border ruffians, 1:505, 506 6:109 Black Thunder, 5:125 Border Slave State Convention, in Fraunces Tavern, 8:96 God Sends Sunday, 5:125 1:505–506 of Kosovo, by NATO, 4:551 Bonus Army, 1:498, 499; 7:166 Border War, 1:506 at La Guardia Airport, 8:96 Bonus Bill of 1816, 1:498 Quantrill’s Raid, 7:4 letter, 8:247, 247–248 Bonuses, military, 1:498–499 Borderlands. See Spanish Border- of Los Angeles Times Building, GI Bill of Rights and, 3:574 lands 2:10 Bonvouloir, Julien-Alexandre Borders Bookstore, 6:539 in Mooney case (1916), 5:455 Archard de, 7:147 Boreman, Arthur, 8:449 in Oklahoma City, 3:41, 328; Booby traps, 1:499–500 Boren, Craig v., 2:445–446; 3:246 5:385; 6:186, 187, 187–188; Book banning, 1:500 Borglum, Gutzon, 5:464–465 8:95, 339 Book of Mormon, The (Smith), 1:447; Boring, Edwin G., 6:525–526 and FBI, 3:339 2:163; 5:53 Bork, Robert Heron, 1:506, of Vietnam, 2:532 Book publishing, 2:322–323 506–507; 5:137 Wall Street Explosion (1920), See also Publishing industry confirmation hearings for, 8:366 Book-of-the-Month Club, 1:506–507; 2:346; 4:497 of World Trade Center (1993), 1:500–501; 6:538 CORE support for, 2:355 3:41; 6:109; 8:96, 532, first black writer selected by, 5:125 National Rifle Association and, 533–534 Booksellers, 6:538 5:557 in World War I, 1:495 online, 6:539 under Nixon, 7:495 in World War II (See World War superstores, 6:538–539 Watergate scandal and, 8:427 II, air war) Boomer movement, 1:501 Borough, 1:507 Bonanza Kings, 1:497 Boomtowns, 1:501–502, 502 Borrowing. See Debt Bonaparte, Charles, 3:337; 4:503 Boone, Daniel, 3:297 Bosch, Juan, 3:76 Bond(s) captivity narrative involving, 2:51 Boskin, Michael, 2:423 junk, 4:501–502 excerpt from biography of, Boskin Committee, 2:423–424 Moody’s ratings, 5:454 9:104–107 Bosnia savings, 7:258–259 and Wilderness Road, 2:479; 8:478 atrocities committed in, 8:588 Bond, Alan, 1:172 Boone, Jamima, 2:51 NATO bombing campaign in, 1:496

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Bosnia-Herzegovina. See Yugoslavia Boston Crown Glass Company, 4:4 U.S.-Canada, 8:434 Bosons, 6:339 Boston Gazette (newspaper), 6:95 Vermont in, 8:311 Bosses and bossism, political, Boston Latin School, 1:509; 3:111, Bounties 1:507–508; 2:388 112 commercial, 1:523–524 in California, 2:10 Boston Massacre, 1:458, 509, on British goods, 6:21–22 municipal government and, 5:475 512–513, 514; 2:286; 7:164 fishing bounties, 3:376–377 municipal reform and, 5:478 eyewitness account of, 9:128–130 military, 1:524 political machines, 5:186–187 first victim of, 7:7–8 in Civil War, 2:211, 363 Boston (Massachusetts), 1:508–511, newspapers on, 6:95 Bounty jumper, 1:524 509 trial of soldiers after, transcript of Bouquet, Henry, 6:277 American Academy of Arts and slave testimony in, 9:130–131 Bourbons, 1:524 Sciences, 5:66 Boston Massacre, The (Revere), 6:470 in Alabama, 1:103 in American Revolution, archival Boston News-Letter (newspaper), 6:95 in Mississippi, 5:413 maps of, 9:29, 29–33, 32, 33 Boston Pilot (newspaper), 6:294 Bourgeois, Leon, La Société des architecture of, 1:510, 510; 5:266 Boston Port Act (1774), 4:408 Nations, 5:63 arts in, 5:268 Boston Public Library, 5:98 Bourgmont, Étienne Véniard de, Central Artery/Tunnel Project (Big Boston Quarterly Review (magazine), 3:292; 6:29; 8:451 Dig) in, 8:240 8:179 Bourne, Randolph, 1:337; 6:375 in colonial era, 1:508–509; 8:289 Boston Social Club, 7:557 Boussingault, Jean-Baptiste, 6:148 economy of, 1:509, 510 Boston Symphony, 8:38 Boutros-Ghali, Boutros, 8:271, 272 embargo on British imports in, Boston Tea Party, 1:509, 514–515, Boutwell, George S., 1:473 6:116 515; 2:286–287; 3:103; 8:60, 150 anti-imperialism of, 1:202 Federal period in, 5:265–266 British policies following, 7:134 Bovine growth hormone, 3:531 fire fighting in, 3:371 and Intolerable Acts, 4:408 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, furniture manufacturing in, 3:496, Massachusetts Government Act 2:73 497 and, 5:272 Bowditch, Henry P., 6:349 gentrification of, 3:539 and North Carolina, 6:127 Bowditch, Nathaniel, 1:343 geography of, 5:266 Boston Veterinary Institute, 8:319 Bowdler, Thomas, 8:325 glassmaking in, 4:3–4 Bosworth, F. F., 8:302 Bowen, Anthony, 8:584 Massachusetts Bay Colony at, 5:265 Botanical gardens, 1:515–518 Bowen, Daniel, 5:486 Mount Auburn Cemetery in, 2:80, Botany, 1:518–520 Bowen, Norman L., 6:301 81 Bothe, Walther, 6:340 Bowers, Birdie, 6:383 newspapers published in, 6:95 Böttger, Johann Friedrich, 6:418 Bowers v. Hardwick, 6:480 Old North Church in, 6:190, 190 Boudinot, Elias, 1:145, 501, 501; Bowery, 1:525 police strike of 1919, 1:513–514; 3:99 Bowie, James, 1:106–107 7:164–165 Bougainville, 1:520–521, 521 Bowie knife, 1:525 riots in, Burns Fugitive Slave Case Bouguer, Pierre, 3:551 Bowlegs, Billy, 8:402 and, 1:577 Boulder Dam. See Hoover Dam Bowler, Jack, 7:379 siege of, 1:511, 511–512; 5:88–89; Boulding, Kenneth, 3:109 Bowles, Samuel, 3:505 7:142 Bound East for Cardiff (O’Neill), 6:519 Bowles, William Augustus, filibus- capture of Ticonderoga and, Boundary disputes tering expeditions of, 1:525 8:124 over Indian Country, 4:266 Bowling, 1:525–526, 526; 7:508 symphony orchestra in, 8:38 Kansas in, 4:466 Bowman, Isaiah, 3:543 transportation projects in, 5:267–268 Maine in, 1:282–283 Bowyer, Fort, 9:42, 43 water system of, 8:292 in maps, archival, 9:37 Boxer, Marilyn, 8:520 Boston and Illinois Land Company, Mason-Dixon line and, Boxer Rebellion, 1:526, 526–527 5:26 5:259–260, 260 Boxing. See Prizefighting Boston and Sandwich Glass Compa- Massachusetts in, 8:311 Boy Scouts of America, 1:527; 2:21; ny, 4:3 Missouri in, 4:466 7:65 Boston Athletic Association, 8:154 New Hampshire in, 8:311 Boyce, William, 1:527 Boston Classicists, 5:492 New York in, 8:311 Boycotting, 1:528, 528–530; 6:227 Boston Committee of Correspon- Rhode Island in, 4:528 by associations, 1:340 dence, 1:512; 2:314 between states, 1:521–523, 522; of British imports, 2:284, 286 Boston Common, 1:512, 513 2:355–356 Pullman cars, 6:549

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Boyd, Belle, 7:502 in Battle of Perryville, 6:291 commerce with, 5:43–45 Boyd, R., 1:44 in Chattanooga Campaign, 2:113 Confederate expatriates in, 2:340 Boyer, Ernest, 2:56–57; 7:536 at Cumberland Gap, 2:479 independence of, 5:52 Boyle, Stack v., 1:385 in Kentucky Campaign, 7:35, 157 Rio de Janeiro Conference (1947) Boyle, Tony, 8:268 at Pensacola, 3:386 in, 7:163 Boylston, Zabdiel, 3:235 Brain Trust, 1:532; 6:42 rubber in, 7:202 Boys from Brazil (Levin), 5:122 Branch Davidians, 2:478 slave trade in, 7:387 Bozeman Pass, 6:254 See also Waco Siege trade agreements with, 6:125 Bozeman Trail, Treaty of Fort Brancusi, Constantin, 1:297, 310 Breast implants, 1:533 Laramie and, 5:40 Brandeis, Louis D., 5:91 Breathed, Berkley, 2:309 BPD. See Bureau of the Public Debt on big business, 1:214 Breckinridge, John C., 3:154, 155; BPS. See Bible Presbyterian Synod on censorship, 2:84 5:244 Brace, Charles Loring, 1:27; 8:291 “clear and present danger test” and Democratic Party, 2:551 Children’s Aid Society founded by, established by, 3:374 and land speculation, 5:36 2:136 confirmation hearings for, 1:532 in presidential campaign of 1860, Brackenridge, Hugh Henry, 5:118 on diversity-of-citizenship cases, 2:400 Bradbury, Ray, 5:130 3:254 Breech-loading rifles, 5:479 Braddock, Edward on Espionage and Sedition Acts, Breen, T. H., 1:528 in Battle of the Monongahela, 3:254 Breit, Gregory, 6:343 5:443–444 on industrial democracy, 2:273 Brennan, William J., Jr. expedition of, 1:122, 530; 3:95 and New Freedom, 6:54, 70, 495 on new federalism, 1:454 in Allegheny Mountains, 1:127 on regulatory takings, 6:505 on sex discrimination, 2:445; in French and Indian War, 3:469 on right to privacy, 6:479 3:478, 525 Braddock’s Road, 6:254; 8:461 Women in Industry (Brandeis Brief), on voting rights, 1:385 Bradford, Andrew, The American excerpt of, 9:357–360 Brenner, Sidney, 3:533 Magazine, 5:118 and Zionist movement, 8:592 Brent, Charles, 3:243 Bradford, William, 1:129; 4:137; Branden, Nathaniel, 6:154 Brent, Margaret, 8:9–10 5:117; 6:95, 363, 378, 536; 9:71 Brandenburg v. Ohio, 3:374 Brereton, Lewis H., 6:371 Bradley, Bill, 3:169 Branding, cattle, 2:74, 76 Breslin, Jimmy, 5:122 Bradley, David, The Chaneysville Inci- Brando, Marlon, 8:115 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), dent, 5:126 Brandon, Barbara, 6:395 1:247; 7:211; 8:315 Bradley, Joseph P., 2:134; 3:156 Brandt, Bill, 1:301 Brethren (Dunkers), 1:533–535 Bradley, Milliken v., 1:590; 2:199; Brandt, Edward, 1:15 pacifism of, 6:227 3:118 Brandt, Willy, 8:271 and Underground Railroad, 8:250 Bradley, Omar N., 1:565 Brandywine Creek, Battle of, 1:532; Brett, George Sidney, 6:525 in liberation of France, 8:550 7:143 Bretton Woods Conference (1944), in Normandy Invasion, 6:119 Brannan, Charles, 1:533 1:536; 8:531 in Saint-Lô, 7:227 Brannan, Sam, 2:9 International Monetary Fund at, Bradstreet, Anne Dudley, 9:91–92 Brannan Plan, 1:533 4:396 Several Poems, 5:118 Bransfield, Edward, 6:382–383 Brewer, David J., 6:410 Bradwell, Myra, 5:74 Braque, Georges, 2:475 Brewer, Lucy, 5:243 Brady, Betts v., 3:575 Brass, 6:115 Brewing, 1:536, 536–537 Brady, Dorothy, 3:110 metalwork, 5:329 in Milwaukee, 5:389 Brady, James, 1:331, 530 Brattain, Walter H., 1:346, 440; Brewster, William, 4:474; 6:215 Brady, Mathew B., 1:199, 299, 6:337, 346 Breyer, Stephen G. 530–531 Braun, Braunfeld v., 2:169 on line-item vetoes, 8:320, 321 photographs by, 1:530, 530–532 Braun, Carol Moseley, 5:549; 8:507 on presidential election of 2000, Brady Bill (Handgun Violence Pre- Braun, Wernher von, 7:479 1:579 vention Act) (1993), 1:530; Braunfeld v. Braun, 2:169 Breyman, Heinrich von, 1:442 4:76; 5:557; 6:213 Brave New World (Huxley), 8:599 Brezhnev, Leonid, 2:269, 270; 3:427; Brady Campaign, 4:76 Bray, John Randolph, 2:63 7:212 Bragg, Braxton Brazil in SALT agreement, 1:272 and Army of Tennessee, 8:87 at ABC Conference, 1:1 at summit conferences, 8:16 in Battle of Chickamauga, 2:135 capitalist development in, 2:44 Briand, Aristide, 4:515

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Bribery, 2:420 musicals on, 5:500 Brotherhood of Sleeping Car See also Corruption, political Brock, Isaac, 3:21 Porters (BSCP), 1:547, Brice, Calvin S., 3:158 Brock, William E., 5:12 547–548; 5:9, 237; 8:172 Bricker, John W., 3:163; 8:204 Brockenbrough, John, 7:157 African Americans in, 3:50 Bricker Amendment, 1:537; 8:204 Brockway, Zebulon, 7:75 “Brothers and Sisters” (Gray), 3:323 Brickwedde, Ferdinand G., 6:341 Broder, Samuel, 1:15–16 Brough, Charles, 1:262 Bridge at San Luis Rey, The (Wilder), Broderick, David, 2:9 Broughton, William, 2:303; 6:204 5:120 Brodie, Bernard, 6:144 Broun, Heywood, 1:123 Bridger, Fort, 1:537 Brodie, Maurice, 6:388 Broward, Napoleon Bonaparte, Bridger, James, 1:537; 4:57 Brodovitch, Alexy, 1:301 3:387 Bridger, Jim, 2:301; 3:299; 7:190 Brokers, 1:544–545 Browder, Earl, 1:198; 2:326, 327 Bridger’s Pass, 6:254 Bronk, Detlev, 1:141 Brower, Abraham, 7:42, 43 Bridges, 1:537–540 Bronson, Ruth Muskrat, 3:136 Brower, David, 3:230 Brooklyn Bridge, 1:547, 547 Bronson v. Rodes, 1:545 Brown, Antoinette, 8:501 building materials for, 1:564 Bronze Star Medal, 2:527 Brown, B. Gratz, 5:90 covered, 1:538, 538 Brook Farm, 1:545; 3:446; 7:424, Brown, Charles Brockden, 5:118 disasters involving, 3:41 425; 8:179, 181, 301 Brown, Charles L., 1:347 Eads Bridge, 3:99, 99 Brooke, Fort, 8:47 Brown, Claude, Manchild in the George Washington Bridge, Brookings, Robert S., 1:545 Promised Land, 5:126 3:553, 553 Brookings Institution, 1:545–546 Brown, Edmund, Sr., 2:11, 12 Golden Gate Bridge, 4:18, 18 foundation of, 8:117 Brown, Edmund G., Jr. (Jerry), suspension, 1:539, 547 1:479; 2:12; 8:266 on gentrification, 3:538 toll, 8:139, 139–140 Brown, Elaine, 1:479 Keynesianism at, 8:117 Verrazano-Narrows, 1:539; 8:315 Brown, H. Rapp, 7:167 on New Deal, 8:117 Bridges, Calvin Blackman, 3:532 Brown, Harold, 2:529 presidents of, 8:117 Bridges, Harry, 1:151; 2:11; 4:395 Brown, Henry (Box) (slave), 7:381 Brooklyn, 1:546, 546–547; 6:80 Briggs, Charles Augustus, 1:448; Brown, Henry Billings (Supreme Coney Island in, 1:179, 179 4:131 Court justice), on racial segre- Greenwood Cemetery in, 2:80 Bright, William, 8:564 gation, 6:370–371 Brooklyn Botanic Garden, 1:517 Brightman, Lehman, 1:161 Brown, Henry Kirke, 1:306 Brooklyn Bridge, 1:539, 546, 547, Brinster, Ralph, 3:530 Brown, Hugh, 5:55; 8:298 547, 564 Brinton, Daniel Garrison, 1:192 Brown, Jacob, 8:384 Brooklyn Dodgers, 1:421, 547 Brisbane, Albert, 3:446 Brown, James, 5:490 Brisbane, Arthur, 8:301 Brooks, Byron A., 8:245 Brown, John, 4:98; 5:59; 7:17 Briscoe v. Bank of the Commonwealth Brooks, Gwendolyn, Annie Allen, as biblical avenger, 2:163 of Kentucky, 1:540 5:125 Gaspée, burning of, 3:512 Bristow, Benjamin H., 1:144; 3:156; Brooks, James, 2:453 Harpers Ferry raid by, 1:332; 8:470 Brooks, Preston, Sumner caned by, 2:192; 4:97–100, 98; 8:448 Britain. See Great Britain 1:332 historical assessment of, 9:287–288 Britannia metal, 5:328 Brooks, Rodney A., 7:183–184 last speech by, text of, 9:286–287 British Broadcasting Corporation Brooks, Van Wyck, America’s Coming Pottawatomie Massacre by, 1:505, (BBC), 8:65 of Age, 5:120 506; 4:98, 509; 6:435 British debts, 1:540–541 Brooks, William Keith, 5:240 Brown, John Carter, and land specu- British Empire, concept of, 1:541–543 Brooks v. United States, 2:311 lation, 5:36 See also Great Britain Brooks-Coffey, Lillian, 2:172 Brown, Joseph E., 2:341 British-American Tobacco Company Broom, Wood v., 1:227 Brown, Lee, 5:511 (BAT), 8:135 Broonzy, Big Bill, 1:492 Brown, Lewis, 8:118 Broadcast journalism. See News pro- Brotherhood of Carpenters and Brown, Louise, 1:462 gramming Joiners of New York, 5:12 Brown, Margaret Wise, Goodnight Broadcast Music, Inc. (BMI), 5:502 Brotherhood of Locomotive Engi- Moon, 5:128 Broadsides, 1:543 neers (BLE), 7:24, 25 Brown, Moses, 7:152 Broadway, 1:543, 543–544; 8:115, Burlington strike, 1:576, 576 and land speculation, 5:36 128, 129 Brotherhood of Railway and Airline Brown, Nicholas, 1:548 burlesque on, 1:575 Clerks, 1:548 Brown, NLRB v., 5:141

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Brown, Oliver, 1:549 Brownson, Orestes, 8:179, 180–181 Buade, Louis de, Comte de Fron- Brown, Robert McAfee, 5:93 Brownsville affair, 1:549–550 tenac et Pallau, 5:1 Brown, Roger, 1:298, 311 Bruce, Ailsa Mellon, 5:539–540 Buccaneers, 1:551, 551 Brown, Ron, as Commerce secre- Bruce, Blanche K., 1:50 Buchanan, Franklin, 5:442–443 tary, 2:310 Bruce, David K. E., ambassadorship Buchanan, James (economist), 3:110 Brown, Sonia Gordon, 1:308 of, 1:134 Buchanan, James (president), 5:110; Brown, Tina, 6:92 Bruce, John Edward, 6:236 6:278 Brown, William Hill, The Power of Bruce, Patrick Henry, 2:476 and Lecompton Constitution, 5:73 Sympathy, 5:118 Bruch, Hilde, The Golden Cage, 3:104 as log cabin president, 5:145 Brown, William Wells, 7:381 Brûlé, Étienne, 5:353 in Mormon expedition, 5:458 Clotel; Or, The President’s Daughter: Brunel, Marc Isambard, 8:240 vs. Mormon state, 8:296 A Narrative of Slave Life in the Brunot, James, 7:287 and Mormons in Utah, 5:53–54 United States, 5:124 Brush, Charles F., 2:232; 3:173; Ostend Manifesto and, 1:189; Experience; Or, How to Give a North- 5:108 6:219 ern Man Backbone, 5:124 Brutality, police, 6:385, 386, in presidential campaign of 1852, Narrative of William Wells Brown, a 386–387 3:154 Fugitive slave, 5:124 Bryan, Charles W., 3:162 in presidential campaign of 1856, Three Years in Europe; Or, Places I Bryan, Kirk, 2:237 3:154; 7:111 Have Seen and People I Have Bryan, William Jennings, 2:465; 6:30 Buchanan, Patrick (Pat) Met, 5:124 anti-imperialism of, 1:202 and GATT, 3:524 Brown Girl, Brownstones (Marshall), arbitration agreements negotiated in presidential campaign of 1992, 5:126 by, 6:263 2:376; 3:169 “Brown scare,” 3:328 and Bryan-Chamorro Treaty, 1:550 right-wing forces and, 7:16 Brown University, 1:548 “cooling off” treaties, 5:428 Buchanan v. Warley, 5:526 establishment of, 3:111, 127; 7:152 and creationism, 2:446 Buck v. Bell, 3:258 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Cross of Gold speech by, 1:459; Buckboards, 1:551–552, 552 1:548–549; 3:118, 121, 246; 2:400, 465, 551; 3:458 Buckingham, Thomas, 8:572 5:161 and Democratic Party, 2:551 Buckland, William, 1:249 and distinction between desegrega- Farmers’ Alliances and, 2:227 Buckley, James, 5:556 tion and integration, blurring free-silver arguments of, 2:265 Buckley, William F., Jr., 5:556 of, 3:14–15 and fundamental Protestantism, and conservative movement, 2:375 judicial review in, 4:493 2:164 Buckley Amendment. See Family NAACP and, 5:527 and Japanese expansionism, 4:457 Education Rights and Privacy and role of federal government, populists and, 5:366 Act 3:341 in presidential campaign of 1896, Bucklin, Joseph, 3:512 ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson reversed 2:46; 3:158–159; 6:418; 8:234 Buckman Act (1905), 3:387 by, 3:342 in presidential campaign of 1900, Buckner, Simon Bolivar, 6:182–183 and school desegregation, 1:589; 3:159; 6:320 Buddhism, 1:552–554; 7:91, 94 2:199, 202 in presidential campaign of 1908, forms of, 1:325–326 Southern governors defying, 4:29 3:160, 160 growth of, 1:325 and special education, 3:34 in Scopes trial, 7:283, 284; 8:86 prevalence of, 1:325 and state sovereignty, 7:534 on silver coinage, 7:362 Budge, Don, 8:90, 90 and white resistance in Georgia, against teaching evolution, 3:484 Budget, federal, 1:554–560 3:557 Bryan-Chamorro Treaty (1914), balanced, 8:197–198 Brown v. Maryland, 1:549; 6:387 1:550–551 Balanced Budget Amendment, original package doctrine in, 6:213 Bryant, Roy, 8:126 1:388 Browne, Carl, 2:444 Bryant, William Cullen, 5:118 Congressional appropriations in, Browne, Robert, 1:549; 7:313 Bryce, James, 1:137; 6:455 1:229 Brownell, Herbert, 2:194 Bryce Canyon National Park, 5:551 goals of, 1:556 Brownfields, 6:64 Bryn Mawr College, 3:131, 133; Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act Browning, John M., 5:186 7:319–320 and, 4:31 Brownists, 1:549; 7:313 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 6:392 history of, 1:558–560 Brownmiller, Susan, 8:511 BSCP. See Brotherhood of Sleeping and military base closings, Browns Ferry fire, 6:141 Car Porters 5:374–375

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Budget, federal, (continued) Second Battle of, 1:568; 2:212 Bureau of Immigration and Natural- OMB in, 1:229; 6:164 Bullboats, 1:568–569 ization, of Department of surplus in, 8:28, 28–29 Bulletin board systems (BBS), 8:304 Labor, 5:11 Budget and Accounting Act (1921), Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 6:337 Bureau of Indian Affairs 3:523 Bullfinch, Charles, 5:266 occupation of, 8:177 Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) Bullitt, William, 7:211 tribal councils organized by, 8:215 (1990), 2:515; 4:31 ambassadorship of, 1:134 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), Buell, Don Carlos, 7:157 Bulloch, James D., 1:105 1:570–572; 3:115 Army of the Cumberland under, securing ships for Confederacy, under Collier, 4:288 2:479 6:23 establishment of, 4:272, 384 in Battle of Perryville, 6:291 Bullwhackers, 5:472 functions of, 4:384 in Battle of Shiloh, 7:346 Bultmann, Rudolf, 5:93 and reclamation projects, 7:56 Buena Vista, Battle of, 1:560 Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton, 2:229; reservations under, 4:272 Buenos Aires Peace Conference, 6:237 schools operated by, 3:136 1:560–561 Bumpers, Dale Leon, 1:263 termination policy in, 4:288 Buffalo (New York), 1:561 Bumppo, Natty, 5:70 Bureau of Investigation, 3:337 flour milling in, 3:390 Bunau-Varilla, Philippe, 4:108; Bureau of Labor, 5:10; 6:492 foundation of, 4:52 6:237, 238 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Buffalo (bison), 1:561, 561–562 Bunche, Ralph, 8:270 5:10–11 and Blackfeet culture, 1:481 Bundling, 1:569 faulty procedures used by, 2:423 in hide and tallow trade, 4:130 Bundy, McGeorge Monthly Labor Review, 3:106 hunting of, 5:426 as head of Ford Foundation, 6:318 and unemployment rate, 8:251 near extinction of, 8:480 and National Security Council, Bureau of Labor-Management Rela- and Ute culture, 8:299 5:560 tions and Cooperative Pro- Buffalo Tamer (chief), 5:518 on nuclear warfare, 1:271 grams, 5:12 Buffalo trails, 1:562; 4:2 Bundy, Omar, 1:441 Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de, Bungee jumping, 1:569, 569 archive of land patents, 5:32 2:234 Bunker, Ellsworth, 6:240 functions of, 4:383; 5:31 Buffum, Arnold, 6:47 Bunker Hill, Battle of, 1:509, 511, Bureau of Lighthouses, 5:106 Buford, Abraham, 2:128 569–570, 570; 7:142 Bureau of Public Roads, 3:335 Buford, Jefferson, 3:196 archival maps of, 9:33, 33–35 Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Buford, John, 3:567 “Don’t fire till you see the white of Abandoned Lands. See Freed- Bugs Bunny, 2:64 their eyes,” 3:78 Building and Loan Associations, trenches in, 8:207 men’s Bureau 1:562–563 Buntline, Ned, 8:476 Bureau of the Public Debt (BPD), Building materials, 1:563–565 Bunyan, John, Pilgrim’s Progress, 2:515–516 adobe, 1:24 5:127 Bureaucracy, 1:572–573; 3:329–333 cement, 2:79 Bunyan, Paul, 8:45, 288 civil service, 2:206–208 plastics, 6:366 Burchard, Samuel D., 3:157 Burford, Anne, 3:229 Bulfinch, Charles, 1:249; 2:49; 3:318 Burden, Chris, 1:307 Burgdorfer, Willy, 5:178 Bulganin, Nikolai, at summit confer- Burden, Scott, 1:307 Burger, Warren Earl ences, 8:15 Burdick, Eugene, with Harvey Court under, 4:497; 8:25 Bulge, Battle of the, 1:426, 565, Wheeler, Fail-Safe, 5:121 on doctrine of free speech, 3:374 565–566; 8:550–551, 551 Burdick, Quentin N., 6:132 on executive privilege of presi- Malmédy Massacre in, 5:217 Bureau of Agricultural Economics, dents, 3:279 Bulimia, 3:104 1:71 on separation of church and state, Bull, Calder v., 6:10 Bureau of Air Commerce, 1:82, 93 3:374 Bull, Clarence Sinclair, 1:300 Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and on subpoenas to presidents, 6:457 Bull Moose Party, 1:566, 566; 3:160; Firearms (ATF), 3:331 Burgess, Anthony, 1:438 8:43 Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI), Burgess, John W., 6:401 See also Progressive Party 1:63; 8:319–320 Burghers, 1:573 Bull Run (Manassas), 2:211 Bureau of Chemistry, 3:403–404 Burgoyne, John, 1:442, 574; 2:29; First Battle of, 1:567; 2:211 Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA), 7:143 archival map of, 9:65, 65–66 3:105 in Battle of Oriskany, 6:213

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and Fort Ticonderoga, 8:124, 312; Burr, Aaron, 1:577; 3:359; 5:37, 86 energy policies of, 3:210; 6:304 9:35 charged with treason, 8:193, 194 environmental policies of, 2:230 invasion by, 1:573–574 and Democratic Party, 2:549 and European Community, policies in Saratoga Campaign, 7:250–251; duel with Hamilton, 1:577–578; toward, 3:260 9:35–36 3:92 Family and Medical Leave Act Burial in presidential campaign of 1796, vetoed by, 3:315 methods of, 3:486 3:150 and family-planning programs, of presidents, 6:457–458 in presidential campaign of 1800, 7:216 Burke, Charles, 1:492 3:148, 150, 171; 8:322 and Federal Mediation and Concil- Burke, Edmund in Spanish Conspiracy, 3:270; iation Service, 3:343 and conservatism, 2:374 7:490 and flag protection, 3:381 Reflections on the Revolution in treason trial of, 2:377; 7:156 foreign policies of, 3:427; 7:114; France, 7:149, 162 Burr, Theodore, 1:538 8:588 on representative government, Burr, United States v., 3:279; 6:456; and German unification, 3:563 7:109 8:194 Gorbachev and, 2:270 Burke, John, 6:132 Burrill, Thomas J., 5:357 HUD under, 4:184 Burke Act (1906), 1:574 Burritt, Elihu, 6:267 intelligence activities under, 4:377 effects of, 4:299 Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 5:129 Iraq-gate and, 4:422 Burleigh, Charles, 8:240 Burroughs, George, 8:494 Israel and, 4:442 Burleigh, Walter, 7:459 Burroughs, William (inventor), Latin American policies of, 2:55; Burleson, Albert S., 3:208 2:334 5:49 Burlesque, 1:575 Burroughs, William S. (writer), and NAFTA, 3:309–310; 6:124; Burlingame Treaty (1868), 1:433; 2:433; 5:121 8:199 1:575–576; 2:154, 157 Burroughs-Wellcome, 1:16 and National Endowment for the Burlington strike, 1:576, 576 Burrows, Larry, 1:301 Arts, 5:535 Burma Road, 1:576–577; 7:181 Bursum Bill, opposition to, 1:340 and nonprofit organizations, 6:319 Merrill’s Marauders (GALAHAD), Burt, William A., 8:244 and Panama Canal, 6:241, 242–243 5:324 Burton, Dan, 2:472 and peacekeeping missions, 6:271 Burnap, Daniel, 2:241 Burton, Ernest DeWitt, 8:281 Persian Gulf address by, text of, Burnham, Daniel, 2:132–133, 187; Burton, Isaac, 4:169 9:515–517 3:498; 8:410 Burton, Phillip, 1:15 and Persian Gulf War, 6:292–293 design for World’s Columbian Burton, William, 2:542 in presidential campaign of 1980, Exhibition, 2:187 BUS. See Bank of the United States 3:167 Burning Bush, Society of, 8:302 Bus system, desegregation of, 1:529, in presidential campaign of 1984, Burns, Allan F., Maya in Exile: 548; 2:202; 3:15 3:168 Guatemalans in Florida, excerpt Busemann, Adolf, 8:569 in presidential campaign of 1988, from, 9:509–515 Bush, Barbara, 3:376 3:168, 229 Burns, Anthony, 1:577 Bush, George H. W. in presidential campaign of 1992, Burns, Arthur F., 2:431; 3:346 and abortion, 6:361 3:168, 169 Burns, George, 8:309 on ACLU, 1:147 presidential library of, 5:100 Burns, John A., 4:108 AIDS research under, 1:16 and regulatory relief, 5:11–12 Burns, Lucy, 8:514 arms race under, 7:553–554 and Strategic Arms Reduction Burns, Tommy, 6:484 birthplace of, 1:508 Talks, 8:203 Burns Fugitive Slave Case, 1:577 censorship measures of, 2:85 at summit conferences, 8:16 Burnside, Ambrose E., 2:212, 213 child care policies of, 2:139 tax increases under, 2:515 in Battle of Antietam, 1:200 and civil rights legislation, 2:196, and taxation, 8:59 at Battle of Fredericksburg, 3:457 197 and Tiananmen Square Protest, in Battle of Spotsylvania Court- Cuba policy of, 2:472 8:123 house, 7:512 defense policy of, 2:529 vetoes cast by, 8:321 General Order No. 38 issued by, and Department of Transportation, Vietnam syndrome and, 8:328 3:527 8:185 in World War II, 8:557 side-whiskers of, 4:84 drug law enforcement under, Bush, George W. and Vallandigham incident, 3:527; 5:511, 513 on ABM Treaty, 7:553 8:306 education policies of, 3:119, 123 AIDS policy under, 1:18, 41

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Bush, George W., (continued) Gore’s response to, 9:523–525 and black enlistment in Civil War, AmeriCorps under, 1:173 judicial review in, 4:494 2:212 on “Axis of Evil,” 1:40; 8:96 Bushnell, Horace, 2:349; 5:431; New Orleans occupied by, biological weapons policies of, 2:119 6:324; 7:97 6:73–74, 75 conservatism advocated by, 2:376 Bushnell, Nolan, 8:327 Order No. 28, 1:590 defense policy of, 2:529 Bushrod, Richard, 3:80 on slaves as contraband of war, education policies of, 3:124 Bushwackers, 1:505 2:395 energy policy of, 6:179, 304 Business text of report on, 9:294–296 environmental policies of, 3:230, bankruptcy provisions for, Butler, Ed, 5:421 231; 8:424 1:409–410 Butler, John, 8:567 and Federal Mediation and Concil- big, 1:579–581 Butler, Josephine Elizabeth, 6:513 iation Service, 3:343 and antitrust laws, 1:213 Butler, Judith, 3:516–517, 518 foreign policies of, 3:428; 8:588 critics of, 1:214 Butler, Nicholas Murray, 3:274 on genetic engineering, 3:532 industrialization and, 5:228 Butler, Thomas, 4:84 on global warming, 3:511 mergers and acquisitions in, Butler, United States v., 1:396; 3:527; Head Start under, 4:113 5:322–323 8:273 HUD under, 4:184 monopolies in, 5:444–445 Butler, Zebulon, 8:566 immigration regulation under, rise of, 1:213, 214 Butterfield, Alexander, 6:112 4:229 Supreme Court on, 1:214 Butterfield, John, 6:411 on international trade, 3:309–310 conglomerates, 2:347–348 Butterfield Overland Mail, 5:204; Job Corps under, 4:481 environmental, 3:225–226 6:411, 412; 7:514 judicial nominations of, 7:313 military-industrial complex, Butternuts (Peace Democrats), and Kyoto Protocol, 4:8 5:376–378 2:218, 411 labor policies of, 5:12 minority, 1:581–582 Button, Thomas, 3:286 on Libya, 1:40 set-asides for, 7:315–316, 398 Buttrick, John, 5:88 and National Endowment for the Small Business Administration Butts, Alfred Mosher, 7:287 Humanities, 5:537 and, 7:398 Byck, Samuel, 1:330 on 9/11 attack, 6:108; 8:96 regulation of (See Government Byers, Walter, 5:531 and Office of Faith-Based Com- regulation of business) Byllynge, Edward, 6:60, 511 munity Initiatives, 3:330 and Republican Party, 2:23 Bylot, Robert, 3:286 and Office of Homeland Security, Small Business Administration and, Byrd, Harry Flood, 1:507; 8:344 3:330; 6:109 7:398 Byrd, James, 5:179 in presidential campaign of 2000, See also Corporations Byrd, Raines v., 8:320–321 1:578; 3:119, 148, 149, 170, Business cycles, 1:582–586, 583 Byrd, Richard Evelyn, 6:382, 384 171, 221 National Bureau of Economic Byrd, Robert C., 2:230; 8:450 response to Court decision, Research on, 5:528 Byrd, Robert E., 5:542 9:525–526 Business forecasting, 1:586–588 Byrd, William, I, 3:57; 7:155–156 at summit conferences, 8:16 marketing research and, Byrd, William, II, 1:248; 5:118; Superfund under, 4:112 5:247–248 7:156; 8:343, 447 tax policies of, 3:273; 8:59 Business indicators. See Economic Byrne, Ethel, 1:468 as Texas governor, 8:103 indicators Thanksgiving Day Proclamation Business machines, 1:588–589 Byrne, Leslie L., 8:345 by, 6:490 typewriter, 8:244, 244–245, 245 Byrne, William M., 6:287 War on Terrorism address by, text Business unionism, 1:589; 7:25 Byrnes, James F., 3:163 of, 9:526–530 National Association of Manufac- Byrnes, Thomas, 1:299 Bush, George Washington, 8:412–413 turers, 5:527–528 Byron, John, 6:473 Bush, Vannevar, 5:18–19; Business-Industry Political Action 6:166–167; 7:279–280 Committee (BIPAC), 6:393 Science–The Endless Frontier, 5:19, Busing, 1:589–590; 3:119 557 in Charlotte (North Carolina), C Bush v. Gore, 1:578–579; 3:170, 171, 2:108–109 CAA. See Civil Aeronautics Admin- 246 Butane, 6:301 istration; Civil Aeronautics Bush’s response to, 9:525–526 Butler, Benjamin F., 3:157 Authority; Clean Air Act Florida constitution in, 7:527 Army of the James under, 1:279 CAB. See Civil Aeronautics Board

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Cabazon Band of Mission Indians, Cali- Cain, James M., 5:120 Califano, Joseph A., 4:114 fornia v., 3:509; 8:223 Double Indemnity, 5:121 California, 2:7–13 Cabell v. Chavez-Salido, 1:126 The Postman Always Rings Twice, admission to Union, 2:331 Cabeza de Vaca, Álvar Núñez 5:121 application for, 8:462 expeditions of, 1:256; 2:1–2, 2, Caine Mutiny (Wouk), 5:121 affirmative action in, 1:37 360; 3:284, 295, 296 Cairo Conferences, 2:7 Proposition 209 and, 6:509–510 in New Mexico, 6:65 Cajon Pass, 6:254 African Americans in, 6:151 in Texas, 8:99 Cakewalk, 2:497 alcaldes in, 1:115 La Relacion, 2:1, 1 Calculators, 6:169 alien landholding in, 1:124 in Soto expedition, 1:102 basis for, 2:392 architecture in, 1:248–249 Cabinet, 2:2–3; 3:331–332 invention of, 1:588 Asian Indian Americans in, 1:324, nominations for, Senate confirma- Caldecott, Helen, 6:268; 8:499 325 tion of, 2:353 Calder, Alexander, 1:306; 8:475 Bear Flag Revolt in, 1:432–433 See also specific departments Calder, Alexander Mine, 1:306 blizzards in, 1:486 Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer’s Calder, Alexander Stirling, 1:306 Catholic missions in, firsthand Drawing Book (Sheraton), 3:496 Calder v. Bull, 2:7; 6:10 account of, 9:107–109 Cabinet-Maker and Upholsterer’s Caldwell, Charles, 6:333 cession by Mexico of, 2:550 Guide (Hepplewhite), 3:496 Caldwell, Philip, 3:415 charter schools in, 2:110 Cabinets (collections), 5:485 Caledonia (ship), 5:21 Chinese immigrants in, 2:154 See also Museum(s) Caledonian Clubs, 8:154 citrus industry in, 2:182 Cable Act (1922), 5:65 Calhoun, John C. Death Valley, 1:505; 2:513, 513 See also Married Women’s Property Address of the Southern Delegates development of, Bank of America Act (1922) by, 1:20 and, 1:394 Cable News Network (CNN), 8:74 antislavery movement and, 1:210 earthquakes in, 3:37, 101–102 Cable Services Bureau, 3:340 Bonus Bill of 1816 and, 1:498 electric industry in, deregulation Cable television, 1:381; 2:322; 8:74 doctrine of “concurrent majority,” of, 3:175–176; 4:27 advertising on, 8:76 2:374 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Cable Television Consumer Protec- Eaton affair and, 3:105 songs of, 7:532 tion and Competition Act and Long’s explorations, 5:150 floods in, 3:42 (1992), 3:340 and military forces, plan for, 2:530 fruit growing in, 3:478, 479 Cables, Atlantic and Pacific, 2:3–4 and Nashville Convention, 5:516 gold rushes in (See Gold rush[es], lithograph celebrating, 2:4 Native American removal under, in California) Cabot, George, 3:255, 256; 8:108 4:295 gun control in, 4:75 Cabot, John, 4:32 and navigation projects, 7:168–169 hide and tallow trade in, 4:130 on cod fisheries, 2:261 on nullification, 7:293, 457 higher educational system of, voyages of, 2:4–5, 5; 3:285, 287 in presidential campaign of 1824, 2:13–14; 6:509–510 (See also Cabot, Sebastian, 2:4–5, 5 3:152; 8:322–323 University of California) Cabral, Pedro Alvarez de, 3:283 in presidential campaign of 1828, affirmative action in, 1:386 Cabrillo, Juan Rodríguez, 3:285, 3:152; 8:323 Hispanic Americans in, 4:134 296, 491; 8:451 resignation of, 6:400 Hopkins Marine Station in, 5:240, CAD. See Computer-aided design on secession, 7:293 241 Caddo, 2:5–6; 8:223 in Senate, 8:323 Iranian Americans in, 4:421 in Texas, 8:98 on slavery, 8:485 Japanese Americans in, 4:457, Cadmus, Paul, 1:298 South Carolina Exposition and 462–463, 464 Cadwalader, John, 2:543 Protest, 7:457 Kearneyites in, 4:514 Caffe Cino, 8:115 on southern rights, 7:473–474 Kearny’s march to, 4:514–515 “Cagers,” 1:423 on state sovereignty, 7:534 and land claims, 5:26 Cagle, Daryl, 6:395 and states’ rights, 2:550; 8:435 Long Beach, 5:148–149 Cahill, Holger, 1:310 and tariffs, 3:460; 6:145 maps of, 2:8 Cahn, Julius, 8:114 vice presidency of, 8:322–323 archival, 9:10, 57, 58–64, 60, 61, Cahokia Mounds, 1:247; 2:6, 6–7; and War Department, 8:378 63 4:278; 8:225 and Yellowstone River expeditions, Mexican-American War in, 5:341 Cahuenga, Treaty of. See Mexican- 8:580 military base closings in, 5:376 American War Calhoun doctrine, 2:331 mission Indians of, 5:408–409

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California, (continued) California Indian Storytellers Asso- incursion in, 2:16–17, 17 modern, 2:11–12 ciation, 8:215 independence for, 8:330 Mussel Slough incident in, California Institute of Technology Mayaguez incident in, 5:275 5:503–504 (Caltech), 2:14–15; 3:217 in Vietnam War, 8:332, 334, 335 Native Americans in, 2:7, 8, 9, 10, rocket research at, 7:189 neutrality of, 6:36 12; 8:214, 214–216 California Land Act (1851), 5:25 Cambodian Americans, 7:471 oil in, 6:179, 298 California Native American Her- Cambridge (Massachusetts), prehistoric, 1:242 itage Commission, 8:215 2:17–18 Progressivism in, 2:10 California State University, 2:13–14 Charles River Bridge at, 1:537 Proposition 8, 6:509 California Trail, 2:15; 6:208–209 Cambridge Agreement (1629), Proposition 13, 2:12; 6:508–509 California v. Cabazon Band of Mission 2:18–19; 4:56 Proposition 14, 7:82 Indians, 3:509; 8:223 Cambridge Platform, 2:19, 349 Proposition 187, 4:229 Caliguiri, Richard, 6:361 Camcorders, 6:331 Proposition 187 of, 6:509 Calkins, Robert, 8:117 Camden (New Jersey), 6:62, 63, 64 Proposition 209, 6:509–510 Call, Richard, 8:402 Camden, Battle of, 2:19; 3:261 Proposition 227, 6:510 Call girls. See Prostitution Camels, in American West, 2:19 Salton Sea in, 7:234 Call It Sleep (Roth), 6:13 Camels (cigarettes), 8:135 Scripps Institution of Oceanogra- Call of the Wild, The (London), 5:119 Cameras, 6:329 phy in, 5:241 Call Off Your Old Tired Ethics digital, 6:330, 331 scurvy in, 7:287 (COYOTE), 6:514 electronic, 6:330 Silicon Valley in, 7:306, 360–361 Callender, Guy S., 4:6 Cameron, James, 8:132 smoking in public places, ban on, Callender, James T. Cameron, Simon, 2:420 8:136 in Chase impeachment trial, 4:241 Cameron, William E., 7:52 southern, rise of, 2:10–11 conviction under sedition act, Caminetti, Anthony, 6:232 Spanish, 2:8 1:124 Cammerer, Arno B., 5:551 Sutter’s Fort in, 8:33 Callery, Mary, 1:309 Camouflage uniforms, 8:258, 258 toll roads in, 8:140 Calley, William L., Jr., court-martial Camp, Carter, 1:161 trade unions in of, 2:440; 5:505 Camp, Walter, 2:276; 3:410 for teachers, 1:157 Calorie, 6:148 Camp David, 2:19–20, 20 United Farm Workers, 8:266 Caltech. See California Institute of Camp David Peace Accords, 2:20, U.S. takeover of, 2:8–9 Technology 21; 3:141, 427 Utopian communities in, 8:303 Calvert, Cecil, 6:511 Camp Fire Girls, 2:21 welfare in, 7:222 Calvert, Cecilius. See Baltimore, Camp meetings, 2:21–22; 7:86 wine industry in, 8:487 Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Chautauqua movement and, 2:113 Yosemite National Park, Calvert, George. See Baltimore, Campaign(s), political 8:582–583 George Calvert, Lord almanacs in, 1:129 California (battleship), 6:273 Calvert, Leonard, 5:255 barbecue as site of, 1:415–416 California, Hurtado v., 4:198 Calvin, John, 7:75 songs in, 2:24; 3:153 California, Miller v., 6:419 on right of revolution, 7:148 television advertising in, 8:75 California, United States v., 8:124 and work ethic, 8:526, 527 See also Election(s) California Alien Land Law (1913), Calvinism, 2:15–16 Campaign financing and resources, 2:13 vs. Arminianism, 1:264–265 2:22–24 California Federal Savings and Loan Cambridge Platform and, 2:19 civil servants and, restrictions on, Association v. Guerra, 6:449 Edwardsean theology, 3:140 4:103–104 California Federation of Teachers and Puritanism, 6:556 Emily’s List and, 3:198 (CFT), 1:157 and Reformed Churches, 7:75 reform attempts, 2:548; 3:147 California Indian Basketweavers Second Awakening in, 1:378 regulation of, 3:144 Association, 8:215 and United Church of Christ, soft money in, 7:439 California Indian Education Associ- 8:263 Campaign to End Discrimination ation, 8:215 CAM. See Computer-aided manu- Against Pregnant Women, California Indian Legal Services, facture 6:449 8:215 Cambodia Campanius, John, 2:234 California Indian Rancheria Act bombing of, 2:16, 16 Campbell, Alexander, 3:44, 44 (1958), 8:215 immigration from, 7:470–471 Campbell, George W., 8:241

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Campbell, H. W., 3:88 Paris, Treaty of (1763) and, 6:248 Union Canal, 8:239 Campbell, Joan, 8:501 Saint Lawrence Seaway in, 7:225 Whitewater Canal, 8:239 Campbell, John (printer), 6:95 trade with, 2:27–28; 8:276–277 Canarsies, 6:79 Campbell, John A. (governor), 8:564 U.S. relations with, 2:25–28 Canary Currents, 4:73 Campbell, John W., 5:130 Bayard-Chamberlain Treaty, Canby, Edward R. S., 5:433; 8:404 Campbell, Joseph, 2:36 1:431 Canceaux (British man-of-war), Campbell, Sir Malcolm, 1:375 Caroline affair and, 2:58 5:208 Campbell, Robert, 8:176 Columbia River Treaty, Cancer, 2:34–35 Campbell, Thomas (minister), 3:44 2:303–304 protection from, federal govern- Campbell, Thomas E. (Arizona gov- Fenian movement and, 3:354 ment’s role in, 2:540 ernor), 7:55 Northwest Angle and, 6:135–136 smoking and, 7:404, 405 Campbell, W. Glenn, 8:118 Vermont and, Haldimand Negotia- Candler, Asa G., 2:260; 7:438 Campbell Soup Can (Warhol), 6:414 tions between, 8:312 Candles, 2:35 Camping, 8:305 in War of 1812, 8:383–384 as lighting, 5:107 Campoli, Cosmo, 1:311 in World War II, Normandy Inva- in soap industry, 7:408 Camus, Albert, 3:279, 280 sion, 6:119–120 Cane (Toomer), 5:125 Canada Yukon region of, 8:589, 589 Canine distemper, 8:319 acid rain in, 1:13 Canada, Missouri ex. rel. Gaines v., Cannibalism air defense systems in, 1:75 3:14; 5:526 during blizzards, 1:486 Alabama claims and, 1:106 Canadian Football League (CFL), Donner party and, 3:79 in American Revolution, 7:142 3:411 Canning, George, 5:52 Arnold’s march to Quebec, Canadian River, Long’s explorations Canning (food), 3:405–406 1:281–282 of, 5:150 Canning industry, 2:35–37 Continental Congress address to, Canadian-American reciprocity, fruits, 3:479 9:134–135 2:28–29 Cannon, James, 2:326 in American Studies, 1:170 Canadian-American waterways, 2:29 Cannon, Marion, 6:417 in Aroostook War, 1:282–283 and Great Lakes steamships, Cannon, Sylvester, 8:298 borders of 4:53–55 Cannon, Walter B., 6:349 in archival maps, 9:52 Niagara Falls, 6:103 Canoes, 2:37, 37–38 Oregon Treaty on, 6:209–210 Saint Lawrence Seaway, Canticle for Leibowitz (Miller), 5:121 British acquisition of, 2:295 7:225–226 Cantonment Sprague, archival map in Civil War Canal(s), 2:29–34, 30; 8:187 of, 9:66, 66–67 Confederate activities in, advantages and disadvantages of, Cantwell v. Connecticut, 2:167–168 2:24–25; 6:136 2:30–31 Canvass, 2:38 Saint Albans Raid, 7:224; 8:313 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 2:32, Capa, Robert, 1:301 explorations of, 3:285–286 32 Cape Ann, settlement on, 3:80 by Ogden, 6:37 Chicago Sanitary and Ship, 5:22 Cape Canaveral (Florida), 1:502 foreign investment from, construction of, 8:429 Cape Cod (Massachusetts), 2:38, 3:421–422 federal support for, 7:169 38–39 French colonial settlements in, Erie (See Erie Canal) origins of name, 2:261 2:329; 6:51–53 Gallatin’s report on, 3:503 Cape Horn, 2:39, 39 French legal system in, 2:440 Illinois and Michigan Canal, 2:132; Caperton, William Gaston, III, 8:450 hockey in, 4:143–144, 209–210 4:219; 5:22 Capital(s) immigration to inland lock navigation in, 4:361 nation’s (See also Washington after American Revolution, Lakes-to-Gulf Deep Waterway [D.C.]) 7:137; 8:266 and, 5:22–23 Philadelphia as, 6:277, 278, 312 after Vietnam War, 3:197 and market shipping, 2:387 state, 2:47–48 Inuit in, 4:410 Nicaraguan Canal Project, 6:105 Capital punishment, 2:39–41 in King William’s War, 4:527 in Ohio, 6:172 doubts about, 6:478 Klondike Rush in, 4:538–539 Panama (See Panama Canal) evasion of, in Leopold-Loeb case, Mennonites in, 5:310 Schuylkill Canal, 8:239 5:82 North American Free Trade subsidies for, 7:564 by hanging, 4:91–92 Agreement with, 3:309; toll, 8:140 opposition to, 4:92 6:124–125; 8:199 tunnels built for, 8:239 Supreme Court on, 6:552

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Capitalism, 2:41–47 Caribbean and rail transportation, 2:388 class formation within, 2:222 British and French territories in, in steel industry, 4:427–428 collective bargaining and, 2:273 8:445–447, 446 Homestead strike and, 4:157; Declaration of Independence as buccaneers in, 1:551, 551 7:556 reaffirmation of, 2:284 slave trade in, 7:387, 387 on trade unions, 7:556 Marx on, 7:424 U.S. interventions in, 4:406–407 Carnegie, Dale, How to Win Friends socialism on, 7:424–425 U.S. policies in, 2:54–55 and Influence People, 4:186 uneven development of, 2:45–46 dollar diplomacy and, 3:71 Carnegie Corporation of New York, welfare, 2:43; 8:437–438 Good Neighbor Policy and, 2:55–56; 3:444 Capitalism and Freedom (Friedman), 3:426; 4:22–23, 77 Carnegie Foundation for the 6:31 Grenada Invasion and, 4:65 Advancement of Teaching Capitation taxes, 2:48 gunboat diplomacy and, 4:76–77 (CFAT), 2:56–57 See also Poll taxes manifest destiny and, 3:75 Carnegie Institution of Washington Capitol(s) Providence Island Company and, (CIW), 2:57; 5:18 state, 2:47, 48, 48 6:518–519 Geophysical Laboratory of, 3:552 first, 8:483 See also specific countries Carnegie Steel Company, 4:157 U.S., 2:48–50, 49, 352 Caribbean Basin Initiative, 5:49 Carnes, Peter, 1:391 burning of, 8:417 Caribs, 1:414 Carnivals, 2:177–178, 436 heating systems in, 4:122 Carillon, Fort, 5:21 “Carnivore” (software), 3:186 Capone, Al, 1:504; 2:133; 3:60 Carleton, Sir Guy, 1:281; 4:467; Carnivore Diagnostic Tool, 3:339 Caponigro, Paul, 6:330 7:143 Carolene Products Co., United States v., Capote, Truman, In Cold Blood, Carleton, James H., 6:16, 19; 8:404 3:246 5:122 Carlile, John S., 8:449 Carolina(s) Capper-Volstead Act (1922), 1:71; Carlisle Indian Industrial School, colonial assembly of, 1:333 2:50, 407 2:55, 145 Fundamental Constitutions of, Captivity narratives, 2:50–52, 51, Carlos, John, 6:193, 193 2:57–58 52; 3:84; 4:524–525 Carlos III. See Charles III westward migration in, 8:459 by Rowlandson (Mary), 9:101–103 Carlson, A. J., 6:349 See also North Carolina; South Car(s). See Automobile Carlson, Chester F., 1:325, 588; Carolina Car culture, 2:389 6:169 Caroline affair, 2:58 Carbon dioxide Carlson, Henry (Doc), 1:423 Caroline Islands, 2:58 in atmosphere, 4:5–6, 7, 8 Carlton, George, 1:221 in Trust Territory of the Pacific, concentrations of, Keeling curve Carlucci, Frank C., 2:529 8:95, 232 of, 2:237, 237 Carmack, George, 1:109; 4:538 Carothers, Wallace H., 2:123; 8:110 emissions of, energy use and pro- Carmichael, Stokely, 1:479, 480; Carpal tunnel syndrome, 5:298 jections for, 3:213 2:204; 6:376; 7:561, 561 Carpathia (ship), 8:131 Carbon Dioxide and Climate: A Scien- “Black Power” speech by, text of, Carpenter, Charles C., 1:501 tific Assessment (Charney), 4:6 9:452–454 Carpenter, James, 1:290 Carbon paper, 6:168 sexism of, 8:516 Carpenter, Liz, 8:517 Cárdenas, García López de, 2:301, Carnahan, Jean, 5:422 Carpet manufacture, 2:58–59, 59 416; 3:296 Carnahan, Mel, 5:422 nylon and, 2:121 Carder, Frederick, 1:288, 290 Carnap, Rudolf, 3:204; 6:425 Carpetbaggers, 2:59; 3:386 Cardiovascular disease, 2:52–54 Carnegie, Andrew, 1:580; 8:233, Carr, Baker v., 1:227, 385–386; 5:79; heart implants for, 4:121–122 295, 295 7:108; 8:357 Cardona, José Miró, 1:431 anti-imperialism of, 1:202; 6:320, Carr, Benjamin, 5:495 Cardozo, Benjamin N., 2:317; 6:232 321 Carr, Dabney, 1:512 Cardozo, Jacob, 3:108 and astronomy, 1:344 Carr, Sir Robert, 6:41 Carey, Henry C., 3:108 Homestead strike and, 2:224 Carranza, Venustiano, 1:1; 5:346 Carey, Hugh, 1:355 philanthropy of, 2:55–57, 227; Carré, Ferdinand, 7:77 Carey, James, 3:176 3:443; 6:317 Carriage, horse-drawn, 7:42–43 Carey, Matthew, 1:447 and public libraries, 2:56; 5:98; Carriage making, 1:551–552; American Atlas, 2:60 7:65 2:59–60 Carey, Ronald R., 4:386 public perception of, 7:181 Carrier, Willis, 1:74 “Cargo cults,” 6:6 rags-to-riches story of, 8:529 Carrier Indians, 8:221

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Carrington, Frances C., 9:244–248 and Holocaust Museum, 4:150 Cartier-Bresson, Henri, 1:301 Carroll, Charles, 2:67–68; 8:187 HUD under, 4:183 Cartography, 2:60–63, 61 revolutionary committees and, human rights policy of, 5:49 See also Maps and mapmaking 7:149 Indian relations under, 4:260 Cartoons, 2:63–65 Carroll, John, 2:67, 68; 3:129; 4:474 inflation under, 7:516 by Disney Corporation, 3:58 and religious learning, 7:97 Iran hostage crisis and, 4:174, 418, political, 6:393–395, 394 Carson, Christopher (Kit), 1:221, 418, 420–421 and toys, 8:153 257; 2:537; 3:299; 8:404 Israel and, 4:441 Cartwright, Alexander, 1:419 and Apaches, 6:69 labor policies of, 3:245; 5:11 Cartwright, Peter, 2:175 in folklore, 3:394 Latin American policies of, 3:143; Carver, George Washington, 7:478 and Navajos, 6:19, 69 5:49 Carver, John, 5:276, 317 in Taos, 8:47 and neoconservatives, 6:32 Carver, Raymond, 5:123 Carson, Johnny, 8:142, 142 and Nicaragua, 6:105 Casablanca (film), 3:363 Carson, Rachel, Silent Spring, 1:67; and 1980 Olympics, 6:193–194 Casablanca Conference, 2:65; 8:549, 3:205, 227, 232; 4:362; 6:210; Pakistani relations under, 4:260 552 7:359; 8:285, 423 and Panama Canal, 6:239–240, 242 Cascade Tunnel, 8:240 Carson City (Nevada), 6:37 and Peace Corps, 6:266 Casco (ship), 1:266 Carswell, Harold, 5:548 and Philippines, 6:323 Casely Hayford, Joseph Ephraim, Carte Blanche, 2:451 in presidential campaign of 1976, 6:235–236 Carter, Harlan, 5:557 3:166–167; 6:517–518 Casey, Planned Parenthood of South- Carter, Henry W., 7:124 in presidential campaign of 1980, eastern Pennsylvania v., 1:7; Carter, James Earl (Jimmy) 3:167 4:497–498; 6:361–362; 8:434 African policies under, 1:39 presidential library of, 5:100 Casey, William, 4:377 airline deregulation under, 1:96 refusing price controls, 6:460 Casimir, Fort, 6:41 arms race under, 1:272 religious beliefs of, 2:165 Casinos and bureaucracy, 1:573 South African policy of, 7:452 in Las Vegas, 5:42 and Camp David Peace Accords, Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and, Native American tribes operating, 2:20 1:37; 4:260 2:359 Carter Doctrine of, 1:233; 2:60; and Strategic Arms Limitations organized crime and, 2:463 3:142 Talks II, 8:202 theming of, 5:42 Collazo pardoned by, 1:329 at summit conferences, 8:16 See also Gambling Community Services Administra- Three Mile Island accident investi- Caskets, 3:486 tion under, 6:164 gated by, 8:122 Caslon, William, 6:468 conservative opposition to, 2:376 vetoes cast by, 8:321 Cass, Lewis, 1:158; 4:295; 6:415, 447 and Contra aid, 2:395 Vietnam draft evaders pardoned by, and Compromise of 1850, 2:331 Cuba policy of, 2:471–472; 5:239 1:177 and popular sovereignty, 8:485 defense policy of, 2:529 text of, 9:479–480 in presidential campaign of 1848, and Department of Education, 3:332 and Wise Men, 8:493 1:418; 3:154 and Department of Energy, 3:332 in World War II, 8:557 in presidential campaign of 1852, and draft registration, 2:365 Carter, Rosalynn, 8:517 3:154 energy crisis address by, text of, and White House furnishings, Cassady, Neal, 1:433 9:492–494 8:471 Cassatt, Mary, 1:296, 316; 2:272; energy policies of, 3:209, 215; 6:304 Carter, William, 8:318 3:197; 6:470 and European Community, policies Carter Coal Company, Carter v., 4:71 Cast iron, 5:330 toward, 3:260 Carter Doctrine, 1:233; 2:60; 3:142 Castañeda, Jorge G., 5:349–350 and Federal Mediation and Concil- Carter Fund, 3:443 Castañeda, Pedro de, 4:33 iation Service, 3:343 Carter v. Carter Coal Company, 2:60, Castillo, Alonso del, 2:360 fiscal policies of, 2:423 311; 4:71 Castillo, Ann, 5:123 foreign policy of, 3:427 Carteret, Sir George, 2:289; 3:103; Castillo, Domingo del, 9:10 as Georgia governor, 3:558 6:60, 511 Castro, Fidel, 2:54–55, 470; 5:48, 49 and Guatemala, 4:70 Carteret, Philip, 3:188 and Cuban missile crisis, 2:474 Haiti and, 4:85 Cartier, Jacques, 3:285, 291 FBI arrest and interrogation of, Health and Human Services exploring St. Lawrence River, 2:470 Department under, 4:114 3:488; 4:50 and Mariel boatlift, 2:472

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Casualties. See War casualties Polish Americans and, 6:391 in Colorado, 2:299 CASVA. See Center for Advanced Priests of Holy Cross in, 4:151 Great Britain in, 4:157 Study in the Visual Arts and Protestantism, conflict of, homesteaders and, 4:157–158 CAT. See Convention Against Tor- 1:447 in Montana, 5:449 ture Puritans on, 1:195–196 rise of, 1:64; 4:157–158 Catalogs, mail-order, 1:32; on religious freedom, 4:475; 8:308 sheep wars in, 7:339–340 5:204–207, 205 and religious learning, 7:97 stockyards in, 7:551–552 Sears Roebuck, 7:290–291 revival campaign of, 7:89 Cattle rustlers, 2:75–76, 443 Catalytic converters, 1:362 and revivalism, 3:264–265 Cattle towns. See Cow towns Catawba Indians, 2:65, 66; 8:225 schools of, 3:129, 130; 4:474–475; Caucus(es), 2:76–77; 6:113 Catch-22 (Heller), 2:66–67; 5:121 7:268 Congressional, 2:76, 77 Catesby, Mark, 6:213 sexual abuse scandal involving, 2:71 Black, 1:471 Catherine II (empress of Russia), sexuality in, 1:196 Causa, La, 2:77 1:108; 7:210 temperance and, 1:117 Cavalier Hotel, 8:346 Catholic Worker (newspaper), 6:99 Vatican II and, 8:308–309 Cavalry Catholic Worker Movement, 8:303 women’s role in, 8:500 Air, 1:73–74 Catholicism, 2:67–71 See also Anti-Catholicism; Jesuits horse, 2:77–78 on abortion, 1:5 Catlin, G. E. G. (political scientist), Cavendish, Lord, 8:347, 348 and adoption, 1:28 6:403 Cavill, Frederick, 8:36 anticommunism in, 1:197; 5:563 Catlin, George (artist), 1:295; 8:259 Cayetano, Ben, 3:361 in colonial era, 1:195–196 exploration of American West and, Cayuga, 6:86 Council of Trent and, 8:309 3:299 Cayuse, 8:221 denominational colleges, 3:129, on Indian games, 3:507 Cazneau, Jane McManus Storms, 130 Indian paintings of, 2:71–72, 72 3:75 diplomatic service to papal states, and national park movement, 5:549 Cazneau, William, 3:75 6:244–245 on preservation of environment, CB radio, 2:179 Dominican Order, 3:77 2:366 CBC. See Black Caucus, Congres- ecumenicalism in, 8:308 Cato, Gavin, 2:466 sional evangelicalism and, 3:267 Cato’s Revolt, 7:379 CBDs (Central Business Districts). growth of, 7:88–89 Cats, disease in, 8:319 See Cities among immigrants, 1:196 Cat’s Cradle (Vonnegut), 5:121 CBN. See Christian Broadcasting individual responsibility in, 8:309 Catskill Mountains, 2:72; 6:86 Network individualism and, 1:196 Catt, Carrie Chapman, 5:65; 8:514 CBO. See Congressional Budget among Irish Americans, 4:223, Cattell, James McKeen, 1:141; 4:378 Office 423, 424–425 Cattle, 2:72–74, 489 CBOE. See Chicago Board of Irish immigrants and, 2:163 disease in, 8:319, 320 Options Exchanges among Italian Americans, 4:445 protection of, legislation for, 1:185 CBS television network, 8:72, 73, Latin American immigrants and, in Texas, 8:101 138 7:91–92 Cattle Associations, 2:74 cartoons on, 2:64 lay leadership in, 8:309 Cattle brands, 2:74, 76 CCC. See Civilian Conservation liberal vs. conservative wings of, Cattle drives, 2:74–75, 442, 443 Corps; Commodity Credit Cor- 8:309 on Abilene Trail, 1:2 poration and liberation theology, 5:93 on Chisholm Trail, 2:158 CDA. See Communications Decency Luther and, 6:515 Dodge City Trail and, 3:69 Act in Maryland, 1:196; 2:287 and fencing of public lands, 6:532 CDC. See Centers for Disease Con- mass in, 8:309 homesteaders and, 4:157 trol and Prevention membership in, 7:87, 90 railroads and, 2:387; 7:34 CD-ROM, 2:329 missions of, 4:276 stampedes in, 7:519–520 dictionaries on, 3:23 in California, firsthand account trail drivers and, 8:176 encyclopedias on, 3:205 of, 9:107–109 transcontinental railroad and, use in education, 3:139 mysticism in, 5:507 5:149 CDs, 2:328–329, 392 and National Review, 5:556 Cattle frontier, 8:463 CEA. See Council of Economic in New Mexico, 6:67 Cattle industry Advisors papacy in, 1:195–196 barbed wire and, 2:443 Cecil, Robert, 5:63

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Cédras, Raoul, 5:49 on toxic shock syndrome, 8:150 oats, 6:151–152 Celanese Corporation, 6:366 Central Artery/Tunnel Project (Big storage of, 3:187 Celebration community, 8:304 Dig), 8:240 wheat, 2:96, 97; 8:466–467 Celebrity culture, 2:78–79 Central banks, 3:344; 8:160 winter, 3:88 and advertising, 2:79, 98 Central Business Districts (CBDs). Cereals, manufacture of, 2:98–99 Celera Genomics, 4:192 See Cities Ceremony (Silko), 5:129 Celler-Kefauver Antimerger Act Central Europe, 2:88–91 Cerletti, Ugo, 6:522 (1950), 1:215; 3:348 foreign aid to, 3:418 Cermak, Anton, 1:329; 2:133 Cellular telephones, 8:67 propaganda to, 6:503 CERN. See European Organization commercial use of, 6:169 See also Eastern Europe; specific for Nuclear Research Celluloid, and plastics, 6:366 countries Cerography (wax engraving), in Celluloid Manufacturing Company, Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), mapmaking, 5:233 6:366 2:91–93 Cervera, Pascual, 7:486, 488 Cellulose, 8:110 and African policies, 1:38 CES. See Committee on Economic Celmins, Vija, 1:309 Ames espionage case in, Security Cement, 2:79 1:173–174 CETA. See Comprehensive Employ- Cemeteries, 2:80, 80–82, 81, 511 establishment of, 7:503 ment and Training Act national, 2:81–82, 82, 82–83 failures of, 4:377 Cézanne, Paul, 2:475 Arlington National Cemetery, functions of, 7:503 exhibitions of, 1:268, 297 1:264 propaganda by, 6:503 CFA. See College Football Associa- National Cemetery System, and U-2 incident, 8:247 tion 8:317 Central Labor Union (New York CFAT. See Carnegie Foundation for Censorship City), and Labor Day, 5:12 the Advancement of Teaching during Civil War, 6:97 Central nervous system stimulants, CFCs. See Chlorofluorocarbons economic, 2:84, 85 7:568–569 CFL. See Canadian Football League military, 2:83, 84 Central Overland California and CFT. See California Federation of press and artistic, 2:83–86 Pikes Peak Express Company Teachers ACLU on, 1:146 (COC&PP), 5:204; 6:411–413 CFTC. See Commodities Futures of African American press, 6:99 Central Pacific Railroad, 2:9; 8:181, Trading Commission of beat literature, 1:433 188 C&GS. See Coast and Geodetic Sur- book banning, 1:500 and transcontinental roadway, 7:34 vey of movies, 6:419 Golden Spike Ceremony, 7:34 Chaco Canyon, 1:244, 244 and National Endowment for the race with Union Pacific Railroad, irrigation in, 4:307–308 Arts, 5:535 2:94; 6:502; 8:181, 188 Chadwick, Donald, 3:499 Near v. Minnesota and, 6:27 Central Park (New York City), 2:94, Chadwick, Edwin, 3:238 pornography and, 6:419 94–95; 6:453 Chadwick, Henry, 1:419 by Postal Service, U.S., Menagerie in, 8:594 Chadwick, James, 6:340–341 6:426–427 Centralia Mine disaster, 2:95 Chafee, Zechariah, 2:84 and publishing industry, 6:537 Century 21 Exposition, 8:560 Chaffee, Adna R., 1:267; 6:320 Supreme Court on, 3:374; 6:419 Century of Dishonor, A (Jackson), 2:95 Chain booksellers, 6:538–539 Censure, presidential, 3:303 excerpt from, 9:257–259 Chain gangs, 2:99, 99–100 Census, U.S., 2:554–555 Century of Progress Exposition “Chain migration,” 3:313 statistical mapping in, 5:233 (1933), 8:559 Chain stores, 2:100–101, 101; 3:9, Census, U.S. Bureau of, 2:86–87 furniture at, 3:498 10, 26; 7:125 and emigration data, 3:197 CEQ. See Council on Environmen- Robinson-Patman Act and, 7:183 maps and atlases published by, 2:62 tal Quality Wal-Mart, 1:263; 8:368 Centennial Exhibition (1876), Ceramics, 1:286, 303–305 Chakrabarty, Ananda, 3:530 2:87–88, 88 collecting, 2:271 Chakrabarty, Diamond v., 3:530; Center for Advanced Study in the CERCLA. See Comprehensive 6:256 Visual Arts (CASVA), 5:540 Environmental Response, Com- Challenge of Nationhood, The Centers for Disease Control and pensation, and Liability Act (Mboya), 1:138 Prevention (CDC), 2:88 Cereal grains, 2:95–98, 96 Challenger disaster, 2:101–102, 102; and AIDS, 1:15 corn, 2:413, 413–414, 414 3:41; 5:524; 7:481, 483 on obesity, 6:153–154 milling of, 3:388–392 Chalmers, Lionel, 2:235

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Chamberlain, Daniel H., 4:87 Chaplin, Charles (public health offi- Charles V (Holy Roman emperor), Chamberlain, Edward, 3:109 cial), 3:240 3:274, 295 Chamberlain, John W., 3:182 Chaplin, Charlie (actor), 3:362 Charles, Ray, 1:389 Chamberlain, Joshua L., in Battle of Chapman, John (Johnny Appleseed), Charles River Bridge, construction Gettysburg, 3:568; 5:209 3:478; 4:481 of, 1:537 Chamberlain, Wilt, 1:424, 425 Chapman, John Gadsby (wood Charles River Bridge case, Chamberlin, Clarence, 1:83 engraver), 8:522 2:106–107; 4:495 Chamberlin, Thomas C., 2:235; Chapman, Mark David, 2:79 Charles Town, siege of, 7:145 3:552; 4:6 Chapman, William S., and land See also Charleston (South Carolina) Chambers, Ephraim, 3:204 speculation, 5:36 Charleston (South Carolina), Chambers, John Graham, 6:483 Chapman showboat, 7:350–351 2:107–108 Chambers, Whittaker, 3:280 Chapmen. See Peddlers Civil War damages in, 2:107, 107 HUAC testimony by, 4:136; 8:1, 2 Chappaquiddick incident, 2:105 in colonial era, 8:289 Chambers of commerce, 2:102–103 Chappell, Walter, 6:330 trade with Native Americans, Chamorro, Emiliano, 1:550 Chapter 7 bankruptcy, 1:409, 410 2:108 Chamorro, Violeta Barrios de, 2:395 Chapter 11 bankruptcy, 1:409–410 earthquake near, 3:101 Chamoun, Camille, 5:72 Chapter 13 bankruptcy, 1:410 Fort Sumter in, 8:17–18 Champagne-Marne Operation, Chapultepec, Battle of, 2:105 siege of, in American Revolution, 2:103 Charbonneau, Toussaint, 5:86 7:145 French vs. American strategy, Chargaff, Erwin, 3:67 Vesey Rebellion in, 8:316–317 5:338 Charismatic Christianity, 8:303 Charleston (dance), 2:497 Champagny, Jean-Baptiste Nompère Charity Charleston Harbor, defense of, de, duc de Cadore, 8:382 vs. philanthropy, 6:315 2:108; 8:17 Champlain, Samuel de, 3:285–286, “scientific,” 6:436 Charleston Library Association, 291 in Victorian era, 8:325–326 5:485 explorations of, 2:103–104, 104; Charity organization movement, Charlotte (North Carolina), 5:21 2:105–106 2:108–109; 6:130 in Cape Cod, 2:38 Woman’s Exchange, 8:497 Charlotte Temple (Rowson), 5:118 and fur trade, 3:488 Charity Organization Society, 6:436; Charlotte Town Resolves, 2:109 Lake Ontario and Huron, 4:50 8:82 Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Edu- mapmaking, 5:231–232 Charity schools, 2:106 cation, Swan v., 1:589; and trading posts, 8:175 Charles I (king of Great Britain) 2:108–109, 199; 3:118 in Vermont, 8:311 Chancellorsville, Battle of, 2:104, charters issued by, 2:287 Charlotte’s Web (White), 5:127 213; 6:280 and colonial policy, 2:285 Charney, Jule G., 4:6 trenches in, 8:207 and Great Migration, 4:55 Charter of Liberties, 2:109–110; Chancy, Israel, 8:572 Charles II (king of Great Britain), 3:93 Chandler, Alfred, 2:42 1:383 Charter of Privileges, 2:110 Chandler, Charles F., 2:122 and colonial charters, 2:281; 8:455 commemoration of, 5:95 Chandler, John, 7:552 and colonial policy, 2:285, 287, Charter schools, 2:110–111; 3:119 Chandler, Raymond, 5:120, 129 289; 3:77 states with, 2:110 The Big Sleep, 5:121 death of, 2:109 Chartered companies, 2:111 Chandler, Zechariah, 2:313 and Duke of York’s proprietary, Charters Chandra X-ray Observatory, 6:157 3:93 colonial (See Colonial charters) Chaney, James, 1:332; 2:203 on fur hats, 1:434 municipal, 2:111–112 Chaneysville Incident, The (Bradley), land grants by, 5:149; 6:126, 276, forms of government and, 5:474 5:126 511, 511, 512; 8:311 home rule and, 4:152–153 Chang, Min-Chueh, 1:468 and Lords of Trade and Plantation, Chase, Chevy, 7:253 Channing, J. Parke, 3:218 5:151 Chase, Lucia, 1:144; 2:498 Channing, William Ellery, 2:350; and Nicolls’ Commission, Chase, Martha, 3:533 7:97; 8:179 6:106–107 Chase, Martin, 7:126 Chanukah, 2:104–105 Sunday law of, 1:490 Chase, Salmon P., 3:155; 4:487; 5:76 Chapbooks, 2:105 Charles III (king of Spain), 1:257; and antislavery politics, 5:96–97 Chaplet, Ernest, 1:304 7:489 and banking system, 1:397, 404

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and Davis (Jefferson), trial of, Chemical and biological warfare, Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 2:505 2:117–119 2:127–128 and Emancipation Proclamation, Agent Orange, 1:54–55 Cherokee Strip, 2:128 3:191 international agreements banning, Cherokee Trail, 2:128 and financing of Civil War, 2:215 1:270 Cherokee Wars, 2:128–129 in Free Soil Party, 3:459 smallpox in, 7:399, 400 Cherry Hill, 6:476 in Johnson’s impeachment trial, in Vietnam War, 2:537–538 Chesapeake (American frigate), 4:237 Chemical industry, 2:119–121 3:78–79 Liberty Party and, 5:96–97 automation in, 1:364–365 Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, 2:32, on powers of habeas corpus, 3:271 Du Pont Company and, 2:542 32 in presidential campaign of 1864, petroleum industry and, 2:121; Chesapeake Bay, cleanup of, 3:233 2:218 3:211 Chesapeake Bay Bridge and Tunnel, as Radical Republican, 7:15 and plastics, 6:366 8:240 as secretary of Treasury, 8:196 research in, 2:123 Chesapeake colonies, 2:129, 287 Chase, Samuel Chemical Science and Technology city planning in, 2:184 at Alexandria Conference, 1:122 Laboratory, 5:529 families in, 3:311–312 impeachment trial of, 4:234, 241 Chemical societies, 2:121–122 slave society of, 7:391–392 on judicial review, 2:7 Chemical spills, 3:39 Chesapeake plantation system, on state vs. federal laws, 8:390 Chemical Weapons Convention, 6:363, 364 and subpoena to Adams (John), 2:119 Chesapeake-Leopard incident, 6:456 Chemistry, 2:121–123 2:129–130; 3:192 Chesnutt, Charles Waddell, 5:124 Chase, Stuart, 2:390; 6:42 mineral, 5:391 The Marrow of Tradition, 5:124 Chase, Thornton, 1:384 Nobel Prizes in, 6:487 Chess, 2:130, 130–131; 8:153 Chase, William Merritt, 1:296, Chemotherapy, 2:124 computer programs, 2:130, 338 319–320; 3:537 Cheney, Benjamin, 2:241 Chester (U.S.S.), 5:94 Château-Thierry Bridge, Americans Cheney, Lynne, 5:537 Chesterfield (cigarettes), 8:135 at, 1:441; 2:112 Cheney, Richard (Dick), 6:243 Chester’s Gap, 6:254 Chattanooga campaign, 2:112–113, in presidential campaign of 2000, Chesterton, Gilbert Keith, 1:57–58 213; 5:151 3:170 Chevreul, Eugène Michel, 6:148 Chauncey, Charles, 6:65 as secretary of defense, 2:529 Chevron v. NRDC, 3:333 Chauncey, Isaac, 4:53 Chennault, Claire L., 2:152; 3:392 Chewing tobacco, 8:134, 135 Chautauqua movement, 2:22, Cherbourg, 2:124 Cheyenne, 2:131, 131; 8:218 113–114; 3:115; 5:178; 7:65 Cherokee, 2:124–126; 8:225 at Battle of Little Bighorn, eyewit- Chávez, César Estrada, 2:77; 5:3; adaptation of, 8:226 ness account of, 9:253–255 8:172, 266, 267 in American Revolution, in Colorado, 2:298 Chavez, Denise, 5:123 4:329–330; 6:128; 8:85 Dull Knife Campaign of, 3:94 Chavez-Salido, Cabell v., 1:126 Baptist mission to, 2:163 Fort Laramie Treaty with, text of, Chavez-Thompson, Linda, 3:49 in Civil War, 4:326–327 9:227–229 Chebeir, Camille, 5:72 constitution of, 2:125 and Ghost Dance, 3:573 Check currency, 2:114–115 in Georgia, 3:554 Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor on, clearing of, 2:232 language of, 2:124–125, 126–127, 9:257–259 Checkers, 8:153 127; 4:275 in Nebraska, 6:29 Checkers speech, 2:115 removal of, 2:125, 127; 3:278; on reservations, 6:263 Checkoff, 2:115–116 4:272, 285–286, 296, 314; Sand Creek Massacre of, 4:326; Check-row planter, 1:58 6:183–184 7:243–244, 244 Checks and balances, 2:116–117 Trail of Tears, 2:125, 127, 128; in Wyoming, 8:564, 566 Senate confirmation and, 2:346 6:183; 8:177 Cheyney State College, 3:125 Cheesemaking, 2:490 schools of, 3:134–135 Chiang Kai-Shek, 7:530 Cheever, Ezekial, 3:112 in Tennessee, 8:84–85, 87 at Cairo Conference, 2:7 Cheever, John, 5:121 in Texas, 8:100 Chiari, Roberto, 6:239 Chemehuevi, 8:228 treaty with, 8:206 Chicago (Illinois), 2:131–133, 132 Chemical Analyses of Igneous Rocks written language of, 4:275 African Americans in, 2:133, 134, (U.S. Geological Survey), 6:301 Cherokee Nation cases, 2:127–128 201

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Chicago (Illinois), (continued) Chicago, Milwaukee, and Saint Paul regulation of, 4:27; 5:5; 8:111 architecture of, 1:252; 2:132–133; Railway Company v. Minnesota, in New Hampshire, 6:58 8:290 2:134 in textile industry, 8:111 Art Institute of Chicago in, Chicago Board of Options Child Labor Act (1916), 3:308 1:316–317 Exchanges (CBOE), 6:200 Child labor tax case, 2:142; 5:184 Democratic National Convention Chicago Commons, 7:317 Child Support Recovery Act (1992), in (1968), 2:400; 7:165 Chicago Defender (newspaper), 2:134; 3:317 Empowerment Zone program in, 5:199, 200; 6:98, 99 Childbirth, 2:142–144 8:287 Chicago Federation of Labor, 3:320 in 19th century, 3:312–313 fire of 1871 in, 1:12; 2:132, Chicago Seven, 1:479; 2:135 in 20th century, 3:314 Chicago Tribune (newspaper), 6:97 133–134; 3:37 in colonial era, 2:291; 3:311 Chicano movement, 5:344–345; founding of, 4:52 maternal and child health care, 9:484–486 furniture manufacturing in, 3:497 5:273–275 “Chicano Nationalism: The Key to gang warfare during Prohibition, Childhood, 2:144–147 Unity for La Raza” (Gonzáles), 1:504 Childhood leukemia, 2:35 excerpt from, 9:484–486 Children growth of, 8:290 Chicanos Haymarket Riot in (1886), 2:132; in 20th century, 3:313–315 Alianza movement of, 7:12 adoption of, 1:27–30 8:259 See also Mexican Americans land speculation in, 5:37 breakfast cereals for, 2:99 Chickamauga, Battle of, 2:135, 213 in civil rights movement, 2:203 mayor of, first, 7:53 Chickasaw, 8:225 clothing for, 2:246 meatpacking in, 2:73, 73, 132; adaptation of, 8:226 in colonial families, 3:311 5:277, 279; 8:463 Tecumseh’s speech to, 9:199–200 death rate for, 2:510 The Jungle on, 4:500–501 in Tennessee, 8:84–85 encyclopedias for, 3:204 stockyards of, 5:136; 7:551 trade with, 6:244 exposed to violence on TV, 3:340 Memorial Day Massacre in, 5:307 treaty with (1832), and land ces- factory work by, 7:64 Museum of Science and Industry sion, 5:34 in foster care, 3:442–443 in, 5:484–485 Chickasaw Bluffs, in Civil War, health of Native Americans in, 2:509 8:324 legislation on, 7:342 Newberry Library in, 6:93–94 Chickasaw-Creek War, 2:135–136 SIDS and, 8:2 paved streets in, 6:260 “Chicken in Every Pot,” 2:136; in juvenile court system, 4:250, Polish Americans in, 6:391 7:113 504–506 political machine in, 5:187 Chihuly, Dale, 1:290; 4:4 Chilcotin, 8:221 kidnapping of, 4:525 politics in, 4:216 marketing to, 5:246 population of, 4:217 Child, Francis James, 1:388; 3:394 Child, Lydia Maria, 2:40; 6:47; 8:512 missing, 2:147 Puerto Ricans in, 6:543 Megan’s Law and, 5:306 Pullman Strike in (1894), 2:132; Child abuse, 2:136–138; 3:73 in 19th century, 3:313 National Commission on, 7:186 8:303 court cases on, 3:74 Native American, removal of, riots of 1919, 2:133, 134 and foster care, 3:442 4:262–264 self-taught art in, 1:311–312 protective agencies for, 7:430 obesity among, 6:154 settlement houses in, 7:317–318 repressed memory of, primal thera- poverty among, 6:437; 7:186 skyscrapers in, 7:375–376 py and, 6:462 in prostitution, 6:514 Sears Tower, 7:291, 291–292 Child care, 2:138–140 protective agencies for, 7:430 steel strikes in, 7:545, 546 Common Sense Book of Baby and recreation for, 7:65 World’s Columbian Exposition in, Child Care (Spock and Spock), in Republican families, 3:312–313 3:174; 8:290, 297, 558–559 2:318–319 rights of, 2:148–150 furniture at, 3:498 shifts in prescriptions for, 2:144 Family Education Rights and Pri- Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail- Child Citizenship Act (2000), 6:14 vacy Act and, 3:315–316 road, Wisconsin Railroad Commis- Child labor, 2:140–141, 141, 146, 148 Supreme Court on, 4:250 sion v., 2:311; 8:493 health issues with, 5:274 substance abuse by, 7:568–569 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Rail- in industrial revolution, 4:344 volunteerism among, 8:353 road v. Chicago, 3:198 minimum-wage legislation and, welfare programs for, 8:439–440 Chicago, Judy, 1:309 5:394–395 See also Adolescence

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Children of God (Family of Love), smallpox in, 7:399 prostitution among, 2:154; 8:436 2:477 Tiananmen Square Protest in, See also Chinese Americans Children’s Aid Societies, 2:136, 146 8:123, 123–124 Ching, Cyrus, 3:343 Children’s Bureau, 2:137, 146, tobacco factories in, 8:135 Chinook, 8:221 147–148; 5:11; 8:439 trade with, 2:150, 153; 6:226 Chipley, William Stout, 3:104 Children’s Code of Minnesota Cushing’s Treaty on, 4:515 Chippendale, 1:285 (1917), 1:28 embargo against, 8:173 Chippendale furniture, 3:496 Children’s Hospital, Adkins v., in ginseng, 3:578 Chippewa 1:20–21; 3:308; 5:394–395; Hawaii in, 4:105–106 Indian Treaty at Prairie du Chien 8:445 Nixon opening door to, 8:173 and, 6:447–448 Children’s Television Act (1990), trade dollar and, 8:158 See also Ojibwe 2:65 Wangxia Treaty on, 5:462 Chirac, Jacques, 3:452 Childs, Richard, 2:183 U.S. armed forces in, 2:152–153 and AIDS research, 1:15 Chile Burma Road and Ledo Road Chiricahuas, 1:219, 220, 221; 8:228 at ABC Conference, 1:1 build by, 1:576–577 Chirikov, Aleksey, 1:121; 3:286, 293; astronomical observatories in, 6:157 Flying Tigers, 3:392–393 8:453 commerce with, 5:43–45 Merrill’s Marauders, 5:324 Chiropractic, 2:157–158; 5:291–292 independence of, 5:50 and Panay incident, 6:243–244 Chisholm, Shirley, 1:52, 546 nonferrous metal production in, U.S. relations with, 2:150–152 Chisholm Trail, 2:158 6:115 Burlingame Treaty and, Chisholm v. Georgia, 1:120; 2:158 U.S. relations with, 2:150; 1:575–576; 2:154, 157 Chittenden, Hiram M., 7:55 5:46–47, 49 Cairo Conference and, 2:7 Chittenden, Thomas, 8:312 Chin, Frank, Donald Duk, 5:123 Clinton and, 2:240 Chivington, John, 2:298; 4:326; Chin, Vincent, 1:323–324; 7:12 Cushing’s Treaty and, 2:484 7:243 China Korean War and, 8:270 Chiwere Sioux, 8:224 air route to, 3:392 loss of nuclear-weapons secrets, Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 6:223 Boxer Rebellion in, 1:526, 3:210 Chlorpromazine, 6:522 526–527 Open Door policy in, 2:151; Choate, Alexander v., 2:196 dollar diplomacy in, 3:71 4:243, 457; 5:218–219; Choate, Joseph H., at Hague Peace at Dumbarton Oaks Conference, 6:196–197 Conference, 4:82 3:94 right of extraterritoriality, 3:304 Choctaw, 2:158–159, 159; 8:225 immigration from, 2:150–151, China Clipper, 2:153 adaptation of, 8:226 154–156; 7:10 (See also Chi- Chinese Americans, 1:323, 324; in Civil War, Pitchlynn on, nese Americans) 2:153–157, 154 9:302–303 and Christian churches, 7:91 boycott of Japanese goods by, 1:529 encoding messages during World restrictions on, 1:324; 4:224, 227, and Buddhism, 1:552–553 War I, 6:17 232 community organization and activ- gambling by, 3:507 and Japan ities of, 2:155 Tecumseh’s speech to, 9:199–200 biological warfare employed by, gender roles of, 3:520 trade with, 6:244 2:118 immigration restrictions on, 6:5, treaty with (1830), and land ces- war of 1894-1895, 2:151 14, 396 sion, 5:34 Japanese invasion of, 4:457–458 labor of, 2:10, 156; 8:578 Choctaw Academy, 3:135 Kearny’s mission to, 4:515 nativist laws and, 6:5 Chokonens, 1:221 Manchuria and Manchukuo, racial exclusion of, 5:250 Cholera, 2:159–160, 160; 5:218–219 racism against, 2:154 (See also Chi- 3:236–237; 8:576 “most favored nation” status to, nese Exclusion Act) 1866 outbreak of, 4:363 8:198 as railroad workers, 8:181 navy research on, 5:296 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and, Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), sanitary reform and, 7:245 refusal to sign, 6:143 1:125; 2:154–155, 157; 3:207; Chomsky, Noam, 1:182; 5:115, 122 “one child” policy of, 7:81 6:14; 8:276, 578 on behaviorism, 1:438 Operation Dixie in, 6:199 passage of, 4:232 on censorship, 2:86 printing in, 6:466 repeal of, 4:227 Chong, Albert, 1:302 religions of, 1:326 Chinese immigrants Chorographical maps, 9:37, 39 in Sino-Japanese War, 7:367 deportation of, 3:11 Chosin Reservoir, 2:160–161, 161

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Chouteau, Auguste, 1:157; 5:419 Christmas Conference (1784), 5:333 Church of God in Christ (COGIC), Chouteau, Pierre, 1:158; 8:175 Christy, Edwin P., 5:402 2:172–173; 6:287 Chovet, Abraham, 5:485 Christy’s Minstrels, 5:496 growth of, 7:90 Christanna, Fort, 8:349 Chromosomes, 3:532 membership in, 7:91 Christenberry, Grove Press v., 1:500 Chronic fatigue syndrome, origins of, 1:45 Christensen, Lew, 1:390 2:166–167 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Christensen, Parley P., 3:320–321 Chrysler Building, 6:80; 7:376 Saints, 8:296 Christensen, William, 1:390 Chrysler Motor Corporation, 1:373 division within, 7:103 Christian Broadcasting Network and United Automobile Workers, growth of, 7:90 (CBN), 8:71 8:261, 262 membership in, 7:91 Christian Church. See Disciples of Chryssa, 1:307 See also Mormon(s) Christ Chu, Steven, 1:440 Church of the Disciples, 8:179 Christian Coalition, 2:161; 3:485; Chubb, John, 3:137 Church of the Lukumi Babalu Aye, Inc. 8:71 Chumash, 2:7 v. Hialeah, 3:374 Christian Commonwealth Colony, Chunnel, 8:240 Church Universal and Triumphant, 8:302 Church(es) 2:478 Christian Life Commission (CLC), diversity of, 3:2 Churchill, Winston S. 1:413 parochial, in North Carolina, on aerial bombing, 1:495 Christian Methodist Episcopal 6:129 at Arcadia conference, 8:545 (CME) Church, 1:44 Weber on, 3:1 arms race under, 1:270–271 Christian Reformed Church (CRC), women in, 8:500, 500–502, 501 at Bermuda Conference, 1:445 7:76, 89 Christian Science, 2:171 at Cairo Conferences, 2:7 Christian Science, 2:170–171; 8:501 Church of God in Christ, 2:172 at Camp David, 2:20 See also Church of Christ, Scientist ordination of, in Methodism, at Casablanca Conference, 2:65; Christian socialists, 3:107; 8:302 1:44, 53 8:549 Christiana fugitive affair, 2:161–162 Church, Frederic Edwin, 1:295; on Iron Curtain, 4:429; 8:574 Christianity, 2:162–166 4:189 on Lend-Lease, 5:81–82 and abolitionism, 2:163 Church, William, 5:556 at Potsdam Conference, 6:434 among African Americans, Church and state, separation of, and Roosevelt, 8:543 1:41–46; 7:8, 87–88 2:167–170, 168; 7:82, 93 at Teheran Conference, 8:64 charismatic, 8:303 Democratic Party on, 4:453 United Nations Declaration and, evolutionism and, 3:270 Jefferson on, 6:374 8:273 growth of adherence to, 7:299 Massachusetts Bay Colony and, on U.S. entry in World War II, individualism in, 1:196; 4:331, 332 5:270–271 8:546 laws of war in, 8:370 Pinckney Plan and, 6:356 in World War I, armored vehicles liberal, 5:431 school prayer and, 7:265–266 and, 1:266 and National Council of Churches, Supreme Court on, 3:374 in World War II, 4:43; 8:249 5:532–533 Church Covenant, 2:440–441 Anzio Campaign, 1:217 among Native Americans, 1:447, Church of Christ, 3:44, 45 Atlantic Charter, 1:353 482; 2:125; 4:293 Church of Christ, Scientist, strategic air power under, 1:81 Orthodox churches in, 6:215–217 2:170–171 at summit conferences, 8:15 and politics, 2:164–165 Church of England, 3:242 at Yalta Conference, 8:573, 574, in school curriculum, 7:299 in colonies, 2:171–172; 7:93 574 Second Awakening in, 1:377–379 and freedom of religion, 8:139 Chymosin, 3:531 on slavery, 1:41–42 and glebes, 4:5 CIA. See Central Intelligence among slaves, 1:42; 7:396 Methodism and, 5:332–333 Agency social gospel movement in, missionaries from, 7:430 Cíbola, 2:173, 360, 416; 3:296; 7:412–414 New England Way and, 6:50 8:451 See also Mission(s); specific denomi- dissenters from, 3:59 Cicero, 4:131 nations Oxford Movement in, 6:222 Cicotte, Ed, 1:480 Christina, Fort, 6:77 vs. Puritanism, 2:162 Cigarettes Christmas, 2:166 upstart sects and threat to, 7:86 filtered-type, 8:136 evolution of celebration of, 4:149 Westminster Assembly on, 3:1 low-nicotine, 8:137 Kwanzaa and, 4:148 Church of God, 6:287, 288 low-tar, 8:137

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mass production of, 8:133, 135 malls in, and urban revitalization, and privileges and immunities of mentholated, 8:136 5:216 citizens, 6:481–482 See also Smoking metropolises, industrialization and, for Puerto Ricans, 4:135; 6:542, Cigars, 8:134 5:228 544–545 Cimarron, proposed territory of, metropolitan government in, suffrage and, Supreme Court on, 2:173 5:334–335 5:401–402 Cincinnati (Ohio), 2:173–174 migration to, 5:373 for women, 2:180, 181 fire-fighting force in, 3:372 municipal government in, married, 6:14; 8:497–498 furniture manufacturing in, 3:497 5:474–476 Citizenship Act (1924), 8:215 Pike’s Opera House in, 2:174 municipal ownership of, Citrus industry, 2:181–182; 3:479 pork supplies in, 3:398 5:476–478 City Beautiful Movement, 2:187; riots of 1883 in, 2:175 municipal reform in, 5:478 5:39 soap industry in, 7:407 Native Americans in, AIM and, City councils, 2:182–183 Spring Grove Cemetery in, 2:81, 1:160–161 vs. managers, 2:184 81 parks and open space in, 5:475, City directories, 2:183 Western Museum, 5:487 476, 477 City manager plan, 2:183–184 Cincinnati, Society of the, 2:173, political machines and, 5:186–187 City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living 174; 8:318 population decline in, 7:575–576 Center, 3:247 Cinco de Mayo, 4:148 poverty in, 6:437, 439, 440 City of New York, Clinton v., 8:321 Cinema. See Film prostitution in, 6:513 City of St. Paul, R.A.V. v., 4:67, 105 Cino, Joe, 8:115 public markets in, 5:248 “City on a Hill,” 1:169; 2:184 public transportation in, 4:356–357 manifest destiny and, 5:223 Cinque, Joseph, 1:177 revitalization of, 7:576 City planning, 2:184–189, 186 CIO. See Congress of Industrial riots in, 8:337–338 in Chicago, 2:132–133 Organizations of 1967, Kerner Commission on, in Detroit, 3:19 Circuit riders, 2:175 4:522 and gentrification, 3:538–539 Methodism and, 5:333 skid rows in, 7:373–374 legislation on, 4:355 Circuits, judicial, 2:175–176 tenements in, 8:81–82 and paving streets, 6:260–261 Circular Letter, Massachusetts, utility services in, 5:476 in Washington (D.C.), 2:49, 185, 5:272; 8:349 See also Urbanization 187; 7:52; 8:409, 410 text of, 9:122–123 Citigroup, 3:368 zoning ordinances and, 2:187; Circuses, 2:176, 176–177, 177 Citizen Kane (film), 2:178, 178–179; 8:593 dances in, 2:497 3:363 City University of New York Cisneros, Henry, 4:184 Citizens’ Alliances, 2:179 (CUNY), 2:189–190 Citibank, 3:370; 7:460, 461 Citizens band (CB) radio, 2:179 Ciudad Juárez (Mexico), 3:142 Cities Citizens for Humane Abortion Civil Aeronautics Act (1938), 2:190 air pollution in, 1:80 Laws, 1:6 Civil Aeronautics Administration as air power target, 1:81 Citizenship, 2:179–181 (CAA), 1:84; 2:190 annexation of, 5:334 acquired through naturalization, Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA), apartments in, 1:222–223 6:13–14 1:84, 94 automobiles in, 1:368 for African Americans, 2:193, 219 Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), botanical gardens in, 1:517 alien rights and, 1:125 1:84, 96, 97; 2:190–191; 8:191 capital, 2:47–48 for Chinese immigrants, denial of, Civil defense, 2:191 crime in, 2:459 2:155; 8:276 (See also Chinese Civil disobedience, 2:191–192 crowding in, 7:572 Exclusion Act) pacifism and, 6:227 decline in, 5:475 Civil Rights Act of 1866 on, 2:193 “Civil Disobedience” (Thoreau), economic redevelopment in, Fourteenth Amendment on, 2:198 5:119; 7:194; 8:180; 9:339–340 5:477–478 marriage and, 5:250; 6:14; Civil disorder. See Riots gentrification of, 3:538–539 8:497–498 Civil liberties. See Civil rights housing in, 1:222–223; 4:180–181 in Massachusetts Bay Colony, Civil religion, 2:192–193 infrastructure of, 4:355–358 5:270 Civil rights, 2:198–200 inner, 7:576; 8:285–286 for Native Americans, 1:574; during Civil War, 1:284 Irish Americans in, 4:223 4:264, 287, 299; 8:215 Democratic Party and, 2:553 Main Street, death of, 5:215 passport as proof of, 6:254–255 FBI activities and, 3:338

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Civil rights, (continued) and American Studies, 1:170 trade unions and, 8:262 Johnson (Lyndon B.) and, 2:194, backlash against, 1:382 United Church of Christ and, 195, 199, 203, 553 and bilingual education, 3:121 2:349 and liberalism, 5:91 boycotts and, 1:529 Civil Rights Restoration Act (1987), martial law to enforce, 5:254 and children, 2:146, 149 2:206 for Native Americans, legislation Christian teachings and, 2:164–165 Civil service, 2:206–208 on, 4:264–265; 7:247 Congress of Racial Equality aliens in, 1:126 privileges and immunities of citi- (CORE) and, 2:354–355 number of people in, 3:330, 342 zens, 6:481–482 and country clubs, 4:19–20 patronage workers, 6:258 Supreme Court on, 8:24–25 desegregation in, 4:374–375 Pendleton Act (1883) and, 6:275 during war, 8:374–375 on domestic violence, 3:74 and pension plans, 6:283 See also Civil rights movement and environmentalism, 3:227 political activities in, regulation of, Civil Rights Act (1866), 2:193, 197 firsthand accounts of, 9:445–446, 4:103–104 Force Act strengthening, 3:413 447–452 spoils system in, 7:506–507 Johnson’s veto of, text of, folk music and, 5:497 women in, sex discrimination 9:317–318 Freedom Riders and, 3:464, 465 against, 6:295 Civil Rights Act (1875), 2:194, 199 in Georgia, 3:557–558 See also Government employment Civil Rights Act (1957), 2:194–195 Griggs v. Duke Power Company and, Civil Union Act (Vermont, 2000), NAACP and, 5:527 4:66 8:314 Civil Rights Act (1964), 1:549; impact of, 1:52 Civil War, 2:208–220 2:195–197; 3:15–16, 51–52; legacies of, 2:205 African Americans in, 1:510; 2:212, 5:66, 116; 8:517 legislation in, 1:51 215, 395–396 affirmative action as violation of, and lynching, 5:179–180 Fort Pillow Massacre and, 6:356 1:386 Malcolm X on, 5:520 and African colonization, 1:148 backlash against, 1:382 March on Washington (1963), agriculture during, 1:63 civil rights movement and, 2:204 5:237, 237 Alabama in, 1:102–103; 5:428–429 and education funding, 3:123 in Maryland, 5:258 Alabama claims in, 1:106; 5:428 equal employment section of, among Mexican Americans, 5:344 Treaty of Washington on, 1:106; 1:36–37 in Mississippi, 5:413–414 8:416–417 and Georgia politics, 3:557 NAACP and, 5:526–527 alcohol regulation in, 1:117 provisions of, 1:51–52 National Review on, 5:556 Andersonville Prison in, 1:184 and role of federal government, National Urban League and, 5:563 firsthand account of, 9:304–307 3:341 The New Republic on, 6:77 antiwar protests in, 1:284 and school desegregation, 1:589 Niagara movement and, arbitrary arrest during, 1:284 sexual harassment under, 5:324; 6:103–104 Arkansas in, 1:261 7:322 original documents on, 9:445–454 Atlanta Campaign in, 1:350–351 Title II of, 2:195–196, 199 origins of, 1:51 Battle of Kenesaw Mountain in, Title VI of, 2:196, 200 principles of, 3:249 4:516 Title VII of, 2:196, 200; 3:52, 243; and prisons, 6:477 ballad inspired by, 1:388 5:15 and Protestantism, 6:517 ballooning used in, 1:391 exclusion of age from, 3:46 radicalization of, 7:167 Baltimore Riot during, 1:393 key amendments to, 3:52 right-wing resistance to, 7:16 bank notes issued during, 5:528 sex discrimination provisions in, Scottsboro Boys incident in, 1:104 Battle at Marion in, 5:244 3:54 sexism of, 8:515–516 Battle of Antietam in, 1:199–200; on women, 1:36–37 in South Carolina, 7:456–457 2:212; 3:191; 5:259 Civil Rights Act (1991), 2:197–198; Southern Christian Leadership Battle of Bull Run in 5:15 Conference in, 7:472–473 First, 1:567; 2:211; 9:65, 65–66 settlements under, 1:37 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Second, 1:568; 2:212 Civil rights movement, 1:51–52; Committee in, 4:375; 7:561 Battle of Chancellorsville in, 2:199–200, 200–206; 8:587 student participation in, 3:119 2:104, 213; 6:280 AFL-CIO and, 1:152 Students for a Democratic Society Battle of Chickamauga in, 2:135, African American press and, 5:200 in, 7:561–562 213 in Alabama, 1:104–105 in Tennessee, 8:86 Battle of Cold Harbor in, 2:214, Birmingham, 1:466 and theater, 8:115 266

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Battle of Fair Oaks in, 6:275 cost of, 2:219; 3:282; 8:377 Hood’s Tennessee Campaign in, Battle of Fredericksburg in, 2:213; Cumberland Gap in, 2:479 4:160 3:457–458 and defense policy, 2:534 Indiana in, 4:318 Battle of Gettysburg in, 2:214; Delaware during, 2:542 inflation in, 4:353 3:566–569, 568–570; 6:278 demobilization after, 2:546 Iowa in, 4:415 New Yorkers in, 6:88 and Democratic Party, 2:551 Irish Americans in, 4:424 Pickett’s charge in, 6:351, 351 desertion in, 1:524; 3:17 ironclad warships in, 4:430–431 Battle of Hampton Roads in, 6:25 and domestic trade, 8:159, 160 Island Number Ten in, 4:438 Battle of Kenesaw Mountain in, draft in, 1:274; 2:210–211, Kansas in, 4:509 4:516 363–364 Kentucky in, 4:519 Battle of Mobile Bay in, Confederate, 2:340–341 laws of war in, 8:371 5:428–429 riots over, 2:211; 3:84; 7:164, logistics in, 5:146 Battle of Nashville in, 2:214; 5:516 166; 8:338 and “Lost Cause,” 5:155 Battle of Perryville in, 6:291 substitutes for, 7:571 Maine in, 5:209–210 Battle of Shiloh in, 2:213; early, 2:210, 211–212 maps of 7:346–347 economy during, 2:215–217 1861-1862, 2:210 Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse efforts to prevent, 1:505–506 1863, 2:213 in, 7:512 elections in era of, 3:146 1864-1865, 2:216 Battle of the Monitor and the Mer- Emancipation Proclamation, archival, 9:65–67 rimack in, 5:442–443 2:212, 217; 3:190–192, 191 Marine Corps in, 5:242 Battle on Lookout Mountain in, enlistment and conscription in, Maryland in, 5:257 5:151 2:210–211 invasion of, 5:259 Battles of the Wilderness in, 2:214; Excess Profits Tax in, 3:273 Mason-Dixon line in, 5:260 8:477–478 financing of, 2:215–216, 342–343 McClellan’s letter to Lincoln on, blockade in, 1:487–488; 2:214, 217 and flag, 3:380 9:298–299 bounties in, 1:524 Florida in, 3:386 medical knowledge and, 5:302 Canada during, 2:26 and foreign investment in U.S., medicine and surgery in, lessons Confederate activities in, 3:420–421 from, 5:302 2:24–25; 6:136 foreign labor during, 2:397 military forces in, 2:530 and canning industry, 2:36 and foreign policy, 3:425 military uniform in, 8:256, casualties in, 2:213, 214, 219, and foreign service, 3:428 257–258 510–511 and foreign trade, 8:165 militias and, 5:387 causes of, 2:208 Fort Donelson capture in, 3:79; minorities serving in censorship during, 2:83, 84; 6:97 8:249 African Americans, 5:380 Chattanooga Campaign in, Fort Henry in, 4:126 Hispanic Americans, 5:383 2:112–113, 213; 5:151 Fort Pillow Massacre, 6:356 Mississippi River in, 5:417 Christian beliefs in, 2:163–164, Fort Sumter in, 8:17 Missouri in, 5:420–421 192–193 fortifications during, 3:439 mobilization for, 5:429 Committee on the Conduct of the Fortress Monroe in, 5:446 funds for, 5:76 War, 2:313–314 Galvanized Yankees in, 3:505 Morgan’s raids in, 5:458 Confiscation Acts in, 2:346 General Order No. 100, 2:220 Mosby’s Rangers in, 5:462 confiscation of property during, and “generation touched with fire,” munitions in, 5:479–480, 481 2:347 3:528 and nationalism, 5:568 Connecticut during, 2:358 Georgia in, 3:555 Native Americans in, 1:501; 2:126, conscientious objectors during, Great Britain in, 1:105, 106; 3:425; 158, 492–493; 4:326–327, 328 2:361 4:41–42 Choctaw leader on, 9:302–303 consequences of, 2:219 greenbacks issued during, 4:9, 14, in Indian Brigade, 4:263 and conservative politics, 62 from Indian Territory, 6:184 2:374–375 guerrilla warfare in, 4:70 and nativism, 6:4 constitutional predicate for, 3:225 and gun control, 4:74 naval mortars in, 5:460 contraband of war in, slaves as, gunboats in, 4:77 and Navy, 6:25 Butler’s report on, 9:294–296 Hampton Roads Conference in, and Navy, Department of, 6:23 contraband policy in, 2:395–396 4:91 Nebraska in, 6:30 Copperheads during, 2:218, 411 Harpers Ferry in, Capture of, 4:97 Nevada in, 6:37–38

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Civil War, (continued) spread of disease during, 3:238 Civilized Tribes, Five, 1:501; 2:221 New Hampshire in, 6:58 state sovereignty in, 7:534 in Civil War, 4:327 New Mexico in, 6:69 Stuart’s Ride in, 4:99; 7:560 removal of, 4:285–286, 309, 314 New Orleans during, 6:73–74, submarines in, 7:562 Sequoyah (proposed state) for, 75–76 substance abuse during, 5:510 7:314 New York City in, 6:80, 82 surrender at Appomattox, CIW. See Carnegie Institution of New York (state) in, 6:88 1:226–227 Washington and newspapers, 6:97 and tariffs, 8:51, 156 CLA Journal. See College Language North Carolina in, 6:129 taxation during, 2:215, 216; 7:132; Association Journal nursing in, 6:146 8:56–57 Claesen, Dirck, 1:285, 303 Ohio in, 6:173 Confederacy and, 2:342–343 Clagett, William H., 8:579 Oklahoma in, 6:184–185 telegraph used in, 8:69 Claiborne, F. L., 5:518 onset of, 2:209 ten-forties issued during, 8:81 Claiborne, William C. C., 5:159; and paper and pulp industry, 6:245 Tennessee in, 8:85 6:213 and Peace Movement of 1864, Texas in, 8:101 Claim associations, 2:221 6:266 and textile industry, 8:109 Claims, Federal Court of, Peninsular Campaign in, 6:275 trading with enemy in, 8:173 2:221–222 Pennsylvania in, 6:278 Trans-Mississippi T heater, 2:215 Clancy, Tom, 5:130 and philanthropy, 6:317 and Treasury, 8:196 Clans, 6:86 photography in, 1:199, 200, 299, trenches in, 8:207 Clanton, Billy, 8:141 530, 530–532; 6:329, 331–332 Trent affair in, 8:207–208 Clanton, Ike, 8:141 and plantation systems, 6:365 Uncle Tom’s Cabin and, 8:248 Clap, Thomas, 8:573 and pluralism, 6:374 Union sentiment during Clark, Beauchamp (Champ), in pres- politics during, 2:218 in border states, 8:260 idential campaign of 1912, Powhatan incident, 6:443 in South, 8:260 3:160 and prices, 6:461 Union victory in, road to, Clark, Field v., 3:358 and Princeton University, 6:465 2:213–215 Clark, George Rogers, 1:382; 4:214; prisoners of war in, 6:472 Vallandigham incident in, 3:527; 6:177 exchange of prisoners, 6:473 8:305–306 Northwest Campaign of, 2:222 prison camps, 6:473–474 Vermont in, 7:224; 8:313 Clark, Jim, 2:337 Prize cases, 6:482–483 veterans’ organizations, 8:264–265, Clark, John Bates, 3:108, 109 and Protestantism, 6:516 318 Clark, Larry, 1:301 railroads during, 7:35, 36, 40, 41 Vicksburg in, 8:324, 324 Clark, Mark, in Anzio Campaign, Red River Campaign in, 7:71 Virginia in, 8:344 1:217–218 Rhode Island in, 7:153 war crimes trial after, 1:184 Clark, Mary Higgins, 5:130 Richmond (Kentucky) Campaigns War Democrats in, 8:378 Clark, Tom, on Japanese American in, 7:156–157 warships in, 8:405 incarceration, 4:460 role of rivers in, 7:175 ironclad, 4:430–431 Clark, William, 3:297; 5:41, 86–87, Saint Albans Raid in, 7:224; 8:313 Washington (D.C.) in, 8:410 449, 487; 6:447 sectionalism in, 7:296 West Virginia in, 8:448–449 on Columbia River, 2:303 Seven Days’ Battles in, 2:212; Western theater, 2:212–213 and fur trade, 3:298–299 6:275; 7:319; 9:67, 68 widows of, letters to Lincoln by, Clark Sisters, the, 1:441 Shenandoah Campaign in, 7:341 9:303–304 Clark University, 8:280 Sherman’s March to the Sea in, women in, 2:215; 8:502, 509 Clarke, Arthur C., 2:319 7:345–346 See also Confederate States of Clarke, Charles, 2:404 Siege of Petersburg in, 6:295–296, America; Union Clarke, Edward, 3:131 296 Civil Works Administration (CWA), Clarke, Frank W., 2:122 Siege of Savannah in, 7:255–256 8:440 Clarke, Hans T., 1:460 Singleton Peace Plan in, 7:366 Civiletti, Benjamin R., 1:8 Clarke, James Freeman, 8:179 and smoking, 8:134 Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), Clarke, John, 1:411 Sons of Liberty in, 7:449 2:220, 220–221, 371; 3:432, Clarke, William E., 1:184 South Carolina in, 7:455 436; 6:43; 8:440, 441 Clarke, William Newton, 1:413 southern Unionists in, 7:474–475 and natural resource preservation, Clarke-McNary Act (1924), 3:432 spies in, 7:502 8:423 Clarkson, Matthew, 3:236

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Clash of Civilizations (Huntington), Clay, Lucius D., 1:443 Cleaveland, Parker, 5:390 6:405 Claypoole, James, 3:459 Cleaver, Eldridge, 1:478–479 Class(es), 2:222–226 Clayton, John, 6:237 Cleburne Living Center, City of Cle- and abortion, 1:4, 5 Clayton, John Middleton, 2:229 burne v., 3:247 capitalism and shifts in, 2:45 Clayton Antitrust Act (1914), 2:418; Clemenceau, Georges, at Paris peace in Democratic Party, 4:453–454 5:21 conference, 8:315 and food and cuisines, 3:399, 402 amendments to, 1:215 Clemens, Samuel Langhorne. See and life expectancy, 5:105–106 and FTC, 3:348; 4:27 Twain, Mark middlebrow culture, 5:365–366 labor provisions of, 2:228–229, Clement, Frank, 8:86 in South, 7:464 496; 6:121 Clement XIV, Pope, 4:474 in Spanish colonial settlements, provisions of, 1:215 Clements, William P., Jr., 8:103 7:207 Sherman Antitrust Act and, 2:311 Clerc, Laurent, 7:355–356 and sports, 7:509 Supreme Court on, 6:121 Clermont (Fulton’s Folly) (steam- and vacationing, 8:305 on trade union activity, 8:171 boat), 3:483–484; 7:171, 172; Veblen’s Theory of the Leisure Class Wilson and, 6:497; 8:235 8:187 on, excerpt from, 9:347–351 Clayton Compromise, 2:229 Cleveland (Ohio), 2:232–233 See also Middle classes; Working Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850), 1:439; Cuyahoga River fire in, 3:228, 232 class 2:229–230; 4:41; 6:104, 237 Czech population in, 2:89 Class conflict, 2:226–228 Hay-Pauncefote Treaties and, Empowerment Zone program, 8:287 Classical conditioning, 6:524 4:110 foundation of, 4:52 Classical music, 5:491–492 CLC. See Christian Life Commis- race riots in, 7:166 by symphony orchestras, 8:38–39 sion Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Clausewitz, Carl von, 8:370 Clean Air Act (1963), 8:190 Museum, 2:232; 7:186 Clay, Cassius. See Ali, Muhammad provisions of, 1:79 school choice program in, 3:138 Clay, Cassius M., 2:84; 7:210 Clean Air Act (1970) Cleveland, Frances Folsom, 3:375 Clay, Clement C., 1:102 1973 amendments to, 1:362 Cleveland, Grover and Peace Movement of 1864, 1977 amendments to, 1:14, 362 anti-imperialism of, 1:202 6:266 1979 amendments to, 1:79–80 conservation policies of, 2:367 Clay, Edward William, 6:394 1990 amendments to (See Clean and Dawes Commission, 2:506 Clay, Henry, 5:116 Air Act [1990]) and Democratic Party, 2:551 and African colonization, 1:148 and acid rain, 1:13–14 embassies established by, 3:193 American System of, 1:171 effects of, 1:13–14 on fencing of public lands, 6:532 caucus supporting, 6:113 and EPA, creation of, 1:362 fiscal policies of, 1:459 and colonization movement, 2:296 provisions of, 1:79 and foreign service, 3:428 and Compromise of 1850, 2:9, 331 Clean Air Act (1990), 1:14, 362; and forest conservation, 3:433 and Compromise Tariff (1833), 2:230; 3:100, 227, 228, 232; Hawaiian annexation under, 4:107 8:50–51 6:9; 8:423 illegitimate children of, 6:400 duel with Randolph, 3:93 and coal mining, 2:253 Labor Day established by, 5:13 economic policies sponsored by, on emissions, 1:80 Latin American policies of, 1:550 7:111 and ethanol-powered vehicles, on military pensions, 6:285 vs. Jackson (Andrew), 7:103 3:480 Monroe Doctrine and, 5:446 as Kentucky native, 4:519 Clean Water Act (CWA) (1972), and panic of 1893, 3:366 and Latin America, 5:46 2:230–231; 3:100, 227, 232; in presidential campaign of 1884, and navigation projects, 7:168 8:422, 423 2:453; 3:157 party nomination of, 2:399 enforcement of, 3:219 in presidential campaign of 1888, and presidential campaign of 1812, on sewage, 4:356 3:157, 158, 171; 8:233 3:151 Cleanliness, and food production, in presidential campaign of 1892, in presidential campaign of 1824, 3:400 3:158 3:152, 171; 5:555 “Clear and present danger test,” 3:374 in Pullman strike, 4:249 in presidential campaign of 1832, Clear Channel Radio, 7:21 on silver coinage, 7:362 3:152 Clearcutting, 3:431 on silver purchase, 3:458 in presidential campaign of 1844, Clearing House, New York, 2:231 Sino-Japanese War and, 7:367 3:153 Clearinghouses, 2:231–232 and tariffs, 8:51 as war hawk, 8:379, 382 Cleary, Fran, 2:493 veto power exercised by, 2:375

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Cleveland, Moses, 2:232; 8:456 and air traffic controllers, 1:82 impeachment trial of, 2:240, 353; Cleveland Democrats, 2:233 and Al Qaeda, 6:109 3:169; 4:235–236, 238–241, Cleveland Foundation, 6:317 AmeriCorps under, 1:173 240; 7:114 Cliff dwellings, of Mesa Verde, pre- antitrust legislation under, 1:215 and Indian education, 3:137 historic ruins of, 5:325, as Arkansas governor, 1:263 on Iraq-gate, 4:422 325–326 and Balanced Budget Act (1997), Israeli relations under, 4:442–443 Clifford, Clark M., 2:528 1:388 Japanese relations under, 4:459 Clifford, James, 1:194 and bioethics, 1:462 Job Corps under, 4:481 Clifford, William, 1:55 censorship measures of, 2:85 Kosovo bombing under, 4:551 Clifton, Lucille, 5:126 child care policies of, 2:139 labor policies of, 3:244 Climate(s), 2:233–238 and civil servants’ political activi- Latin American policies of, 2:55; annual rainfall, 2:236 5:49 ties, 4:104 average regional temperature, and line-item veto, 8:320 Congressional appropriations 2:234 and national debt, 2:515, 517 vetoed by, 1:229 global warming and, 4:5–9, 7 and National Economic Council, conservative opposition to, 2:376 Gulf Stream and, 4:73 3:330 Cuba policy of, 2:472 meteorology, 5:330–332 and National Endowment for the regional, 2:235–236 and Defense of Marriage Act, Arts, 5:536 Climate change 2:532 and National Endowment for the in 19th century, 2:235 defense policy of, 2:529 Humanities, 5:537 in 20th century, 2:237–238 and Democratic Party, 2:553 national monuments created by, Clinch, Duncan, 8:401 and Domestic Policy Council, 1:206 Cline, Martin, 3:531 3:330 National Performance Review of, Cline, Patsy, 5:493 “don’t ask, don’t tell” policy of, 3:332–333 Clinical research, 2:238–239 3:78 and National Security Council, ethics in, 1:461–462 drug law enforcement under, 3:330 Clinton, DeWitt, 3:151, 352; 6:79 5:511–512, 513 and National Trust for Historic and Erie Canal, 3:252; 8:187 economic policies of, 3:224 Preservation, 5:550 Clinton, George, 5:37 energy policies of, 3:210, 212; Native American policies of, 1:162; antifederalism of, 1:201 6:304 4:301 and Democratic Party, 2:549 environmental policies of, 3:207, and North American Free Trade idea of Erie Canal by, 6:87 230, 233; 8:298 Agreement, 3:309, 524 on King George’s War, 6:83 executive orders of, 3:278 and Office of National AIDS Poli- in presidential campaign of 1792, and federal aid, 3:334 cy, 3:330 3:150 and Federal Mediation and Concil- pardons by, 2:240 in presidential campaign of 1808, iation Service, 3:343 on partial-birth abortion, 1:7 3:151 foreign policy of, 3:428 and peacekeeping missions, 6:271 Clinton, Sir Henry, 1:574; 2:108; in presidential campaign of 1992, and forest conservation, 3:431 7:143, 144; 8:581 2:24; 3:169 and Forest Summit of 1993, 3:207 at Charles Town, 7:145 in presidential campaign of 1996, and Freedom of Information Act, in Saratoga Campaign, 7:251 3:169 3:463 in southern campaigns, 7:472 presidential library of, 5:100 and gasoline tax, 3:511 victories of, 8:447 on Proposition 209, 6:510 in Virginia, 1:282 and GATT, 3:524 public debt under, 7:367 Clinton, Hillary Rodham, 3:376; and global warming, 4:8 Republican Party during presiden- 6:89 and Grand Staircase-Escalante cy of, 7:114 in Senate campaign of 2000, 3:198 National Monument, 8:298 scandals involving, 2:239–240; in Whitewater scandal, 2:239; and gun control, 4:76 6:400, 401 7:496 health care plan of, 1:153; 4:114, extramarital affairs, 2:79, 239, Clinton, William Jefferson (Bill) 120, 372 240, 240–241; 3:169; on abortion, partial-birth, 1:7 HHS under, 4:114 4:238–240; 7:496 affirmative action under, 1:37 HUD under, 4:184 media coverage of, 7:261 AFL-CIO and, 1:153 immigration regulation under, Rose Garden statement on, AIDS policy under, 1:18 4:229 9:522–523

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Whitewater, 4:238; 7:496 strikes in, 1:132; 2:247; 3:512; Coalition for Essential Schools, and sexual orientation, ban on dis- 4:390, 391; 8:521–522 3:124 crimination based on, 3:56, 78 sweatshops in, 2:247, 248–249; Coalition for Women’s Appoint- South African policy of, 7:453 8:34–35, 35 ments (CWA), 5:566 subpoena to, 6:457 trade unions in, 1:132; 2:247, Coalition of Labor Union Women at summit conferences, 8:16 249–250 (CLUW), 2:256 Superfund under, 4:112 International Ladies Garment Coalition to Stop Gun Violence, and taxation, 8:59 Workers Union, 4:390–393, 4:76 on Tienanmen Square Protest, 478 Coard, Bernard, 4:65 8:124 Cloture, 2:250; 3:358–359 Coase, Ronald, 3:109 and Transportation, Department Cloud, Henry Roe, 3:136 Coast and Geodetic Survey of, 8:185 Clovis points, 1:242, 242 (C&GS), 2:62, 256–257; and Treasury, 8:197 Cloward, Richard A., 6:440 6:160–161 vetoes cast by, 1:7, 229; 8:321 Clubs Coast Guard, U.S., 2:257–259; Vietnam visited by, 8:328 exclusionary, 2:251 5:106 welfare policies of, 2:228; 3:485; sex discrimination in, ban on, ensigns in, 3:223 6:439; 8:442 7:183, 198 and lighthouses, 5:107 Clinton v. City of New York, 8:321 women’s, 8:508–510, 514 recruiting poster for, 2:258 Clinton v. Jones, 2:240–241 CLUW. See Coalition of Labor Coast Survey, U.S., 6:159, 160, 161 Clipper ships, 2:241 Union Women Coastal Lowlands, 6:55 marine insurance on, 4:368 CME. See Christian Methodist Epis- Coasting trade, 2:259 drogher, 3:86 Clock and watch industry, copal Navigation Acts and, 6:21–22 2:241–242 CNLU. See Colored National Labor Coastwise steamship lines, 2:260 peddlers and, 6:273–274 Union Coates, Robert, 1:9 Clockwork Orange, A (Burgess), 1:438 CNN. See Cable News Network Cobb, Howell, 2:485 Cloisters, The (New York), 5:336 CNO. See Naval operations, chief of Cobblestones, 6:260 Cloning, 3:532 Coachman, Alice, 8:155 Coca-Cola, 2:260–261, 388; and cattle industry, 2:73 Coal, 2:251–253; 3:210, 212 7:438–439 study of DNA and, 3:67 and iron production, 1:485 advertisement for, 2:260 Closed primary, 6:463 in smelters, 7:400 cocaine in, 7:569 Closed shop, 2:242–244 Coal Mine Inspection Act (1941), and wine industry, 8:487 Taft-Hartley Act outlawing, 2:243; 5:391 Cocaine, 5:512, 513; 7:569, 570 7:161 Coal mining, 2:251, 252, 252–253 Cochise (Chokonen headman), Closing of the American Mind, The in Alaska, 1:110 1:221 (Bloom), 6:395 Centralia Mine disaster, 2:95 Cochrane, Alexander, 8:417 Clotel; Or, The President’s Daughter: A health hazards of, 5:297, 298 Cochrane, Elizabeth, 6:98 Narrative of Slave Life in the and Ludlow Massacre, 5:169–170 Cockburn, George, 8:417 United States (Brown), 5:124 Molly Maguires and, 5:438 Cockcroft, John D., 6:342–343 Clothing and fashion, 2:244–248 in Montana, 5:450–451 “Coconut” chair, 3:499 beaver hats, 1:434, 435 in North Dakota, 6:133 Cocopah, 8:228 cowboy, 2:443 trade unions in, 2:253–256, 254, COC&PP. See Central Overland Godey’s Lady’s Book and, 4:9 255; 5:6, 6 (See also United California and Pikes Peak in hairstyles, 4:83–84 Mine Workers of America) Express Company in men’s magazines, 5:196–197 anthracite strike by (1902), Cod fisheries, 2:261–262 women’s 1:190–191; 5:6; 7:557 fishing bounties and, 3:376–377 bicycling and, 1:451 establishment of, 1:190; 5:6 on Grand Banks, 4:32 bloomers, 1:488–489, 489 U.S. Bureau of Mines and, Coddingston, John Insley, 3:521, women’s rights movement and, 5:391–393 522 8:513 in West Virginia, 8:449–450 Coddington, William, 7:151 Clothing industry, 2:245, 248–250, in Wyoming, 8:564, 565 Code, U.S., 2:262 249 in Wyoming Valley, 8:567 Code breaking, 2:467–468 Lebanese Americans in, 5:71 Coalition for a Democratic Majority, in World War II, 2:334, 467 sewing machines in, 7:321, 321 6:32 Code Napoléon, 2:262

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Code Noir, 2:262–263 Coke, Richard, 8:101 and Great Britain, U.S. relations Codes of fair competition, 1:490; COLA. See Cost-of-Living Adjust- with, 4:43–44 2:263 ment gunboat diplomacy during, 4:77 Codman, Ogden, Jr., 1:292 Cold Harbor, Battle of, 2:214, 266 Helsinki Accords in, 4:125 Cody, William F. (Buffalo Bill), Cold nuclear fusion, 2:266 imperialism in, 4:245 8:476, 476 Cold War, 2:266–270, 268 industrial espionage during, 3:255 Wild West Show of, 7:191; 8:457, and Africa policies, 1:38, 39 and Internet development, 4:397 475, 475–477 air defense during, 1:75 Iron Curtain in, 4:429–430 Coeducation, 2:263–264 Air Force (U.S.) in, 1:76–77 Israel in, 4:440 Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts), air power after, 1:82 and journalism, 6:99 1:509, 515, 542; 2:264, 287; Amerasia case in, 1:134–135 laws of war in, 8:372 4:408; 7:134 anthropology in, 1:193–194 McCarthyism, 5:182 and colonial trade, 2:284 anticommunism during, 2:327–328 and Middle East policies, 3:141, Massachusetts Government Act, antiwar movements in, 1:216 142 5:272 armored warfare in, 1:267–268 military and strategic intelligence opposition to, 8:3 arms race and disarmament in, in, 4:377 protests against, Committee of 1:271–272; 2:269, 528, 532; military-industrial complex in, Inspection and, 2:313 6:144–145 5:376–378 Quartering Act, 7:4 Army (U.S.) in, 1:277 missile gap in, 5:406–407 response of Continental Congress and ARPANET, 8:66 missiles in, 5:407–408 to, 2:393 Bay of Pigs invasion in, 1:430–431 mobilization plans in, 5:430 Coeur d’Alene riots, 2:264; 8:454 Berlin Airlift in, 1:443, 443–444 multilateral treaties in, 8:202–203 Coffee, 2:264–265 Berlin Wall in, 1:444, 444 and NASA, 5:523 from Latin America, 5:44–45 biological agents created in, 1:465; and NATO, 6:125–126 in Nicaragua, 6:104 2:118 Navy (U.S.) in, 6:26–27 Coffee, Linda, 7:192 blacklisting during, 1:483 and neoconservatism, 6:31–33 Coffelt, Leslie, 1:329 Central European states during, and New Mexico, 6:69 Coffin, Levi, 7:2 2:89–90 New York Times on, 6:90 COGIC. See Progressive National Central Intelligence Agency dur- newspapers on, 6:90 Baptist Convention ing, 2:92, 93 and Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 6:143 Cognitive psychology, 6:525 conservatives during, 2:375, 376 Olympics during, 7:512 Cognitive Psychology (Neisser), 6:525 containment policy in, 2:268; original documents from, Cohan, George M., “Over There” 7:212 9:411–444 lyrics by, 9:364–365 Kennan on, 9:411–413 and political exiles, 6:397 Cohen, George, 1:311 Cuban missile crisis, 1:430; 2:55, and political science, 6:403 Cohen, Katherine M., 1:308 269, 471, 474–475, 475 propaganda in, 6:503–504 Cohen, Morris, 6:445 defense policy during, 2:535–536 Reagan’s policies in, 2:269–270; Cohen, Stanley, 3:529 détente in, 2:269; 7:212 7:212–213 Cohen, Wilbur, 2:431 diplomacy during, 3:28–29 research during, 5:19 Cohen, William S., 2:529 domino theory in, 2:151; 3:78 roots of, 2:267 Cohens v. Virginia, 2:265, 381 end of, 2:266 science education in, 7:272–273 Cohl, Emil, 2:63 and European integration, 3:259 segregation in, 4:375 Cohn, Carol, 8:499 FBI activities during, 3:338 South Africa in, 7:452 Cohn, Edward, 1:461 foreign aid after, 3:418 spies in, 7:503 Cohn, Fannia, 3:53 foreign aid during, 3:416–418; State Department in, 7:529–530 Coinage. See Currency and Coinage; 6:381 submarines in, 7:563 Currency and coinage and foreign policy, 3:426–427 tariffs during, 3:461 Coin’s Financial School (Harvey), and foreign service, 3:429 Time on, 8:127 2:265 and foreign trade, 8:166–168 and trade unions, 5:545 COINTELPRO (Counterintelli- fruit growing during, 3:479 treason trials in, 8:195 gence Program), 2:265–266; GATT during, 3:523 Truman’s policies in, 1:197; 3:338 and Georgia, 3:557 8:231–232 Coit, Henry L., 2:490 and Germany, U.S. relations with, U-2 incident in, 7:212; 8:247 Coke, Edward, 4:491 3:562–563 United Nations during, 8:269–270

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peacekeeping missions of, 6:270 Tuskegee University, 8:241 Colonial administration U.S. intervention in, 4:407 community, 3:117, 127 Hundred in, 4:195 in post–World War II years, denominational, 2:70; 3:129–131 Lords of Trade and Plantation and, 2:267–269 military training in, 7:119–120 5:151 “X” article and, 8:569 Native American, 3:129 Privy Council and, 5:151 Yalta Conference and, 8:574 private, 8:279, 280 Spanish, 2:278–279 Colden, Cadwallader, 1:518, 519; black, 3:125–126 Colonial agents, 2:279–280 7:245 social activism in, 8:586–587 proprietary agents, 6:510 Colden, Jane, 1:518 women’s, 3:131–133 Colonial assemblies, 1:333–334; Cole, Bruce, 5:537 Seven Sisters Colleges, 2:280–281 Cole, David, 3:343 7:319–320 Massachusetts Bay Colony General Cole, Eunice, 8:494 See also Education, higher; specific Court, 5:270, 271–272 Cole, Mildred Wiese, 6:376 colleges Mayflower Compact, 5:276 Cole, Stewart G., 6:376 College athletics, 2:276–278; 7:511 in New York Colony, 6:83 Cole, Thomas, 1:295, 296; 4:189; basketball, 1:423–426 Privy Council, 6:482 6:507 football, 3:409–410, 411–412; See also General Court, colonial Cole bombing, 2:270–271; 6:109 4:449; 5:530–531 Colonial charters, 2:281–282 Colegrove v. Green, 1:385 National Collegiate Athletic Asso- Charter of Liberties, 2:109–110 Coleman, Bessie, 1:418 ciation and, 5:530–531 Dongan, 3:79 Coleman, James, 3:118 track and field, 8:154, 155 municipal, 2:111–112 Colfax, Schuyler, 2:453; 3:155 women in, 2:276–277, 277 New Albion, 6:39–40 resignation of, 8:323 College Board, 2:56; 3:140 to New Haven Colony, 6:60 Colfax Massacre (1873), 5:160 College Football Association (CFA), for North Carolina, 6:126 Colgate-Palmolive-Peet, 7:408 3:412 to Plymouth Colony, 6:379–380 Coligny, Gaspard de, 3:285 College Language Association Journal and proprietary colonies, Colijn, Michiel, 9:10 (CLA Journal), 5:200 6:510–512 Colket, Meredith, 3:522 College of New Jersey, 6:465 Rights of Englishmen in, Collazo, Oscar, 1:329 College of William and Mary. See 7:161–162 Collecting, 2:271–273 William and Mary, College of and trading companies, 8:174 at Huntington Library and Muse- College Retirement Equities Fund to Virginia Company of London, um, 4:195–196 (CREF), 2:56 8:347–348 See also Museum(s) Collegiate dictionary, 3:23 to Sir Walter Raleigh, text of, Collection of Hymns and Spiritual Collier, John, 1:492; 3:136 9:82–84 Songs (Occom), 5:128 in American Indian Defense Asso- Colonial commerce, 1:431–432; Collective bargaining, 2:273–275; ciation, 1:159, 340 2:282–284, 283; 8:159–160 5:14–15, 141 attacks on Bureau of Indian Affairs, Alexandria Conference on, 1:122 by federal employees, 1:154, 156; 1:571 balance of trade in, 1:386–387 7:558 and Indian boarding schools, 4:263 coasting, 2:259 industrial relations and, 4:336, 337 and Navajos, 6:16 domestic, 8:159–160 institutionalization of, 5:7 reform under, 4:263, 288, 297 foreign, 4:25; 6:20, 21–22; La Follette Civil Liberties Com- Collins, Al, 8:142 8:163–164 mittee hearings on, 5:1 Collins, Anthony, 2:539 fur, 4:349–350 miners’ unions and, 5:6 Collins, J. Lawton, 2:124 with Native Americans, 4:267–268, National Labor Relations Act Collins, John F., 1:510 310, 322–323 establishing right to, Collins, Michael, 5:454 naval stores, 6:20 5:544–545; 8:42 Collins, Thomas v., 6:297 Navigation Acts and, 6:21–22 New Deal and, 5:5 Colman, Norman Jay, 1:71 New France and, 6:51–53 by railroad workers, 5:7 Colombia New Netherland and, 6:71, 72 by teachers, 1:156, 157 commerce with, 5:43–45 New York Colony and, 6:83 Collector v. Day, 2:275–276 and Panama Canal, 6:237–238 peddlers in, 6:273 College(s), 3:127–129 U.S. relations with, 2:54; 5:47 public markets, 5:248 in 19th century, 3:115 drug trafficking and, 5:512 tariffs and, 8:49–50 African American, 3:121, Panama and, 4:108–109 tea, 8:60, 61, 150 125–127; 8:263 Colombo Plan, 3:416 textiles, 8:108

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Colonial commerce, (continued) coinage in, 2:480–481 housing in, 4:179–180 tobacco, 8:134 collecting objects of, 2:271 hymns in, 4:206 Townshend Acts and ( See Town- committees of correspondence in, immigration in, 4:220–222 shend Acts) 1:512 indentured servants in, 4:252–254 Trade with Enemy Acts and, 8:173 crime in, 2:458 industries in, 4:349, 349–350 See also Piracy; Smuggling death and dying in, 2:510 blacksmithing, 1:483–484, 484 Colonial councils, 2:284–285 debts in, 2:518 naval stores and, 6:20 Colonial courts, appeals from, 1:225 defense system in, 2:534 insurance in, 4:367, 369, 370 Colonial Dames of America, 2:285 disease in, 2:291 iron industry in, 4:350, 426 Colonial era ague, 1:72 isolationism in, 4:438 adoption in, 1:27 influenza, 4:353–354 Italian Americans in, 4:444 advertising in, 1:31 divorce in, 2:291; 3:63 Judaism in, 4:476 African Americans in, 1:47–48 (See economics in, 3:108 judiciary in, 4:494 also Slave[s]) education in, 2:263, 291; justices of the peace in, 4:504 agriculture in, 1:61–62; 2:96–97; 3:111–112 kidnapping in, 4:525 3:509; 4:349 and college athletics, 2:276 firsthand account of, 9:101–103 hemp, 4:125–126 district schools in, 7:264 kitchens in, 4:534 oats, 6:151 hornbook in, 4:166, 166–167 Mackinac Island and Straits in, sugar, 8:12–13 Massachusetts school law on, 5:188 tobacco, 1:62 9:92–93 manifest destiny in, 5:223 alcohol in for Native Americans, 3:133 manufacturing in, 5:227 and Native Americans, 4:322–323 elections in, 3:145 mapmaking in, 5:232 regulation of, 1:116 entailing of estates in, 3:224 maps of, archival, 9:2, 12–18 anti-Semitism in, 1:206 enumerated commodities in, 3:224 marriage in, 2:291; 3:63 apprenticeship in, 1:228 environmental sanitation in, 7:245 medicine and surgery in, architecture in, 1:248–249 families in, 3:311–312 5:299–300 art in feudalism in, 3:356 meetinghouses in, 5:306 decorative, 1:285–286 financial schemes in, Mississippi merchant marine in, 5:318 glass, 1:289 bubble, 5:414 meteorology in, 5:330–331 interior decoration, 1:290–291 fishing in, 4:349 military uniforms in, 8:257 painting, 1:294–295 flour milling in, 3:388–389 militias in, 3:222; 5:386 pottery, 1:285–286, 303–304 food and cuisines of, 3:398 mineralogy in, 5:390 sculpture, 1:305 foreign investment in, 3:419 Mourt’s Relation in, 5:468–469 associations in, 1:340 foreign policy in, 3:425 Native Americans in astronomy in, 1:342 forest industries in, 4:350 alcohol and, 4:322–323 Bible’s influence in, 1:447 fortifications in, 3:438–439 policies on, 4:281–283 billeting in, 1:457–458 Franciscans in, 3:453 trade with, 4:267–268, 310, Boston in, 1:508–509; 8:289 fruit growing in, 3:478 322–323 bounties in, 1:523 funerary traditions in, 3:486 treaties with, 4:312–313, British colonial offices in, 1:493 fur companies in, 3:486–487 315–316 business regulation in, 4:25 furniture in, 3:495–496 wars with, 8:395–399, 397 Catholicism in, 1:195–196 gender in, 3:518 newspapers in, 6:94–95 anti-Catholicism and, 1:195–196; general court in, 3:525 original documents from, 9:81–126 4:474 glassmaking in, 4:3 paper and pulp industry in, 6:245 Jesuits, 4:473–474 government and politics in, 2:22 patents in, 6:255 censorship in, 2:83 governors in, 4:28 petitions in, 6:297 child care in, 2:138 instructions for, 4:366–367 philanthropy in, 6:315–316 children in, 2:146, 148 gun control in, 4:74 plans of union in, 6:362–363 Christianity in, 2:162 hairstyles in, 4:83 ports in, 2:284 Church of England in, 2:171–172; hat manufacture in, 4:103 poverty in, remedies for, 8:439 7:93 historiography of, 4:137 press in, freedom of, 6:95 cities in, 8:289, 292 holidays in, 4:148–149 prices during, 6:461 city planning in, 2:184–185 horse racing in, 4:169 primogeniture in, 6:464 clothing and fashion in, 2:244 hotels in, 4:175 printing in, 6:468

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Protestantism in, 7:95–96 taxation, 5:271; 8:49–50, 55, 150 Colorado River Compact, 8:297 publishing in, 1:129 See also specific laws Colorado River Indian Tribes reser- punishment in, 6:551 Colonial settlements, 2:287–290, vation, 8:228 flogging, 3:383; 6:551 288; 3:288 Colorado River Reservation, 5:434, pillory, 6:356 See also specific colonies 435 prisons, 6:476, 551–552 Colonial ships, 2:290 Colored Farmers’ National Alliance, tar and feathers, 8:49, 49 Arabella, 5:270 3:323 race relations in, 7:7–8 Fortune, 5:317 Colored Methodist Episcopal religion in, 2:291–292; 7:83–85, 88 Little James, 5:317 Church, 1:44 Antinomian controversy in, Mayflower, 5:265, 275 Colored National Labor Union 1:205 Speedwell, 5:275 (CNLU), 2:301–302 freedom of, 7:93; 8:139 Colonization Color-field painters, 1:9–10, 298 science and, 7:269 arguments for, 3:287 Colson, Charles W., 8:425 roads in, 7:175, 175–176; 8:186 charter companies and, 2:111 Colt, Samuel, 2:302; 8:558 rural life in, 7:206 vs. nation building, 3:297 Colt revolvers, 2:302; 5:479 science in, religion and, 7:269 Colonization movement, 1:208–209, Colter, John, 8:579 sexuality in, 7:328–329 477; 2:296, 296–297; 6:47 Colton, Frank, 1:468 shipbuilding in, 4:349; 7:347 American Colonization Society in, Columbia (Maryland), 2:188 smuggling in (See Smuggling) 1:147–148, 208–209 Columbia (South Carolina), burning soap in, 7:407 rise of, 1:208–209 of, 2:302–303 society in, 2:290–293 Color Additives Amendment (1960), Columbia (space shuttle), 2:101 sports in, 7:507–508 3:404 “Columbia” (term), 2:302 suffrage in, 8:4, 6, 355 Color television, 8:77 Columbia Broadcasting System. See sugar industry in, 8:12–13, 13 Colorado, 2:297–300 CBS television network sumptuary laws and taxes in, 8:17 Amendment 2 in, 7:196 Columbia Institute for the Instruc- tariffs in, 8:49–50 anti-discrimination laws in, 3:56 tion of the Deaf, Dumb, and taxation in, 8:55 capital of, 2:47–48 Blind, 3:504 under Stamp Act, 8:55 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Columbia River, 7:173 under Townshend Acts, 8:49–50, songs of, 7:532 Bonneville Dam on, 4:201; 8:414 55, 150 exploration of, 3:300 development of, 8:430 textiles in, 4:350; 8:108 gold in, 2:298; 4:11, 314 exploration and settlement of, theater in, 8:112–113 Pikes Peak Gold Rush, 6:355 2:303; 6:204; 8:412 tobacco as money in, 8:133 Jefferson Territory in, 4:470–471 fur trade on, 3:298 tobacco production in, 1:62 Leadville Mining District, 5:63 Grand Coulee Dam on, 4:200–201; tobacco use in, 7:404 Ludlow Massacre in, 5:169–170 8:414 toys and games in, 8:152 Mesa Verde, prehistoric ruins of, Columbia River Treaty, 2:303–304 trade in (See Colonial commerce) 5:325, 325–326 Columbia University, 2:304–305 trading companies in, 8:174 Native Americans in, 2:297, and beat generation, 1:433 transportation in, 8:186 298–299; 4:314–315; 8:299, biochemistry department at, 1:460 vacationing in, 8:305 300 establishment of, 3:112, 127 veterinary medicine in, 8:318–319 Sand Creek Massacre of, Frankfurt School at, 3:454 wars in, 2:293–296, 295 7:243–244 pragmatism at, 6:445 archival maps of, 9:25, 25–28, 27, reclamation projects in, 7:55, 56 sociology at, 7:433 28 silver in, 7:364 Columbine school massacre, 2:305, water transportation in, 8:429 ski resorts in, 7:122 305 westward migration during, smelters in, 7:400 Columbus (Ohio), 2:47, 48, 8:459–460 Spanish language in, 7:491 305–306 whaling in, 4:349 Union Colony in, 8:259 streetcar strike in, 2:306 witchcraft in, 7:83; 8:494–495 Colorado coal strikes, 2:300–301 Columbus, Christopher, 3:283, 287 Colonial policy, British Colorado River Santa Maria of, 7:249 Hutchinson letters and, 4:199 explorations of, 2:301; 4:33 Columbus (New Mexico), Villa raid on manufacturing, American, Hoover Dam on, 4:161–162, 162, at, 5:346; 8:336–337 5:227 200 Columbus Quincentenary (1992), mercantilism, 5:271, 315–316 Mohave tribe and, 5:433–434 2:306–307

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Comanche, 2:307, 307–308; 8:216, Commercial Bureau of the American Commodore (train engine), derail- 218 Republics, 5:46 ment of, 1:568 captives of, 2:50 Commission, 8:193 Common Carrier Bureau, 3:340 emigrants attacked by, 2:441 Commission government, 2:312 Common law, 2:316–318 and Ghost Dance, 3:573 Commission merchants, attainder in, 1:355 in KCA Indian coalition, 4:532 2:312–313 in colonies, 2:291 in New Mexico, 6:67, 69 Commission on Industrial Relations, constitutional law and, 4:496 on reservations, 6:263 3:444 on family relations, 3:72 in Texas, 8:100 Commissions, mixed. See Mixed riparian doctrine in, 8:420 treaty with, Congressional viola- Commissions in Sherman Antitrust Act, tion of, 5:147–148 Committee for Industrial Organiza- 1:213–214 “Comanche peace,” 6:67 tion. See Congress of Industrial treatment of child abuse in, 2:136 Combat neurosis, 6:431 Organizations Common Law, The (Holmes), 2:317 Combe, George, 6:333 Committee for Public Education v. Common Market, 7:54 Combines, 1:59 Nyquist, 3:138 U.S. abandoning gold standard Combs, Roberta, 2:161 Committee for the Free World, and, 4:17 Comic almanacs, 1:129 6:32 See also European Community; Comics, 2:308–309, 390 Committee of Forty-Eight, 3:320 European Economic Commu- The Yellow Kid, 2:308; 8:577 Committee of Inspection, 2:313 nity Coming Soon!!! (Barth), 5:122 Committee of Secret Correspon- Common school reform, 3:114, 116, COMINT. See Communications dence, 3:472 131 Committee on Economic Security “Common Sense” (Paine), 1:515; intelligence (CES), 7:418 2:318, 520; 3:378; 5:118; 6:232, Comintern. See Communist Interna- Committee on Equal Employment 396; 7:109, 136 tional Opportunity, 1:36 excerpt from, 9:137–138 Comiskey, Charles, 1:421, 479 Committee on Industrial Organization, Common Sense Book of Baby and Child Commander in Chief of British Hague v., 4:82–83; 5:546 Care (Spock and Spock), Forces, 2:309 Committee on Political Education 2:318–319 Commentaries on the Laws of England (COPE), 6:393 Commons, John R., 3:109; 6:42; (Blackstone), 6:387 Committee on Public Information 8:254 Commentary (magazine), 6:32, 85 (CPI), 2:313; 3:254; 6:503; and University of Wisconsin, 8:284 Commerce 8:535 Commonwealth, Bliss v., 4:74 chambers of, 2:102–103 Committee on the Conduct of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Prigg See also Interstate commerce; War, 2:313–314 v., 3:482; 6:278, 294, 452–453 Trade Committee Seeking Peace with Commonwealth v. Alger, 6:387 Commerce, Court of, 2:309–310 Freedom in Vietnam, statement Commonwealth v. Hunt, 2:319 Commerce, Department of, 2:310; by, 9:459–462 Commonwealth v. Pullis, 5:13 3:331 Committees of correspondence, Communes. See Utopian communi- Bureau of Economic Analysis in, 2:314–315; 7:135, 149 ties 3:105 Boston, 1:512 Communication head of, 2:2 New York (Committee of Inspec- electronics and, 3:179 Import Administration in, 3:309 tion), 2:313 See also Telecommunications U.S. Bureau of Mines in, Committees of safety, 1:512; 2:315; Communication satellites, 5:391–393 7:136, 149 2:319–320, 320 Weather Bureau in, 5:332 Commodities Exchange Act (1936), Communications Act (1934), 3:185, Commerce clause, 1:549; 2:315–316 339, 340 2:310–312; 8:274 Commodities Futures Trading Communications Assistance for Law Supreme Court on, 2:310, 405; Commission (CFTC), 3:276 Enforcement Act (1994), 3:185 3:575; 4:26 Commodity Credit Corporation Communications Decency Act Commercial arbitration, 1:236, (CCC), 1:60–61, 66; 2:408 (CDA) (1996), 2:85 237–238 Commodity Exchange Act (1936), Communications industry, Commercial banks, 1:396 4:30 2:320–324 and investment banks, separation Commodity exchanges, 2:316 fiber optics and, 3:357–358 of, 1:405, 406 Pit, 6:360 mass media, 5:260–261

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in military intelligence, 4:376 and Trade Union Educational Comptroller General of the United regulation of, 3:340–341 League, 8:170 States, 2:332–333 Western Union in, 8:456 and Trade Union Unity League, Comptroller of the Currency, 2:333 Communications intelligence 8:170 Computer(s), 1:589; 2:333–338 (COMINT), 5:558 Communitarianism, 7:424 in air defense, 1:75 Communications Satellite Act vs. individualism, 4:333 artificial intelligence in, 1:318 (1962), 3:339 Community Action Program, 2:328; in automation, 1:364 Communications Security (COM- 8:386 and chess programs, 2:130, 338 SEC), 5:559 Community colleges, 3:117, 127 commercial use of, 6:169–170 Communications Workers of Ameri- in Virginia, 8:345 and consumerism, 2:392 ca (CWA), 2:324–325 Community of Christ, 7:104 development of, 6:169–170 Communism Community Reinvestment Act, digital, 3:25 censorship of, 2:85 8:287 and DVD technology, 3:98 and class politics, 2:225 Community schools, 7:266–267 early, 2:334, 334–335, 335 containment of, 2:268 Community Services Administration in education, 3:139 in Eastern/Central Europe, 2:89 (CSA), 6:164; 8:387 environmental dangers associated overthrow of, 2:270 Commuter railroads, 5:373–374 with, 8:420 exclusion policy for individuals Compact discs (CDs), 2:328–329, graphics in movies, 3:365 supporting, 3:207 392 hackers, 7:219 in film industry Company of Laconia, 6:56 impact of, 3:179 Disney’s testimony on, 9:413–417 Company of One Hundred Associ- and industrial espionage, 3:255 HUAC on, 4:178, 411 ates, 2:329 MITS Altair (first home comput- during Great Depression, 2:227 Company towns, 2:387; 8:437–438 er), 5:359 homosexuality and, 7:326 Company unions, 8:277 occupational health hazards, 5:298 perceived threat of, 2:531 Comparable worth, 2:329–330 and online information industry, and Spanish Civil War, 1:7–8 Comparative advantage, 3:460 2:323 in State Department, 4:136; 7:530 Compensation, eminent domain and patents, 6:256 subversion in, 8:1–2 and, 6:505–506 personal, software for, 7:442–443 in trade unions, 3:176 Competition, fair, codes of, 1:490; privacy concerns about, 6:480 International Union of Mine, 2:263 in publishing industry, 6:99 Mill, and Smelter Workers, Competition Advocacy Program, and railroad operations, 5:144 4:397 3:349 scientific information retrieval by, See also Anticommunism Communist International (Com- Comprehensive AIDS Resource 7:279–280 intern), 2:325, 326; 7:57 Emergency Act (1990), 1:17 security issues involving, 2:338 Communist Labor Party, Palmer Comprehensive Employment and video games for, 8:327 Raids and, 6:232 Training Act (CETA) (1972), virtual reality on, 8:350 Communist Party, USA (CPUSA), 2:330; 3:201; 5:11 See also Internet 2:325–328; 7:17 Comprehensive Environmental Computer Associates, 7:441 blacklisting of members, 1:483 Response, Compensation, and Computer industry counterintelligence program Liability Act (CERCLA) (1980), foreign investment in, 3:423 against, 2:265 3:228, 232; 4:111 graphical interface user (GUI), decline of, 1:198–199; 7:427 See also Superfund 5:360 headquarters of, 2:327 Compromise of 1790, 2:330 operating systems and, 5:360 internal divisions in, 7:427 Compromise of 1850, 2:9, 331–332; venture capital in, 4:341 International Labor Defense 5:110 See also Software industry under, 4:389 Georgia accepting, 3:558 Computer Usage Corporation labor agitation by, 2:326, 326 nullification of, 6:146 (CUC), 7:440 McCarthyism, 5:182 and presidential campaign of 1852, Computer-aided design (CAD), Palmer Raids and, 6:232 3:154 8:110 and peace movements, 6:267 Compromise of 1890, 2:332 Computer-aided manufacture Roosevelt (Franklin Delano) and, Compromise Tariff (1833), 8:50–51 (CAM), 8:110 1:198 Compton, Arthur H., 6:336 COMSEC. See Communications subversion by, 8:1 Compton, Frank E., 3:204 Security

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Comstock, Anthony, 1:4, 466, 467; currency in, 2:434 Conference on Science and World 2:84 defeat of, 2:343–344 Affairs (1957), 6:547 and publishing industry, 6:537 disaffected citizens in, 8:260 Confidence man (con man), 2:458 Comstock, William A., 1:402 economy of, 2:216–217, 342–343 Confirmation, by Senate, 2:346, 353 Comstock Act (1873), 1:4, 5, 500; expatriates, in Brazil, 2:340 of Brandeis (Louis D.), 1:532 2:84; 3:313, 317; 5:274; 6:419 flag of, 3:381 of cabinet members, 2:2 Comstock Lode, 1:497; 2:9, 338; foreign policy of, 3:425 of Thomas (Clarence), 8:121 3:300; 4:11; 6:37 foreign relations of, 2:342 Confiscation Acts, 2:346, 377 Comte, Auguste, 6:423; 7:431–432 founding of, 2:340 Confiscation of property, 2:346–347 Con Edison, 4:188 Georgia and, 3:555 eminent domain power and, Conant, Roger, 3:80 government and politics of, 2:341 3:198–199 Concanen, Richard L., 3:77 heritage of, preservation of, 8:265 Conflict of interest, and political Concentration camps, 6:474 inflation in, 4:353 corruption, 2:420 Conceptual pragmatism, 6:445 and “Lost Cause,” 5:155 Conglomerates, 2:347–348, 419 Concerned United Birthparents, in maps, archival, 9:67, 69 Clayton Act and, 4:27 1:29 and Mexico, postwar migration to, in food industry, 3:400, 403 Concert of Europe, 5:64 5:345 Congo, United Nations operation Conciliation and mediation, labor, military strategy and administra- in, 8:270–271 2:338–339 tion of, 2:217 Congregationalism, 2:348–350; Federal Mediation and Concilia- Mississippi in, 5:412 3:242; 8:263 tion Service and, 3:343 Missouri and, 5:421 membership in, 7:87, 90 Conciliation commissions, 5:428 Montgomery Convention and, in New England, 7:84, 93 Conciliation courts, domestic, 2:339 5:452 New England Way and, 6:50 Conciliation Service, of Department Native Americans in, 4:326–327 religious intolerance of, 7:151 of Labor, 5:11 organization and mobilization of, revivalism and, 3:264 Concord coach, 7:515–516 2:340–341 Second Awakening in, 1:378 Concorde, 8:21 politics in, 2:218 separation from state, 2:167 Concrete, as building material, prison camps of, 6:473–474 upstart sects and threat to, 7:86 1:564–565 Seal of, 7:288 women’s role in, 8:501 Condensed-matter physics, 6:347 society of, 2:343 Congress, Confederate, 2:341 Condit, Gary, 6:400 states’ rights in, 7:537 Congress, Confederation, 2:344, Conditioning, classical, 6:524 taxation by, 2:342–343 378 Condon, Edward U., 4:178; 6:342 and tithes, 8:132 debts incurred by, 2:518 Cone, Claribel, 2:273 United Confederate Veterans, ordinances of, 6:200–201 Cone, Etta, 2:273 8:264–265 See also Continental Congress, Sec- Cone, James H., 5:93 United Daughters of the Confed- ond Conestoga wagon, 2:339, 441; eracy, 8:265–266 Congress, Continental. See Conti- 7:177; 8:462 White House of, 8:472, 472 nental Congress Coney Island, 1:179, 179 See also Army, Confederate; Civil Congress, U.S., 2:350–354; 3:341 amusement park in, 1:546, 547; War; Navy, Confederate Abscam scandal and, 1:8 2:178 Confederation, 2:344–346; 7:140 administrative discretion delega- streetcars and, 7:66 cession of western lands and, tion by, 1:21–22 Confederate States of America, 8:455, 456 African Americans in, during 2:208–209, 340–344 Muscle Shoals speculation and, Reconstruction, 1:50 agents of, 2:339 5:483–484 appropriations by, 1:229–230 anthem of, 3:66 See also Articles of Confederation authority of, over monetary policy, blockade of, 1:487–488; 2:214, Confederation Congress, 2:344, 378 4:10 396; 8:446 debts incurred by, 2:518 Balanced Budget Amendment and, firsthand account of, 9:296–297 ordinances of, 6:200–201 1:388 comparative advantages of, 2:209 See also Continental Congress, Sec- Bank of the United States and, conscription by, 2:210–211, ond 5:184 340–341 Conference for Progressive Political bicameral structure of, 5:78 Constitution of, 2:340, 341 Action (CPPA), 3:162; 6:498 Black Caucus in, 1:471 cotton money used by, 2:429–430 La Follette and, 5:16 boundary disputes settled by, 1:522

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INDEX caucuses in, 2:76, 77 vetoes overridden by, 8:321 Conkling, Roscoe, 3:156, 157; 7:517 censuring/expulsion of members war powers of, 8:373–374, Conley, Jim, 3:453 of, 2:352 387–388 Connally, Tom, 8:272 Committee on the Conduct of the women in, 5:566; 8:507, 517 Connally “Hot Oil” Act, 6:303 War (Civil War), 2:313–314 See also House of Representatives; Connecticut, 2:355, 355–359 committee system of, 5:77 Senate claims to western lands, 8:455, 456 Constitutional interpretation by, Congress of Industrial Organiza- colonial assembly of, 1:333; 2:280 3:342 tions (CIO), 1:151; 2:227; 5:8, colonial charter of, 2:281 Contempt of, 2:392–393 17 in colonial era, 2:357 controlling federal agencies, 3:333 Amalgamated Clothing Workers of emblems, nicknames, mottos, and currency regulation by, 8:310 America in, 1:132 songs of, 7:532 and delegation of powers, 2:545 anticommunist campaign against, founding of, 2:289; 5:271 district representation in, 3:62; 2:225; 8:278 geography of, 2:355–356 7:107–108 communist activists and, legal system of, Ludlow’s Code extra sessions of, 3:303 2:326–327; 7:17 and, 5:170 and federal budget, 1:557, 559 establishment of, 1:151; 8:171, 268 in modern era, 2:358–359 floor leaders in, 3:384–385 ideology of, 1:151 Native Americans in, 2:356–357 grants-in-aid to states from, 4:37 International Union of Mine, Mill, Mohegan, 5:435 implied powers of, 4:246–248 and Smelter Workers in, 4:397 and New York, boundary dispute investigating committees of, Memorial Day Massacre (1937), between, 1:521; 2:355–356 4:410–411 5:307 prehistory of, 2:356–357 investigations by, 2:352 merger with AFL, 1:151; 8:172 statehood of, 2:357–358 Joint Committee on Reconstruc- political action committee created sumptuary laws in, 8:17 tion, 4:485–486 by, 6:393 temperance movements in, 8:78 Journal of Congress, 4:488 and racial discrimination, 3:49 toll canals in, 8:140 in Korea-gate, 4:542–543 sit-down strikes by, 7:371 town government in, 8:148 leadership of, 2:352 Taft-Hartley Act and, 8:42–43 and Western Reserve, 8:456 legal standing of, 8:320–321 and United Brotherhood of Car- Connecticut, Cantwell v., 2:167–168 Legislative Reorganization Act penters and Joiners, 8:262–263 Connecticut, Griswold v., 1:6, 466, and, 5:77–78 and United Electrical, Radio, and 468; 4:66–67; 6:479; 7:192 line-item veto and, 8:320 Machine Workers of America, Connecticut Compromise (Great and national parks, 5:549, 550 3:176 Compromise), 2:350, 359, 380; pairing in, 6:230 and United Steelworkers of Ameri- 3:170 party whip in, 8:468 ca, 8:277 Connecticut River, 7:174 policy-making power of, 1:21 and United Textile Workers, 8:278 Connelie, Foley v., 1:126 presidential elections decided by, in World War II, 1:151 Connell, Bob, 3:516 3:148, 152, 156, 171 See also American Federation of Conner, Dennis, 1:172–173 printing needs of, 4:24 Labor–Congress of Industrial Connerly, Ward, 6:509 and Reconstruction, 4:236–237; Organizations Connick, Charles, 1:314 7:59–61 Congress of Racial Equality Connolly, James B., 6:192 resolutions of, 7:120–121 (CORE), 2:201, 354, 354–355 Connolly, John, 2:360; 3:77 and riders, legislative, 7:159 and Freedom Rides, 2:354; 3:15 Connolly, Richard (Slippery Dick), role in foreign affairs, 3:277–278 political violence against, 1:332 7:162 separation of powers and, 7:312 radicalism and, 7:18 Connolly’s Plot, 2:360 spending power of, 3:527–528 Congressional Budget and Connor, Dennis, 7:223 states sued by, 1:120 Impoundment Act (1974), 1:229 Connor, Eugene (Bull), 1:104 Statutes at Large, 7:540–541 Congressional Budget Office Conquest of Canaan, The (Dwight), statutory law by, 7:541 (CBO), 1:555; 6:165 5:118 steering committees in, 7:546–547 Congressional districts. See Districts, Conquistadores, 2:360; 7:206 Supreme Court and, relationship congressional Conrail, 6:481; 8:191 between, 8:22 Congressional Record, 2:351, 355; Conscience Whigs, 2:360–361 taxation power of, Supreme Court 4:488 Conscientious objectors, on, 5:184 Congreve, Richard, 6:423 2:361–362; 6:227, 269 transportation regulation by, 4:26 Conkling, Mabel Viola Harris, 1:308 “Consciousness revolution,” 3:528

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Conscription Act (1863), 7:571 anticommunism in, 1:197 on Congressional mandate, 2:350, Conscription and recruitment, and consumer movement, attacks 351 2:362–365; 3:222–223 on, 2:384 contract clause in, 2:107, 397 bounties for, 1:524; 2:211, 363 and criticism of welfare programs, Declaration of Independence prin- in Civil War, 1:274; 2:210–211, 2:228; 8:442 ciples added to, 2:523 363–364, 530 Heritage Foundation and, 8:118 drafting of, 2:378–381 Confederate, 2:340–341 laissez-faire, 2:375 due process of law provisions in, substitutes for, 7:571 National Review and, 5:556 3:88 dental standards in, 3:4 New Right in, Viguerie on, on enumerated powers, 3:225 through militias, 5:386 9:495–499 on executive agreements, 3:277 mobilization, 5:429–430 and Protestantism, 6:516, 518 Federalist Papers on, 3:350 muster day, 5:504–505 Reader’s Digest and, 7:51 on impeachment, 4:234 press gangs and, 6:459 See also Neoconservatism on inauguration, 4:250 in Vietnam War, 1:278; 2:532; Conspiracies Acts (1861 and 1862), inherent powers in, 4:358 8:352 2:376–377 on international law, 4:393 in World War II, 8:543 Conspiracy, 2:377–378 interpreting, 3:342 Consensus history, 4:139 Constitution(s) on interstate commerce, 4:401 Conservation, 2:366–372 Cherokee, 2:125 on interstate compacts, 4:403 vs. alternative energy, 3:215 Confederate, 2:340, 341 on judicial power, and administra- under Antiquities Act, 1:205–206 state (See also under specific states) tive adjudication, 1:22 in Bermuda, 1:445 after American Revolution, 7:138 judicial review and, 4:491–494; botanical gardens and, 1:517–518 5:235 bills of rights in, 1:453–454; 3:89 and environmental movement, on judiciary, 4:498–499 Constitution, U.S., 2:345, 378–383 3:226, 227 on jury trial, 4:502 on admiralty law, 1:23 eugenics and, 2:370–371 on line-item veto power, 8:320 alien rights under, 1:125, 126 of forests, 3:433–438 majority rule, 5:212 amendments to, 1:456–457 (See of mammals, 5:218 on membership denied by House also specific amendments) in marine sanctuaries, 5:244 of Representatives, 6:441 on amnesty power, 1:177 national park movement and, on military law, 5:378 Annapolis Convention and, 1:187; 5:549–553 military provisions in, 7:146 9:156–159 and petroleum industry, 6:304 on national defense, 8:373 Antifederalists on, 1:200 vs. preservation, 7:355; 8:479 Native Americans under, on appointing power, 1:225 public land commissions and, 4:264–265; 7:247 6:531 on apportionment, 1:227 natural rights and, 6:10 and public ownership, 6:528 Article II, Section 3 of, 3:278 opening phrase of, 2:179–180 Roosevelt (Theodore) and, 2:366, Articles of Confederation and, on police power, 6:387 367, 368, 369; 3:226; 1:317 on president, 6:453–454 8:422–423, 480 Bill of Rights in, 1:453, 454–457 on privileges and immunities of of sequoias, 7:314 on branches of federal government, citizens, 6:481–482 by Tennessee Valley Authority, 3:341 ratification of, 2:381–382 8:89 on capitation taxes, 2:48 debate over, 9:159–169 terrorism and, 8:424 checks and balances of, 2:116–117 Rhode Island’s refusal to accept, and tourism, 8:146 on citizenship, 2:180 7:152 Weeks Act and, 8:423, 437 civil rights and liberties guaranteed on Senate, 8:243–244 Wisconsin progressivism and, by, 2:198 on separation of powers, 7:312 8:492 commerce clause in, 1:549; speech and debate provision of, in Yellowstone National Park, 2:310–312; 8:274 2:352 8:579 on Congress, 6:453 vs. state constitutions, 7:525 zoological parks and, 8:594 appropriations by, 1:229–230 on subsidies, 7:564 See also Environmental movement implied powers of, 4:246–247 on suffrage, 8:4–5 Conservation biology, 2:372–374 investigating committees of, supremacy clause in, 2:380 Conservatism, 2:374–376 4:410 on Supreme Court, 8:22 American Enterprise Institute and, policy-making power of, 1:21 on taxation, 8:55 8:117–118 spending power of, 3:527–528 territories under, 4:367

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text of, 9:169–178 automobiles and, 5:229 Olive Branch Petition by, on treason, 8:193 financial panic of 1893 and, 7:128 6:190–191 on treaties, 8:199, 203 installment sales and, 4:364–365 states’ claims to western lands and, on veto power, 8:321 liberated, 2:391–392 8:455 line-item, 8:320 marketing and, 5:246–247 Continuous-roll press, 6:468, 469 on vice presidency, 8:322 shopping malls and, 5:215, 216 Contra aid, 2:395 on war powers, 8:373–375, 387 technology and, 2:388, 392 in Iran-Contra Affair, 4:419–420 Constitution (frigate), 1:415, 508; transportation and, 2:387 Contraband of war, 2:396 2:378; 6:24 women’s magazines and, 5:198 Plan of 1776 and, 6:361 Constitutional Convention (1787), Consumers Leagues, 2:392 slaves as, 2:395–396 2:345, 378–381; 7:138 Consumption, business cycles and, Butler’s report on, 9:294–296 Connecticut Compromise at, 1:582 Contraception. See Birth control 2:359 Containerization, in shipping, 5:320 Contract(s) electoral college created by, 3:170 Containment policy, 2:268; 3:426; arbitration in, 1:237 Shays’s Rebellion and, 5:266; 7:338 7:212 liberty of, 5:394–395, 472–473 on state representation, 2:86, 350 Kennan on, 9:411–413 Supreme Court on, 3:382 Constitutional facts, 5:473 “X” article and, 8:569 Contract clause, 2:397 Constitutional Procession (1788), Contempt of Congress, 2:392–393 Minnesota moratorium case and, 5:566–567 Conti, Pietro, 8:244 5:401 Constitutional Union Party, 2:383; Continental Army. See Army, Conti- Contract labor, foreign, 2:397–398 3:154 nental Contract with America (Republican Consular Service, 3:428 Party), 2:384, 398; 3:485; Continental Association, 1:340 Consulates, 3:28 7:114; 8:442 text of, 9:123–126 Consumer bankruptcy, 1:410 Contractors, government Continental Congress, 2:344, 378, Consumer cooperatives, 2:406 discrimination by, 1:35–36 393–395 Consumer credit, 2:448–449 set-asides for, 7:315–316 Articles of Confederation by, Consumer Federation of America, standards for work by, 8:368 1:317; 2:344; 7:140 2:384 Contrast, The (Tyler), 8:113 Conway Cabal at, 2:403 Consumer Information Bureau of Convention Against Torture (CAT ), debts incurred by, 2:516, 518 Federal Communications Com- 7:81 Delaware delegates at, 2:541 mission, 3:340 Convention of 1800, 1:124; 2:398 First (1774), 2:393; 7:135, 139 Consumer price index (CPI), 2:385, Convention of 1818, 2:398 Coercive Acts and, 2:284, 287 422; 3:106; 6:460 and fishing privileges, 2:261 distorting effects of, 2:423–424 “Continental Association” by, Convention of 1818 with England, and inflation, 4:350 1:340 and Northwest Angle, 6:136 Consumer protection, 2:383–385, text of, 9:123–126 Convention of Miramar, 5:345 388–389, 391–392 “Declaration and Resolves” by, Convention on the Elimination of Food and Drug Administration text of, 9:132–134 All Forms of Discrimination and, 3:403–405 and Declaration of Rights, 2:523 Against Women, 2:398–399 governmental inspection for, 4:363 and foreign relations, 2:394–395 Conventions, party nominating, Nader and, 2:384; 5:509; 7:18; French assistance to, 7:147 2:399–401; 3:148, 152; 8:285 and Galloway’s plan of union, 6:113–114 National Traffic and Motor Vehi- 3:504–505 vs. caucus, 2:76 cle Safety Act (1966) and, in Philadelphia, 6:277, 312 and unit rule, 6:113; 8:260 5:561 and provincial congresses, 6:520 Conversations with Children on the product tampering and, 6:491–492 record of proceedings, 4:488 Gospels (Alcott), 8:180 and public interest law, 6:530 and Seal of the United States, 3:99 Convict labor systems, 2:401–402, Pure Food and Drug Movement Second (1775), 2:393–394; 7:139 402 and, 6:553–555 address to Canadians by, text of, chain gangs, 2:99, 99–100 Consumer purchasing power, 9:134–135 Convoys, 2:402–403, 403 2:385–386; 6:460 and Articles of Confederation, Conway, Thomas, 2:403 Consumerism, 2:386–392 2:344; 7:140 Conway Cabal, 2:403 advertising and, 1:34; 2:388, and Declaration of Indepen- Coode, John, 6:512 389–390 dence, 2:520–523 Cook, Flora, 3:116

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Cook, Frederick Albert, 6:382 Leatherstocking Tales, 5:70, 119; The Ojibway Conquest, 5:128 Cook, George Cram, 6:519 8:457, 479 Copyright, 2:411–412; 6:256, 507 Cook, James, 2:404 The Pathfinder, 5:70, 119 functions of, 4:375 companion ship to, 3:46 The Pioneers, 5:70, 119 magazines and, 5:191 explorations of, 2:403–404; 8:453 The Prairie, 5:70, 119 of music, 5:502–503 in Aleutian Islands, 1:121 Cooper, John A., 1:263 protection of in Hawaii, 4:105 Cooper, John Sherman, 8:394 domestic, 6:537 Polar, 6:382 Cooper, Kenneth H., 1:35 international, 6:537 Cook books, 3:398, 399 Cooper, Leon, 6:337, 346 and publishing industry, 6:536, Cooke, Jay, 1:404 Cooper, Peter, 2:405; 5:142; 6:317; 537 and financing of Civil War, 2:215 7:30 registration of, 5:100–101 investment bank firm of, Cooper, Thomas, 1:124; 6:456 See also Trademarks 2:404–405 Cooper, United States v., 6:456 Coral Sea, Battle of, 1:90; Cooke, Morris L., 7:281 Cooper Union for the Advancement 2:412–413 Cooke, Morris Llewellyn, 3:211 of Science and Art, 2:405, Corbett, Gail Sherman, 1:308 Cooke, Philip St. George, 8:363 405–406 Corbin, Abel Rathbone, 1:472 Cooke, Terence Cardinal, 8:340 Cooperative Forest Management Corbusier, Charles-Édouard Jean- Cookery. See Food and cuisines Act (1950), 3:432 neret Le, 8:286 Cooley, Denton, 1:463 Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act CORE. See Congress of Racial Cooley v. Board of Wardens of Port of (1978), 3:432 Equality Philadelphia, 2:310, 405 Cooperatives Corfield v. Coryell, 6:482 Coolidge, Calvin consumers’, 2:406 Cori, Carl F., 1:461 advertising and, 1:33 farmers’, 2:406–408 Cori, Gerty Radnitz, 1:461 agrarianism of, 1:57 Capper-Volstead Act and, 2:50 Corliss, George, 8:108 and bonus payments to veterans, tobacco, 2:408 Corn, 2:413, 413–414, 414 1:499 Coosuc, 6:56 Indian cultivation of, 1:68–69; Boston police strike and, 1:513 Coote, Richard, 6:359 4:307 and Garvey (Marcus), pardon of, Coover, Robert, 5:122 storage of, 3:187 1:478 COPE. See Committee on Political Corn Belt, 2:413, 414–415 Geneva Conference (1927) called Education Corn borer, European, 2:415 by, 3:534 Cope, Edward D., 1:167; 7:270 Corneal transplantation, 8:183 in presidential campaign of 1920, Copeland, E. J., 3:182; 7:78 Cornell, Ezra, 2:415; 5:28; 8:456 3:161 Copland, Aaron, 5:492 Cornell University, 2:415–416 in presidential campaign of 1924, Coplay (Pennsylvania), 2:79 African American Studies at, 1:46 3:161; 8:323 Copley, John Singleton, 1:294–295; engineering program at, 3:216, 217 and Republican Party, 7:113 3:197 establishment of, 3:115 special prosecutors under, 7:495 Coppage v. Kansas, 2:408; 8:578 as land-grant college, 5:28 and Treasury, 8:197 Copper imports, from Latin Ameri- Corning, Erastus, 1:113 Coolidge, Grace, 3:376 ca, 5:45 Corning Glass Works, 3:357; 4:4 Coolidge, William D., 3:175; 5:24, Copper industry, 2:408–410, 409; Cornish, Samuel, 5:199; 6:96 108 6:114, 115 Cornwallis, Charles, Lord “Cooling-off” treaties, 5:428 Anaconda Copper in, 1:180 in Battle of Camden, 2:19 Coontz, Stephanie, 3:317 in Arizona, 1:257 in Battle of Cowpens, 2:444 Co-op programs, educational, metalwork, 5:329 in Battle of Guilford Courthouse, 3:122–123 in Michigan, 5:355 4:72; 6:128 Cooper, Charles, 2:485 in Montana, 5:449–450; 6:115 in Battle of Princeton, 6:464 Cooper, James Fenimore, 2:375; in Utah, 6:115; 8:297 and College of William and Mary, 3:197, 434; 5:118–119, 129; Copperheads, 2:218, 411; 4:540; occupation of, 8:483 8:288 6:136 correspondence with Washington, Battle of Lake Erie by, 6:290–291 Coppinger, William, 1:148 9:152 The Deerslayer, 5:70 Coppola, Francis Ford, 3:364 invading North Carolina, 6:128 History of the Navy of the United Copway, George in southern campaigns, 7:472 States of America by, 6:290 The Life, History, and Travels of surrender of, 7:145; 8:582, 582 The Last of the Mohicans, 5:70, 119 Kah-ge-ga-gah-bowh, 5:128 vs. Washington, 2:543

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in Yorktown Campaign, 8:581–582 Tammany Hall and, 8:46 in Texas, 8:101 defeat of, 3:473; 6:94 Teamsters Union, 8:172 Cotton, John, 1:205, 431, 449; 7:95; Coronado, Francisco Vázquez de, Teapot Dome oil scandal, 8:63 8:116 2:1, 360; 3:285, 296 Tweed Ring, 1:508; 7:162; 8:46, Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes, expeditions of, 1:256; 2:416, 242 5:127 416–417 Whiskey Ring, 8:470 Cotton Futures Act (1914), 1:71 to Cibola, 2:173; 8:451 Corso, Gregory, 1:433 Cotton gin, 2:427, 428–429; 3:555; Great Plains, 4:56 Cortelyou, George B., 3:366 6:364; 8:109 in Kansas, 4:508 Corte-Real, Gaspar, 3:283 invention of, 2:387, 425 in New Mexico, 6:66 Cortés, Hernán (Hernando), 2:360; and cotton production, 1:63 in Rocky Mountains, 7:190 3:203, 284, 294 and slavery, 1:48; 7:393 in Texas, 8:99 and colonial administration, 2:278 Cotton Kingdom, 2:429 Coronary heart disease, 5:105 Corwin, Edward S., 6:403 Cotton money, 2:429–430 Corporate crime, 2:461–462 Coryell, Corfield v., 6:482 Cotton Oil Trust, 4:26 Corporation for Public Broadcasting Cosa, Juan de la, 5:232 Cotton Whigs, 2:361 (CPB), and National Public Cosby, William, 2:292; 6:83, 95; Couch, W. L., 1:501 Radio, 5:554 8:589, 590 Coughlin, Charles E., 2:375; 3:208; Corporations, 1:580; 2:417–420 Cosmetic surgery, 2:421–422 7:16 accounting practices of, scandals breast implants, 1:533 anti-Semitism of, 1:207; 3:327, 328 surrounding, 2:419 Cosmographia (Munster), 9:6, 6–7 National Union for Social Justice and business forecasting, 1:586–588 Cosmopolitan (magazine), 5:198 organized by, 5:563 vs. cooperatives, 2:407 Cost of living, 2:422–424 Coughlin, Paula A., 8:44 debt of, 2:42 Cost of living index. See Consumer Coulter, Ernest K., 1:452 downsizing by, 3:83 price index Coulthard, Alfred, 3:176 as interest groups, 4:380 Costa Rica Council for New England, 2:111, mergers and acquisitions in, Bryan-Chamorro Treaty and, 430 5:322–323 1:550 Council for Tobacco Research, municipal, constitutions of, Nicaraguan contras in, 2:395 8:136 2:111–112 Costello, Frank, 2:463 Council of Economic Advisors vs. trade unions, 2:275 Cost-of-Living Adjustment (CEA), 2:430–432; 3:110, 307, Corregidora (Jones), 5:126 (COLA), 2:424 330 Corrigan, Truax v., 8:230 Cott, Nancy, 8:520 Council of National Defense, 2:432 Corrupt bargain, 2:420 Cotton, 2:424–428 War Industries Board and, 8:380 in presidential campaign of 1824, confiscated, 2:425 Council of Revision, New York, 5:555 in foreign trade, 8:164 2:433 Corruption, political, 2:420–421 in Georgia, 3:555, 556 Council of Trent, 8:309 Baker case, 1:385 in industrial revolution, 4:343–344, Council on Environmental Quality Black Horse cavalry and, 1:475 345 (CEQ), 3:330 bosses and bossism, 1:507–508 as “king,” 4:526 Global Energy Futures and the Car- in California, 2:10 in Louisiana, 6:364 bon Dioxide Problem by, 4:6–8 in city councils, 2:182 manufacturing, 2:426–427, 427 Counsel, right to, 3:575–576 Crédit Mobilier of America and, mechanical pickers for, 1:59 Counterculture, 2:433, 433 2:452–453 Native American cultivation of, hippies in, 4:134 Ferguson (James), 3:354; 8:103 1:68 Counterfeiting, 2:433–434 in Korea-gate, 4:542–543 plantations, 6:363, 364–365 Counterintelligence Program Mulligan letters and, 5:473 production, 2:424–426, 426 (COINTELPRO), 2:265–266; municipal government and, 5:475, in Black Belt, 1:471 3:338 477 boll weevil invasion and, 1:495 Country clubs, 2:251; 4:19–20 municipal reform and, 5:478 Confederate States of America Country music, 5:493–494 Pendergast machine and, 6:274–275 and, 2:342 African American folklore and, political machines, 5:186–187 limits on, 1:396 3:395 in post–Civil War era, 2:206 rise of, 1:63; 7:393, 463 bluegrass, 5:490–491 in Prohibition era, 1:504 and sharecroppers, 6:365 honky-tonk girls and, 4:159 rings and, 7:162 and slavery, 1:48; 6:364; 7:393 See also Cowboy songs; Nashville

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Country Party, 6:83 Cowens, Dave, 1:425 Crandall v. Nevada, 6:297 Country store, 2:434–436, 435, 436 Cowles, Henry Chandler, 1:520 Crane, Frederick, 1:468 Country-dancing, 5:495 Cowley, Malcolm, 6:76 Crane, H. R., 6:342 County, 6:406 The Literary Situation, 5:121 Crane, Hart, 5:157 County and state fairs, 2:436, 437 on Lost Generation, 5:157 Crane, Stephen, 3:280 County government, 2:436–439 Cowpens, Battle of, 2:444 The Red Badge of Courage, 5:119 home rule by, 4:153 Cox, Archibald, 1:507; 7:495 Crawford, Adair, 6:148 County of Allegheny v. ACLU Greater in Watergate investigation, 8:427 Crawford, Thomas, 1:305 Pittsburgh Chapter, 2:166 Cox, Harvey, 5:432 Crawford, William H. Courier services, 2:439–440 The Secular City, 5:93 caucus supporting, 6:113 See also Postal Service, U.S. Cox, James M., 3:161; 6:174 in presidential campaign of 1816, Cournand, André, 2:53 Cox Committee, 6:318 3:151 Cournot, August, 5:444–445 Coxey, Jacob, 2:444; 6:417 in presidential campaign of 1824, Court(s) Coxey’s Army, 2:444–445 3:152, 171 juvenile, 2:137, 146, 149, 461 Kelly’s Industrial Army and, 4:516 Cray, Seymour, 2:338 small claims, 2:339 Coyle v. Smith, 3:202 Crazy Horse (Sioux leader), 1:475; Court of Commerce, 2:309–310 Coyote (animal), 2:445 7:370, 371 Court of Industrial Relations, Wolff COYOTE (Call Off Your Old Tired in Battle of Little Bighorn, 8:404 Packing Company v., 8:495 Ethics), 6:514 Crazy Snake (Creek leader), 2:506 Court of Private Land Claims, 5:26 CPB. See Corporation for Public Crazy Tennesseans (Smoky Moun- Court packing. See under Supreme Broadcasting tain Boys), 5:491 Court CPC. See Cumberland Presbyterian CRC. See Christian Reformed Court Party, 6:83 Church Church Courtship CPCA. See Cumberland Presbyter- Creationism, 2:446–447 bundling, 1:569 ian Church of America vs. evolutionism, 3:270 among Native Americans, 8:435 CPI. See Committee on Public geology and, 3:549 among slaves, 8:436 Information; Consumer price in school curriculum, 7:284 Courts-martial, 2:440 index science and, 7:271 in military law, 5:379–380 CPPA. See Conference for Progres- Credibility gap, 2:447 Coutume de Paris, 2:440 sive Political Action Credit, 2:447–451, 448 Couturier, Henri, 1:294 CPUSA. See Communist Party, USA automobile industry and use of, Covenant, Church, 2:440–441 Crackers, 3:386 2:389 New England Way and, 6:50 “Cradle of Liberty, The.” See bills of, 1:458 New Haven Colony and, 6:60 Faneuil Hall Supreme Court on, 2:446 Covenanters, 6:450–451 Craft, Ellen, 9:272–274 bills of exchange, 3:273–274 Covered wagon, 2:441, 441; 8:463 Craft, William, Running a Thousand consumer, 2:448–449 Covert, Reid v., 3:272 Miles for Freedom, excerpt from, democratization of, savings banks Covert (black) propaganda, 6:503 9:272–274 and, 1:407 Coverture, women under, 5:249, 252 Craft apprenticeship, 1:228 installment, 2:449–450; 4:364–365 See also Marriage Crafts, Hannah, Bondwoman’s Narra- intermediate credit banks, Covey, James, 1:176 tive, 5:124 4:384–385 Cow towns, 2:442 Craftsman (Mission) style furniture, producer, 2:447–448 Abilene (Kansas), 1:2; 2:75, 158, 3:497 Credit card(s), 2:450, 451–452; 442 Craig, Charles F., 5:294 3:368; 4:365 Dodge City (Kansas), 2:158; 3:69 Craig, Hiram, 2:446 automobile industry and introduc- Cowboy(s), 2:443, 443–444, 495 Craig v. Boren, 2:445–446; 3:246 tion of, 2:389 and cattle drives, 2:74–75 Craig v. State of Missouri, 1:540; debt, rise in, 1:410; 2:452 honky-tonk girls and, 4:159 2:446 and direct mail, 3:29 Remington’s images of, 7:100 Cram, Ralph Adams, 1:313–314 Crédit Mobilier of America, and rodeos, 2:444; 7:191, 191–192 Cramer, Stuart, 1:74 2:452–453 trail drivers, 8:176 Cramer v. United States, 8:194 Credit Union National Association work of, 4:157 Cramp v. Board of Public Instruction of (CUNA), 2:453, 454 Cowboy songs, 2:442–443 Orange County, Florida, 8:62 Credit unions, 2:453–454 Cowboys and Skinners, 2:444 Crandall, Luciean S., 8:245 Cree, 2:454, 454–455; 8:218

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Creek Confederation, in Alabama, publications on, Son-of-Sam Law Crook, United States ex rel. Standing 1:101–102 and, 7:448–449 Bear v., 8:224 Creek Indians, 2:455, 455–456; rates in 20th century, 2:459–460 Crooks, Ramsay, 1:158 8:225 robberies, 7:182–183 Crosland, Alan, 4:470 adaptation of, 8:226 statutes of limitations on, 7:541 Cross, Christopher, 7:361 in American Revolution, 4:330 tools for fighting, 3:185 Cross of Gold speech, 1:459; 2:400, Bowles’s filibustering expeditions white-collar, 2:461–462 465, 551; 3:458 and, 1:525 See also Punishment Crossley, Archibald, 6:409, 533–534 in Everglades, 3:268 “Crime Against Kansas” speech, Croton Aqueduct, 8:240 in Georgia, 3:554 Sumner’s, excerpt from, Crow dance, 6:444 in Oklahoma, 8:239 9:288–292 Crow Dog, 3:271 in Tennessee, 8:84–85 Crime Control and Law Enforce- Crow Dog, Mary, 8:177 trade with, 6:244 ment Act (1994), Megan’s Law Crow Indians, 2:466, 466; 8:218 war with Chickasaw Indians, (1996), 5:306 Fort Laramie Treaty with, text of, 2:135–136 Crime of 1873, 2:464; 3:458 9:227–229 Creek War, 2:456; 7:8 Criminal law policy, changes in, Crowell, Benedict, 8:379 backwoodsmen and, 1:382 2:460–462 Crowell v. Benson, 1:22 end of, 1:102 Criner, Greg, 7:18 Crowley, Leo T., 5:82 Massacre at Fort Mims, 5:389 Crippen, Robert L., 7:482 Crown Heights riots, 2:466–467 Natchez Campaign of 1813, 5:518 Cripple Creek mining boom, 2:464; Crowninshield, Sturges v., 7:562 Creel, George, 2:313; 6:98, 503; 4:11 Crozat, Antoine, 2:262; 5:158 8:535 Cripple Creek strikes, 2:464–465; Crozier, William B., 6:202 CREF. See College Retirement 8:454 Crude oil Equities Fund Crisis, The (magazine), 5:200; 6:104 fractions of, 6:301 Cremation, 2:81, 511–512; 3:486 Critical theory, 3:454 Native Americans using, 6:298, Creole slave case, 2:457 Crittenden, John J., 2:383, 465 305 Creoles and creolization, 2:457, Crittenden, William, 2:469 Cruikshank, George, 1:129; 2:308 457–458; 5:158, 159, 160 Crittenden Compromise, 1:505; Cruikshank, United States v., 6:297; in Spanish America, 5:50 2:465 8:273 Cresson, Margaret French, 1:308 Croatan Island, 7:47 Cruisers, 8:407–408 Crèvecoeur, Fort, 5:2 Croatia. See Yugoslavia Crum, Denny, 1:425 Crèvecoeur, J. Hector St. John de, Croce, Jim, 1:388 Crumbling Idols (Garland), 6:12 1:62, 136, 337; 6:373 Crocker, Chester, 7:452 Crummell, Alexander, 1:477; 6:235, Crew, in college athletics, 2:276 Crocker, Richard, 6:79 236 Cribb, Tom, 6:483 Crockett, David (Davy), 1:107; 2:74 Crump, Edward, 1:507 Crick, Francis, 3:67–68, 529, 533 in folklore, 3:394; 8:45 Cruzan, Nancy, 7:160 Crim, William H., 2:272 on logrolling, 5:146 Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Depart- Crime, 2:458–462 as national hero, 5:567 ment of Health, 3:263 bootlegging and, 1:504 Croghan, George, 4:313 Cryonics, 3:486 in Central Park, 2:94 and land companies, 5:35 Cryptology, 2:467–468 of conspiracy, 2:377–378 Croker, Richard, 8:46 Crystal Hall, 8:310 counterfeiting as, 2:434 Croll, James, 3:552 Crystal Palace Exhibition, 2:468, in Detroit, 3:20 Croly, David G., 6:424 469; 8:558 hate (See Hate crimes) Croly, Herbert, 6:70, 76, 424, 495 elevator demonstration at, 3:186 juvenile, 1:26; 4:504–506 Croly, Jane Cunningham, 3:526; Crystallography, 5:391 organized, 2:462–464 8:510 Crystals, 6:345 Apalachin Conference (1957), Cromartie, Easley v., 3:62 CSA. See Community Services 1:222 Cromwell, Oliver, and colonial poli- Administration FBI against, 3:338 cy, 2:285 C-SPAN, 2:353 federal measures against, 2:377 Cromwell, William, 6:237 Cuba, 2:468–473 legislation on, 6:212–213 Croner, Ted, 1:301 attempted annexation of, Mafia incident, 5:191 Cronin, Thomas, 1:533 1:188–189; 7:484 Prohibition and, 3:60 Cronkite, Walter, 7:20; 8:44 Bay of Pigs invasion of, prostitution and, 6:513 Crook, George, 1:221, 475 1:430–431; 2:55, 470–471

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Cuba, (continued) Cuban missile crisis, 1:430; 2:55, Cumberland settlements, 2:480 under Castro, 2:470 269, 471, 474–475, 475 Cuming, Alexander, 8:85 CIA operations in, 2:92 and arms control, 1:271 Cumming v. School Board of Education confiscation of American-owned Cubism, 2:475–476; 6:471 of Richmond County, Georgia, property in, 2:347 CUC. See Computer Usage Corpo- 3:115 embargo against, 8:173 ration cummings, e. e., 5:120, 157 filibuster armies targeting, 3:359 Cudahy Packers, 5:135 Cummings v. Missouri, 2:480; 8:96 Elián González case and, 2:472; Cuffe, Paul, 1:48, 147; 2:296; 6:234 Cummins, Albert B., 8:185 4:21 Cugnot, Nicolas J., 8:230 CUNA. See Credit Union National immigration from, to Florida, Cugoano, Ottobah, 6:234 Association 5:351 Cullen, Countee, 4:97; 5:125 Cunningham, Imogen, 1:301 Maine sinking in, 5:211 Cullen, Michael, 7:125 Cunningham, Merce, 2:497, 499 Mariel boatlift from, 5:238–239 Culpeper, John, 2:476 Cunningham, Sumner A., 8:264, 318 migratory accords with, 2:55 Culpeper’s Rebellion, 2:476 Cunningham, Winfield Scott, 8:365 Operation Mongoose in, 2:471 Cult of domesticity, 8:326 CUNY. See City University of New in Organization of American Cults, 2:476–478; 7:94; 8:303 York States, 6:211 Jonestown Massacre, 4:488, 488; Curie, Irène, 6:340, 341 Ostend Manifesto on, 1:189; 6:219 8:339 Curlett, Murray v., 1:347 Platt Amendment and, 2:470; 4:69; Waco Siege, 8:359 Curley, James Michael, 1:510 6:369 Cultural homogenization, 1:446 Curran, James, 1:15 as protectorate, 1:189 Cultural imperialism, mass media Currency Act (1764), 4:25 refugees from, 2:471, 472, 473 and, 5:261 Currency and coinage, 2:480–482; revolution in, 2:54–55 Cultural literacy, 2:478–479 5:75–76 Santería in, 7:249–250 Cultural pluralism, 1:337, 338; American eagle on, 3:100 Spanish rule in, 2:469–470 6:375–376 during American Revolution, in Spanish-American War, 7:484, Cultural rebellion of 1960s, 1:433 7:148 485–486 Cultural regionalism, 7:297–298 bimetallism, 1:458–460; 4:14 struggle for independence, Cultural relativism, 1:192–193 check, 2:114–115 2:469–470 Culture during Civil War, 7:118 Treaty of Paris (1763) and, 6:248 American Studies on, 1:168–171 in Confederate States of America, Treaty of Paris (1898) and, 3:360; American vs. European, 5:365 2:434 6:250; 8:201 anthropology and ethnology on, in Confederation period, 2:345 U.S. acquisition efforts, 2:469 1:191–195 cotton money, 2:429–430 U.S. blockade of (1962), 1:487 biology and, 1:194 devaluation of, 3:21–22 U.S. imperialism in, 4:243 middlebrow, 5:365–366 dollar sign, 3:71–72 U.S. military occupation of (1898- multiculturalism, 5:473–474 doubloon, 3:82 1902), 2:54 See also Folklore; Popular culture euro, 3:261 U.S. relations with, 5:47, 48, 50 Culture and Democracy in the United free silver, 3:458–459; 4:10 in Cuban missile crisis, 1:271, States (Kallen), 6:375 gold standard (See Gold standard) 430; 2:55, 269, 471, “Culture industry,” 3:454 greenbacks (See Greenbacks) 474–475, 475 Culture of Narcissism, The (Lasch), Hamilton on, 4:90 Elián González case and, 4:21 6:429 hard money policies, 2:550; 4:93 Good Neighbor policy and, 4:22 Cumberland, Army of the, 2:479 “In God We Trust” on, 4:249 Guantánamo Bay and, 4:69 Cumberland Gap, 1:562; 2:479; liberty-cap cent, 5:97 Teller Amendment, 8:78 6:254; 8:478 money, 5:438–442 Voice of America in, 8:351 and westward migration, 8:461 pieces of eight, 6:351 yellow journalism and, 8:577 Cumberland Plateau, 8:83 pine tree shilling, 6:357 Cuban Americans, 2:473, 473–474 Cumberland Presbyterian Church proclamation money, 6:490 and Elián González case, 4:21 (CPC), 6:451 regulation of, litigation on, 8:310 in Florida, 3:388 Cumberland Presbyterian Church of silver Miami, 2:473; 5:351–352; 8:291 America (CPCA), 6:451 Democratic Party on, 7:344–345, in New Jersey, 6:64 Cumberland River, 2:479 362–363 number of, 4:134 Cumberland Road, 2:479–480; legislation on, 7:344–345, as political exiles, 6:397 6:433; 7:177, 181; 8:186–187 363–364

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specie circular, 7:497 Cuyahoga River, 3:228, 232 Dakota. See Sioux specie payments, 7:497–499 CWA. See Civil Works Administra- Dakota expeditions, of Sibley and trade dollar, 8:158 tion; Clean Water Act; Coali- Sully, 2:492–493 Current History (periodical), 6:90 tion for Women’s Appoint- Dakota Territory, 2:493; 6:132; Curriculum, 2:482–483 ments; Communications Work- 8:564 McGuffey’s Readers, 5:185 ers of America establishment of, 7:459 multiculturalism and, 5:473–474 Cyanide process of gold separation, Dale, Chester, 5:539 Currie, Lauchlin, 3:110 4:11 Dale, James, 1:527 Currie, William, 2:235 Cybernetics, 2:486 Daley, Richard J., 1:507; 2:133, 135; Currier, Charles, 2:484 Cyberspace, 8:350 5:187, 187; 7:165 Currier, Nathaniel, 2:484; 6:470 Cyborgs, 2:486 Daley, Richard M., 2:133 Currier and Ives, 2:483–484 Cyclical unemployment, 8:252 Dali, Salvador, 1:310 The Mississippi in Time of Peace, “Cyclone” dust collector, 3:390 Dalkon Shield, 1:469; 2:493–494 2:483 Cyclones, 3:42; 4:197 protests against, 2:493, 494 Currie’s Administrators v. Mutual Cyclotron, 2:486–487, 487; 6:338 Dallas (Texas), 2:494, 494–495, 495; Assurance Society, 6:10 Czech Republic, creation of, 2:91 8:103 Curry, John Steuart, 1:298; 7:297 Czechoslovakia Dallas, Alexander after Cold War, 2:91 Curtice, Cooper, 8:320 and tariffs, 8:50 Prague Spring in, 2:90 Curtis, Benjamin R., on commerce and taxation, 8:56 in Siberian expedition, 7:353 clause, 2:310, 405 Dallas, George M., 3:153 Soviet intervention in, 2:269 Curtis, Charles, 3:162 Dallas (TV show), 7:409 Curtis, Cyrus H. K., 1:32; 7:252 in World War II, 2:89 Dalton (Georgia), 2:58 Curtis, Edward S., 1:68, 100, 299, Czechs, immigration to U.S., 2:89 Dalton, John C., Jr., 6:348–349 314 Czolgosz, Leon, 1:181, 328–329; Daly, Marcus, 1:180; 5:449 Curtis, Edwin U., 7:557 2:84, 227 Daly, Mary, 5:93 Curtis, G. G., 3:174 Dam(s) Curtis, James L., 1:166 beaver-engineered, 1:434 Curtiss, Glenn, 1:92 Bonneville Dam, 4:201; 8:414 Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation, D building of, 4:200–201, 435 United States v., 8:198, 388 D Day, 2:507–508, 508; 6:118–120, collapses of, 3:36 Curzon Line, 8:573 119; 8:549 environmental problems with, Cushing, Caleb, and land specula- casualties on, 6:120 4:201–202, 436 tion, 5:36 Navy in, 6:26 Grand Coulee Dam, 4:200–201; Cushing, Frank Hamilton, “My use of gliders on, 4:5 8:414 Adventures in Zuni,” 8:599 Daboll, Nathan, 1:129 Hoover Dam, 4:161–162, 162 Cushing, Harvey W., 6:349 Dabrowski, Joseph, 6:391 hydroelectric power from, Cushing’s Treaty (1842), 2:484; Dadd, George H., 8:319 4:515; 5:462 Daddy’s Roommate (Willhoite), 1:500 4:199–203 Cushman, Robert, 5:317 Dade, Francis, 8:401 for irrigation, 4:435 Custer, George Armstrong, 5:131 Dagenhart, Hammer v., 2:140, 142, on Mississippi River, 5:417 in Battle of Little Bighorn, 1:354, 149, 311; 3:308 on Missouri River, 5:426 453, 475; 5:131–132; Daguerre, Louis-Jacques-Mandé, in reclamation of arid lands, 7:56 7:370–371 1:299; 6:328 in Yosemite National Park, contro- expedition to Black Hills, 1:474; Daguerreotype, 1:299; 6:328–329 versy over, 2:368–369 3:300 See also Photography See also Hydroelectric power uniform of, 8:257 Dagyr, John Adam, 1:502 Dame schools, 2:138, 495–496; Custer Died for Your Sins (Deloria), Dahl, Robert A., 6:376 3:112 2:484–485 Dahlgren, John A., 1:319 Damien, Father (Joseph De Custis, George Washington Parke, Daimler, Gottlieb, 1:366 Veuster), 5:83 8:274 Dairy industry, 2:72, 73, 489–492 “Damn the Torpedoes,” 2:496 Custis, Peter, 3:297, 298; 8:453 in Vermont, 8:314 Dana, Charles A., 1:137; 3:204 Customs Service, U.S., 2:485–486 in Wisconsin, 2:489, 490; 8:491 on Godkin (E. L.), 5:521 drug enforcement by, 5:512 Dairy products, per capita consump- Dana, Francis, 3:255; 7:210 Cutting, Bronson, 2:84 tion of, 2:492 Dana, James Dwight, 5:390

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Dana, Richard Henry, Two Years Darnall, Carl Rogers, 5:294 Davis, Alexander Jackson, 1:250; Before the Mast, 3:86, 383 Darnall, Henry, 6:510 5:39 Danbury Hatters’ Case, 2:228, 496 Darrow, Charles B., 5:445 Davis, Andrew Jackson, 7:505 Dance, 2:496–499, 497, 498, 499 Darrow, Clarence, 1:146; 2:446 Davis, Angela, 2:204 African American, 2:497 in Leopold-Loeb case, 5:82 Davis, Cummings E., 2:271 Alvin Ailey Dance Theater, 1:131 and Scopes trial, 3:484; 8:86 Davis, David, 3:156 ballet, 1:389–391; 2:497, 498–499 and Sweet trial, 4:75 on military trials of civilians, 3:272 American Ballet Theatre, 1:144, Darsee, John R., 7:278 Davis, Deane, 8:314 390; 2:498–499 Dart, Joseph, 3:187, 390 Davis, Dwight F., 8:90 New York City Ballet, 1:390; Dartmouth College, 2:502–503; Davis, Edmund J., 8:101 2:498; 6:81–82, 82 3:128 Davis, Harry, 6:105 burlesque, 1:575 athletic program at, 2:276 Davis, Helvering v., 3:528 country-dancing, 5:495 establishment of, 3:111 Davis, Henry Gassaway, 3:159 in gold mining towns, 9:240–242 Native Americans at, 3:112, 134 Davis, Henry W., 8:359 Martha Graham Dance Company, skiing at, 7:374 Davis, Hugh, 2:493, 494 5:252–253, 253 Dartmouth College case, 2:111, 397, Davis, Jack, 8:179 modern, 2:497–498, 499 418, 502, 503; 3:127; 6:316 Davis, Jefferson Native American, 2:500, 500–501, due process of law in, 3:89 and Army of Tennessee, 8:87 501 Darwin, Charles and Atlanta Campaign, 1:351 Ghost Dance, 3:573; 4:294; 6:7, Origin of Species bread riots and, 2:343 231; 8:562 American Academy of Arts and charged with treason, 8:194 Wovoka’s letter on, 9:259–260 Sciences on, 1:140 during Chattanooga campaign, powwows, 5:498; 6:444 and anthropology/ethnology, 2:113 sun dance, 4:292–293; 8:18–19, 1:192 and Confederate agents, 2:339 223 and philosophy, 6:324 economic troubles and, 2:216 quadrille, 5:495 and pragmatism, 6:444 election as Confederate president, Dandridge, Dorothy, 5:41 theory of evolution, 1:520; 2:208, 340, 341 Dane, Nathan, 3:255, 256 3:268–269 at First Battle of Bull Run, 2:211 Danforth, John C., 2:197; 5:422 responses to, 2:446 imprisonment and trial of, 2:504, on Wago Siege, 8:359 social applications for, 1:192–193; 504–505, 505 Danforth, William H., 2:98 7:411–412 inauguration of, 1:103 Daniel, John W., 7:52 See also Evolutionism and Johnston (Joseph E.), contro- Daniels, Charles, 8:36 Darwin, George H., 3:552 versy between, 1:567; Daniels, Josephus, 6:23 Dasch, George, 3:338 2:505–506 Danish Americans, 7:262 Date rape, 7:50 as leader, 2:219 Danish West India Company, 3:286 Daugherty, Harry M., Railway military strategy and administra- DAR. See Daughters of the Ameri- Shopmen’s strike and, 7:40 tion of, 2:217 can Revolution Daugherty, McGrain v., 2:352 opposition to, 2:210, 218, 341, 506 Darby, Michael, 8:252 Daughters of Bilitis (DOB), and railroad surveys, 7:30 Darby Lumber Company, United States 2:503–504; 3:513; 7:326 Davis, John (explorer), 6:383 v., 3:308 Daughters of the American Revolu- Davis, John (mariner), 3:285 Darcy v. Allin, 6:255 tion (DAR), 2:504 Davis, John H., 1:67 Darger, Henry, 1:311, 312 barring Marian Anderson from Davis, John W., as presidential can- “Dark and Bloody Ground,” performing, 5:526 didate, 2:400; 3:161, 162 2:501–502 and Flag Protection Movement, Davis, Marguerite, 6:149 Dark horse(s), 2:399, 502 3:380 Davis, Miles, 4:469 Garfield (James A.) as, 2:400 Davenport, Charles B., 3:258 Davis, Nathan S., 1:164 Pierce (Franklin) as, 2:502; 3:154 Davenport, John, 2:289; 6:59–60 Davis, Norman, 8:316 Polk (James K.) as, 2:399, 502; Davenport, Thomas, 3:172 Davis, Parker v., 5:76 3:153 Davidson, Bruce, 1:301 Davis, Phineas, 5:142 Darkness in Saint Louis BearHeart Davidson, Donald, 3:481; 7:297 Davis, Sammy, Jr., 8:309 (Vizenor), 5:129 Davies, Arthur B., 1:268, 297, 321 Yes I Can, 5:126 Darley, Felix Octavius Carr, 8:522 Davies, Donald, 4:398 Davis, Stuart, 1:297; 2:476 Darling, Jay Norwood (Ding), 8:481 Dávila, Carlos G., 1:137–138 Davis, Varina, 8:472

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Davis, Washington v., 3:247 ecological side effects of, 1:67; Deane, Silas, 3:449–450 Davis, William (inventor), 3:407 4:362; 7:359 diplomacy of, 3:27; 7:147 Davis, William Morris (geologist), Silent Spring on, 7:359 Dear America: Letters Home from 3:541 De Andrea, John, 1:307 Vietnam (Edelman), excerpt Davis Cup, 8:90 De Beauvoir, Simone. See Beauvoir, from, 9:473–474 Davis et al., Zadvydas v., 1:125 Simone de Dearborn, Fort, 2:132, 509–510 Davis-Bacon Act (1931), 3:308; 5:11 De Costa, J., 9:29 Dearborn, Henry, 2:509, 510; 8:383 Davis-Johnston controversy, 1:567; De Forest, Lee, 7:19 Dearborn wagon, 2:510 2:505–506 De Gaulle, Charles. See Gaulle, Death and dying, 2:510–512 Davison, Henry P., 7:68 Charles de accidental, 1:12 Davisson, Clinton J., 1:440; 6:336 De Grasse, 8:581 assisted suicide, 1:339 Dawes, Charles G., 3:161; De Klerk, F. W., 7:453 Death of a Salesman, The (Miller), 7:104–105 De Kooning, Elaine, 1:10 2:512–513 Dawes, Henry L., 2:506 De Kooning, Willem, 1:10, 298; Death penalty. See Capital punish- Dawes, William, 5:88; 7:133 6:471 ment Dawes Act (1883), agrarianism and, De la Beckwith, Byron, 1:332 Death Valley (California), 2:513, 1:57 De Lacy, Hugh, 2:326 513 Dawes Commission, 2:506 De Lancey, James, 5:166; 6:83; borax production in, 1:505 Dawes General Allotment Act 8:590 DeBardeleben, Henry, 1:103 (1887), 1:69, 574; 2:506–507; De Lavallade, Carmen, 1:131 Debbane, Raymond, 5:72 3:352; 5:128, 148; 7:208; 8:206 De Leon, Daniel Debit cards, 2:450 effects of, 4:273, 286–287 in Industrial Workers of the Debreu, Gérard, 3:109, 110 and Great Basin Indians, 8:217 World, 4:346; 7:424 Debs, Eugene V., 4:249; 7:17 and Great Plains Indians, 8:219 in Socialist Labor Party, 7:424 in American Railway Union, 1:167, in Montana, 5:449 De Lima v. Bidwell, 2:545; 4:367 168; 7:24, 556–557 and Northwestern Indians, 8:222 De L’Isle, Guillaume, 9:20, 20–21, on colonization, 7:412 provisions of, 4:264, 273, 286, 287 21 conviction of, 4:249 and Southeastern Indians, 8:226 De Maria, Walter, 1:307 indictment of, 3:254 Dawes Plan (1924), 2:507, 516; De Mille, Agnes, 1:144; 8:115 in Industrial Workers of the 3:426, 562; 7:105 De Montebello, Philippe, 5:337 World, 4:346 Dawes Severalty Act (1887), 8:215 De Smet, Pierre Jean, 2:493; 8:259 and peace movements, 6:267 Dawn Valcour Community, 8:303 De Soto. See Soto, Hernando de as People’s Party candidate, 6:417 Dawson, Charles, 7:278 De Veuster, Joseph, 5:83 presidential bids of, 2:227; 3:160, Dawson, William, 1:311 De Witt, Simeon, 2:62 161; 8:119 Day, Arthur L., 6:300 De Wolfe, Elsie, 1:291, 293 and Pullman Strike, 6:549 Day, Benjamin, 6:96 DEA. See Drug Enforcement Social Democratic Party and, Day, Collector v., 2:275–276 Administration; Drug Enforce- 7:412 Day, Dorothy, 1:57; 2:70; 6:99 ment Agency as Socialist Party candidate, 8:119 and peace movement, 8:499 Dead Lecturer, The (Baraka), 5:126 in Socialist Party of America, 7:425 Day, William R., 6:250 Deadbeat Parents Punishment Act Debs, Richard, 5:72 Day care. See Child care (1998), 3:317 Debt(s) Day of Doom, The (Wigglesworth), Deadwood (South Dakota), colonial and continental, 2:518; 5:117 1:501–502 3:96 Day of the Dead, 4:148 Deaf community, 2:508–509 consumer, rise in, 1:410; 2:385 Day of the Locust, The (West), 5:121 bionics and assistance to, 1:463 corporate, 2:42 Daye, Matthew, 6:468 disability rights movement and, credit card, 1:410; 2:452 Daye, Stephen, 1:129; 6:468, 536 3:33 domestic, under Hamilton, 4:87–88 Daylight saving time, 2:507 education for, 3:34; 7:355–357 foreign, 2:516–518 DBS (satellite direct broadcasting at Gallaudet University, 2:509; under Hamilton, 4:87 services), 2:322 3:33, 123, 504, 504 to Great Britain, 1:540–541 DDT, 3:227 “oralist” movement and, 3:32 Hoover Moratorium (1931), 5:456 and agricultural productivity, 1:67 sign language of, 7:355–357 imprisonment for, 2:513–514 ban on, 1:67; 3:232, 233 Dean, John W., III, 8:425, 426, 427, mortgage relief legislation, development of, 4:361 427 5:460–462

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Debt(s), (continued) and United Nations, 8:270–271 Degeneration, 6:12 public (national/federal), 1:560; DeConcini, Dennis, 6:242 Deism, 2:538–540 2:514–516 DeConde, Alexander, 4:467 DeJoseph, Roni, 8:335 under Clinton, 7:367 Deconstructionism, 6:431 DeKoven, James, 3:242 foreign trade and, 8:168 Decoration Day. See Memorial Day Delaherche, Auguste, 1:304 and gold reserves, 4:17 Decorations, military, 2:525–527, Delaney Amendment, 2:540 Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act 526 Delany, Martin, 1:477; 6:235 and, 4:31 awarded to African Americans, and colonization movement, 2:297 national sinking fund for, 7:366–367 5:381–382 Delaunay, Robert, 2:476 as percentage of GDP, 1:558 awarded to Hispanic Americans, Delaware, 2:540–543, 541 under Reagan, 2:517; 7:132, 367 5:383–384 in colonial era, 5:362 repudiation of, 7:118–119 Decter, Midge, 6:32 New Castle, 6:41 Revolutionary War, 2:518–519 Deep ecology, 3:226 as proprietary colony, 6:510, 512 Hamilton on, 4:87–89 Deep Thought computer program, provincial congresses in, 6:520 state, 2:519–520 2:338 as royal colony, 6:511 under Hamilton, 4:88–89 Deere, John, 1:58, 63 economy of, 2:541–542 readjuster movement for, 7:52 Deerfield Massacre, 2:527 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and repudiation of, 7:119 Deering, Duplex Printing Press Co. v., songs of, 7:532 Debt servitude, 6:289 2:229; 6:121 Federalist Party in, 3:351 Decatur, Stephen, 1:232, 415; 8:229 Deerslayer, The (Cooper), 5:70 maps of, archival, 9:37, 38 cruise to Algiers, 2:520 Defenders of Christian Faith, 3:327 social structure of, 2:543 Declaration of Independence, 2:287, Defense Winterthur Museum, 8:489 520–523; 7:136 civil, 2:191 Delaware Indians, 2:544–545 adoption by Continental Congress, national, 2:529–532 in American Revolution, 4:329 2:394 air defense, 1:75–76 land cession treaties with, 4:271 announcement of, 2:522–523 Council of, 2:432 Quakers and, 7:2 bicentennial of, 1:450 expenditures for, 1:560; 2:517; treaty with, 8:206 celebration of, 2:523 3:282 Delaware River Constitution compared with, 2:382 Defense, Department of (DOD), discovery of, 2:540 drafting of, 2:521–522 2:528–529 Washington’s crossing of, equality principle in, 3:245, 248 Armed Forces Security Agency of, 2:543–544, 544; 8:208 hundredth anniversary of, celebra- 5:558 DeLay, Tom, 8:468 tion of, 2:87–88 “Don’t ask, don’t tell” policy of, Delegation of powers, 2:545 philosophical tradition informing, 3:56 by Congress, 1:21–22 3:89 head of, 2:2 DeLillo, Don, Underworld, 5:122 printing, 6:468 research budget of, 5:19 Delineator (magazine), 1:28 and race relations, 7:8 See also Pentagon Dellinger, Dave, 6:269 as reaffirmation of capitalism, 2:284 Defense industry, in California, 2:11 Delmonico Building (Sheeler), 6:471 text of, 9:139–141 Defense of Marriage Act (1996), DeLoatch, Gary, 1:131 Declaration of Principles, 6:103 2:532–533; 3:317, 514 Deloria, Vine, Jr., Custer Died for Declaration of Rights, 2:523–524 defiance of, 2:533 Your Sins, 2:484–485 Declaration of Rights and Griev- Defense policy, 2:533–537 Delta Airlines, 1:83 ances, 2:393 Defense Satellite Communications Delta Force, 7:494 Declaration of Rights and Senti- System (DSCS), 5:559 Demby, William, Beetlecreek, 5:125 ments (Seneca Falls), 2:87, Defiance, Fort, 2:537; 3:311 Dementyev, Pyotr, 8:47 524–525; 6:88; 8:506, 513 Deficit, federal. See Debt(s), public Demers, Modeste, 6:205 text of, 9:332–334 Deficit Reduction Act (1985), 6:481 D’Emilio, John, 3:514 Declaration of Rights of Woman Deflation, 4:350 Demilitarized zone (DMZ), in Viet- and Citizen, 2:524 gold standard and, 4:15 nam, creation of, 8:329 Declaratory Act (1766), 2:286, 525; Defoe, Daniel, 2:222 Deming, Barbara, 8:499 7:134 Defoliation, 2:537–538 Deming, W. Edwards, 1:373 Decolonization Deforestation, energy consumption 14 Points for Management, text of, civil rights movement compared and, 3:214 9:499–500 with, 2:201–202 Deganawidah (prophet), 6:87 Demobilization, 2:545–546

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Democracy, 2:546–548 in Iowa, 4:416 in Utah, 8:297, 298 cities and, 8:291 Jackson (Andrew) and, 2:550 in Vermont, 8:314 conservation and, 2:367 Jacksonian, 4:453–455 in Virginia, 8:344–345 direct, 7:109 Jefferson (Thomas) and, 2:549–550 War Democrats in, 8:378 measures aimed at, 2:548; 7:53 Jeffersonian Republicans and, in West Virginia, 8:449 election systems in, 3:145 7:117 and Working Men’s movement, industrial, 2:273 labor and, 2:23 5:142 majority rule, 5:211–213 labor policies of, 5:12, 15, 16, 17 Democratic-Farmer-Labor party, party system and, 2:547 and Locofoco Party, 5:142 3:322 representative, 2:546–547; in Louisiana, 5:159–160, 161 Democratic-Republican Party, 5:555 7:109–110 in Massachusetts, 5:268 nominations by, 6:113 state universities and, 8:280 in Michigan, 5:356 Demographic transition, 2:557–560, transition from federalism to, middle-of-the-road populists and, 558 3:152 5:366 Demography and demographic trust in, 2:548 in Mississippi, during Reconstruc- trends, 2:554–562 Democracy and Social Ethics (Addams), tion, 5:412–413 in 19th century, 3:312–313 6:440 national conventions of, 2:399; in 20th century, 3:314 Democracy in America (Tocqueville), 6:113–114 in colonial era, 3:311 1:137; 2:548–549; 3:249, 450; of 1848, 1:106 immigration and, 2:556–557 7:82 of 1860, 1:106 of pharmacists, 6:311 on individualism, 4:331 of 1968, 2:400; 7:165 population density in 1790, 2:554 Democratic Party, 2:549–554 in New York, Hunkers in, 4:195 population density in 1850, 2:556 AFL-CIO and, 1:151, 152–153 New York Times and, 6:89, 90 population density in 1900, 2:559 African Americans in, 2:195, 201, nominations by, 6:113–114 population density in 1940, 2:560 552; 6:398 Nonpartisan League and, 6:118 population density in 2000, 2:561 in Alabama, 1:102, 104 in North Dakota, 6:132–133 population distribution, 2:556 in antebellum era, 2:550 in Ohio, 6:172 westward expansion and, 5:223 anticommunism in, 1:197 in Oklahoma, 6:185–186 Dempsey, Jack, 6:484; 7:65 in Arizona, 1:259 organization of, 4:453 Dempsey, Moore v., 4:81 in Arkansas, 1:261, 263 platform of, 6:368 Demuth, Charles, 1:310; 3:538 on banks, 4:258 political action committees and, DeMuth, Christopher, 8:118 antibanking movement in, 1:195; 6:393 Denby, Edwin, and naval oil 5:142 political machines, 5:186, 187 Barnburners within, 1:417–418 post-Watergate, 2:553 reserves, 6:19–20 and civil rights, 2:553 on Prohibition, 6:501 Denmark, Virgin Islands under, and civil service assessments, 2:23 and Rainbow Coalition, 7:46 8:340 Civil War and, 2:411, 551 on separation of church and state, Dennett, Mary Ware, 1:468 class in, 4:453–454 4:453 Denney, Reuel, 5:148 and conservationism, 2:371 on separation of powers, 7:313 Dennis, Eugene, 2:327 and Eagleton Affair, 3:100 Silver Democrats in, 7:344–345, Dennis, Martin, 5:69 economic policies of, 4:453 362–363 Dennis, United States v., 2:377 electoral base of, 3:149 and slavery, 6:416 Dennison, Aaron, 2:242 19th-century, 3:146 in Solid South, 7:446 Denny, Reginald, 5:155 and EPIC movement, 3:233–234 in state legislatures, 5:80 Denominationalism, 3:1–3; 5:532 and federal agencies, 3:332 steering committees in, 7:546–547 Densmore, James, 8:244 and federal aid, 3:334 on subsidies, 7:564 Dentistry, 3:3–5 and Free Soil Party, 3:459 Tammany Hall and, 8:45–46 anesthesia in, 1:184 in Georgia, 3:555–556 and tariffs, 8:51, 57, 156 insurance for, 4:372 Gold Democrats in, 4:10; 7:362 and taxation, 8:57, 58 Denver (Colorado), 1:501; 2:47–48; and homesteading, 5:33 in Tennessee, 8:86 3:5–6 in Idaho, 4:213–214 in Texas, 8:101, 102, 103 founding of, 2:298 in Illinois, 4:216 and trade unions, 8:172, 262, 278 modern, 3:6 immigrants and, 5:187 in two-party system, 6:398; 8:243 Welcome Arch, 3:5 in Indiana, 4:320 and unit rule, 8:260 Denver Trail, 6:30

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), magnet schools, 5:201 ism, The (Somit and Tanenhaus), 3:67–69, 68; 7:188 in Mississippi, 1:122 6:401 Department stores, 3:6–11; of public schools, 5:425 Developmentalism, pre-Darwinian, 7:124–125 and state sovereignty, 7:534 1:192 Macy’s, 5:189–190, 190 Supreme Court on, 1:122, 589; Devereux, James P. S., 8:365 in shopping malls, 5:215–216 2:199; 3:341; 4:374; 5:425, Deviancy, social, mental illness and, Depletion allowances, 3:11 527 5:313 Depo-Provera, 1:469 in Tennessee, 8:86 Devine, Edward T., 2:106 Deportation, 3:11–12 in Virginia, 8:344 “Devolution,” 6:12 alien rights and, 1:125 of sports, 7:511 Dew, Thomas, Pro-Slavery Argu- Palmer Raids, 6:232, 396 of transportation, Montgomery bus ment, text of, 9:267–269 Supreme Court on, 1:125 boycott and, 1:529, 548; Dew, Thomas Roderick, 6:507 Deposit Act (1836), 3:12, 365 2:202; 3:15 Dewey, George, 1:189; 5:225; 6:321 Depository Institutions Deregula- white resistance to, 3:14, 15 in Spanish-American War, 7:486, tion and Monetary Control Act Deseret, 3:16; 5:53 487–488 (1980), 3:347 Desert Land Act (1877), 1:65; 5:25; Dewey, John, 3:116, 195; 5:91, 122; Depression. See Great Depression 6:528 6:327 Depression (disorder), treatment of, Desert Solitaire (Abbey), 5:552 academic freedom and, 1:143 6:521, 522 Desert Storm, Operation. See Per- on Catholicism, 1:196 Depression of 1920, 3:12–13 sian Gulf War on individualism, 4:333 DePriest, Oscar, 2:220 Desertion, 1:524; 3:16–17 and instrumentalism, 6:326, 445 Deregulation, 3:13 Deserts, 3:17, 17–19, 18 School and Society by, 8:106 of airlines, 1:96–97 Forty-Mile Desert, 3:441 Dewey, Thomas E. of California power industry, 4:27 Desha, Mary, 2:504 and American Labor Party, 1:162 of public utilities, 6:536 DeShaney v. Winnebago County in presidential campaign of 1944, of railroads, 7:39–40, 517 Department of Social Services, 3:163 of savings and loan industry, 4:27 2:137; 3:74 in presidential campaign of 1948, of trucking industry, 5:463 DeSilva, Ashanti, 3:531 6:409 Dern, George, 8:297, 298 Desktop publishing, 6:470 and State University of New York, Derrida, Jacques, 6:430–431 Destroyers, 8:408 7:535 DES Action USA, 3:13–14 Détente, 2:269; 7:212 Dewing, Thomas W., 1:297 Des Moines Independent Community summit conferences on, 8:16 DeWitt, John L., 4:460, 463; 7:99 School District, Tinker v., 1:26; Detergent industry, 7:408 Dhegiha Sioux, 8:223 2:149; 3:119 Detroit (Michigan), 3:19–21, 20 DI. See Diffusion index Desai, Morarji, 4:260 Empowerment Zone program, Diaghilev, Serge, 1:390; 2:498 Desegregation, 3:14–16, 15, 118 8:287 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of in civil rights movement, founding of, 4:52 Mental Disorders (DSM-III) 4:374–375 riots in, 3:21, 22; 7:166, 167 (American Psychiatric Associa- in Delaware, 2:543 in War of 1812, 3:21 tion), 6:522 and electoral politics, 3:166 Detroit, surrender of, 3:21 Dial, The (magazine), 7:194; 8:179 enforcement of, 2:196 Detroit (ship), 5:21 Dialect, vs. slang, 7:377 Freedom Riders and, 3:464 Detroit River Tunnel, 8:240 Dialectic of Enlightenment NAACP and, 5:526–527 Deukmejian, George, 2:12 (Horkheimer and Adorno), National Urban League and, 5:563 Deuterium, 6:341 3:454 political violence and, 1:332–333 Deuteron, 6:341 Dialects, 3:220 of schools, 3:14–15, 16, 118 Devaluation, 3:21–22 Diallo, Amadou, 6:385 in Alabama, 1:104 in 1970s, 8:168 Diamond v. Chakrabarty, 3:530; American Federation of Teachers Developing countries, lending to 6:256 on, 1:155, 156 World Bank and, 8:532 Diana (Princess of Wales), 2:79 in Arkansas, 1:263; 5:134, 134 See also Foreign aid Dianetics, 7:283 busing and, 1:589–590 Development, real estate. See Real Díaz, Adolfo, 3:71 Civil Rights Act of 1964 and, estate development Diaz, Mathews v., 1:126 2:196, 200 Development of American Political Sci- Díaz, Melchior, 2:301 in Louisiana, 5:161 ence: From Burgess to Behavioral- Díaz, Porfirio, 5:348

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Dick Act (1903), 5:387, 542 immigrants and, 3:399–400, 401, Diplomatic immunity, 1:134 Dicke, Robert, 1:344 402 Diplomatic missions, 3:27–29 Dickens, Charles, 1:136; 2:166; nutrition and, 6:148–150 in 1990s, 3:429–430 6:537 vegetarianism, 8:310 during Civil War, 3:428 Dickey, James, 5:123 See also Nutrition during Cold War, 3:429 Dickhoff, Robert Ernest, 1:326 Diffie, Whitfield, 2:468 during World War I, 3:428 Dickinson, Charles, duel with Jack- Diffusion index (DI), 3:106 during World War II, 3:429 son, 3:93 Digestion, studies on, 6:148 Dirac, P. A. M., 6:341, 345 Dickinson, Emily, 5:119 Digital cameras, 6:330, 331 Direct Initiative, 5:79, 80 Dickinson, John “Digital divide,” 8:67 Direct investment at Annapolis Convention, 1:187 Digital technology, 3:24–25 foreign, 3:420, 423 on Britain, affinity with, 2:520 compact discs (CDs), 2:328–329 vs. portfolio investment, 3:419 at Constitutional Convention, Digital versatile discs (DVDs), Direct mail, 3:29–30 2:379 2:329, 392; 3:97–98; 8:77 Direct primary. See Primary, direct Farmer’s Letters by, 3:320 Dilling, Elizabeth, 3:327 Directly Observed Treatment Short “Liberty Song,” 8:278 Dillon, John F., 2:112 Course (DOTS), 8:237 and Olive Branch Petition, 6:190 Dillon, Read and Company, 4:412 Directories, city, 2:183 and Plan of 1776, 6:361 DiMaggio, Joe, 1:421 Dirigibles, 3:30–32, 31 “The Pennsylvania Farmer’s Rem- Dime museums, 5:487 disasters involving, 3:35 edy,” 9:127–128 Dime novels, 3:25–26; 6:537; 8:457 Dirksen, Everett, 2:195 writings by, 7:136 Dime Song Book, A, 6:537 Disability rights movement, Dickinson, Jonathan, 6:465 Dime stores, 2:100, 101; 3:9–10, 10, 3:32–33 Dickman, Joseph T., 2:112 26–27; 7:125 Disabled persons Dickstein, Samuel, 4:178 Dimethyl ether, 3:480 accommodations for, 1:172 Dictaphone Corporation, 6:168 Diné. See Navajo Americans with Disabilities Act Dictionaries, 3:22–23, 203, 220–221 Diné College (Navajo Community and, 1:172 slang in, 7:377–378 College), 8:210 discrimination against, 1:172; Dictionary of the English Language Diners Club, 2:450, 451 3:47–48 (Johnson), 6:387 Dingell, John, 3:206 education for, 3:33–35 Diderot, Denis, Encyclopédie, 3:204 Dingley Act (1897), 8:51 federal government and, 3:123 Didion, Joan, 5:122 Dinkins, David, 2:466–467 DiSalle, Michael, 6:166 Didrikson, Mildred (Babe), 4:19, Dinosaur National Monument, Disasters, 3:35–44 8:155 2:372 blizzards, 1:485–487, 486, 487 Diebenkorn, Richard, 1:299 Dinosaurs. See Paleontology Cherry mine (1909), 5:14 Diebold, John, 1:364 Dinsmoor, S. P., 1:312 Monongah mine (1907), 5:14 Diem, Ngo Dinh, 3:417; 8:330–331 Dinwiddie, Robert, 3:95, 469 Mount St. Helens eruption, 5:465, canceling 1956 elections, 3:534 Dioxins, 3:39 466 death of, 8:331 in Agent Orange, 1:54 Titanic, sinking of, 8:131–132, 132 Eisenhower and, 8:330 in Times Beach, 8:127 tornadoes, 8:143–144, 144 U.S. aid to, 8:330 Diphtheria See also Airplane crashes; Fire(s); Viet Minh and, 8:330 disease control efforts against, Floods Dies, Martin, in HUAC, 1:198; 3:239–240 Disch, Thomas M., 5:123 4:178, 411 epidemic of 1931, 3:37 Disciples of Christ (Christian Diesel fuel, 6:301 Diplomacy Church), 3:44–45; 8:263–264 Diethylene glycol, 3:404 by ambassadors, 1:133–134 formation of, 7:87 Diethylstilbestrol (DES), 3:13–14 during American Revolution, Disciplinary maturity, 6:403 Diets and dieting, 3:24 7:146–147 Disco, 3:45–46 body image and, 3:401 Confederate, 2:342, 344 Discount stores, 7:126 cereal grains in, 2:97 dollar, 3:70–71 Discourse on the Transient and Perma- class distinction and, 3:399, 402 executive agents in, 3:277 nent in Christianity (Parker), colonial, 3:398 Lincoln’s, in Civil War, 2:217 8:180 and eating disorders, 3:104 secret, 3:27 Discovery, doctrine of, and land pol- during Great Depression, 3:401; See also Foreign policy; Foreign icy, 5:32 6:150 Service Discovery (ship), 3:46

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Discovery (space shuttle), 2:102; 3:46 9 to 5, National Association of water pollution and, 8:421 Discovery of the Titanic, The (Ballard), Working Women fighting, yellow fever, 5:294 8:132 6:109–110 Disfranchisement, 3:57 Discrimination, 3:46–57 in private associations, 7:183, 198 and Dorr’s Rebellion, 3:80 in AFL-CIO, 1:150, 152 sexual harassment as, 7:322–323 legal challenge to, 8:483 age, 3:46–47; 7:129 Supreme Court on, 1:377; 3:478, Mississippi Plan for, 5:414–415 against aliens, 1:125–126 525; 6:295; 7:73, 183, 198; through voter registration laws, against Catholics, 1:195–197 8:275–276 8:354 against disabled persons, 1:172; sexual orientation, 3:56–57; 7:196, Disintermediation, 3:368 3:47–48 325–326 Dismal Swamp, 3:57–58 employment, 1:35–37 as social disorder, recognition of, Disney, Roy, 3:58 AFL-CIO and, 1:152 1:207 Disney, Walter E., 2:63; 3:58, 58 age, 3:46–47 in trade unions, 4:387 HUAC testimony by, text of, against aliens, 1:125 Disease(s) 9:413–417 Civil Rights Act of 1964 on, 2:196 Agent Orange and, 2:538 Disney Corporation, 3:58–59 disability-based, 1:172 alcoholism as, 1:118, 119 boycotts of, 1:529 efforts to eliminate, 3:243–245 Alzheimer’s, 1:131–132 cartoons produced by, 2:63–64 gender-based in animals, 2:73; 8:318–320 Celebration community of, 8:304 pregnancy and, 3:525; 6:449 Army medicine and, 5:294–295 and consumerism, 2:391 Supreme Court on, 1:377 cancer, 2:34–35 and toys, 8:153 letter to Roosevelt on, 9:376–377 cardiovascular, 2:52–54 Disney World, 1:180 of minority groups, 3:48 in Chesapeake colonies, 2:129 Disneyland, 1:179–180; 2:178 and Philadelphia Plan, cholera, 2:159–160, 160; freeways and, 7:66 6:314–315 3:236–237; 8:576 Displaced Homemakers Self-Suffi- sex, 3:53–55 1866 outbreak of, 4:363 ciency Assistance Act (1990), sexual harassment as, 7:322–323 navy research on, 5:296 3:59 sexual-orientation-based, 7:327 sanitary reform and, 7:245 Displaced Persons Act (1948), 6:397 standards for evaluating, Supreme in Civil War, 2:211 “Disquisition on Government.” See Court on, 8:389–390 in colonial era, 1:72; 2:290, 291, South Carolina Exposition and housing, prohibition of, 2:200 360; 3:291; 5:300 Protest intelligence testing and, 4:379 diagnosis and treatment of, study Dissent (magazine), 6:85 against Jews (See Anti-Semitism) of DNA and, 3:67 Dissenters, 3:59 against Mexican Americans, 5:344 environmental sources of, 3:234 Dissociation, 6:431 in Los Angeles, 9:407–409 germ theory of, 3:239–240 Disston, Hamilton, 5:22 race, 3:48–51 (See also Racism) and bioterrorism, 1:465 Distiller and Cattle Feeders Trust, benign neglect, 1:442 herbicide use and, 2:538 4:26 combating, 3:48–49 Human Genome Project and, Distilling, 2:97; 3:59–61, 60; 8:468 redlining, 7:72–73 4:191–192 Distinguished Flying Cross, 2:527 reverse, claims regarding, 1:386 Huntington’s, 4:191 Distinguished Service Cross, 2:526 religious, 3:51–53 influenza, 4:353–354, 354 Distinguished Service Medal, 2:526 sex, 3:53–55, 249 (See also Sexual “intermittent fever,” 5:300 Distribution Act (1841), 5:33 harassment) mammalian studies and, 5:218 Distribution of goods and services, Civil Rights Restoration Act on, parasitology, 5:294 3:61–62 2:206 polio, 5:236; 6:388–389, 389 Distribution-Preemption Act (1841), vs. comparable worth principles, sanitation systems and, 7:245 6:527 2:329–330 scurvy, 7:287 District of Columbia. See Washing- constitutional test for, 2:445–446 self-limited, theory of, 5:301 ton (D.C.) Convention on the Elimination sexually transmitted, 7:332–333 District schools, 7:264–265 of All Forms of Discrimina- on slave ships, 5:364 Districts, congressional, 3:62; tion Against Women, smallpox, 5:219–220, 300; 7:107–108 2:398–399 7:398–400 in 19th century, 8:356 glass ceiling and, 4:2–3 typhoid, 5:294–295 gerrymandering and, 3:564 in higher education, law outlaw- war casualties from, 8:375, 375 See also Apportionment ing, 2:277 in War of 1812, 2:235 Ditmars, Raymond Lee, 4:129

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Divine providences, 3:63 Dogs, diseases in, 8:319 Donaghy, Don, 1:301 Divorce and marital separation, Doheny, Edward L., 8:63 Donahue, Tom, 1:153 3:63–66 DOI. See Interior, Department of Donald Duk (Chin), 5:123 in 19th century, 3:312, 313 Doisy, Edward A., 1:461 Donaldson, Thomas, 6:531 in 20th century, 3:313–314 DOJ. See Justice, Department of Donelson, Fort collusive, 3:64–65 Dole, Elizabeth H., 5:12 siege of, 2:212 in colonial era, 2:291; 3:63, 311 Dole, Robert (Bob) unconditional surrender of, 3:79; “no fault,” 3:65 on Persian Gulf War, 6:293 8:249 and property rights, 6:506 in presidential campaign of 1976, Donelson, John, 2:479 public opinion on, 3:317 3:167 Dongan, Thomas, 2:109, 280; 3:79 rates of, 5:249, 251 in presidential campaign of 1988, Dongan charters, 3:79 growth in, 3:65 3:168 Donnelly, Ignatius, 1:204 Dix, Dorothea, 1:509; 5:313; 6:146 in presidential campaign of 1996, Donnelly, Lynch v., 2:166, 170 in Civil War, 8:502 3:169; 7:114 Donner party, 3:79–80 nurses’ uniform prescribed by, on Proposition 209, 6:510 Donovan, Raymond, 5:12 8:257, 258 on school vouchers, 3:138 Donovan, William D. (Wild Bill), Dix-Hill Cartel, 6:472, 473 as Viagra spokesman, 8:322 6:503 Dixie. See South, the Dollar Donovan, William J., 1:162–163; “Dixie” (song), 3:66–67 devaluation of, 3:21–22 6:167 Dixiecrats, 8:119 origins of term, 2:481 “Don’t ask, don’t tell” policy, 3:56, Dixon, Jeremiah, 5:260; 9:37 Dollar diplomacy, 3:70–71 78; 5:385 Dixon, Joseph, 5:552 vs. Alliance for Progress, 1:128 “Don’t fire till you see the white of Dixon, Thomas, Jr., 1:470 Dollar sign, 3:71–72 their eyes,” 3:78 Djerassi, Carl, 1:468 Dollar-a-year man, 3:72 “Don’t give up the ship,” 3:78–79 DMZ. See Demilitarized zone Domestic Policy Council (DPC), Doolittle, James (Jimmy), 1:86, 90; DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 3:330 8:554 3:67–69, 68; 7:188 Domestic trade. See Trade, domestic Doorman, Karel W. F. M., 4:466 Human Genome Project and, Domestic violence, 3:72–75 Dorantes, Andrés, 2:360 4:191–192 in 19th century, 3:312–313 Dorantes, Esteban de, 1:47 recombinant, 3:529 activism targeting, Coalition of Dorchester Company, 3:80; 8:174 sequencing of, 5:437 Labor Union Women and, Dorr, Thomas Wilson, 3:82; 7:152; structure of, 3:529, 533 2:256 8:194 studies on, 3:533 child abuse, 2:136–138 Dorr’s Rebellion, 3:80–82; 5:175; Doane, Thomas, 8:240 legal remedies for, 3:74 7:152 Doar, John, 2:195 prevalence of, 8:339 aftermath of, 3:81 DOB. See Daughters of Bilitis Violence Against Women Act and, Dorrance, John, 2:36 Dobrynin, Anatoly, 2:471, 475 8:339–340 Dorrance, Vanhorne’s Lessee v., 8:308 Doby, Larry, 1:421 Domestic workers, health hazards Dorsey, Thomas, 5:497 Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 3:269 for, 5:299 Dos Passos, John, 5:157; 6:12 Doctorow, E. L., 5:121 Dominican Republic, 3:75–77 The 42nd Parallel, 5:121 Documentaries, 8:73 U.S. occupation of, 2:54 1919, 5:121 Documents, government, 4:24–25 U.S. relations with, 5:47, 49 Big Money, 5:121 DOD. See Defense, Department of Good Neighbor Policy and, 4:22 Manhattan Transfer, 5:120 Dodd, Samuel, 8:233 gunboat diplomacy and, 4:76 Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 3:279 Dodds, Harold, 6:465 Dominicans (Order of Preachers), DOT. See Transportation, Depart- Dodge, D. L., 6:267 3:77 ment of Dodge, Grenville, 8:181, 564 Dominion Marine Association, 4:54 Dot-coms, 2:337; 3:183–184 Dodge City (Kansas), 2:158; 3:69 Dominion of New England, 2:110, See also Electronic commerce “Peace Commission of,” 3:70 280; 3:77–78; 6:363, 379 DOTS. See Directly Observed railroads and development of, 7:34 Massachusetts Bay Colony and, Treatment Short Course Dodge City Trail, 3:69 5:271 Doty, James, 3:448; 8:490 DOE. See Education, Department New York in, 6:83–84 Double Indemnity (Cain), 5:121 of; Energy, Department of Rhode Island in, 7:151 Doubleday, 6:538 Doenitz, Karl, 8:556 Domino theory, 2:151; 3:78 Doubleday, Abner, 1:419

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Double-glazing glass, 4:4 Dow, Charles Henry, 3:83; inconsistency between popular sov- Doubloon, 3:82 8:366–367, 367 ereignty and, 3:467 Dougall, Sugarman v., 1:126 Dow, Neal, 1:117; 6:502 judicial review in, 4:492 Doughboy, 3:82 Dow Jones, 3:83, 106; 7:549 on property rights of slaveholders, Doughfaces, 3:82 Dowell, Board of Education of Okla- 6:10 Douglas (manufacturing company), homa City v., 1:590 Dred Scott v. Sandford. See Dred 1:83, 84 Dowie, John Alexander, 8:302 Scott case Douglas, Aaron, 4:96 Downing, Andrew Jackson, 1:250; Dreier, Mary, 8:522 Douglas, Ann, 4:469 3:510 Dreiser, Theodore Douglas, James (Buster), 6:485 A Treatise on the Theory and Practice An American Tragedy, 5:120; 6:12 Douglas, Stephen A. of Landscape Gardening, Adapt- The Financier, 6:12 and Compromise of 1850, 2:331 ed to North America, 5:38 Sister Carrie, 5:119; 6:11, 12 debates with Abraham Lincoln (See Downsizing, 3:83 The Titan, 6:12 Lincoln-Douglas debates) Downton, R. L., 3:390 “True Art Speaks Plainly,” 6:12 and Democratic Party, 2:551 Dozier, Edward, 1:340 Dresden (Germany), destruction and Freeport doctrine, 3:467 DPC. See Domestic Policy Council during World War II, 8:553 and Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dr. Pepper, 2:388 Dress. See Clothing 4:512–513 Draft. See Conscription and recruit- Drew, Timothy, 1:45 opposition to Lecompton Consti- ment Drexel Furniture Company, Bailey v., tution, 5:73 Draft dodgers 2:140, 142 and popular sovereignty, 6:415 amnesty for, 1:177 Dreyfus, Henry, 8:559 in presidential campaign of 1852, Driggs, Frederick E., and land spec- Carter’s proclamation on, 3:154 ulation, 5:36 9:479–480 in presidential campaign of 1860, Drinker, Philip, 1:285, 303, 463 vs. conscientious objectors, 2:361 2:400; 3:154, 155 Drinking age, national, 3:336 immigration to Canada, 3:197 Douglas, Thomas, 6:135 Drive-in restaurants, 3:397–398 Draft riots, in Civil War, 2:211; Douglas, William O., 8:484 Drivers, slave, 6:221–222 3:84; 7:164, 166; 8:338 on right to privacy for birth con- Drogher trade, 3:86 Drago Doctrine, 4:82 trol, 4:67; 6:479 Drougal, Christopher, 4:422 Dragoons, 2:77 Douglas fir, 3:437, 437 Drought, 8:423 Drake, Edwin L., 6:298, 302, 305 Douglass, Andrew E., 1:240 See also Dust Bowl Drake, Sir Francis, 3:288; 6:382; Douglass, David, 8:113 Drug addiction. See Substance abuse 8:453 Douglass, Frederick, 1:477; 5:91, Drug Enforcement Administration 119, 199; 6:97 visit to Roanoke colony, 7:47 (DEA), 5:511, 512, 513 on African colonization, 1:148 Drama. See Theater Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), in African Methodist Episcopal Drama, television, 8:72 3:86 Zion Church, 1:44, 53 Draper, Henry, 6:155–156 Drug Importation Act (1848), 6:553 on Canaan, 1:46 Draper, John (Blacksburg founder), Drug trafficking, 3:86–87 and Colored National Labor 3:84 in Baltimore, 1:393 Union, 2:302 Draper, John W. (chemist), 2:122 Customs Service’s responsibility to on Lincoln’s second inaugural Draper’s Meadows, 3:84 interdict, 2:485 address, 5:112 Drawbaugh, Daniel, 8:70 and foreign policy, 5:511, 512–513 Narrative of the Life of Frederick Dreadnought, 3:84–85 Justice Department and, Douglass, an American Slave, Dreadnought (British warship), 1:266; 4:503–504 5:124 3:84, 84; 8:406, 407 major trafficking routes, 5:512 newspaper of, 6:88 Dream Dance Drum, 6:7 marijuana, 5:239–240 and runaway slaves, assistance to, Dred Scott case, 2:180, 193; and organized crime, 2:463 8:250 3:85–86; 5:110 See also Narcotics trade and legisla- and World’s Columbian Exposi- on African Americans as citizens, tion tion, 8:558 4:74 Drugs and drug use Douhet, Giulio, 1:76, 495 divided opinion on, 5:420 and counterculture, 2:433 Dove, Arthur, 1:297 due process of law argument in, criminalization of, 2:462 Dove (ship), 2:290 3:90 Pure Food and Drug Movement Doves and hawks, 3:82–83 effects of, 4:495 and, 6:553–555

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recreational, 7:66 DuBridge, Lee A., 2:15 Dumbarton Oaks Conference, Drugstore, 6:308–309 Dubs, Adolph, 1:37 3:94–95; 8:268, 272 Drummond, William, 1:114 Dubuffet, Jean, 1:311 “Dumbbell” tenement, 6:80; 8:82 Drunk driving, 3:336 Dubuque, Gelpcké v., 3:514–515 Dummer, Fort, 8:311 Drury, Newton B., 5:552 Dubuque, Julien, 3:503; 5:61 DuMont, Allen B., 8:77 Dry docks, 3:87 Duchamp, Marcel, 5:120; 6:414 Dunant, Jean Henri, 3:535 Dry farming, 3:87–88 in Armory Show, 1:268, 269 Dunbar, Charles, 3:108 Dryfoos, Orvil E., 6:89 Duché, André, 1:304; 6:418 Dunbar, Paul Laurence, 3:395; Drying food, 3:406–407 Ducking stool, 3:88 5:124 DSCS. See Defense Satellite Com- Dudley, William, 8:400 Dunbar, William, 1:530 munications System Due process of law, 3:88–92 Duncan, David Douglas, 1:301 DSM-III. See Diagnostic and Statisti- for aliens, 1:125 Duncan, Isadora, 2:497–498 cal Manual of Mental Disorders Barron v. Baltimore and, 1:419 Duncan, Thomas, 6:500 D’Souza, Dinesh, 6:395 for children, 4:250 Dunglison, Robert, 6:348 Du Bois, W. E. B., 3:117; 5:91, 119, Fourteenth Amendment on, 2:397; Dunham, Katherine, 1:131 125; 6:235 3:90 Duniway, Abigail Scott, 6:206 African American newspapers and, and freedom of press, 6:27 Path Breaking, excerpt from, 5:199–200 procedural, 3:90–91 9:334–337 in American Association for the and right to counsel, 3:575–576 and women’s suffrage, 6:206 Advancement of Science, Supreme Court on, 4:198 Dunkards, exemption from military 1:141 Dueling, 3:92–93 service, 2:361 education of, 3:126 Burr-Hamilton duel, 1:577–578; Dunkers. See Brethren and NAACP, 2:201 3:92 Dunlap, John, 2:522 Niagara movement organized by, Duer, William, and land speculation, Dunlop, John, 1:153 6:103–104 5:36 Dunmore, John Murray, Lord, 1:48; and Pan-Africanism, 6:235–236 Duesenberry, James, 3:110 3:95 and pluralism, 6:375 Duffy, Edmund, 6:395 Connolly’s Plot and, 2:360 social survey by, 6:533 Duffy, John, 3:238 Dunmore’s Proclamation, 7:8 The Souls of Black Folk, 3:556; Dugan, Eva, 1:258 Dunmore’s War, 3:95 5:124; 6:375; 7:451 Dugout, 3:93 Dunn, Anderson v., 2:393 at Wilberforce University, 3:125 Dukakis, Michael, in presidential Dunn, Winfield, 8:86 Du Bridge, Lee, 7:14 campaign of 1988, 3:168 Dunn v. Blumstein, 8:355 Du Ponceau, Peter S., 1:166 Duke, Buck, 1:172 Duong Van Minh, 8:334 Du Pont Company, 2:541–542; Duke, David, 4:553; 5:161 Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering, 3:302; 8:110 Duke, James B., 1:580; 2:108; 8:135 2:229; 6:121 chemical research at, 2:123 Duke of York’s Laws, 3:93 “Duplex” telegraphy, 8:69 commercialization of nylon by, Duke of York’s proprietary, 3:93–94 Dupuy de Lôme, Enrique, 2:470 2:121 Duke Power Company, Griggs v., 1:36; Duquesne, Fort, 3:95, 469, 470; Du Pont, Henry Francis, 2:272 2:197; 4:66; 8:389, 390 6:361 home of, 8:489 Dulany, Daniel, 5:167; 7:135, 136 Braddock’s expedition to capture, Du Pont, Lammot, 3:301–302 Dulhut, Greysolon, 3:291–292 1:530 Du Pont, Pierre, 1:517 Dull Knife Campaign, 3:94; 8:404 building of, American colonial Du Pont de Nemours, Éleuthère Dulles, Allen W., 8:394 efforts to stop, 8:460 Irénée, 3:301 resignation of, 1:431 Duquesne de Menneville, Marquis, Du Simitière, Pierre Eugène, 3:99; Dulles, Avery, 4:475 3:95 5:485 Dulles, John Foster, 3:142; 5:48 Durand, Asher Brown, 4:189, 189 Duane, William, 1:360–361; 2:393; at Bermuda Conference, 1:445 Durand, Elias, 6:309 3:151 European integration and, 3:260 Durand, Peter, 3:406 as secretary of Treasury, 7:103 and Geneva Accords, 3:534 Durand-Ruel, Paul, 2:272 Duarte, José Napoléon, 3:143, 144 and “massive retaliation” strategy, Durang, Christopher, 8:115 Dubˇcek, Alexander, 2:90 2:532 Durang, John, 2:497 Dube, John, 7:451–452 on United Fruit Company, 3:479 Durant, William Crapo, 3:526 Dubinsky, David, 1:152; 4:392 and Versailles Treaty, 8:316 Duren v. Missouri, 8:60 Dubois, Mary Ann Delafield, 1:308 Dulles International Airport, 1:98 Durham, William H., 6:287

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Duryea, Charles E., 1:366; 8:189 Dyer, Mary, 8:494, 501 San Francisco, 7:240, 240 Duryea, J. Frank, 1:366; 8:189 Dyer Act (1919), 2:459 Easley, Ralph M., 5:530 Duryea Motor Wagon Company, Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, 5:180 Easley v. Cromartie, 3:62 8:189 Dyess Colony, 8:303 East Asia, dollar diplomacy in, 3:71 Dust Bowl, 2:371; 3:43, 95–96, 96; Dylan, Bob, 1:389, 441; 7:185 East Coast Homophile Organiza- 8:423 “Dynamical” geology, 3:552 tions (ECHO), 3:514 causes of, 1:65 Dynamite, 3:301, 302 East Germany, 3:562–563; 8:552 firsthand account of, 9:384–385 Dynamo, 3:173 CIA operations in, 2:92 in Kansas, 4:510 Dynasty (TV show), 7:409 East India Company Dutch Dutch, 3:275, 289 civil law of, 2:291 English/British, 1:514; 3:103, 275 and colonial trade, 2:282 monopoly on tea, 2:286; 8:60, 61 exploration of America by, 2:39; E East Indies trade, 3:103 3:286, 289–290, 290 E. C. Knight Company, United States East Jersey, 2:289; 3:103–104 and Long Island, 5:149 v., 1:20; 2:310, 311, 418; 4:26; East Tennessee, 8:83 settlement in Brooklyn, 1:546 7:343, 344; 8:234, 274 Eastchurch, Thomas, 2:476 settlement in Delaware, 2:541 E. T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (film), Easter Offensive, 8:334, 335 Dutch Anabaptists, 1:411 1:34 Eastern Airlines, 1:83 Dutch bankers’ loans, 3:96 “E Pluribus Unum,” 3:99 Eastern Europe Dutch East India Company, 3:275, Eads, James B., 1:538, 564; 3:99 in Cold War, Iron Curtain of, 289 Eads Bridge, 1:538, 564; 3:99, 99 4:429–430 and colonial settlements, 2:289 Eagan, Eddie, 6:192 EU expansion into, 3:261 Dutch Reformed churches, 7:76, 89 Eagle immigration from, 2:89; 4:224–225 Dutch West India Company, American, 3:99–100, 100 to Cleveland, 2:233 3:96–97, 289–290 bald, near extinction of, 3:232, 233 to Iowa, 4:415 and colonial settlements, 2:289 Eagleson, Alan, 4:145 Orthodox churches in, 6:216–217 land grants by, 6:259 Eagleton, Thomas, 3:100, 166 revolutions of 1989 in, 2:270 New Amsterdam founded by, 6:40, Eagleton Affair, 3:100 Soviet control over, 2:89–90, 268, 79 Eakins, Thomas, 1:296–297; 3:537 269; 8:574 New Castle operating under, 6:41 Eames, Charles, 1:293; 3:499 See also Central Europe New Netherland founded by, 6:71, Eames, Ray, 1:293; 3:499 Eastern Railroad Conference v. Noerr 79, 82 Earle, Alice Morse, 2:271 Motor Freight, 6:297 Dutchman (Baraka), 5:126; 8:115 Earle, Bank of Augusta v., 1:395 Eastern Woodlands Duties, ad valorem and specific, Earle, Sir Walter, 3:80 Native American social life in, 3:97; 8:50 Early, Jubal A. 4:304 Dutton, Clarence E., 3:552 at Battle of Chancellorsville, 2:104 prehistoric, 1:246–247 Duvalier, François (Papa Doc), 4:85; in Shenandoah Campaign, 7:341, Hopewell in, 4:163 8:446 342 Eastlake, Charles Lock, 3:497 Duvalier, Jean-Claude (Baby Doc), threat to Washington, 2:218 Eastman, Charles, 3:474–475 4:85; 8:446 Earned Income Tax Credit (EIT C), Eastman, Crystal, 8:499 Duveen, Sir Joseph, 2:272 6:438–439 Eastman, George, 6:329, 366 Duyckinck, Evert, 1:294 Earp, Wyatt, 3:70 Eastman Kodak, 6:329–330 Duyckinck, Gerrit, 1:294 Earp brothers, 8:141 Eastman Kodak Research Laborato- DVDs (digital versatile discs), 2:329, Earth Day, 3:100 ry, 6:329 392; 3:97–98; 8:77 Bush (George H.) on, 3:229 Easton, David, 6:401, 403, 407 Dwight, James, 8:89 first, 3:227–228 Easton, Edward, 1:358 Dwight, Jeremiah, and land specula- Earth First!, 3:229, 229 Easy chairs, 3:495 tion, 5:36 Earth in the Balance (Gore), 4:8 Eating disorders, 3:104 Dwight, Theodore, 8:145 Earth Summit, 2:238 Eating habits Dwight, Timothy, 1:377, 378, 379 Earth Technology Resource Satellite American, 2:98 on Bible and science, 7:270 (ETRS), 3:553 See also Diets The Conquest of Canaan, 5:118 Earthlodges, 1:254 Eaton, Amos, 1:519 and Hartford Wits, 4:101 Earthquakes, 3:36–37, 100–103 Eaton, Charles, 8:272 Dworkin, Andrea, 6:419 in California, 5:153–154 Eaton, Cyrus S., 6:548

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Eaton, Dorman B., 6:275 foreign debts in, 4:87 in Henry Ford Museum and Eaton, Hubert, 2:81 vs. Jeffersonian Republicans, Greenfield Village, 4:127, 127 Eaton, John, 2:396; 3:104–105; 4:471 and industrial development, 2:388 5:424 manufacturing in, 4:90; 5:227 kinetoscopic records by, 3:361 Eaton, Theophilus, 2:289; 6:59 mint in, 4:90 Mimeograph by, 6:168–169 Eaton affair, 3:104–105 nationalism in, 1:171; 4:87 phonograph by, 1:189, 357–358; eBay, 3:183 state debt in, 4:88–89 5:502 Ebbinghaus, Hermann, 6:523 taxation in, 4:89 “quadruplex” telegraphy by, 8:69 Eberly, David, on Persian Gulf War, Keynesian, 4:523; 5:441–442 stock ticker developed by, 8:456 9:518–520 Nobel Prizes in, 6:487 Edison Corporation, 3:361 E-book technology, 6:539 politicization of, 2:432 Edison Lamp Factory fire (1914), EBWR. See Experimental boiling statistics in, 7:538–539 5:14 water reactor supply-side, 5:441; 8:21–22, 29 Editorial cartoons, 6:395 Eccles, Marriner, 3:345 Economies of scale, 3:577 Edmondson, William, 1:310 ECHO. See East Coast Homophile Economy Edmunds Act (1882), 5:54; 8:297 Organizations of Confederate States of America, Edmunds-Tucker Act (1887), 5:54; Eckert, J. Presper, 2:334 2:216–217, 342–343 8:297 Eckholm, H. Conrad, 1:433 inflation in, 4:350–353 Education, 3:111–120 Eckley, Francis, 1:514 of Native Americans, 4:267–269 in 19th century, 3:113–116 Eclectic Reader (McGuffey), 8:106 stagflation in, 7:516–517 in 20th century Eclecticism, in architecture, ECSC. See European Coal and Steel early, 3:116–117 1:249–250, 253 Community later, 3:117–119 Eclipse, solar, of 1831, 9:45, 47 ECT. See Electroconvulsive shock adult, 3:115 ECOA. See Equal Credit Opportu- therapy Chautauqua movement and, nity Act Ecuador 2:113 Ecodevelopment, 3:226 commerce with, 5:44–45 for African Americans, 1:482; Ecological forestry, 3:437–438 U.S. relations with, Galápagos 3:115, 117, 118, 120–121 Ecology, 2:370; 3:551 Islands and, 3:503 for aliens, 1:126 deep, 8:479 Ecumenical movement, Disciples of after American Revolution, professionalization of, 8:481 Christ on, 3:45 3:112–113 See also Conservation; Environ- Eddis, William, on indentured ser- bilingual, 3:121–122, 136 mental movement vants, 9:114–116 Catholic, 4:474–475 E-commerce. See Electronic com- Eddy, Arthur Jerome, 1:316 Christian history in, 7:299 merce Eddy, Mary Baker, 2:170–171, 171; Civilian Conservation Corps and, Economic censorship, 2:84, 85 8:501 2:220 Economic indicators, 3:105–107 See also Church of Christ, Scientist coeducation, 2:263–264 business forecasting, 1:586–588 Edell, David J., 1:463 in colonial era, 2:263, 291; cost of living, 2:422–424 Edelman, Bernard, Dear America: 3:111–112 Economic nationalism, 1:171 Letters Home from Vietnam, and college athletics, 2:276 Economic Opportunity, Office of, excerpt from, 9:473–474 district schools in, 7:264 credit unions subsidized by, Eden, Anthony, at summit confer- hornbook in, 4:166, 166–167 2:454 ences, 8:15 Massachusetts school law on, Economic Opportunity Act (EOA) Eden Theological Seminary, 8:264 9:92–93 (1964), 2:328; 8:385, 386 Ederle, Gertrude, 8:37 cooperative, 3:122–123 Economic Royalists, 3:107 Edes, Benjamin, 1:129 4-H Clubs, 3:445–446 Economic sectionalism, 7:298 Edge, Walter, Port Authority of for deaf students, 7:355–357 Economic Stabilization Agency New York and New Jersey cre- for disabled students, 3:33–35 (ESA), 6:166 ated by, 6:421 federal government and, 3:123 Economics, 3:107–111 Edger, Henry, 6:424 engineering, 3:116–217 American System of, 1:171 Edison, Thomas Alva, 3:173, 177, exchange programs, Fulbright business cycles, 1:582–586, 583 178, 210, 211; 5:108; 6:366 grants and, 3:482–483 under Hamilton, 4:87–91 carbon lamp by, 5:24 experimental, 3:124–125 Bank of United States in, 4:89–90 discovery of electricity as energy for farmers, 3:325 domestic debts in, 4:87–88 source by, 3:577 Farmers’ Alliance on, 6:416

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Education, (continued) middlebrow culture and, Reagan’s attempt to remove, 3:119 federal aid to, 2:482; 5:29 5:365–366 Education, United States Office of, federal government’s role in, 3:123 in Missouri, 5:422 3:138–139 funding for, philanthropy and, 2:56 multiculturalism in, 5:473–474 Education (Mill), 6:424 higher, 3:125–133 (See also Col- music, in singing schools, 7:366 Education Alliance, 5:166 lege[s]; Universities) National Education Association Education for All Handicapped academic freedom in, 1:10–11, and, 5:534–535 Children Act (1975), 3:33, 118 142–143 national goals in, 3:123–124 court cases leading to, 3:34 admissions policies in, 1:386 for Native Americans, 3:112, 115, Educational and intelligence testing. admissions testing in, 3:139–140 129, 133–134 See Intelligence, testing of SAT in, 7:252 in 19th century, 8:226 Educational Orders Act (1938), affirmative action in, 1:37 at boarding schools, 2:55, 145; 6:202 African American Studies in, 3:135–136; 4:262–263, 286 Educational technology, 3:139 1:46–47; 3:119 National Indian Youth Council Educational Testing Service (ET S), agricultural and mechanical, and, 5:532, 543–544 2:56; 3:139–140 5:460 at tribal colleges, 8:210–211 Edward (British sloop), 5:87 American Studies in, 1:168–171 in New England colonies, 6:49–50 Edward III (king of England), on associations in, 1:142–143 parental choice in, 3:137–138; treason, 8:193 Congregationalism and, 8:263 7:268 Edward VI (king of England), 3:287 for deaf students, 3:504 busing and, 1:589, 590 Edwards, Edwin W., 5:161 denominational colleges, 2:70; charter schools and, 2:110 Edwards, Jonathan, 2:162; 3:140, 3:129–131 magnet schools and, 5:201–202 264; 4:38; 5:118, 506; 6:65, 65, economics in, 3:108 school vouchers and, 7:266 324–325; 7:96 exchange students in, 3:274 Supreme Court on, 6:352–353 A Faithful Narrative of the Surpris- free, 3:461–462 Peabody Fund and, 6:262 ing Work of God, 5:118 German Reformed church and, by Peace Corps volunteers, 6:266 mysticism of, 5:506 8:264 pharmaceutical, 6:309–310 Edwards, Jonathan, Jr., 7:96 graduate schools, racial segrega- philanthropy and, 6:317 Edwards, Ninian, 4:214–215 tion in, 5:526 preschool, Head Start program, Edwardsean theology, 3:140 growth of, 3:117 4:112–113 EEC. See European Economic military training in, 7:119–120 psychology and, 6:524 Community music in, 5:492 public (See also Public schools) EEOC. See Equal Employment in Ohio, 6:174 in 19th century, 3:114 Opportunity Commission religion in, 7:98 in 20th century, 3:117 EFTA. See European Free Trade Rhodes scholarships, 3:274; Jefferson (Thomas) and, Association 7:154 3:112–113; 8:279 Egan, Michael, 3:453 in science, 7:271–273, 340 in rural communities, 7:208, 209 Egleston, Nathaniel, 3:430 in social work, 7:423 secondary (See High schools) Egner, Hans, 1:13 in sociology, 7:433–434, 436 sex, 7:321–322 Egypt state universities, 8:279–280 sexual harassment in, 7:322–324 foreign aid to, 3:418 teacher training in, 8:62 special, 3:34 (See also Disabled per- Israel and, 3:141; 8:270 in Virginia, 8:345–346 sons, education for) Camp David Peace Accords, with home schooling, 4:153–154 spelling bees in, 7:501 2:20; 3:141 homework in, 4:158–159 Teacher Corps and, 8:61–62 conflict between, 4:441 in Kentucky, 4:520 textbooks and, 8:105–107 peace settlement for, 1:233; 4:441 in Latin schools, 5:52 transcendentalism on, 8:180 in Suez Crisis, 8:2–3 legal (See Law schools) vocational, legislation on, U.S. relations with, 1:40, 233, 234, lifelong, 5:365 7:401–402 445; 3:140–142 little red schoolhouse in, in Wisconsin, 8:492 right of extraterritoriality, 3:304 5:133–134 Education, Department of, EgyptAir Flight 990, 3:36 lyceum movement and, 5:178 3:123–124, 332 Egyptian Americans, 1:231 magnet schools, 5:201–202 and curriculum, 2:482 Ehrlich, Paul McGuffey’s Readers, 5:185 establishment of, 4:114 and chemotherapy, 2:124 Mechanics’ Institutes, 5:280 head of, 2:2 The Population Bomb, 3:228

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Eielsen, Elling, 6:137 and Foreign Service, 3:28 and American occupation of Ger- Eielsen Synod, 6:137 and Geneva Accords, 3:534 many, 3:561 Eight, The. See Ashcan School at Geneva Conference (1954), Market Garden, 1:1 Eight Bells (Homer), 3:537 3:534–535 North African Campaigns, 1:233; Eight Men (Wright), 5:125 Health, Education, and Welfare 6:123 Eighteenth Amendment, 1:503–504; Department under, 4:113 Sicilian Campaign, 7:353 6:501 Information Agency created by, Eisenhower, Milton S., 8:340 effects of, 1:117 6:504 Eisenhower Doctrine, 1:233, 445; in electoral politics, 3:162 Internet and, 4:398 3:142 enforcement of, Volstead Act for, interstate highway system under, Eisenman, Peter, 1:253 6:501; 8:352 4:403 Eisenstadt, Alfred, 1:300 repeal of, 1:117 Israel and, 4:440–441 Eisenstadt v. Baird, 5:251 Eighth Amendment, 1:457; 6:552 John Birch Society on, 1:198; EITC. See Earned Income Tax excessive bail prohibited by, 1:385 4:481 Credit Eigo, James, 1:16 in Korean War, 4:549 EKG (electrocardiograph), 2:53 Eijkman, Christiaan, 6:148 labor policies of, 3:244 El Caney, Battle of, 7:241, 241–242, Einhorn, David, 4:489–490 Latin American policies of, 5:48 242 Einstein, Albert and Lebanon, U.S. landing in, 5:72 El Paso (Texas), 3:142 at Princeton University, 6:465 on military-industrial complex, El Salvador and Pugwash Conferences, 6:547 5:376 Bryan-Chamorro Treaty and, 1:550 and quantum theory, 6:345 on munitions industry, 5:482 civil war in, 8:271 visits to California Institute of foreign aid to, 3:418 and NASA, 5:523 Technology, 2:14 U.S. relations with, 3:142–144; and National Security Council, EIS. See Environmental Impact 5:49 3:330 Statement El Turco, 2:416–417 New Look policy of, 2:528 Eisaku, Sato, 4:459 Elbe River, 3:144 New York Times on, 6:90 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 8:503 ELCA. See Evangelical Lutheran in Normandy Invasion, 6:118 on air defense, 1:76 Church in America and Paris Conference (1960), 6:247 and Air Force, 1:77, 78 Elderly. See Old age and Pledge of Allegiance, 6:370 anticonservation policies of, 2:372 Elders, Jocelyn, 5:511 in presidential campaign of 1952, antidiscrimination policies of, 3:49 Election(s), 3:145–148 3:164 and appearance of flag, 3:378 canvassing prior to, 2:38 in presidential campaign of 1956, arms race under, 1:271 congressional, federal supervision Atoms for Peace program of, 3:164 of, proposal for, 2:332 3:208; 6:140 presidential library of, 5:100 contested, 3:148, 152, 156–157, at Bermuda Conference, 1:445 and President’s Foreign Intelli- 169–170, 171 and Camp David, 2:20, 20 gence Advisory Board, 3:330 Bush v. Gore, 1:578–579; 3:170, and Canada, relations with, 2:27 and prisoners of war, 6:472 171, 246 and civil rights, 2:194, 202 and psychological warfare, 6:523 corruption in, bosses/bossism and, Council of Economic Advisors and, and Republican Party, 7:113 1:507–508 2:431 and road construction, 7:178 direct primary, 6:463 Cuba policy of, 2:470 and school desegregation, in gubernatorial, voter participation defense policy of, 2:528 Arkansas, 1:263 in, 8:8 domestic policy of, 7:113 space program under, 7:479–480 interest groups and, 4:381 and domino theory, 3:78 in Suez Crisis, 8:3 political action committees and, Eisenhower Doctrine of, 1:233, at summit conferences, 8:15 6:393 445; 3:142 on tidelands, 8:125 and political patronage, 6:258 farewell address by, text of, and Tomb of the Unknown Sol- preferential voting and, 6:448–449 9:434–435 dier, 8:285 presidential, 3:148–170 and Federal Mediation and Concil- and Transportation, Department of 1789, 3:150, 171 iation Service, 3:343 of, 8:185 of 1792, 3:150 and foreign aid to South Vietnam, U-2 incident and, 8:247 of 1796, 3:150, 171; 8:322 3:417 and Vietnam War, 8:330 of 1800, 3:145, 148, 150, 171, foreign policy of, 3:426–427; 7:113 in World War II, 1:426, 565; 8:549 351–352; 4:471; 8:322

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Election(s), (continued) of 1956, 3:164 Election laws, 3:144–145, 148 of 1804, 3:150–151 of 1960, 3:164–165; 6:55, 463 gerrymandering and, 3:564 of 1808, 3:151 of 1964, 2:374; 3:165 majority rule, 5:211–213 of 1812, 3:151 of 1968, 1:159; 2:204; Elective Governor Act (1968), 8:341 of 1816, 3:151 3:165–166; 8:333 Electoral College, 2:350; 3:170–172 of 1820, 3:151 of 1972, 3:100, 166; 6:227 in 1796 election, 8:322 of 1824, 3:152, 171; 5:555; of 1976, 3:166–167; 6:517–518 members of, state legislature selec- 8:322–323 of 1980, 3:167, 267; 6:534 tion of, 8:355–356 corrupt bargain in, 2:420 Moral Majority and, 2:165 proposal for, 2:380 of 1828, 3:152; 8:323 of 1984, 1:52; 3:167–168 vice president elected by, 8:322 of 1832, 3:152 of 1988, 3:168 Electric power and light industry, of 1836, 3:152–153 of 1992, 2:239, 376; 3:168–169; 3:172–176, 177–178 of 1840, 2:550; 3:146, 153; 8:131 8:118 automation in, 1:365 of 1848, 3:154 of 1996, 3:169; 8:120 deregulation of, 3:175–176 of 1852, 3:154 of 2000, 3:144, 147, 148, 149, and manufacturing, 5:4 of 1856, 1:166; 3:154 169–170 monopolies in, 6:535 of 1860, 2:383, 400; 3:154–155; ballot irregularities in, 1:392 at Niagara Falls, 6:103 5:420–421 candidates’ responses to out- in North Carolina, 6:130 of 1864, 2:218; 3:155 come, 9:523–526 nuclear power used in, 6:138–140 of 1868, 3:155 Clinton scandals and, 2:240 price controls and, 6:460 of 1872, 1:488; 3:155–156 complexity of problems with, Tennessee River and, 8:87, 88 of 1876, 1:488; 3:148, 156–157, 8:357 See also Hydroelectric power 171; 8:560 education policy issue in, 3:119 Electric street railways, 7:43–44 compromise settlement of, Florida in, 3:388 Electric typewriters, 8:245 2:551 language issue in, 3:221 Electric vehicles, 3:480 political corruption in, Nader as third-party candidate Electrical workers, 3:176–177 2:420–421, 467 in, 8:120 Electricity, 3:177–178 of 1880, 2:400, 467; 3:157 National Rifle Association and, consumption of, 3:180 of 1884, 1:196; 2:453; 3:157 5:557 and demand for copper, 2:410 of 1888, 3:157–158, 171; 8:233 political corruption in, 2:421 domestic uses of, 3:175, 179–183, of 1892, 3:158; 6:158 Supreme Court on, 1:578–579; 182 of 1896, 2:46, 465; 3:158–159; 3:170, 171, 246; 4:494; fossil fuels and, 3:210 6:398, 418; 8:234 7:527; 9:523–526 populism and, 5:366 voter registration in, 8:354 in rural areas, 7:209 of 1900, 3:159, 483; 6:320 AFL-CIO and, 1:151, 152, 153 sources of, 3:212, 213 of 1904, 3:159–160; 8:323 congressional caucus and, 2:76 Electrification, household, of 1908, 3:160 Constitutional Convention on, 3:179–183, 182; 4:535, 536 of 1912, 1:566; 3:160–161; 6:54, 2:380 in New Deal, 1:67 70, 496; 8:43, 119 and party platforms, 6:368–369, in Power (play), 9:388–390 of 1916, 3:161 399 in rural areas, 3:180 of 1920, 3:161; 6:118 and polling, 6:409, 533–534 Electrocardiograph (EKG), 2:53 of 1924, 3:161–162; 6:498; 8:323 primary, 3:148 Electroconvulsive shock therapy of 1928, 2:136; 3:162; 6:5 increasing importance of, 3:147 (ECT), 6:522 Catholic candidate in, 2:164, public financing for, 2:23 Electron, 6:339, 340 552 sectionalism in, 7:298 Electronic cameras, 6:330 of 1932, 1:498; 3:162 Twelfth Amendment and, 3:171 Electronic commerce (e-commerce), Communist candidate in, 2:326 proportional representation and, 3:183–184; 5:206; 7:126 of 1936, 3:162–163; 6:409, 500, 6:508 digital money in, 5:442 533, 534 research on, 3:147 interstate barriers to, 4:406 of 1940, 3:163 soft money in, 7:439 public-key cryptography and, of 1944, 3:163 state 2:468 of 1948, 1:197; 3:163–164; in Massachusetts, 5:268 Electronic intelligence (ELINT), 6:409, 499, 534; 8:323 poll taxes in, 8:9, 344 5:558 of 1952, 2:553; 3:164 white primaries in, 6:463 Electronic mail. See E-mail

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Electronic Numerical Integrator and Elizabeth I (queen of England), text of, 9:300–301 Calculator (ENIAC), 3:285, 287, 288 Embalmed beef, 3:192 2:334–335; 3:25 and Raleigh, 7:46 Embargo Act (1807), 3:192–193 Electronic publishing, 2:323; 6:539 Elizabethan poor law, 8:439 and Alexandria tobacco trade, of dictionaries, 3:23 Elizabethtown Associates, 3:188 1:122 Electronic scanning systems, 8:77 Elkins, Stanley M., 4:140 Chesapeake-Leopard incident and, Electronic surveillance, 3:185–186, Elkins Act (1903), 3:188; 7:26, 27; 2:130 338–339 8:234 effects of, 8:164, 381 Electronics, 3:178–179 Ellet, Charles, 1:539 factory production and, 5:227–228 and finance, 1:399 Ellicott, Andrew, 1:130 Nonintercourse Act (1809) replac- research in, 1:440 Ellington, Duke, 4:467, 468; 8:410 ing, 6:117 Electronics industry Elliot, Joel, 6:263 and War of 1812, 8:381 automation in, 1:365–366 Elliott, Jesse D., 4:53 Embassies, 3:28, 193–194 foreign competition in, 7:360–361 in Great Lakes Naval Campaigns bombing of, 3:194 foreign trade and, 8:167, 169 of 1812, 4:53 in Africa, 6:109 job mobility in, 7:360 in Perry-Elliott Controversy, staff of, 1:133–134 research and development in, 6:290–291 ambassadors, 1:133 4:339 Elliott, William Yandell, 6:403 Emblem of the United States, semiconductors in, 7:306–307, Ellis, A. Carswell, 3:354 3:99–100 360 Ellis, Edward S., 5:129 Emergency Banking Act (1933), in Silicon Valley, 7:306, 360–361 Ellis Island, 3:188–189, 189; 4:224; 6:43 Electrotype, 6:469 6:88 Emergency Fleet Corporation, Elementary and Secondary Educa- examination at, 3:258 3:194–195; 8:536 tion Act (ESEA) (1965), 2:196, Ellison, Ralph, 3:280; 8:241 Emergency Price Control Act 200; 3:118 Invisible Man, 4:413–414; 5:121, (EPCA) (1942), 6:165 legislation re-authorizing, 3:119, 125 Emergency Relief Appropriation Act 124 Ellsberg, Daniel, 6:286, 287; 8:425 (1938), 6:44 Title VII of, 3:122 Ellsworth, Henry L., 1:71 Emergency Tariff (1921), 8:51 Title IX of, 3:118 Ellsworth, Lincoln, 6:384 Emergency Tax Relief Act (1981), Elementary Spelling Book (Webster), Ellsworth, Oliver, at Constitutional 8:59 8:434 Convention, 2:379 Emerson, Irene, 3:85 Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Ellwood, Isaac, 1:416 Emerson, John, 3:85 Geology (Cleaveland), 5:390 Elmhurst College, 8:264 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1:509; Elements of Popular Theology Elmira College, 3:131 5:119, 506; 6:324 (Schmucker), 5:176 Elmira Prison, 3:189–190; 7:75 “The American Scholar,” 5:119 Elements of Style (Strunk and White), Elssler, Fanny, 1:389 at Brook Farm, 1:545; 8:301 3:222 Elton, Robert, 1:129 on cities, 8:292 Elevators, 3:186, 186–187 Elway, John, 5:72 Essays, 3:195 in department stores, 7:125 Ely, Eugene B., 1:89 on individualism, 4:332 grain, 3:187–188 Ely, Richard E., 1:159; 7:413 on law, 2:317 Eleventh Amendment, 2:158; 7:119 Ely, Richard T., 3:107, 109; 8:284 mysticism of, 5:506 on suits against states, 1:120; 3:342 E-mail (electronic mail), 2:337; Nature, 5:119; 7:194 Elgin, Lord, 2:28 3:184–185; 8:66, 67 and pluralism, 6:373 Eli Lilly and Company, 3:531 privacy concerns about, 6:480 on property, 6:504 ELINT. See Electronic intelligence Emancipation “Representative Men,” 5:119 Eliot, Charles W., 3:115, 116, 274; compensated, 2:542; 3:190 and transcendentalism, 3:195; 4:102; 5:56, 59 gradual, 1:208 7:194; 8:179, 180, 180, 300, Eliot, John, 1:431, 447; 6:448, 536 illusion of freedom after, 1:49–51 301 Dialogues of, 9:99–100 manumission, 5:230–231 as Unitarian pastor, 7:97 Indian Bible by, 4:262 Emancipation Proclamation, 2:212, on weeds, 8:436 on influenza, 4:353 217; 3:190–192, 191; 6:491 on Whitman’s Leaves of Grass, 5:71 Eliot, T. S., 3:197; 5:157 Battle of Antietam and, 1:200 on Young Americanism, 8:583 The Waste Land, 5:120 experiment preceding, 2:542 Emerson, Thomas, 2:6 “Elixir sulfanilamide,” 3:404; 6:555 initial backlash against, 2:218, 411 Emery, Lin, 1:309

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Emigrant Aid Company, 5:59 Employment Anti-Discrimination accelerator construction by, 6:339 Emigrant Aid Movement, Act (ENDA) (1994), 3:56 on hydroelectric power, 4:202 3:195–196 Employment Division v. Smith, 1:162, and naval oil reserves, 6:20 Emigrant-cars, 5:372 494; 2:170; 3:374; 6:1 research budget of, 5:19 Emigration, 3:196–198 Employment Retirement Income Energy crisis of 1970s of African Americans, 1:147–148, Security Act (ERISA) (1974), and automobile industry, 1:370 208–209, 477; 2:296–297; 3:200–201; 6:284, 493; 7:130, Carter’s address on, text of, 3:197 131 9:492–494 to Liberia, 1:148 Employment Service, U.S., See also Oil crises Confederate, after Civil War, 2:340 3:201–202 Energy industry, 3:210–214 of Jewish Americans, 3:197; 8:592, Empowerment Zone program, genetic engineering and, 3:531 593 8:287 See also Petroleum industry of Loyalists Empresario system, 3:202 Energy Information Administration, to British West Indies, 8:446 in Texas, 8:99, 101 6:140 to Canada, 7:137; 8:266 Empress of China (U.S. ship), 2:153 Energy Policy Act (1992), 6:373 Emily’s List, 3:198 Emspak, Julius, 3:176 Energy Policy and Conservation Act Eminent domain, 3:198–199; 6:505 ENA. See Experimental Negotiating (1975), 8:190 and capitalist development, 2:43 Agreement Energy Reorganization Act (1974), United States v. Lee and, 8:274 Enabling Acts, 3:202 6:141 and urban redevelopment, 8:285 Encarta, 3:205 Energy Research and Development Emissions trading, 1:80 Encomienda system, 3:202–203 Administration (ERDA), 3:209, Emmanuel I (king of Portugal), 3:283 Encounter groups, 3:203 215–216 Emmett, Daniel Decatur, 3:66 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 3:204 Energy Star program, 3:233 Emmons, Nathaniel, 7:96 online, 3:205 Enforcement Acts (1870), 8:273, 275 Emmons, Samuel F., 3:552 Encyclopedias, 3:203–205 See also Force Acts Emoticon, 8:67 Encyclopédie (Diderot and d’Alem- Enforcement Bureau of Federal Empire State Building, 3:199, 199; bert), 3:204 Communications Commission, 6:80 End of Nature, The (McKibben), 4:8 3:340 airplane crash into, 3:35 ENDA. See Employment Anti-Dis- Engelbart, Doug, 7:280 Empire style furniture, 3:496 crimination Act Engerman, Stanley, 3:107 Employers Endangered species, 2:373; Engineering education, 3:216–217; blacklisting by, 1:483 3:205–207, 206 7:272 dues checkoff and, 2:115 wolf as, 8:496 at Franklin Institute, 3:455 welfare capitalists, 8:437–438 Endangered Species Act (ESA) (1973), at MIT, 5:272–273 and workers’ compensation, 3:100, 205, 228; 8:424, 482 at Naval Academy, 6:19 3:199–200; 8:529–530 Endangered Species Preservation Progressive Era and, 3:251 Employers’ defenses, 5:13 Act (1966), 3:432 at West Point, 5:374 Employers’ liability laws, Endara, Guillermo, 6:241, 242 Engineering societies, 3:217–218 3:199–200; 5:14 Enders, John F., 6:388 National Academy of Engineering, Employment Endicott, John, 3:80 5:522, 523 affirmative action in, 1:35–37; Endowed foundations, 3:443–445 Engineers, U.S. Army Corps of, 4:66; 7:315–316 Enemy aliens, in world wars, 3:218–220 Proposition 209 and, 6:509–510 3:207–208 mapping and surveying by, 2:62 business cycles and, 1:582 World War I, 8:538 Missouri River dams by, 5:220 discrimination in (See Discrimina- Energy road-building by, 7:181 tion, employment) consumption of, 3:180, 211–212 waterway projects of, 7:169–170; equal opportunity, 3:243–245 projections for, 3:213 8:430 NAFTA and, 6:124 policies on (See under specific admin- West Point and, 7:168 seniority rights in, 7:311–312 istrations) England. See Great Britain sexual harassment in, 7:322–323 renewable, 3:209, 212–213, 213, Engle v. Vitale, 3:374 Employment Act (1946), 3:200; 214–215 Engler, John, 5:356–357 8:254 future of, 3:213 English language, 3:220–222 and Council of Economic Advisors, Energy, Department of (DOE), American form of, development of, 2:430; 3:307, 330 3:208–210, 215, 332 8:434

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American Sign Language and, Environmental crisis, in 1950s, establishment of, 1:362; 3:100, 7:356 2:371–372 228; 7:246; 8:423 among Native Americans, 1:482 Environmental furniture, 3:499 and Freon, 7:246 slang in, 7:377–378 Environmental Impact Statement functions of, 7:246 slaves’ use of, 7:395, 396 (EIS), 3:228 and hazardous waste, 4:111–112 English system of measures, 5:529 Environmental movement, 2:372; and lead, 7:246 Engraving 3:226–231 and noise pollution, 6:112 wax (cerography), 5:233 and climate change, interest in, and pesticides, 6:210 wood, 8:522–523 2:237 Reagan administration and, 3:229 Engstead, John, 1:300 and Earth Day celebration, 3:100, and Superfund, 5:164 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Inte- 227–228 and Times Beach, 8:127 grator and Calculator), founding texts of, 2:370 Toxic Substance Control Act and, 2:334–335; 3:25 in Maine, 5:210 8:151 Enlightenment marine sanctuaries, 5:244 Environmental Quality Act (1969), anthropology and ethnology in, and national park system, 3:432 1:191 5:552–553 Environmental regulations Constitution as document of, 2:382 on nuclear power, 6:139, 141 and infrastructure, 4:356, 358 Monticello and, 5:452 origins of, 3:232 in Oregon, 6:207 and pluralism, 6:374 and public interest law, 6:530 See also specific laws Enlistment, 3:222–223 and recycling, 7:67 Environmental sanitation, in American Revolution, 7:140 Silent Spring in, 7:359; 8:423 7:244–246 in Wyoming, 8:565 Envoys, diplomatic, 1:134 bounties and, 1:524 See also Conservation EOA. See Economic Opportunity in Civil War, 2:210 Environmental problems, 3:225 Act volunteer, 8:352 and climate change, 2:237–238 EOP. See Executive Office of the Enoch Pratt Free Library (Balti- coal mining and, 2:253 President more), 5:98 from dam construction, 4:201–202, EPA. See Environmental Protection Enos, Roger, 1:281 436 Agency Enron Corporation, 2:419 energy consumption and, 3:213, 214 Epaulettes, 8:256 scandal associated with, 3:176, global nature of, 3:230 EPC. See Evangelical Presbyterian 223; 4:27 from hazardous waste, 4:111–112 Church Ensign, 3:223 health hazards, 5:298 EPCA. See Emergency Price Con- Entail of estate, 3:223–224 Industrial Revolution and, 8:422 trol Act primogeniture, 6:463–464 from introduced species, Ephrata Cloister, 1:534 Entangling alliances, 3:224 7:499–500 EPIC (End Poverty in California), Enterprise for the Americas Initia- from irrigation, 4:436 3:233–234 tive, 6:124 and Native Americans, 8:571 Epidemics and public health, 3:37, Enterprise resource planning (ERP), nitrates, 6:110 234–242 7:442 ozone depletion, 1:80; 6:223, in 20th century, 5:105 Enterprise software, 7:441–442 223–224; 7:246 AMA on, 1:165 Enterprise zones, 3:224 paper industry, 6:246 bacteriology, 5:358 Entertainment See also Air pollution; Water pollu- birth defects, 5:236 as consumer good, 2:390 tion child mortality, 5:273–274 film industry and, 2:323 Environmental protection, 3:226 cholera, 2:159–160, 160; television and, 2:391 Environmental Protection Agency 3:236–237; 8:576 zoological parks and, 8:594–595 (EPA), 3:231–233, 332 in colonial era, 2:510; 5:104 Entrepreneurial ethic, 8:528–529 and air pollution, 1:79, 362 diphtheria, 5:104 Enumerated commodities, and auto emissions, 1:362 environmental health hazards, 3:224–225 and biological pesticides, regula- 5:298 Enumerated powers, 3:225 tion of, 1:463 governmental inspection and, Environmental accidents, 3:228 and Clean Air Act enforcement, 4:363 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 3:39, 233, 2:230 influenza, 3:37, 237, 241; 305, 305–306 and Clean Water Act enforcement, 4:353–354, 354 Environmental business, 3:225–226 2:231 during World War I, 8:538–539

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Epidemics and public health, (contin- of women, original documents on, Esch Industrial Hygiene and Occu- ued) 9:325–337 pational Disease Act (1912), and life expectancy, 5:104, 105 Equiano, Olaudah, 5:119, 364; 5:14 malaria, 5:213–215, 214 6:234; 7:388 Esch-Cummins Act. See Transporta- and Native Americans, decimation Equine influenza, 8:319 tion Act of, 8:488 Equitable Building, 6:80 Esche, Otto, 2:19 polio, 5:236; 6:388–389 Equity Colony, 8:303 Escort services, 6:514 smallpox, 5:104 Equity funds, 4:413 ESEA. See Elementary and Sec- social change and, 5:305 Equity in Education Land Grant ondary Education Act tenements and, 8:81–82 Status Act (1994), 8:211 Eskimo. See Inuit tuberculosis, 8:235–238, 237 ERA. See Equal Rights Amendment Esparza, Enrique, on Alamo Siege, yellow fever, 3:37, 235–236; Era of Good Feeling, 2:550; 3:151, 9:212–214 8:576–577 251 Espionage See also Disease(s) ERDA. See Energy Research and Amerasia case, 1:134 Episcopalianism, 3:242–243 Development Administration Ames case, 1:173–174 African Americans in, 3:243 Erdman Act (1898), 7:24, 25, 38 communist subversion and, 8:1–2 membership in, 7:87, 90, 91 Erdrich, Louise, Love Medicine, by communists, 1:198 Oxford Movement in, 6:222 5:129, 164–165 domestic, Nixon administration upstart sects and threat to, 7:86 Erector sets, 3:251; 8:153 and, 8:425–426 Epperson v. Arkansas, 1:500 Ergonomic workplace standards, Hanssen case, 4:92 Equal Credit Opportunity Act 5:12 Hiss case, 4:136–137 (ECOA) (1974), 2:452; 5:252 Ericsson, John, 4:54 industrial, 3:254–255 Equal Employment Opportunity Act Erie, Lake, pollution of, 8:422 Rosenberg case, 7:197–198 (1972), 1:36 Erie Canal, 2:31, 31–32; 3:251, in World War I, 8:537 Equal Employment Opportunity 251–253, 252, 253; 6:87 See also Spies Commission (EEOC), Champlain-Hudson cutoff to, Espionage Act (1917), 3:207, 254 3:243–245; 5:15 8:312–313 and censorship, 2:83, 84 establishment of, 1:36; 2:200; 3:49, and domestic trade, 8:160 Supreme Court on, 7:264; 8:195 52; 5:527 and market shipping, 2:387 enemy aliens and, 8:537 functions of, 1:36 masonry on, 2:79 Espy, James Pollard, 5:331 and legal challenges to age discrim- and New York City, 6:79, 88; 8:160 Esquire (magazine), 5:196 ination, 3:47 and price of flour, 3:398 Essay Concerning Human Understand- and National Organization for railroads and, 7:27 ing, An (Locke), 5:140 Women, 5:548 and westward migration, 8:461 Essays (Emerson), 3:195 statistics compiled by, 3:52–53 Erie Railroad Company v. Tompkins, Essence (magazine), 5:198 Equal Pay Act (1963), 2:330; 3:54, 3:253–254 Essential Schools, 3:124 245, 308; 5:15; 8:517 Erikson, Erik, 4:139–140 Essex (warship), 3:256 Equal protection of the law, Eriksson, Leif, 6:122; 8:337 Essex Junto, 3:255–256 3:245–247 ERISA. See Employment Retire- Estaing, Comte d’, 7:144 Barron v. Baltimore and, 1:419 ment Income Security Act Estate tax laws, 4:359 Equal rights, and liberalism, 5:92 Erlanger, Joseph, 6:349 See also Inheritance tax laws Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), ERP. See Enterprise resource plan- Esteban (Moorish slave), 1:256; 3:247–248, 249; 5:65–66; 8:516 ning 6:65–66 in electoral politics, 3:167 Erskine, John, 4:40 Estebanico, 2:1, 173; 3:296 Frontiero v. Richardson and, 3:478 Erskine, Robert, 2:62 Estrada, Joseph, 6:323 General Federation of Women’s Ervien v. United States, 3:202 Ethan Frome (Wharton), 5:119 Clubs and, 3:526 Ervin, Sam, 4:231 Ethical Culture, Society for, 1:55; Moral Majority and, 5:456 Erwitt, Elliott, 6:330 3:256–257 rally for, 8:517 ESA. See Economic Stabilization Ethics ratification by states, 8:517 Agency; Endangered Species Moral Majority and, 5:455–456 Equal Rights Party, 3:248 Act moral societies, 5:456 Equality Escalante, Silvestre Vélez de, 2:301 Ethiopia, invasion of, by Italy, 5:65 concept of, 3:248–251 Escalator clauses, 2:423 Ethiopia Unbound (Casely Hayford), and liberty, balance of, 5:92 Esch, John Jacob, 8:185 6:236

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Ethnic cleansing, 3:536 European Economic Community Evans, Alice C., 5:358 Ethnicity (EEC), 3:258, 260 Evans, Edgar, 6:383–384 Beyond the Melting Pot on, 1:446 European Free Trade Association Evans, Frederick, 7:334 meaning of, 1:338 (EFTA), 8:166 Evans, John, 1:440; 7:243 melting pot, 5:306 European Organization for Nuclear Evans, Luther, 5:101 multiculturalism, 5:473–474 Research (CERN), 6:339 Evans, Oliver, 1:335, 371; 3:187, political machines and, 5:186–187 European Recovery Act (1948), 389; 6:255; 7:77, 542, 543 shares of population by, 2:555, 8:166 Evans, Robley D., 1:428 555–556, 557 European Recovery Plan, 3:415 Evans, Romer v., 3:56, 247; Ethnohistory, 3:257 European Recovery Program (ERP). 7:195–196 of gypsies, 4:78–79 See Marshall Plan Evans, Walker, 1:301, 302 Ethnology, 1:191–195 European Union (EU), 3:258–261; Let Us Now Praise Famous Men: Ethnology, Bureau of American, 8:158 Three Tenant Families (with 1:192; 3:257–258 Eustis, Henry L., 5:59 James Agee), 5:83–84 on Native American languages, Eutaw Springs, Battle of, 3:261 Evarts, William, 1:144 4:274 Euthanasia, 3:261–263 Eveleth, Jonathan G., 6:302 Etiquette. See Manners and etiquette definition of, 1:339 Evening Transcript (newspaper), 6:96 E*TRADE, 3:183 “right to die” cases, 3:262; Evening Wind (Hopper), 6:471 ETRS. See Earth Technology 7:160–161 Everest, Mount, mountain climbing Resource Satellite Evacuation Day, 5:568 on, 5:466 ETS. See Educational Testing Ser- Evangelical Alliance, 3:263; 5:532 Everest, Wesley, 8:414 vice Evangelical Lutheran Church in Everett, Edward, 2:383; 3:154, Ettor, Joseph, 5:59–60 America (ELCA), 5:177; 570–571; 5:59, 98 EU. See European Union 6:137–138 and land speculation, 5:36 Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company, Evangelical Presbyterian Church Everglades National Park, 3:268, 6:505; 8:593 (EPC), 6:451 268; 5:552 Eugenics, 3:258 Evangelical Synod of North Ameri- Seminole in, 3:268; 7:9 racial science and, 7:13 ca, 8:264 Evers, Medgar, 1:332; 5:527 and wildlife management, Evangelical United Brethren, Unit- assassination of, 2:203 2:370–371 ed Methodist Church and, Everson v. Board of Education, 2:168 Eugénie (empress of France), 2:245 5:334 Evertsen, Cornelius, Jr., 6:82 Eulau, Heinz, 6:403 Evangelical United Front, 3:264, Evertz, Scott, 1:18 EURATOM. See European Atomic 265 Energy Community Evangelicalism, 3:266–267 Evolution of Civilization, The (Blash- Euro, 1:394; 3:261 among African Americans, 1:42; field), 5:101 Europe 6:517 Evolution of the Igneous Rocks, The American émigrés in, 3:197 camp meetings, 2:21–22 (Bowen), 6:301 foreign aid to, 3:415, 426 and denominational colleges, Evolutionism, 1:520; 3:268–270 immigrants from, 7:10, 91 3:130–131 and anthropology/ethnology, 1:192 slavery in, 7:389 fundamentalism and, 3:484–485; vs. Christianity, 2:164 U.S. relief in, after World War I, 6:516 and geography, 3:541–G501:43 8:541–542 Graham and, 6:516–517 impact on historians, 4:138 welfare state in, 8:438 Great Awakening and, 4:38–39; radio broadcasting and, 7:274 World War I debts to U.S., 6:515–516 and religion, 7:270 8:542–543 growth of, 2:165 responses to, 2:446 See also Eastern Europe; specific home missionary societies, 5:409 in school curriculum countries Moral Majority, 5:455–456 North Carolina banning, 6:130 European Atomic Energy Commu- New Lights, 6:65 Scopes trial on, 1:146; nity (EURATOM), 3:258, 260 and politics, 2:165 7:283–284; 8:86 European Coal and Steel Communi- resurgence of, 6:517–518 social, 1:192–193; 7:411–412 ty (ECSC), 3:258, 260 and televangelism, 6:517–518; Ewell, Richard S., 1:567; 3:567 European Common Market, 7:54; 8:71–72 in Battle of Spotsylvania Court- 8:157–158 See also Mission(s) house, 7:512 European Community, 8:166 Evangelism, 3:263 in Battles of the Wilderness, 8:477

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Ex Parte Bollman and Swartwout, No. 11967, 9:480 by Vancouver, 8:306–307 3:270–271; 8:193–194 No. 13007, 1:162 in Washington, 8:412 Ex Parte Crow Dog, 3:271 No. 13083, 3:278 Canadian, by Ogden, 6:37 Ex Parte Endo, 4:461, 464 Executive privilege, 3:278–279 Dutch, 2:39; 3:286, 289–290, 290; Ex Parte Garland, 3:271; 8:96 HUAC on, 4:178 4:281 Ex Parte McCardle, 3:271–272; 8:97 investigating committees and, in New Netherland, 6:71 Ex Parte Merryman, 3:272; 8:374 4:411 French, 3:285–286, 290–293, 292; Ex Parte Milligan, 3:272–273; 5:317; Lincoln and, 2:210; 3:272 6:51 8:374 Supreme Court on, 4:497 by Champlain, 2:103–104, 104 Examiner (newspaper), 6:98 Existentialism, 3:279–281 on Great Plains, 8:451–452 Exceptionalism, American, 1:135, Exit polls, 6:534 Hennepin on, 4:126 170 Exorcist, The (Blatty), 5:130 by Jolliet and Marquette, 4:214, Excess profits tax, 3:273; 8:57 Expansionism 486–487; 5:416, 416 Exchange(s), 3:274–277 Democratic Party and, 2:550–551 in Kansas, 4:508 bills of, 3:273–274 manifest destiny, 5:222–225, 224 by La Salle, 5:1–3, 416 centralization of, 2:447 in maps, archival, 9:45–64 Griffon and, 4:66 Commodities Exchange Act and, in Open Door policy, 6:196–197 Mississippi River, 6:29; 8:99 2:315–316 original documents from era of, Lake Michigan, 4:50–51 commodity, 2:316 9:187–265 Lake Ontario and Huron, 4:50 regulation of, 4:30 and slavery issue, 8:485–486 maps of, archival, 9:19, 19–22 Exchange rates, International Mone- western, 8:444 in Michigan, 5:353–354 tary Fund in, 4:396 See also Westward migration Missouri River, 5:425–426 Exchange students, 3:274 Expatriation, 3:281 by Nicolet, 6:106 Fulbright grants and, 3:482–483 Expatriation Act (1907), 6:14 in North Dakota, 6:131 Excise taxes, 7:230; 8:56 Expedition to the Valley of the Great on Northwest Coast, 8:453 Exclusionary clubs, 2:251 Salt Lake of Utah, An (Stans- Platte River, 6:29 Exclusionary rule, 7:290 bury), excerpt from, 9:233–237 Saint Lawrence River, 3:488; 4:50 Executive agent, 3:277 Expenditures, federal, 3:281–282, geophysical, 3:551–553 Executive agreements, 3:277–278; 282 Italian, by Verrazano, 1:11; 2:38; 8:203–204 Experience; Or, How to Give a North- 3:285, 291; 8:315 Executive branch, 3:341 ern Man Backbone (Brown), Narrows, 5:515 legislative oversight of, 5:77–78 5:124 New France, 6:51 organization of, Hoover Commis- Experimental boiling water reactor New York, 6:87 sions on, 4:161 (EBWR), 6:139 by Long (Stephen), 5:150–151 representation in, 7:108 Experimental Negotiating Agree- maps of, archival, 9:19–24 See also Cabinet; President(s) ment (ENA) (1973), 7:546; by Marcy, 5:238 Executive Office of the President 8:277 by Norsemen, 6:122–123 (EOP), 3:330; 6:455 “Experimental Novel, The” (Zola), portages and water routes and, Executive Order(s), 3:278 6:11 6:422 No. 8802, 1:35, 547; 2:201; 3:49; Expert systems, 1:318 Portuguese, 3:283 6:314 Exploration(s), 3:283–301, 284 river pathways to, 7:173–174 No. 9017, 5:564 and botanical studies, 1:518 Russian, 1:108, 120–121; 3:286, No. 9066, 3:208; 4:460, 462, 463; British, 3:285, 287–289, 288 293, 293–294; 7:215 7:99 by Cabot, 2:4–5, 5; 3:285, 287 in Alaska, 1:108, 120–121; 4:409 No. 9102, 4:460 by Cook, 2:403–404 on Northwest Coast, 8:453 No. 9250, 5:564 by Gilbert, 3:576 Spanish, 3:283–285, 294–296, No. 9312, 6:523 Golden Hind, 4:18–19 295; 7:206 No. 9980, 2:201; 3:49 Hakluyt’s Voyages on, 4:86 by Cabeza de Vaca, 2:1–2, 2; No. 9981, 1:548; 2:201; 3:49 in New Hampshire, 6:56–57 3:284, 295 No. 10631, 6:472 in North Pole, 6:382 New Mexico, 6:65 No. 10925, 1:36; 6:314 in Oregon, 6:204 Texas, 8:99 No. 10988, 1:154, 156 in Pacific Northwest, 8:452–453 Colorado River, 2:301 No. 11130, 8:394 Potomac River, 6:433 by Columbus, 7:249 No. 11246, 1:36; 6:314 in South Pole, 6:382–383 conquistadores in, 2:360

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by Coronado, 1:256; 2:416, Extension services, 1:71 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) 416–417; 4:508 Extinction, species, 2:373 (1938), 3:307–309; 5:11, 15, Great Plains, 4:56 Extra sessions, 3:303 135 in New Mexico, 6:66 Extracurricular activities, 2:276 child labor regulated by, 2:140, in Texas, 8:99 Extradition, 3:303–304 149; 4:27; 8:111 in Florida, 3:385; 5:308–309; political offense exception to, and Equal Pay Act, 3:245 8:47 3:304 and minimum wage, 3:54; 5:395; in Grand Canyon, 4:33 Extra-Sensory Perception (Rhine), 8:252 in Great Plains, 4:56 6:246 National Consumers’ League and, Gulf Stream, 4:73 Extraterritoriality, right of, 2:392 and Hispanic Americans, 4:134 3:304–305 on piecework, 6:352 in Kansas, 4:508 Extrusion molding, 6:366 textile workers’ strike and, 8:278 in New Mexico, 6:65–66 Exxon Corporation, 1:111 on wages and hours, 8:360 on Northwest Coast, 8:453 credit card offered by, 3:368 Fair Oaks, Battle of, 6:275 by Oñate, 6:194 Exxon Valdez oil spill, 1:13, 111, 113; Fairbanks, Charles W., 3:159 in New Mexico, 6:66 3:39, 233, 305, 305–306; 6:304 Fairbanks, Douglas, Sr., 3:362 in Oregon, 6:204 Ezell, Harold, 6:509 Fairchild Semiconductor, 7:360 Potomac River, 6:433 Fairness doctrine, 3:341 by Soto, 1:102, 264; 7:450–451 Fair-trade laws, 3:309–310 in Florida, 3:385; 8:47 domestic, 3:309 in Tennessee, 8:84 F global, 3:309–310 in Southwest, 8:451 F-117 Nighthawk stealth fighter, Faithful Narrative of the Surprising in Texas, 8:98–99 1:496 Work of God, A (Edwards), 5:118 in Washington, 8:412 FAA. See Federal Aviation Adminis- Fajans, Kasimir, 6:341 U.S., 3:296–301, 298; 8:453–454 tration Falkenstein, Claire, 1:309 Colorado River, 2:301 Fabréga, Gilberto Guardia, 6:241, Fall, Albert, in Teapot Dome Scan- by Fisk, 3:377 242 dal, 6:19–20; 8:63 by Freeman, 3:465 Facsimile machine. See Fax machine Fall line, 3:310, 310 by Frémont, 3:467–468 Factories Fallam, Robert, 8:447 Great Basin, 3:468; 4:39 19th-century, 2:42 Fallen Angels (Myers), 5:126 Great Salt Lake, 3:468; 4:57 and city planning, 2:185 Fallen Timbers, Battle of, mountain passes, 6:254 industrial management in, 3:310–311; 4:63; 8:399 Nevada, 3:468; 6:37 4:334–335 Greenville Treaty after, 4:271; Platte River, 3:467; 6:30 for leather products, 5:68–69 6:172 geological surveys and, and recreation, changes in, 7:64 Falvo v. Owasso Independent School 3:544–545 women in, 2:223; 8:505 District No. I-001, 3:316 Great Salt Lake, 4:57 Factors (commission merchants), Falwell, Jerry, 1:449; 2:165, 376; by Greely, 4:59–60 2:312–313 3:484, 485; 5:455–456; 6:518 by Lewis and Clark (See Lewis Factory farms, hogs in, 4:146 Family(ies), 3:311–315 and Clark expedition) Factory Investigating Commission, in 20th century, 3:313–315 by Long, in Nebraska, 6:29 8:209 abuse within (See Domestic vio- in North Pole, 6:382 Faduma, Orishatukeh, 6:236 lence) by Pike, 6:354–355 Fail-Safe (Burdick, Wheeler), 5:121 church and, 8:500–501 in Rocky Mountains, 7:190 Faint the Trumpet Sounds (Walton), colonial, 3:311–312 in South Pole, 6:383 5:132 farm, 2:44; 7:207 by Wilkes, 8:482 Fair(s) generational conflict in, 3:528–529 Yellowstone River, 3:318; 8:580 county and state, 2:436, 437 in kinship patterns, 4:531–532 Western, 8:451–454, 452 world (See World’s fairs) Republican, 3:312–313 Explosives, 3:301–302 Fair, James G., 1:497 slave, 3:313; 7:394, 465 Export debenture plan, 3:302 Fair comment, 5:90 working-class and immigrant, Export taxes, 3:302–303 Fair Deal, 1:533; 2:274; 3:307, 307 3:313 Export-import banks, 1:402–404 Fair Employment Practices Com- World War II’s effect on, Expositions. See specific expositions mittee (FEPC), 3:49, 244; 6:314 9:403–404 Expunging resolution, 3:303 Fair Housing Act (1968), 6:506 See also Marriage

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Family and Medical Leave Act Farmer Labor Political Federation Farmers’ Mutual Benefit Associa- (FMLA) (1993), 3:55, 315, 317, (FLPF), 6:500 tion, 3:323 525; 5:15 Farmer-Labor Party of 1920, 3:161, Farmers’ Nonpartisan League. See Family Education Rights and Priva- 320–321; 5:16 Nonpartisan League, National cy Act (1974), 3:315–316 Farmer-Labor Party of Minnesota, Farmhand, 3:325–327, 326 Family Farm Preservation Act 3:321–323; 5:400 Farms and farming. See Agriculture (1982), 6:31 Farmers Farnsworth, Philo T., 8:77 Family of Love (Children of God), Agricultural Adjustment Adminis- Farragut, David, 2:496 2:477 tration and, 3:318–319 New Orleans occupied by, 6:25, Family of Man Exhibition, 3:316, in antimonopoly parties, 73, 75 316 1:204–205 in Vicksburg, 8:324 Family planning buying land, 6:527, 528 Farrakhan, Louis, 1:207; 4:437; Republican vs. Democratic posi- education of, 3:325 5:520, 521 tion on, 7:216 Farm Security Administration and, Farrell, James T., 5:121 See also Birth control 3:319–320 Fascism, American, 3:327–328 Family Support Act (1988), 2:139; Jefferson (Thomas) on, 8:527 See also Nazis, American 6:438 number of, in 20th century, 1:66 Fashion. See Clothing and fashion Family values, 3:316–318 Ocala Platform of, 6:157–158 Fast Days, 3:328–329 Faneuil, Peter, 3:318 in Progressive movement, 6:494, Fast food. See Food and cuisines, fast Faneuil Hall, 1:509; 3:318, 318 495 “Fast track,” 3:310 Fannie Mae. See Savings and loan Resettlement Administration and, FAT. See Frente Auténtico del Tra- associations bajo 3:319 Fanning, Tolbert, 3:44 Fate of the Earth (Schell), 5:120 resistance to capitalism, 2:45–46 Fanny (Jong), 5:122 Father Shays’s Rebellion by, 7:338; Far right, origins of, 2:375 in 20th century family, 3:314 9:154–155 Far West, prehistoric, 1:242 in colonial family, 3:311 violence by, 8:338 Far West (boat), 3:318 in Republican family, 3:312–313 See also Agriculture; Rural life Farabundo Martí National Libera- Father Divine’s Peace Mission Farmers’ Alliance, 1:63; 2:179, 227; tion Front (FMLN), 3:143 Movement, 2:477 3:187, 323–324; 6:416–417 Faraday, Michael, 3:173, 177, 211 Father’s Day, 5:463 created by African Americans, Fard, Wallace D., 4:437; 5:519 Faubus, Orval, 1:262, 263; 2:202; 3:323; 6:417 Farewell to Arms, A (Hemingway), 4:29 on education, 6:416 5:120 Fauci, Anthony, 1:16 Fargo, William G., 8:443 in Georgia, 3:556 Faulk, Andrew, 7:459 Farley, James A., 1:97; 6:427–428 in Illinois, 3:323 Faulkner, William, 5:120, 157 Farm Aid concerts, 1:441, 441 in Indiana, 3:323 As I Lay Dying, 5:121 Farm Credit Administration (FCA), in Iowa, 3:323 Light in August, 5:121 1:60 in Kansas, 3:324 Sanctuary, 5:121 Farm debt, mortgage relief legisla- in Louisiana, 3:323 Fauna of the National Parks, The tion, 5:461 in New Mexico, 3:323 (Wright, Thompson and Farm Eco-Village, The , 8:303 in Texas, 3:323, 324; 6:416; 8:102 Dixon), 5:552 Farm families, 2:44 on textbooks, 8:106 Faunce, Thomas, 6:379 Farm Journal, 6:409 women in, 3:323–324; 6:416 Faunce, William Herbert Perry, Farm Security Act (1937), 3:319 original document on, 9:260–261 1:548 Farm Security Administration Farmers’ cooperatives, 2:406–408 Faure, Edgar, at summit confer- (FSA), 3:318–320 Farmer’s Educational and Coopera- ences, 8:15 photography of, 1:301; 3:319, 320 tive Union. See National Farm- Faurer, Louis, 1:301 Resettlement Administration ers’ Union Fauset, Jessie Redmon, 4:96; 5:125 transformed into, 6:44 Farmer’s frontier, 8:463 Faust, Bernard, 4:204–205 Farm subsidies. See Agriculture, Farmers Institutes, 3:325 Favored union clause, 2:243 price supports in Granger movement, 4:36–37 Fawcett, H. W., 5:361 Farman, Joseph, 6:384 Farmer’s Letters, 3:320 Fax (facsimile) machine, 3:329; Farmer, Fanny, 3:400 Farmers’ Loan and Trust Company, 6:169; 8:66 Farmer, James, 2:201, 355 Pollock v., 6:409–410; 8:57 Fay, Michael, 1:173

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Fayol, Henri, 7:281 vs. subsidies, 3:333–334 Federal Bureau of Narcotics (FBN), FBI. See Federal Bureau of Investi- Federal Aid Road Act (1916), 3:335; 5:511 gation 8:190 Federal Bureau of Prisons, 6:477 FBN. See Federal Bureau of Nar- Federal Anti-Tampering Act (1983), Federal Children’s Bureau, 5:274 cotics 6:491 Federal Coal Mine Health and Safe- FCA. See Farm Credit Administra- Federal Arbitration Act (1925), ty Act (1969), 5:391 tion 1:237 Federal Communications Commis- FCC. See Federal Communications Federal Art Project, 6:471 sion (FCC), 3:339–341 Commission Federal Aviation Act (1958), 3:336 and AT&T, 1:346–347 FCC, Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v., Federal Aviation Administration censorship by, 2:84 3:341 (FAA), 3:336–337; 8:191 on digital television, 8:77 FCCC. See Framework Convention aid to airports by, 1:98 and early broadcasting, 8:77 on Climate Change establishment of, 3:35, 336 establishment of, 3:339; 7:19 FDA. See Food and Drug Adminis- functions of, 1:98–99; 3:336–337 and public interest programming, tration standards for airports by, 1:98 8:73 FDI. See Foreign direct investment Federal Bureau of Investigation regulation by, 3:340–341 FDIC. See Federal Deposit Insur- (FBI), 3:337–339 structure of, 3:339–340 ance Corporation in 1920s, 3:337 Telecommunications Act and, 8:75 FDR. See Roosevelt, Franklin in 1930s, 3:337–338 and televangelism, 8:71 Delano in 1960s, 3:338 Federal Council of Churches, 5:532; FEA. See Federal Energy Adminis- in 1970s, 3:338 6:451 tration in 1980s, 3:338–339 Federal courts Feather, Norman, 6:341 in 1990s, 3:339 establishment of, 4:498–499 Feather River, 9:57 and Abscam scandal, 1:8; 3:338 expansion of jurisdiction of, FEC. See Federal Election Commis- and African American press, 6:99 4:499–500 sion in Amerasia case, 1:134 Federal Deposit Insurance Corpora- FECA. See Federal Election Cam- American Indian Movement and, tion (FDIC), 1:398, 400–401, paign Act 1:161 402, 407, 563; 3:345; 6:43 Fechner, Robert, 2:220 anticommunism, 5:182, 183 Federal Election Campaign Act Federal Administrative Procedure in Atlanta Olympic bombing case, (FECA) (1971), 3:144; 6:393 Act (1946), 3:329, 333 3:339 Federal Election Campaign Act Federal agencies, 3:329–333 and Castro, arrest and interroga- (FECA) (1974), 3:144 accountability of, 3:333 tion of, 2:470 Federal Election Commission adjudication by, 1:22–23 and civil rights, 3:338 (FEC), 3:332 Clinton and, 3:332–333 COINTELPRO, 2:265–266; Federal Elections Bill (1890), 2:332 created under New Deal, 6:43–45 3:338 Federal Emergency Management executive power of removal in, during Cold War, 3:338 Agency (FEMA), 2:191 4:194–195 and communists in film industry, Federal Emergency Relief Adminis- military intelligence in, 4:376 4:178 tration (FERA), 6:43; 8:440, number of people employed by, criticism of, 3:338–339 530 3:330 drug enforcement by, 5:512 Federal employees policy making by, 1:21–22 establishment of, 3:337; 4:503 gay and lesbian, 7:327 scientific research by, Allison Com- Hanssen espionage case in, 4:92 political activities by, regulation of, mission on, 1:128 and Internet spy technologies, 4:103–104 understanding, 3:332 3:186 sexual harassment of, 7:323 See also specific agencies in King’s assassination, 4:530 trade unions for, 7:558–559 Federal Agricultural Improvement after 9/11 attack, 3:339 collective bargaining by, 1:154, and Reform Act (1996), 6:133 in Oklahoma City bombing case, 156 Federal aid, 3:333–335 3:339; 6:187–188 Federal Energy Administration dependence on, 3:334 against organized crime, 3:338 (FEA), 3:208–209 estimated amount of, 3:334 and Palmer Raids, 3:337; 6:232 Federal Energy Regulatory Com- forms of, 3:334 surveillance abuse by, 3:338–339 mission (FERC), 3:209 after Great Depression, 3:334 during World War I, 3:337 Federal estate tax, 8:57 before Great Depression, 3:334 during World War II, 3:338 Federal Express, 1:97; 2:439

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Federal Farm Loan Act (1916), 1:71; supremacy of, 5:184 creation of, National Monetary 6:54 and trade unions, 2:43, 274 Commission and, 1:120; 3:344 Federal Flood Control Act (1928), and westward migration, 8:444 Glass-Steagall Act and, 1:400 3:384 women in, 8:507 and Great Depression, 3:345; Federal Flood Control Act (1936), Federal Highway Act (1921), 3:335; 4:4–5, 12, 46 3:384 8:190 and inflation, 4:351–352; Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Federal Highway Administration, 7:516–517 Act (1938), Delaney Amend- 3:335 McFadden Banking Act (1927), ment to, 2:540 Federal Housing Administration 5:185 Federal funds rate, 5:440–441 (FHA), 2:187 in monetary system, 5:440–441 Federal government, 3:341–343 establishment of, 7:256 and money supply, 4:351–352 and big business, regulation of, functions of, 7:256 open-market operations in, 6:198 1:580 Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and and panic of 1929, 3:367 branches of, 3:341 Rodenticide Act (1972) principal goal of, 8:254 interpreting Constitution, 3:342 (FIFRA), 1:463; 3:232; 8:424 during World War I, 3:344–345 budget of (See Budget, federal) Federal Intermediate Credit Banks during World War II, 3:345–346 and business regulation (See Gov- (FICBs), 4:384–385 Federal Savings and Loan Insurance ernment regulation of busi- Federal Labor Relations Authority Corporation (FSLIC), 1:398, ness) (FLRA), 7:559 563 and capitalist development, 2:43 Federal Land Policy and Manage- Federal Security Agency (FSA), 4:113 changes in scope of, 3:342–343 ment Act (FLPMA), 6:529 Federal Trade Commission (FT C), and city planning, 2:187–188 3:347–349 Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) eminent domain of, 3:198; 6:505 creation of, 3:348; 4:27; 8:235 (1907), 5:277–278 enumerated powers of, 3:225 functions of, 1:34, 214; 8:160 Federal Mediation and Conciliation evolution of, 3:341–342 during Great Depression, 3:348 Service (FMCS), 3:343–344 expenditures of, 3:281–282, 282 Nader on, 3:349; 5:509 Federal National Mortgage Admin- funding by, anti-discrimination reforms of, 3:349 istration (FNMA), 7:256 legislation associated with, during World War II, 3:348 Federal Oil Pollution Act (1990), 2:196 Federal Trade Commission Act 3:305 intervention in labor disputes by, (1914), 1:34, 214–215; 3:348; Federal Open Market Committee 1:190; 7:557 6:497 (FOMC), 5:440–441; 6:198 mapping program of, 2:62 Wheeler-Lea Amendments to Federal Power Act (FPA) (1935), ownership of (See Government (1938), 1:214–215 ownership) 4:201 Federal-Aid Highway Act powers of, Executive Order 13083 Federal Power Commission (FPC), of 1944, 4:403 and, 3:278 4:201 of 1956, 4:403–404 privatization by, 6:481 and natural gas industry, 6:9 Federal-Aid Highway Program, proclamations by, 6:490–491 Federal Radio Commission (FRC), 3:335–336; 7:178; 8:140 propaganda by, 6:502–504 3:339 Federalism and public health, 3:239 Federal Register (newspaper), 3:344; and economics, 3:107 publications of, 3:344; 4:24–25 5:525 and electoral college system, 3:172 by Office of Federal Register, Federal Reserve Act (1913), 6:497; fiscal, 1:560 5:525 8:196 marital law and, 5:249–250 and railroads, 7:35 Federal Reserve Bulletin, 3:106 midnight judges and, 5:367 and retirement, 7:129 Federal Reserve System, 3:332, militias and, 5:386 revenue of, 1:558, 559; 7:132, 133 344–347 new, 1:454 role in education, 3:123 in 1950s, 3:346 transition to democracy from, shutdown of (1995), 1:229 in 1960s, 3:346 3:152 sovereignty of, 7:477, 534 in 1970s, 3:346–347 Federalist Gazette of the United States spending by in 1980s, 3:347 (newspaper), 6:96 during Great Depression, in 1990s, 3:347 Federalist Papers, 2:382; 3:349–350 4:47–48 (See also New Deal) banks and, 1:397, 398 American System in, 1:171 Keynes on, 4:46 chairman of, 3:110 on Congressional appropriations, pump-priming, 6:551 and check clearing, 2:232 1:229

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on interest groups, 4:380, 382 Feld, Irvin, 2:177 Ferguson, Miriam, 3:354; 8:103, 104 No. 84, text of, 9:164–167 Feldman, Sandra, 1:155 Ferguson, Patrick, 1:382 on religious toleration, 6:374 Feldstein, Martin, 2:431; 7:421–422 Ferguson, Plessy v., 1:443, 549; 2:199; on representative democracy, Felsch, Oscar (Happy), 1:480 3:121, 342; 5:406; 6:370–371 2:546–547 FEMA. See Federal Emergency Ferguson Impeachment, 3:354; and republic, concept of, 7:110 Management Agency 8:103 Federalist Party, 3:350–352; 8:243 Feminine Mystique, The (Friedan), Ferkauf, Eugene, 7:126 Alien and Sedition Acts and, 2:391; 3:281, 353; 4:1; 7:18; Ferlinghetti, Lawrence, 1:433; 1:123–124; 3:351; 6:396 8:511, 516 5:121–122 collapse of, 7:118 Feminism Fermentation, 3:405 and conservatism, 2:374 backlash against, 8:516–517 Fermi, Enrico, 6:138, 341, 344, 345 decline of, 3:352 and concept of gender, 3:515–518 Fermi National Accelerator Labora- Embargo Act (1807) and, 3:193 definition of, 8:515 tory, 6:339 emergence of, 3:350–351 “difference” vs. “equality,” Fernandez, Simon, 7:47 and Essex Junto, 3:255–256 8:518–519 Fernow, Bernhard E., 3:430 Hartford Convention and, 4:101 on domestic violence, 3:74 Ferrar, John, 8:347 Jefferson on, 5:277 on electrical appliances, 3:181 Ferrar, Nicholas, 8:347 vs. Jeffersonian Republicans, Equal Rights Amendment and, Ferraro, Geraldine, 5:566 3:351–352 3:248 in presidential campaign of 1984, against Louisiana Purchase, 3:352 individualism in, 4:332–333 3:168, 198 Maryland planters and, 5:256–257 National Organization for Women Ferrelo, Bartolemé, 3:285, 296 moral societies and, 5:456 and, 5:548–549 Ferries, 3:354, 354–355 nominations by, 6:113 on pornography, 6:419; 8:517–518 Ferris, William H., 6:236 on secession, 7:293 on Promise Keepers, 6:518 Ferris wheel, 3:355; 8:407, 558 Virginia dynasty and, 8:348 on prostitution, 6:514 world’s first, 2:132 Federalists, 2:381; 3:350 Quakerism and, 7:3 Fertility, 2:557–560, 558 on Bill of Rights, 1:201 radical, 7:18 See also Childbirth; Demography on implied powers, 4:247 on rape, 7:50 and demographic trends; and Judiciary Act of 1801, 4:499 socialist, and abortion, 1:5 Reproduction newspaper of, 6:96 See also Women’s rights movement Fertilizers, 3:355–356; 7:444–445 in North Carolina, 6:128 Fencing and fencing laws, 3:353 chemical, 3:355–356 and postal service, 6:426 of public lands, 6:532 guano, 4:69 strategy of, 1:201 Fenellosa, Ernest, 2:272 Native American use of, 1:69 success of, 1:201 Fenian movement, 2:26; 3:353–354 natural, 3:355, 356 See also Antifederalists Fenno, Veazie Bank v., 8:310 nitrates in, 6:110 Federated Department Stores, Fenton, Beatrice, 1:308 potash in, 6:431 Macy’s, 5:190 Fenton, Roger, 6:331 Tennessee Valley Authority pro- Federated Farmer-Labor Party, Fenwick, Edward Dominic, 3:77 ducing, 8:88 3:321 Fenwick, John, 6:60, 511 Fessenden, William Pitt, 4:485; See also Farmer-Labor Party FEPC. See Fair Employment Prac- 5:210 Federation of American Scientists, tices Committee Festivals. See Holidays and festivals 6:337 FERA. See Federal Emergency Fetter, Frank, 3:109 Federation of Organized Trades and Relief Administration Fetterman Fight, 5:40 Labor Unions (FOTLU), 4:540 Ferber, Edna, 1:123 Fetterman Massacre, 1:453 Fee Patenting, 3:352 Ferber, Herbert, 1:306 Feudalism, 3:356 Feeney, Helen B., 6:295 FERC. See Federal Energy Regula- primogeniture in, 6:464 Feeney, Personnel Administrator of tory Commission Feuds, Appalachian Mountain, Massachusetts v., 6:295 Ferdinand (king of Spain), 3:283, 3:356–357 Feininger, Andreas, 1:94 294 Feulner, Edwin, 8:118 Feinstein, Dianne, 7:53 Ferguson, Adam, 7:431 FHA. See Federal Housing Adminis- Feist Publications, Inc. v. Rural Tele- Ferguson, Homer, 1:537 tration phone Service Company, 2:412 Ferguson, James, 1:194; 3:354; Fhimah, Lamen Khalifa, 6:233 Feke, Robert, 1:294 8:103 Fiallo v. Bell, 1:125 Feld, Eliot, 1:390 Ferguson, John H., 6:370 Fiber attenuation, 3:357

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Fiber optics, 3:357–358 in presidential campaign of 1856, Financial markets, exchanges, Fiber production, 8:107–108 1:166; 3:154, 171 3:274–277 FICBs. See Federal Intermediate Film(s), 3:361–365 Financial Modernization Act. See Credit Banks animated, 2:64, 64–65 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act FIDER. See Foundation for Interior in California, 2:10 Financial panics, 3:365–367 Design Education and Research Canadian complaints about, 2:27 of 1785, 3:365 Field, Cyrus, 2:3, 4 censorship of, 2:85; 6:419 of 1792, 3:365 Field, James G., 3:158 color, 3:362, 363 of 1819, 1:397, 407, 408; 3:365 Field, Marshall, 3:7–8 computer graphics in, 3:365 of 1837, 1:397, 407, 408; 3:365 Field, Stephen J. cowboy, 2:444 currency shortage and, 2:481 attempted assassination of, 4:250 foreign, 3:365 political effects of, 2:550 legal training of, 5:56 during Great Depression, 2:390 and prices, 6:461 Field v. Clark, 3:358 and imperialism, 4:244 of 1857, 3:366 Fielding, Lewis, 8:425 independent, 3:364–365 and prices, 6:461 Fields, W. C., 8:309 about Indiana, 4:320 of 1873, 1:407; 3:366 Fiero, C. E., 6:182 and interior decoration, 1:292 depression following, 1:484; 2:9 FIFRA. See Federal Insecticide, music for, 5:500–501 of 1893, 1:407; 3:366 Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act musicals, 5:500 and consumerism, 7:128 Fifteenth Amendment, 1:542; 3:250, as recreation, 7:65 and Kelly’s Industrial Army, 342 sexual content in, 3:362, 363 4:516 circumvention of, 2:219 silent, 3:362 and Morgan (J. P.), 6:493 special effects in, 3:364 of 1907, 1:397, 407; 3:366 and civil rights, 2:198 talking, 3:362–363 Aldrich-Vreeland Act for, 1:120; and election policies, 3:171 three dimension (3-D), 3:364 3:344, 366 and grandfather clauses, 4:35 and toys, 8:153 and Morgan (J. P.), 3:344, 366 provisions of, 8:356 Westerns, 8:457, 457–459, 458 of 1929, 1:398; 3:367 Radical Republicans and, 7:15, 112 See also specific films and gold standard, 4:15 and state sovereignty, 7:534 Film industry decrease in incidence of, 1:585 and voting rights, 7:106 Academy Awards in, 6:485–486 and industrialization, 2:388 Fifth Amendment, 1:457 and audio technology industry, profiteering and, 6:493 due-process limits of, 3:91 1:358; 3:362–363; 4:470 savings banks during, 1:407 Frontiero v. Richardson and, 3:478 blacklists in, 4:178; 5:183 Financial services industry, Miranda v. Arizona, 5:404–405 communism in 3:367–370 “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight,” 1:188; Disney’s testimony on, 9:413–417 convergence of companies in, 2:550; 3:358 HUAC on, 4:178, 411 3:368 Fighters. See Aircraft, fighters development of, 3:362 crises in, 3:369 Figure skating, 4:209, 210 developments in, 2:323 diversification of, 3:368 Filer Commission on Private Philan- during Great Depression, 3:363; future of, 3:369–370 thropy and Public Needs, 3:444 8:162 legislation of, 3:369 Filibustering, 3:359–360; 5:46 in Hollywood, 4:150 See also Bank(s) Congressional, 2:351; 3:358–359 mass media, emergence as, 5:261 Financier, The (Dreiser), 6:12 procedure to end, 2:250 photographic industry and, 6:330 Fink, Mike, 8:45 Filipino Americans, 3:360–361 pictorial photography in, 1:300 Finkbine, Sherri, 1:6; 7:192 as farmhands, 3:326 technical innovations in, 3:364 Finland, immigration from, 2:327; immigration patterns of, 1:324 television and, 3:364; 8:75 7:262 nativist laws and, 6:5 VCRs and, 8:328 Finlay, Carlos J., 8:576 in trade unions, 8:172 World War I and, 3:362 Finley, John Huston, 2:189 Fillmore, Millard World War II and, 3:363 Finley, Karen, 8:115 anti-Masons and, 1:203 Film noir, 3:363 Finley, Robert, 1:147; 3:197 and Compromise of 1850, 2:331 Filson, John, 9:104–107 Finnegan, Joseph, 3:343 as log cabin president, 5:145 Finance Committee, Senate, 2:352 Finney, Charles Grandison, 1:203, presidency of, 8:322 Financial Institutions Reform, 378; 2:163; 3:130, 264, 370; in presidential campaign of 1848, Recovery, and Enforcement Act 7:195 3:154 (FIRREA), 1:563 and Grahamites, 3:24

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at Oberlin College, 7:97 and limits on Congressional power, Fisk, James Liberty, expeditions of, and religious liberty, 7:93 2:350 3:377 Finney revivals, 3:370–371 and minority rule on falsehoods, Fisk Jubilee Singers, 3:395 Finnish Americans, 7:262 5:90 Fisk University, 8:263 Finnish immigrants and pornography, 6:419 Fiske, John, 4:138 in Communist Party, 2:327 and religious liberty, 2:167; 7:85, Fiske, Robert, 4:238; 7:496 in New Sweden, 6:77–78 93 Fitch, James, 3:63 Fire(s), 3:37–38 and school prayer, 7:265 Fitzgerald, F. Scott, 3:197, 280; in agricultural practices, 1:69 and television programs, 8:68 5:157 Chicago fire (1871), 1:12; 2:132, First Boston Corporation, 1:405 The Great Gatsby, 1:504; 4:49–50; 133–134; 3:37 First Ladies, 3:375–376 5:120, 150 at Edison Lamp Factory (1914), Fischer, Bobby, 2:130 on Jazz Age, 4:469–470 5:14 Fischer, Michael, 1:194 Fitzgerald, John F., 1:510 forest, 8:478 Fish, Hamilton Fitzhugh, George, 2:374 insurance, 4:369 on Alabama claims, 1:106; 8:416 Sociology for the South, 7:431–432 Native American use of, 4:306–307 on communism, 1:198 excerpt from, 9:276–280 at Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fish, Stanley, 5:122 Fitzmaurice, William Petty, 6:490 (1911), 1:12; 2:247, 249; 3:38; Fish and fisheries Fitzpatrick, John, 3:320, 321 5:14; 8:208–209, 209 in Alaska, 1:109–110; 7:231 Fitzpatrick, Thomas, 5:40; 9:227 See also Disasters; Wildfires in Canada, 6:53 Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 1:120 Fire engines, 3:372, 372–373 cod, 2:261–262 Five Civilized Tribes. See Civilized fishing bounties and, 3:376–377 Tribes, Five Fire extinguishers, 3:373 on Grand Banks, 4:32 Five Nations. See Iroquois League Fire fighting, 3:371–373, 373 in colonial era, 4:349 Five-and-dime stores, 2:100, 101; development of, 8:292 in Great Lakes basin, 4:52 3:9–10, 10, 26–27 Fire Island, 5:150 industrialization of, 5:209 Five-Power Naval Treaty, 3:377 Fire Next Time, The (Baldwin), 5:126 mackerel, 5:187–188 Flag(s), 3:379–381 Firearms. See Gun(s) in Maine, 5:209 Bear, 1:433 Firearms Owners’ Protection Act in North Sea, 6:161 Creole, 2:457 (1986), 4:76; 5:557 oceanographic surveys of, 6:160 pine tree, 6:357 Fire-Eaters, 3:371 salmon, 7:231 U.S., 3:378–379 Firestone, Shulamith, 7:18 dams and, 4:202 burning of, 2:85; 3:379, 380–381 FIRREA. See Financial Institutions U.S.-Canadian disputes over, 2:27, during Civil War, 3:380 Reform, Recovery, and Enforce- 28 development of design of, 3:378, ment Act See also Marine biology 379 First Amendment, 1:457; 2:84, 162; Fish and Game Commission, Takahashi mandatory daily salute to, 3:380 3:373–375; 6:96 v., 1:125–126 Jehovah’s Witnesses objected to, ACLU defense of, 1:146 Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), 3:380 alien rights under, 1:125 4:383, 384 after 9/11 attack, 3:381 and American Indian sacred sites Fisher, Carl G., 5:109; 7:178 Pledge of Allegiance to, 6:370 on public lands, 5:180 Fisher, Carrie, 7:524, 524 protection of, 3:380 and church and state, separation of, Fisher, Donald, 7:126 protest and, 3:380–381 2:167 Fisher, Doris, 7:126 Flag Act (1777), 3:378 Employment Division v. Smith, Fisher, Florence, 1:29 Flag Act (1794), 3:378, 379 3:374; 6:1 Fisher, Irving, 1:544; 3:108–109 Flag Act (1818), 3:378 Espionage Act and, Supreme Court Fisher, Miles Mark, 6:236 Flag Day, 3:377–378; 6:370 on, 7:264 Fisher, Osmond, 3:552 Flag Desecration Act (1968), Grosjean v. American Press Company Fisher, Sir R. A., 7:538, 539 3:380–381 and, 4:67 Fisher, Rudolph, 5:125 “Flag of the Union, The” (Morris), group libel laws and, 4:67 Fisher, Warren, Jr., 5:473 8:279 hate crime legislation and, Fisher, Yamataya v., 1:125 Flag Protection Act (1989), 3:381 4:104–105 Fishing bounties, 3:376–377 Flag Protection Movement (FPM), and Internet, 8:68 Fisk, Clinton B., 3:158 3:380 and libel, 5:90 Fisk, James, Jr., 1:472, 473 Flagg, James Montgomery, 1:277

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Flagler, Henry, 3:386–387; 5:351 Florida, 3:385–388 Spanish cession of, 7:9 Flake, Floyd, 1:54 African Americans in, 3:386, 388 Spanish conquest and colonization Flamingo resort, Las Vegas, 5:42 in American Revolution, 3:385 of, 5:308–309 Flanagan, Hallie, 8:531 annexation of, 1:188; 3:386–387 Spanish exploration of, 2:1; 3:294, Flannagan, John B., 1:306 Apalachee Massacre in (1704), 295–296 Flapper, 2:247; 3:381, 382, 401 1:221–222 tidelands in, ownership of, 8:125 Flash floods, 3:383 Bowles’s filibustering expeditions tourism in, 3:386–387, 388; Flat glass, 4:3 in, 1:525 8:145–146 Flatboat(s), 7:171–172 citrus industry in, 2:181–182 as winter resort, 7:122 Flatboatmen, 3:381–382 in Civil War, 3:386 in World War I, 3:387 Flathead, 8:221, 222 in colonial era, 3:385–386; in World War II, 3:387 Flathead Indian Reservation, 5:449 5:308–309 yellow fever in, 3:387 Flatiron Building, 6:80 constitution of, 7:527 Florida, Gulf of, 3:388 Flavin, Dan, 1:307 Cuban Americans in, 2:473, 474 Florida, Hoyt v., 8:60 “Flavr-Savr” tomato, 3:531 de Soto in, 7:450 Florida, McLaughlin v., 5:165 Fleischmann, Martin, 2:266 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Florida, Seminole Tribe v., 1:120; Fleming, Alexander, 2:124 songs of, 7:532 7:309 Fleming, Arthur, 2:14 English acquisition of, 2:290 Florida, Straits of, 3:388, 389 Fleming, Williamina P., 6:155–156 Everglades National Park, 3:268, Florida Current, 4:73 Fletcher, Frank J., 2:412; 4:68 268 Florida Farmers Alliance, 3:387 Fletcher, Horace, 3:24 exploration of, 3:385; 8:47 Flour milling, 3:388–392 Fletcher, Joseph, 1:462 French exploration of, 3:285 in colonial era, 3:388–389 Fletcher, Robert, 3:382 fruit growing in, 3:478, 479 quality-control procedures and, Fletcher v. Peck, 2:397; 3:382–383; Great Depression in, 3:387 3:391 5:36; 8:576 gun control in, 4:76 technology of, 3:388–391 Fletcher v. Rhode Island, 5:103 hurricanes in, 4:198 Flour trust, 3:390 Flexner, Abraham, 2:56; 6:317 immigration to, 3:388; 5:351 Flower, J. R., 1:334 at Institute for Advanced Study, Jackson’s campaign in, 7:10 Flower Gap, 6:254 4:366 Jim Crow laws in, 3:387–388 Floyd, Carlisle, 6:199 Flexner, Simon, 6:388 Ku Klux Klan in, 3:386 Floyd, John, 2:456 Flexner Report, 1:164; 5:282, 303; Lake Okeechobee, 5:22 FLPF. See Farmer Labor Political 6:317 maps of, 3:386 Federation Flexographic printing, 6:470 archival, 9:12, 12–13 FLPMA. See Federal Land Policy Flick, Lawrence, 8:236 Mariel boatlift (Cuban immi- and Management Act Flint, Charles L., 2:489 grants), 5:239 FLRA. See Federal Labor Relations Flint, Timothy, 2:74 Mayan refugees in, 9:509–515 Authority Flogging, 3:383; 6:551 Native Americans in, 8:225 FLSA. See Fair Labor Standards Act Flood, Curt, 1:422, 423 Seminole, 7:307–308, 309–310, Flu. See Influenza Flood, James C., 1:497 484; 8:401–402 Fluorescent lamps, 3:179 Floods and flood control, 3:36, 42, New Smyrna Colony in, 6:77 Fluoride, 3:4 43, 383–384, 384 Panama Canal and, 3:387 Fluoxetine. See Prozac in Arkansas, 1:262 Paris, Treaty of (1763) and, 6:248 Flute, Jerry, 1:340 in California, 3:42 Pinckney’s Treaty (1795) and, Flutie, Doug, 1:232 Sacramento, 7:220–221 6:356; 8:204 Flying boats, 1:83–84 human losses from, 3:384 in presidential election of 2000, Flying the Hump, 3:392 Johnstown flood (1889), 3:383; 3:388; 7:527; 8:354 Flying Tigers, 3:392, 392–393 4:483, 483–484 Progressive movement in, 3:387 Flynn, Elizabeth Gurley, 1:147; 5:60 on Mississippi River, 3:383, 384; Prohibition in, 3:387 Flynn, Raymond L., 1:510 5:417 purchase of, 1:490 FMCS. See Federal Mediation and on Missouri River, 3:383; 5:426 and land claims, 5:26 Conciliation Service property damage from, 3:383–384 railroads in, 3:386–387 FMIA. See Federal Meat Inspection types of, 3:383 Reconstruction in, 3:386 Act Floor leader, 3:384–385 settlement in, 3:385 FMLA. See Family and Medical Flores, Boerne v., 1:494; 2:318 slavery in, 3:385 Leave Act

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FMLN. See Farabundo Martí genetically engineered, 3:531 Food Safety and Inspection Service National Liberation Front during Great Depression, 3:401 (FSIS), 5:278 FNMA. See Federal National Mort- health food, 4:118–119 Food Security Act (1985), 1:72 gage Administration immigrants and, 3:399–400, 401, Food Stamp Act (1977), 3:409 FNS. See Food and Nutrition Ser- 402 Food stamp program, 3:408–409; vice of Italian Americans, 3:401 6:150, 438 Foch, Ferdinand, 2:112; 3:451 mass production and, 3:400 Food Stamp Reform Bill (1970), Fogel, Robert, 3:107 meatpacking, 5:278–280 3:408–409 FOIA. See Freedom of Information mechanization of housework and, Food supplements, 3:401; 4:118 Act 3:400–401 Foot-and-mouth disease, 2:73; 8:320 Fokine, Mikhail, 1:389–390 and nutrition, 6:148–150 Football, 3:409–413, 411 Foley, Margaret, 1:308 organic, 4:118; 6:210 college, 2:276; 3:409–410, Foley v. Connelie, 1:126 Prohibition and, 3:401 412–413; 5:530–531 Folger, Emily Jordan, 3:393 Pure Food and Drug Movement Ivy League, 4:449 Folger, Henry Clay, 3:393 and, 6:553–555 development of, 3:409–410 Folger Shakespeare Library, 3:393 railroads and, 3:400 high school, 3:410 Folin, Otto, 1:460 vegetarianism, 8:310 professional, 3:410, 411 Folk, Joseph W., 5:421 war rationing, 3:401–402 and social stratification, 7:65 Folk art, 1:309–313 Food and Drug Act (1906), 5:510 on television, 3:411; 8:74 Folk music, 3:395–396 Food and Drug Administration after World War I, 3:410–411 ballads, 1:388–389 (FDA), 3:403–405 after World War II, 3:411–412 revival, 5:496–497 Foote, Andrew H., in Island Num- on Alzheimer’s disease treatments, Folklore, 3:393–397 ber Ten operations, 4:438 1:132 in 19th century, 3:394 Foote, Edward Bliss, 1:467 on azidothymidine (AZT), 1:16 African American, 3:394–395 Foote, Henry S., and Compromise budget for, 3:405 and mass culture, 3:394, 395–397 of 1850, 2:331 creation of, 6:554 origin of term, 3:394 Foote, Julia A. J., 1:44 on “elixir sulfanilamide,” 3:404; tall stories, 8:45 Foote, Samuel A., 8:434 6:555 Folsom, Frances, 3:375 Foraker, Joseph B., 1:550 food pyramid of, 2:97 FOMC. See Federal Open Market Foraker Act (1900), 3:413; 6:544 jurisdiction of, 6:555 Committee Foran Act (1885), 2:397, 398 Nader’s Raiders and, 5:509 Fong Yue Ting v. United States, 1:125; Forbes, Hugh, 4:99 on thalidomide, 3:405 3:11 Forbes, John, 1:127; 6:277 Fontaine, Pierre-François-Léonard, on Viagra, 8:322 expedition of, 1:530; 3:95 3:497 Food and Nutrition Service (FNS), Forbes Road, 8:461 Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1762), 6:150 Force, Juliana, 1:310 6:248 Food Employees v. Logan Valley Plaza, Force Acts, 3:413–414; 6:145–146 Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act 6:350 Ford, Betty, 3:376; 8:517 (1938), 3:404; 6:555 Food preservation, 2:35–37; Ford, Edsel, 3:414 Food Additives Amendment (1958), 3:405–408 Ford, Gerald R. 3:404 canning and, 3:405–406 and Air Force Academy, 1:78 Food and cuisines, 3:398–403 drying and, 3:406–407 amnesty granted by, 1:177 anxiety about, 3:402–403 health effects of, 6:554 attempted assassination of, Arab, 1:231 irradiation and, 3:407–408 1:330–331 breakfast cereals, 2:98–99 natural processes of, 3:405 on bicentennial of Declaration of chemicals and, 3:402 and packaging, 6:229 Independence, 1:450 class distinctions and, 3:399, 402 refrigeration and freezing and, defense policy of, 2:529 cleanliness and, 3:400 3:407 education policies of, 3:118 colonial, 3:398 Food safety energy policies of, 3:209, 215; dieting, 3:401 development of, 3:400 6:304 fast, 3:397, 397–398, 402 governmental inspection for, 4:364 and Federal Mediation and Concil- McDonald’s, 5:184–185 legislation on, 3:403–405; iation Service, 3:343 fish, 5:187 5:277–278 as first unelected president, French, 3:399 USDA role in, 1:71 3:171–172

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Ford, Gerald R., (continued) Ford, James A., 1:240 after World War II, 3:415–416, HUD under, 4:183 Ford, John (director), 8:458 426 inaugural statement of, 6:111 Ford, John S. (Rip) (Texas Ranger), during World War II, 6:36 and Japanese American incarcera- 8:104 See also Agency for International tion, 4:462 Ford, Leland, 4:463 Development; Marshall Plan Latin American policies of, 5:49 Ford, Mary B. Black, Notes Illustra- Foreign Assistance Act (1961), 3:418 Mayaguez incident and, 5:275 tive of the Wrong of Slavery, Foreign commentaries, on America, Nixon pardoned by, 8:323, 427 excerpt from, 9:269–271 1:135–139, 148–149 text of, 9:491–492 Ford, Richard, 5:123 Foreign direct investment (FDI), Office of Economic Opportunity Ford Foundation, 3:444; 6:318; 3:420, 423 under, 6:164 8:117 Foreign Exchange Control Law and Panama Canal, 6:240, 242 Ford Motor Company, 3:414, (1980), 3:422 presidency of, 8:323 414–415; 8:189 Foreign investment in United States, in presidential campaign of 1976, in Detroit, 3:20 2:516–518; 3:419–424 3:167 Highland Park factory, 5:263, 263 in 1960s, 3:422 presidential library of, 5:100 manufacturing process at, in 1970s, 3:422 and Republican Party, 2:376 1:371–373 in 1980s, 3:422 at summit conferences, 8:16 assembly line in, 8:189 in 1990s, 3:422–423 and Toxic Substance Control Act, Model T by, 5:262–263 alien landholding, 1:124 8:151 and United Automobile Workers, American Revolution and, 3:419 and Transportation, Department 8:261, 262 from Arab countries, 3:422 of, 8:185 clash between, newspaper California Gold Rush and, 3:420 vetoes cast by, 8:321 account of, 9:385–387 from Canada, 3:421–422 vice presidency of, 8:323 and University of Michigan, 8:282 Civil War and, 3:420–421 in Warren Commission, 8:394 Fordney Emergency Tariff Bill. See in colonial era, 3:419 in World War II, 8:557 Emergency Tariff in computer industry, 3:423 Ford, Harold, 8:86 Forecasting, business, 1:586–588 from France, 3:419 Ford, Harrison, 7:524, 524 Foreclosure. See Debt(s) from Germany, 3:421 Ford, Henry Foreign aid, 3:415–419, 416 from Great Britain, 3:419, 420, advice to unemployed by, to Africa, 1:40–41; 3:416, 418 421, 422 9:375–376 after Cold War, 3:418 Great Depression and, 3:421 and America First Committee, during Cold War, 3:416–418 from Holland, 3:419, 420, 422 1:139 to Eastern Europe, 3:418 anti-Semitism of, 1:207 to Egypt, 3:418 from Japan, 3:422 and assembly-line process, 2:389 to El Salvador, 3:418 in railroads, 3:420 automobiles of, 1:335, 367, 368, to France, 3:452 from Spain, 3:419 371–373 to Germany, 3:562 from Switzerland, 3:422 bombers of, 1:335–336 to Great Britain, 4:43 in telecommunications industry, conditions for employment by, to Greece, 3:415, 426; 4:59; 3:423 8:438 8:231–232 in U.S. Steel, 3:420 employees of, 1:335, 372–373 to Guatemala, 4:70 World War I and, 3:421 Ford Motor Company founded by, to Israel, 3:418; 4:440–441 World War II and, 3:422 3:414; 8:189 to Latin America, 1:128; 3:416; Foreign Operations Administration, history museum of, 4:127, 127; 5:44 6:381 5:488 in Lend-Lease, 5:81–82 Foreign policy, 3:424–428 and leisure time, increase in, 7:65 Point Four, 3:415–416; 6:381 in 1920s, 3:426 manufacturing process of, to Russia, 3:418 in 1990s, 3:427–428 1:371–373 to South Korea, 3:416 American Revolution and, 3:425 assembly lines in, 1:335–336, 372; to South Vietnam, 3:417 Plan of 1776, 6:361 4:334; 8:189 to Southeast Asia, 3:416 antiwar movements on, 1:215 mass production, 5:262–263 to Taiwan, 3:416 cabinet members and, 2:2–3 mass marketing, 5:246 to Turkey, 3:415, 426; 8:231–232 Civil War and, 3:425 tractors of, 1:59, 65 to Ukraine, 3:418 during Cold War, 3:426–427 Ford, Henry, II, 1:373; 3:414, 415 to Western Europe, 3:415, 426 in colonial era, 3:425

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of Confederate States of America, fighting, 3:373 Fortifications, 3:438–439, 439 2:342 and Forest Service, 3:431–432 Fortress Monroe, 5:445–446 Continental Congress and, Forest industries, in colonial era, French, 3:469, 472 2:394–395 4:350 See also Army posts; specific forts critique of, 3:424 Forest Management Act (1897), Fortune (magazine), 8:127 definition of, 3:424 3:431, 433, 546; 5:35; 6:531 Fortune (ship), 5:317 dollar diplomacy, 3:70–71 Forest Reserve Act (1891), 3:431, “Forty Acres and a Mule,” 3:440 drug trafficking and, 5:511, 433; 5:31 Forty Years in Phrenology (Sizer), 512–513 Forest Service, 3:430–433 6:334 establishment of, 3:425 challenges of, 3:431–433 Forty-Eighters, 3:320–321, foreign observers on, 1:138 fire management by, 8:478 440–441 Great Depression and, 3:426 forest service lands of, 3:431 Forty-Mile Desert, 3:441 industrialization and, 3:425 headquarters of, 3:433 Forty-Niners, 3:441–442, 442; 4:13 jingoism in, 4:480 history of, 3:430–431 42nd Parallel, The (Dos Passos), Kennan (George F.) and, 8:569 motto of, 3:431 5:121 Monroe Doctrine, 5:446–447 National Forest System managed Forum Journal, 5:550 most-favored-nation principle, by, 3:431 Forum News (newsletter), 5:550 5:462 under Pinchot, 2:367 Fosdick, Harry Emerson, 5:432 munitions, export restrictions on, as research agency, 3:432 Fossett, Steve, 1:392 5:479 utilitarian policies of, 2:369 Fossil fuels, 3:214; 4:5–6, 7 nonintervention policy, 6:117 Forestry, 3:433–438, 434, 435 alternatives to, 3:212–213, 213 Open Door, 6:196–198 in 1980s, 3:437 history in U.S., 3:210–211 recognition in, 7:56–57 in 1990s, 3:437–438 Fossils, mammalian, 5:218 Republican Party and, 7:112 definition of, 3:433 Foster, Andrew (Rube), 1:421 and secret diplomacy, 3:27 ecological, 3:437–438 Foster, George, 8:291 State Department in, 7:527–531 during Great Depression, 3:436 Foster, Jodie, 1:331; 2:79 Vietnam syndrome and, 8:328 Marsh (George Perkins) and, Foster, John, 1:294; 8:522 during World War I, 3:426 3:434–435 Foster, Stephen, 3:395; 5:496 during World War II, 3:426 Pinchot (Gifford) and, 3:433 Foster, William Z., 2:326, 327; See also under specific administrations in postwar era, 3:437 8:170 Foreign Service, 3:193–194, in Progressive Era, 3:435–436 Foster care, 3:442–443 428–430 Timber Culture Act (1873) and, African Americans in, 1:29 in 1990s, 3:429–430 8:126 FOTLU. See Federation of Orga- ambassadors in, 1:133; 7:528 during World War II, 3:436 nized Trades and Labor Unions American Revolution and, 3:428 See also Lumber industry Foucault, Michel, 3:516; 6:429; Civil War and, 3:428 Forever (Blume), 1:500 7:332 Cold War and, 3:429 “Forgotten Man” (Sumner), 3:438 Fouilhoux, André, 1:252; 7:376 origins of, 3:28 Formaldehyde, 6:366 Foundation for Interior Design professionalization of, 7:529 Forrest, Edwin, 1:341; 8:113 Education and Research World War I and, 3:428 Forrest, Nathan Bedford, 8:85, 473 (FIDER), 1:294 World War II and, 3:429 in Fort Pillow Massacre, 6:356 Foundations, endowed, 3:443–445; Foreign Service Act (1924), 3:428 Forrestal, James V., 2:528; 5:560; 6:317–319 Foreign Service Act (1946), 3:429 8:256 medical research and, 5:287 Foreign Service Act (1980), 3:429 Forry, Samuel, 2:235 Four Bears (Mató-Tópe), 8:393 Foreign trade. See Trade, foreign Forsberg, Randall, 6:268 Four freedoms, 3:445 Foreman, George, 6:484–485 Forssmann, Werner, 2:53 See also specific freedoms Forensic science, 6:385 Forsyth, George A., 8:562 Four Hundred, 3:445 Forest(s), conservation of, Forsyth, John, 1:176 Four Minute Men program, 8:535 2:367–368 Fort Berthold Indian Reservation, 401(k) Plans, 6:493 Forest and Rangeland Renewable 5:219, 220 See also Retirement Plans Resources Planning Act (1974), Fort Mohave Reservation, 4-H Clubs, 3:445–446 3:431 5:434–435 Fourier, Charles, 1:545; 3:446; Forest fires, 3:38 Fort Worth (Texas), 3:438; 8:103 7:194; 8:181, 301 and early forestry, 3:436 Forten, James, 6:234 Fourier, Jean-Baptiste, 4:6

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Fourierism, 3:446–447; 8:301 Fox, Kate, 7:505 in colonial wars, 2:293–296 Four-Power Treaty, 3:446 Fox, Luke, 3:286 archival maps of, 9:25–28 Fourteen Points, 2:552; 3:426, 447; Fox, Margaret, 7:505 and Confederate States of America, 5:63; 8:315 Fox, Vicente, 5:349 2:342 and Armistice of November 1918, Fox Indians, in Black Hawk War, cuisine of, popularity of, 3:399 1:265 1:473 customary law in, 2:440 Great Britain rejecting, 4:42 Fox television network, 8:75 Declaration of Rights of Woman text of, 9:368–370 Fox War, 3:447–448 and Citizen, 2:524 14 Points for Management (Deming), Fox-Wisconsin waterway, 3:448 dentistry in, 3:3 text of, 9:499–500 Foxwoods Casino, 3:509 in European Common Market, Fourteenth Amendment, 2:180–181, FPA. See Federal Power Act 8:157 193, 523; 3:341–342 FPC. See Federal Power Commis- explorations of, 3:285–286, and apportionment, 1:227 sion 290–293, 292; 6:51 and civil rights, 2:198 FPM. See Flag Protection Move- by Champlain, 2:103–104, 104 civil rights under, 7:525–526 ment on Great Plains, 8:451–452 congressional debate over, excerpts Fractions of crude oil, 6:301 Hennepin on, 4:126 from, 9:310–317 Fraina, Louis, 2:325 by Jolliet-Marquette, 4:486–487; due process clause in, 2:397; 3:90 Framework Convention on Climate 5:416, 416 equal protection clause of, 3:249 Change (FCCC), 2:238 by La Salle Force Bill (1871) strengthening, France Griffon and, 4:66 3:414 Abenaki alliance with, 1:1; 8:311 Mississippi River, 6:29; 8:99 gun control laws violating, 4:74 and American Revolution, Lake Michigan, 4:50–51 and interracial marriage, 5:165 3:449–450, 472–473; 6:94; Lake Ontario and Huron, 4:50 Joint Committee on Reconstruc- 9:30 maps of, archival, 9:19, 19–22 tion proposal for, 4:485 assistance in, 2:394; 7:137, 144; by Nicolet, 6:106 and judicial review, 4:492 8:581 in North Dakota, 6:131 marriage and, 5:250, 251 material, 7:147 on Northwest Coast, 8:453 and privileges and immunities of naval, 7:145 Platte River, 6:29 citizens, 6:482 anti-Americanism in, 3:452 Saint Lawrence River, 3:488; 4:50 racial segregation in public schools birth control in, 1:467 feudalism in, 3:356 violating, 3:341 Caribbean territories of, foreign aid to, 3:452 Radical Republicans and, 7:112 8:445–447, 446 foreign investment from, 3:419 ratification of, 3:86 and Chickasaws, 8:85 Reconstruction and, 7:59 CIA operations in, 2:92 foreign service to, 3:429 and state sovereignty, 7:534 Code Napoléon in, 2:262 in Fox War, 3:447–448 and suits against states, 1:120 colonial settlements of, 3:449, 468; fur trade of, 3:486–487, 488 Supreme Court on, 5:401–402, 4:282 (See also New France) German relations with, Morocco 482–483; 7:378 in Acadia, 1:11 and, 1:123 under Warren, 4:496 in Canada, 6:51–53 and Great Britain, 3:449, 450 and voting rights, 7:105–106 in Florida, 3:385 colonial wars of, 2:293–296 Fourth Amendment, 1:457; 3:185 in Illinois, 4:214; 6:53–54 in French and Indian War (See and arrest, 1:283 in Indiana, 4:317 French and Indian War) equality principle in, 3:245 in Kansas, 4:508 French decrees, 3:471–472 Supreme Court on, 1:283; in Louisiana, 5:414; 6:53, 73 and neutrality of U.S., 6:33, 34 7:289–290 on Mackinac Island and Straits, Huguenots from, 4:190–191 Fourth of July. See Independence 5:188 individualism in, 4:331 Day in Maine, 5:207–208 in Indochina War, 3:417; 8:329 Fowle, Daniel, 1:129 in Michigan, 5:188, 353–354 and Geneva Accords, 3:534 Fowler, Henry Watson, 3:222 in Minnesota, 5:398 Jacobin clubs in, 4:456 Fowler, John, 1:292 in Mississippi, 5:411 in Kellogg-Briand Pact, 4:515 Fox. See Mesquakie in Missouri, 5:419 Kickapoo relations with, 4:524 Fox, George, 7:1 in North Dakota, 6:131, 132 in King George’s War, 4:526 Fox, Gilbert, 2:302 in Ohio, 6:171 in King William’s War, 4:527–528 Fox, Gustavus V., 6:23 in Vermont, 8:311 and League of Nations, 8:315–316

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INDEX and Louisiana Purchase, 3:425, in War of 1812 (See War of 1812) in American Philosophical Society, 450; 8:200, 204 in World War I, 3:426, 451 1:166; 5:66 in Mexico, 5:446 Aisne-Marne Operation, 1:99 apprenticeship of, 1:228 invasion of, 5:345 American Expeditionary Forces and Articles of Confederation, Mississippi River and, 5:416 in, 1:149; 8:535 1:317 Morocco and, trade between, American troops in, 8:538, 540 Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 1:123 Armistice of November 1918, 1:363; 5:118 in Napoleonic wars, 1:487; 3:192 1:265 and Canada, relations with, 2:25 and Natchez, 5:517–518 Saint-Mihiel Campaigns, charitable trust established by, Native Americans and 7:227–228 3:443 Iroquois, 4:432 Somme Offensive, 7:447–448 on chess, 2:130 on Mackinac Island (Michigan), Versailles Treaty after, 3:451; on colonies, relations among, 5:188 8:315–316 7:139 Mesquakie, 5:326 in World War II, 3:451–452 at Constitutional Convention, Miami, 5:352–353 liberation of, 8:549–550, 550 2:379 missions for, 4:276 Saint-Lô, 7:227 and Declaration of Independence, policies on, 4:282 Franchise. See Suffrage 2:521–522 Shawnee, 7:336–337 Franchising, McDonalds, deism and, 2:539 trade between, 6:51 5:184–185 as deputy postmaster, 6:425 treaties between, 4:312, 313 Francis, Clarence (Bevo), 1:424 diplomacy of, 2:394; 3:27; 7:146, and NATO, 3:452; 6:125–126 Francis, David R., 5:163 147 nuclear power plants in, 6:139 Francis, Donald, 1:15 and electric power, development and Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, Francis, Thomas, Jr., 6:389; 8:282 of, 3:172, 177 refusal to sign, 6:143 Francis, William, 8:244 exploratory efforts of, 3:286 at Paris conferences, 6:247 Franciscans, 3:453 fire-fighting company formed by, Quasi-War with, 3:425, 449, 450 in New Mexico, 6:67 3:371 Navy in, 6:24–25 in Southwest, 8:227 in France, 3:449, 451, 472 revolutionary, U.S. relations with, and Timucuans, 8:129 as freemason, 3:466 7:56–57 Francisqui, Jean-Baptiste, 1:389 General Magazine and Historical in Siberian Expedition, 7:353 Francke, August Hermann, 6:353 Chronicle, 5:118 Statue of Liberty from, 3:451; Franco, Francisco, 7:485 and higher education, 8:282 7:540 Frank, Jerome, 2:317 on immigrants, 4:221 in Suez Crisis, 8:2–3 Frank, Leo, lynching of, 3:453 and land companies, 5:35 trade with, 8:198 Frank, Robert, 1:301 lightning experiments, 5:330–331 trading posts of, 8:175 Frank Leslie’s Illustrated (magazine), and mutual insurance, 2:406 Treaty of Alliance with, 8:199–200 6:553 as national hero, 5:567 and Treaty of Paris (1783), 6:248, Frankensteen, Richard, 8:261 and New England Courant, 6:95 250 Frankenthaler, Helen, 1:298 “Observations Concerning the Tripartite Agreement with, 8:230 Frankfort (Kentucky), 2:47 Increase in Mankind” by, U.S. relations with, 3:449–452 Frankfurt School, 3:454 3:468 during Civil War, 3:425, 450 Frankfurter, Felix, 2:189 Pennsylvania Gazette and, 1:31 cod fishing and, 2:261 ACLU and, 1:146 and Die Philadelphische Zeitung, in colonial era, 3:425 on admiralty law, 1:23 6:95 Convention of 1800 and, 2:398 on congressional districts, 7:108 on philanthropy, 6:316 Five-Power Naval Treaty and, on powers of Federal Communica- and Plan of 1776, 6:361 3:377 tions Commission, 3:341 political cartoons by, 6:394 Four-Power Treaty and, 3:446 Frankland, Edward, 6:148 and political economics, 3:108 isolationism in, 4:439 Franklin (state), 1:382; 3:454–455 Poor Richard’s Almanac, 5:118; Quasi-War and, 2:258, 398, 530 Franklin, Benjamin 6:413, 536; 8:528 shipping restrictions, 5:189 Albany Plan of, 1:114; 6:363 excerpt from, 9:113–114 during World War I, 3:426, 451 almanacs of, 1:129 and postal service, 6:426 during World War II, 3:426 in American Academy of Arts and as publisher, 6:536 XYZ affair, 2:398; 3:425, 450; Sciences, 1:139 Red Line Map of, 8:434 8:570 on American climate, 2:234 and Seal of the United States, 3:99

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Franklin, Benjamin, (continued) Democratic division over, 2:400 in Maryland, 1:196; 9:89–91 stove invented by, 3:456; 4:122 arguments for, Coin’s Financial for Native Americans, 3:374; 6:1 and Treaty of Paris (1783), 1:541; School and, 2:265 legislation on, 1:161–162 6:248, 250 Free Society of Traders, 3:459 Pinckney Plan and, 6:356 and Vandalia Colony, 8:308 Free Soil Party, 1:417; 3:154, Quakers and, 7:1, 2 on virtues, 8:528 459–460; 5:33, 97; 7:111; 8:119 in Rhode Island, 7:151 and work ethic, 7:63 antislavery in, 1:211 Supreme Court on, 2:167–168; Franklin, James, 1:129 and black laws, repeal of, 1:475 7:150 New England Courant published by, Conscience Whigs and, 2:361 Toleration Acts and, 8:139 6:95 in homestead movement, 4:156 Vatican II on, 8:308 Franklin, Jerry F., 3:437 platform of, 6:368 Freedom of speech Franklin, Rosalind, 3:67, 68 in Vermont, 8:313 Alien and Sedition Acts on, Franklin, William, 5:167; 6:62, 520; Free Speech (newspaper), 5:199 1:123–124; 3:374 7:216 Free trade, 3:309–310, 460–461 Espionage Act and, 7:264 in Battle of Antietam, 1:200 barriers to, 3:460 (See also Tariff[s]) for high school students, 1:26 Franklin and Marshall College, 8:264 Treasury and, 8:197–198 on Internet, 8:68 Franklin Institute, 3:216, 455–456 United States-Canada, 8:276–277 Supreme Court on, 1:26; 3:374; Franklin Journal and American See also North American Free 7:264 Mechanics’ Magazine, 3:455 Trade Agreement Freedom of the seas, 3:463–464 Franklin stove, 3:456; 4:122 Free universities, 3:461–462 Plan of 1776 and, 6:361 Franks, Bobby, 5:82 Freeboldsen, Freebold, 8:45 Freedom of the Will (Edwards), 6:325 Franks, Frederick M., Jr., in Persian Freedman’s Savings Bank, 3:462 Freedom Riders, 1:466; 2:202; Gulf War, 1:268 Freedmen 3:464, 465 Franz, Frederick, 4:472 in Arkansas, 1:261 Congress of Racial Equality and, Fraser, Douglas, 8:262 in Louisiana, police regulations on, 2:354; 3:15 Fraser, Laura Gardin, 1:308 9:323 violence against, 2:203 Fraternal and service organizations, in Mississippi, 5:412–413 Freedom Support Act (FSA), 3:418 3:456 Freedmen’s Bureau, 3:462–463; Freedom’s Journal (newspaper), Fraternities and sororities, 3:456 6:317; 7:59 5:199; 6:96 Fraunces Tavern, 3:456–457, 457 colleges supported by, 3:120, 125 Freeh, Louis J., 8:95 bombing of, 8:96 creation of, 2:218 Freeholders, 3:464–465; 8:6 Frazier, Joe, 6:484–485 in Georgia, 3:555 Dorr’s Rebellion and, 3:82 Frazier, Lynn, 3:457; 6:118, 132 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) Freeman, Derek, 1:194 Frazier, Thelma, 1:304 (1966), 2:85; 3:338, 463 Freeman, Edward A., 6:402 Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Freedom of Information Reform Act Freeman, Orville L., 1:72 Act (1934), 3:457 (1986), 3:463 Freeman, Thomas, 3:297, 298, 465; FRC. See Federal Radio Commis- Freedom of press 8:453 sion Alien and Sedition Acts on, Freeman’s expedition, 3:465 Freddie Mac. See Savings and loan 1:123–124; 3:374 Freemasons, 3:465–467 associations Amerasia case and, 1:134 rise of, 1:203 Frederick Douglass’ Weekly (newspa- in colonial era, 6:95 rituals of, 1:203 per), 6:97 Grosjean v. American Press Company See also Anti-Masonic movements Frederick William III (king of Prus- and, 4:67 Freeport Doctrine, 3:467; 5:111 sia), 8:264 Near v. Minnesota and, 6:27 Freer, Charles Lang, 2:272 Fredericksburg, Battle of, 2:213; New York Times Co. v. United States Freeze drying, 3:407 3:457–458 and, 6:287 Freezing food, 3:407 Fredericksz, Crijn, 6:71 New York Times v. Sullivan, 6:91 Frelinghuysen, Theodore, 3:153; Fredonia Gaslight and Waterworks postal service and, 6:426–427 4:38 Company, 6:8 See also First Amendment Frémont, John C., 3:467; 5:41 Free banking system, 3:458 Freedom of religion, 7:85, 93–95 on agriculture in West, 1:64 Free Black Militia, 5:381 for atheism, 1:347 in Army of Virginia, 1:279 Free School Society, 8:62 First Amendment and, 2:167; 7:85, and Bear Flag revolt, 1:433 Free silver, 2:482; 3:458–459; 4:10 93 emancipation order of, 3:190 Crime of 1873 and, 2:464 as human right, 4:193 explorations of, 3:467–468

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American West, 3:299 French Revolution Frisch, Otto R., 6:342 California, 2:8 English phase of, 7:56 Frishmuth, Harriet Whitney, 1:308 Great Basin, 3:468; 4:39 National Assembly during, 7:16 Frizzell, Lodisa, 9:229–233 Great Salt Lake, 3:468; 4:57 Freneau, Philip, 5:118; 7:117 Frobisher, Sir Martin, 3:285, 289; mountain passes, 6:254 Frente Auténtico del Trabajo (FAT), 8:589 Nevada, 3:468; 6:37 3:177 Froebel, Frederick, 3:116 Platte River, 3:467; 6:30 Freon, 3:182; 7:78, 246 Froehlke, Robert F., 1:550 in presidential campaign of 1856, Freud, Sigmund, 6:521, 524 Frogmen, 8:251 3:154; 7:111 on adolescence, 1:24 Frohnmayer, John, 5:535 in presidential campaign of 1864, on homosexuality, 7:325 From Here to Eternity (Jones), 5:121 2:218 on post-traumatic stress disorder, From the Deep Woods to Civilization reports of, 8:454 6:431 (Eastman), 3:474–475 slaves in Missouri, manumission psychoanalysis, 5:314 Fromme, Lynette, 1:330 order for, 5:230, 231 Freytag-Loringhoven, Elsa von, Frontenac, Fort, 5:1–2 French, Daniel Chester, 1:306 1:309 Frontenac, Louis de Buade, comte French and Indian War (Seven Fri, Robert W., 3:215 de, 2:293; 4:527 Years’ War), 1:457, 542; Frick, Henry Clay, 1:181; 2:224; Frontenac (ship), 4:53–54 2:285–286, 294–295; 3:473 Frontier, 3:475–477 3:468–471, 470; 5:21, 162; in Homestead strike, 4:157; 7:556 agriculture on, 1:62 7:151 Frick Art Reference Library, 3:473 cattle, 8:463 Battle at Great Meadows in, 4:55 Frick Collection, 3:473–474 circuit riding in, 2:175 Battle of the Monongahela in, Frictional unemployment, 8:252 closing of, 2:366 5:443–444 Friday, Ben, Sr., 1:235 farmer’s, 8:463 Braddock’s expedition in, 1:530 Friday Harbor Laboratories, 5:240, French and Indian War and, 8:460 causes of, 8:460 241 as geographical region, 3:476 Cherokee in, 2:128 Friedan, Betty, 8:517 Johnny Appleseed and, 4:481–482 Fort Duquesne in, 1:530; 3:95 The Feminine Mystique, 2:391; jumping-off places to, 4:500 and fur trade, 3:490 3:281, 353; 4:1; 7:18; 8:511, life on King William’s War, 4:527–528 516 firsthand accounts of, 9:229–233, and Maine, 5:208 and National Organization for 244–248 maps of, archival, 9:26–28, 28 Women, 5:548; 8:507 Grund’s observations on, Montreal in, capture of, 5:454 on President’s Commission on the 9:215–218 privateering in, 6:480 Status of Women, 8:498–499 mining, 8:463 Quebec in, capture of, 7:4 Friedlander, Lee, 1:301 pioneers in, 6:358, 358–359 Rogers’ Rangers in, 7:193; 8:257 Friedman, Bernard, 1:386 as process, 3:475–476, 477 role of rivers in, 7:174–175 Friedman, Milton, 1:544; 3:107, 346 rural life on, 7:208 Treaty of Paris (1763) ending, and conservative movement, 2:375 social mobility in, 2:226 6:248 on depression, 4:46 symbolic closing of, 8:463 and Vermont, 8:311 monetarism of, 3:110 Turner’s thesis on, 3:475–476, 477; Winnebago in, 8:488 “negative income tax” coined by, 4:139; 8:463 French Canadians 6:31 criticism of, 3:476 immigration to New England, and school choice movement, U.S. Army on, 1:279–280 4:224 3:137 firsthand account of, 9:244–248 in Rhode Island, 7:153 Friedman, Rose, 3:110 violence on, 8:338 in Vermont, 8:313 Friedman, William, 2:467 vs. West, 8:443 “French Connection,” breakup of, Friends, Society of. See Quakers westward migration and, 8:459 3:87 Friends of Domestic Industry, 3:474 Frontier defense, 3:477 French decrees, 3:471–472 Friends of the Earth, 3:230 Battle of Fallen Timbers and, French frontier forts, 3:469, 472 Fries, John, 3:474 3:310–311 Fort Crèvecoeur, 5:2 in Chase impeachment trial, 4:241 fortifications in, 3:439 Fort Frontenac, 5:1–2 Fries’ Rebellion, 2:227; 3:474, 474 and plans of union, 6:362 Fort Miami, 5:2–3 liberty poles in, 5:97 Frontier economics, 3:226 Fort Saint Louis, 5:3 Frigates, 8:405, 408 Frontiero v. Richardson, 3:246, 478 French Quarter, 8:336 Frigidaire, 3:182 Frost, Robert, 3:195; 5:120

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Frost, Yvonne, 8:494 Fuld, Caroline Bamberger, 4:366 North West Company (See North Frosted glass, 4:4 Fulks, Joe, 1:424 West Company) Fruit growing, 3:478–480 “Full Dinner Pail,” 3:159, 483 Pacific Fur Company, 3:491–492; on frontier, 4:481 Full Employment Act (1946), and 6:225 Fruitlands community, 8:179, 301 Federal Reserve System, 3:346 Rocky Mountain Fur Company, Fry, D. W., 6:343 Full Employment and Balanced 1:158; 3:494; 8:176 Fry, Joshua, 4:55 Growth Act (Humphrey- Russian-American Company, Fry, William Henry, 5:492; 6:199 Hawkins Act) (1978), 3:347; 3:487, 491 FSA. See Farm Security Administra- 8:254 Southwest Fur Company, 1:158 tion; Federal Security Agency; Fuller, John Frederick Charles, Fur trade and trapping, 3:488–495, Freedom Support Act 1:266–267 489, 492, 494 FSIS. See Food Safety and Inspec- Fuller, Margaret, 1:509; 7:194; in Alaska, 1:108, 121 tion Service 8:179, 181 Albatross and, 1:114 FSLIC. See Federal Savings and at Brook Farm, 8:301 beaver pelts and, 1:434–435 Loan Insurance Corporation Fuller, Melville W. China and, 2:153 FSLN. See National Sandinista Lib- on commerce clause, 2:310 in Colorado, 2:298, 301 eration Front on Sherman Antitrust Act, on Columbia River, 2:303 FTA. See United States-Canada Free 7:343–344 Crees and, 2:454 Trade Agreement Fuller, Meta Vaux Warrick, 1:308 Dutch explorers and, 3:289–290 FTC. See Federal Trade Commis- Fuller, R. Buckminster, 3:539, Fort Union and, 8:259 sion 539–540 France in, 3:486–487, 488; 4:282; FTC Improvement Act (1980), 5:1–2 Fuller, Sue, 1:309 3:349 Great Britain in, 3:487 Fullilove v. Klutznick, 1:36 FTC Reorganization Act (1950), in Great Lakes basin, 4:51 Fulton, Robert, 3:483; 6:14; 7:172; 3:349 in Great Valley, 4:58 8:187, 405 FTC v. Gratz 253, 3:348 Hawaii in, 4:105 Fulton’s Folly (Clermont) (steam- FTC v. Keppel & Brothers, Inc., 3:348 hide and tallow trade in, 4:130 boat), 3:483–484; 7:171, 172; FTC v. Raladam, 3:348 Lewis and Clark Expedition and, 8:187 Fuchida, Mitsuo, 6:272 8:307 Fund for UFO Research, 8:255 Fuchs, Klaus, 7:197 Mangeurs de Lard (new recruits), Fundamental Orders, 2:357 Fuel Administration, 3:480 5:220 Fundamentalism, 3:484–485; 6:516 Fuels, alternative, 3:480–481 on Missouri River, 5:427–428 and creationism, 2:446 Fuerst, Edwin W., 1:290 monopolies in, 1:158 Fugitive, The (magazine), 3:481 and denominational colleges, in Montana, 5:448 Fugitive Slave Act(s), 3:481–482 3:130–131 mountain men in, 5:468 of 1787, 7:380–381 and liberation theology, 5:93 Native Americans in, 8:222 of 1793, 3:481–482 Moral Majority, 5:455–456 economics of, 4:268 Supreme Court on, 4:487; 6:462 Protestant modernism vs., 5:432 factory system (trading houses) of 1850, 2:331; 3:482; 7:381; 8:490 Fundamentals, The (pamphlet), 6:516 and, 1:158 nullification of, 6:146 “Fundamentals of Genealogy, The: Netherlands in, 4:281 in Oberlin-Wellington rescue A Neglected but Fertile New in New Mexico, 6:68 case, 6:153 Field for Professional Histori- in New York Colony, 6:83 and slaves as contraband of war, ans?” (Anglin), 3:522 in Oregon, 1:114, 157, 342; 6:204; 2:395 Fundraising, direct mail and, 3:29 8:307 Supreme Court on, 1:2–3 Funerary traditions, 2:510, 511–512; in Pacific Northwest, 8:453 and personal liberty laws, 3:482; 3:486; 6:457–458 role in colonial era, 4:349–350 6:294 Funk, Casimir, 3:24; 6:148, 149 Russia in, 3:487 resistance to, 8:248, 250 Funston, Fredrick S., 6:320 Russian explorers and, 3:293 Fugitive-agrarians, 3:481 Fur companies, 3:486–488, 487 sea otters in, 7:287–288 Fulbright, William, 3:482; 8:142 American Fur Company, seals in, 1:121, 122; 7:288–289 Fulbright Act (1946), 3:482 1:157–158; 3:487, 494; 8:175 Spain in, 3:486 Fulbright Act and Grants, 3:274, Illinois Fur Brigade of, 4:219 summer rendezvous, 5:468 482–483 Hudson’s Bay Company (See Hud- and trading posts, 8:174–176 Fulbright-Hays Act (1961), 3:482 son’s Bay Company) U.S. explorers and, 3:297, 298–299

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voyageurs in, 8:358 Gaia Hypothesis, 3:551 Gálvez, Bernardo de, 1:257; 5:159 and westward exploration, Gaines, Edmund, 8:401 New Orleans used as base by, 6:73 8:453–454 Gaines, Ernest J., 5:123 Gama, Vasco da, 3:283 in Wisconsin, 8:489, 490 The Autobiography of Miss Jane Gamble, James, 6:491 in Wyoming, 8:563 Pittman, 5:126 Gambling, 3:506–509 Furman v. Georgia, 2:40 Gairy, Sir Eric, 4:65 in Atlantic City (New Jersey), Furness, Frank, 1:249 GALAHAD (Merrill’s Marauders), 1:353 Furniture, 3:495–499 5:324 in baseball, 1:479–480 in 19th century, 3:496–497 Galápagos Islands, 3:503 on horse racing, 4:170–171 in 20th century, 3:497–499 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 6:165, lotteries, 3:508 Arts and Crafts, 1:320; 3:498 436, 438 in Nevada, 6:38–39 baroque, 3:496 Gale, Leonard, 8:68 and organized crime, 2:463 Chippendale (rococo), 3:496 Gale, Samuel, 3:108 recreational, 7:66 collecting, 2:271 Galena-Dubuque mining district, on steamboats, 3:507, 508 colonial, 3:495–496 3:503 tribal, 8:489 Craftsman (Mission) style, 3:497 Galey, John, 6:302 in California, 8:215 Empire style, 3:496 Gall, Franz Josef, 6:332 classes of, 3:509 environmental, 3:499 Gallatin, Albert, 1:192; 3:503; 4:486; early games and, 3:506–507 Gothic Revival style, 3:497 5:22, 23 by Florida Seminoles, 7:309 in interior design, 1:293 and Democratic Party, 2:549 by Ojibwe, 6:181 mail-order, 3:498 on nationalism, 5:568 regulation of, 1:160; 3:509 neoclassical, 3:496–497 Report on Manufactures, 1:485; Supreme Court on, 3:509; 8:223 plastic, 3:499 3:503 and violence, 3:508 Shaker, 1:286, 287; 3:497 Report on Roads, Canals, Harbors, women and, 3:507 after World War II, 3:498–499 and Rivers, 3:503–504 Game theory, 3:110 Furuseth, Andrew, 2:11 as secretary of treasury, 8:195 Games. See Toys and games Furuseth Act. See Seamen’s Act on sinking fund, 7:366 Gamma radiation, 6:341 Fussell, Solomon, 1:286 and water routes, plan for, 7:168 Gamow, George, 1:344; 6:342, 344 Future in America, The (Wells), 1:138 Gallaudet, Edward Miner, 2:509; Ganciclovir, 1:16 Future of Africa, The (Crummell), 3:504 Gandhi, Indira, 4:260 6:235 Gallaudet, Thomas Hopkins, 2:508; Gandhi, Mohandas (Mahatma), Future Shock (Toffler), 6:429 3:34, 504; 7:355 2:165, 202 Futures contracts, 2:315 Gallaudet University, 2:509; 3:504 Fuzzy systems, 1:318 “Deaf President Now” campaign Gandhi, Virchand, 1:327 FWS. See Fish and Wildlife Service at, 3:33 Gandil, Arnold (Chick), 1:480 Department of Education and, Gandy, Kim, 5:549 3:123 Gangs, Chicago, 2:133 Galley boats, 3:504 Gann, Paul, 6:508–509 G Gallo, E., 8:487 Gannett Corporation, 6:99 Gabriel’s Insurrection, 3:501; 7:8, Gallo, J., 8:487 Gans, David, 6:341, 343 156 Gallo, Robert, 1:15 Gans, Herbert, 1:338 Gaddis, Vincent, 1:446 Galloway, Joseph, 3:504–505; 6:387 Gantt, Henry L., 7:281 Gaddis, William, The Recognitions, plan of union by, 3:504–505 GAO. See General Accounting 5:122 and Valley Forge, 8:306 Office Gadhafi, Mu’ammar al-, 1:40 Gallup, George, 6:99, 409, 533, Gaols, 6:476 Gadsden, James, 1:188; 3:502 533–534 Gap, Inc., 7:126 Gadsden Purchase (1854), 3:425, Galphin, George, 1:43 GAR. See Grand Army of the 501–502, 502; 8:204 Galton, Sir Francis, 3:258; 4:378 Republic Gag rule, antislavery, 3:502 Galvanized Yankees, 3:505 Garcés, Francisco, 8:451 Gagarin, Yuri, 7:480 Galveston (Texas), 3:505, 505–506 Garden State Preservation Trust, Gage, Thomas, 2:360; 6:520; 7:4 hurricane of 1900 in, 3:42, 505, 6:64 in American Revolution, 7:136, 139 506; 4:198; 8:102 Gardening, 3:509–511 Battle of Bunker Hill, 7:142 municipal reform in, 5:478 botanical gardens, 1:515–518 as governor of Massachusetts, 7:134 Galveston Island flood, 3:384 hydroponic, 4:204

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Gardner, Alexander, 1:199, 200, 299, Gary, Elbert H., 8:295 Gay Liberation Front (GLF), 3:514 531, 531 Gas explosions, 3:38–39 Gaye, Marvin, 3:227 Gardner, Erle Stanley, 5:129 Gas warfare, 2:117, 117–118 Gays and lesbians Gardner, Howard, 3:124 Gas-cooled nuclear reactors, 6:139 in 19th century, 7:324–325 Gardner, Isabella Stewart, 2:272 Gaslight, 5:107, 107–108 adoption by, 1:29 Gardner, John W., 2:56; 6:318 Gasoline, 6:301 AIDS among, 1:15–16; 3:514 Gardner, Rulon, 6:193 lead in, 1:362; 7:246 battles over rights of, Bible in, 1:449 Gardoqui, Diego de, in Jay-Gardo- during oil crises, 6:178 Daughters of Bilitis, 2:503–504 qui negotiations, 4:466 taxes on, 3:511–512 discrimination against, 7:325–326 Garey, A. E., 1:154 Gaspée (British customs vessel), in Episcopal Church, 3:243 Garfield, James A. burning of, 2:286; 3:512; 7:152 on feminism, 3:520 on assassination, 1:327 Gass, Octavius, 5:41 hate crimes against, 7:327 assassination of, 1:328, 572; 2:23; Gasser, Herbert, 6:349 homophile organizations for, 7:326 8:339 Gastonia strike (1929), 3:512 immigration restrictions on, 7:325 Crédit Mobilier of America and, Gates, Daryl, 5:155 magazines for, 5:197, 198 2:453 Gates, Frederick T., 8:280 marriage among, same-sex, as log cabin president, 5:145 Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 1:47 2:532–533, 533; 8:314 in presidential campaign of 1880, Gates, Horatio, 1:574; 3:261; 6:94 in military, 3:78; 5:384–385; 2:400, 467; 3:157 in Battle of Camden, 2:19 7:326, 331 Garies and Their Friends (Webb), in Board of War and Ordnance, political activism among, 7:326, 5:124 8:373 327 Garland, Augustus Hill, 1:261; and Conway Cabal, 2:403 political divisions among, 7:326 3:271 in Saratoga Campaign, 7:251; 9:35 subculture of, 7:324, 326 Garland, Benjamin S., 1:2 Gates, Sir Thomas, 1:445, 490; violence against, 3:514 Garland, Hamlin, 6:12 8:347 GCA. See Gun Control Act Garment industry. See Clothing Gates, Thomas S., 2:528 GDP. See Gross domestic product industry Gates, William H. (Bill), III, 1:580; Geary, John W., 1:506 Garner, Howard, 4:380 2:336; 5:359–360 Gebbie, Kristine, 1:18 Garner, John Nance, 3:162, 163 Gateway Arch, 3:512, 512–513 Geddes, Henry, 3:449 Garnet, Henry Highland, 1:211; Gateway City (ship), 5:320 Geddes, James, 2:32 6:235 Gatling, Richard J., 5:185 Geddes, Norman Bel, 8:559 Garn-St. Germain Act (1980), 1:563 GATT. See General Agreement on Geduldig v. Aiello, 3:525 Garrett, H. Lawrence, 8:44 Tariffs and Trade Gee, E. Gordon, 1:548 Garrett, Mary Elizabeth, 4:482 Gauge theory, 6:339 Geertz, Clifford, 1:194 Garrett, Stephen, 3:565 Gaulle, Charles de Gehrig, Lou, alma mater of, 2:304 Garrett, Wilbur E., 5:542 armored warfare and, 1:267 Gehry, Frank, 1:253; 7:376–377 Garrick, David, 4:39 at Casablanca Conference, 2:65 furniture designed by, 3:499 Garrison, Homer, Jr., 8:105 foreign policies of, 3:260 Geiger, Hans, 6:340 Garrison, William Lloyd, 1:510; government formed by, 3:452 Geiger-Jones Co., Hall v., 1:491 2:163; 5:96 on NATO, 6:125–126 Geiogamah, Hanay, 2:501 in colonization movement, 1:209 presidency of, 3:452 Gelb, Leslie H., 6:286 immediatism of, 4:219 Gault, Gerald, 2:149; 4:250 Geldof, Bob, 1:441 and Mathew (Theobald), 8:79 Gay Academic Union, 3:514 Gell-Mann, Murray, 6:338 New England Antislavery Society Gay Activists Alliance, 3:514 Gelpcké v. Dubuque, 3:514–515 founded by, 6:47 Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Gelsinger, Jesse, 3:531 and peace movements, 6:267 Defamation (GLAAD), 3:514 Gemini program, 7:480 Garrison Dam, Fort Berthold Indian Gay and lesbian movement, Gender: An Ethnomethodological Reservation and, 5:220 3:513–514, 520; 4:65 Approach (Kessler and McKen- Garrison v. Louisiana, 5:90 AIDS and, 7:327 na), 3:516 Garroway, Dave, 8:44 neoconservatives on, 6:32 Gender and Culture in America (Stone Garvey, Marcus Moziah, 1:477, 477, origins of, 7:326 and McKee), 3:518 478; 5:124; 6:98, 236 protests by, 7:165 Gender and gender roles, and back-to-Africa movement, Gay and lesbian studies, 8:521 3:515–521 2:297; 3:197 Gay Head Indians, 8:368–369 and abortion, 1:4

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Adams’s letters on, 9:144–145 General Electric Company, 3:172, Genetic fingerprinting, 3:67, 69 in colonial era, 3:518 173, 174, 179; 5:108 Genetics, 3:532–533 as feminist concept, 3:515–518 appliance development by, 3:181 of Alzheimer’s disease, 1:131–132 history of, 3:518–521 chemical research at, 2:123 applied, 3:533 as medical concept, 3:515 Gem lamp of, 5:24 classical, 3:532 in mining towns, 4:13–14 J. P. Morgan and, 1:405 evolutionary theory and, 3:269 in nursing, 6:146, 147 research laboratory of, 5:18, 108 Human Genome Project and, segregation by, 7:303 strikes against, 3:176 4:191–192 sexuality and, 7:330 General Electric Company v. Gilbert, of intelligence, 4:378, 379 in Victorian era, 3:518–519; 8:326 3:525–526; 6:449 molecular, 3:532–533 Gender and Power (Connell), 3:516 General Exchange Act (1922), 3:432 molecular biology and, 5:437 Gender and the Politics of History General Federation of Women’s of obesity, 6:153 (Scott), 3:516 Clubs (GFWC), 3:456, 526 Geneva Accords of 1954, 3:534 Gender discrimination. See Discrim- General Foods, 6:229 division of Vietnam by, 3:534; ination, sex General Forfeiture Act (1890), 5:30 8:329 “‘Gender’ for a Marxist Dictionary: General History of Virginia, New Eng- Vietnamese resistance to, 8:330 The Sexual Politics of a Word” land, and the Summer Isles, The Geneva Conference(s), 3:534–535 (Haraway), 3:517 (Smith), 5:117 of 1927, 3:534 Gender history, 4:141 General Land Office, 6:529, 530–531 of 1932, 3:534; 6:35 Gender theory, 3:517 General Mining Law (1872), 5:25 of 1947, 3:534 Gender Trouble: Feminism and the General Motors (GM), 3:526–527 of 1954, 3:534–535 automobiles of, 1:368, 373; of 1961, 3:535 Subversion of Identity (Butler), 8:189–190 of 1973, 3:535 3:516–517 credit card offered by, 3:368 Geneva Convention(s), 3:535–536 Gene therapy, 3:531 mass marketing by, 5:246 of 1864, 3:535 Genealogical Proof Standard (GPS), mass production in, 5:263 of 1906, 3:535 3:522 moving jobs abroad, 8:169 of 1929, 3:535 Genealogy, 3:521–523 strikes against, 8:261, 261, 262 of 1949, 2:396; 3:535 General Accounting Office (GAO), sit-down, 7:372 on prisoners of war, 3:535; 6:472 3:523 tanks of, 1:336 Geneva Protocol (1925), 2:117, 118 establishment of, 1:559 General Order No. 38, 3:527 “Genius” Awards, 6:486–487 head of, 2:332–333 General Revision Act (1891), 6:528 Genocide, 3:536–537 General Agreement on Tariffs and General Sherman (ship), 4:541, 542 definition of, 3:536 Trade (GATT), 3:309, 461, General Slocum (steamship), 7:544 history of, 3:536 523–525; 7:54–55 sinking of, 3:40, 40 Genocide Convention (1951), 3:536 and domestic trade, 8:163 General Social Survey, 6:534 Genovese, Eugene, 4:140 establishment of, 3:523–524; General stores, 7:552, 552 Genre painting, 3:537, 537–538 6:124; 8:157, 166, 198–199 General Textile Strike, 8:111 Gensler, Art, 1:293 Geneva Conference (1947) and, General Theory of Employment, Inter- Gentleman and Cabinet-Maker’s 3:534 est and Money (Keynes), 4:16; Director (Chippendale), 3:496 and liberalization of trade, 3:97 6:44 Gentleman’s Agreement (film), 1:207 “most favored nation” clause of, General Welfare clause, 3:527–528 Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907), 8:52 “Generation of 1776,” 3:528 3:277; 4:457, 463 and NAFTA, 3:524; 6:124 “Generation touched with fire,” text of, 9:264–265 principles of, 3:524; 8:52 3:528 Gentrification, 3:538–539 rounds of, 3:524; 8:52 Generational conflict, 3:528–529 definition of, 3:538 General Allotment Act. See Dawes Generative grammar, 5:115 disadvantages of, 3:539 General Allotment Act Genetic engineering, 3:529–532 factors encouraging, 3:539 General court, colonial, 3:525 contemporary applications of, process of, 3:538–539 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 5:270, 3:530–532 Genzyme Transgenics, 3:531 271–272 history of, 3:529–530 Geochemistry, 5:391 Mayflower Compact, 5:276 regulation of, 1:462–463 Geodesic dome, 1:565; 3:539, See also Colonial assemblies study of DNA and, 3:67 539–540 General Education Board, 6:317 Supreme Court on, 3:530 Geodesy, 3:551

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Geographer’s Line, 3:540, 540 Jefferson’s accusation of, 2:521 in War of Jenkins’ Ear, 2:294 Geographia Politica (Scherer), 9:9 Olive Branch Petition to, 6:190 in World War II, 3:557 Geographic Information Systems George, Henry, 3:107; 5:16; 6:493; Yazoo fraud in, 1:489; 3:554; (GIS), 5:234 7:366; 8:303 8:575–576 “Geographic Pivot of History” Progress and Poverty, 2:10 Georgia, Cherokee Nation v., (Mackinder), 3:542 proposed single tax on land, 2:127–128 Geography, 3:540–544 5:37–38 Georgia, Chisholm v., 1:120; 2:158 advent of human, 3:541–542 George, Milton, 3:323; 6:416 Georgia, Furman v., 2:40 and American expansionism, 3:542 George, Phyllis, 1:434 Georgia, Stanley v., 6:479 institutional and intellectual ori- George, Walter, 1:537 Georgia, Worcester v., 2:128 gins of, 3:540–541 George Island, 6:382 Georgia Platform, 3:558–559 Morse (Jedidiah) and, 5:460 George Loomis (oil tanker), 6:303 Georgia v. Stanton, 3:559 postmodern (radical), 3:543–544 George Washington Bridge, 1:539; Georgia Warm Springs Foundation, and quantitative analyses, 3:543 3:553, 553 6:388 World War I and, 3:543 Georgetown University, establish- Georgiana, 3:559 Geological Society of America ment of, 3:129; 4:474 Geotextiles, 8:107 (GSA), 3:550–551 Georgia, 3:553–558 Geothermal energy, 3:212–213, 214 Geological Survey, U.S. (USGS), African Americans in, 3:555–558 Gerard, Thomas, 7:52 2:62; 3:300, 544–547 agriculture in, 3:555, 556 Germ scalpers, 3:390 as agent of national policy, civil rights movement in, Germ theory of disease, 3:239–240 3:546–547 3:557–558 and bioterrorism, 1:465 directors of, 3:545–546 in Civil War, 3:555 Germain, George, Lord, 7:142, 143 establishment of, 8:454 Andersonville Prison in, 1:184 German Americans, 3:559–560 functions of, 4:384 firsthand account of, 9:304–307 brewing traditions of, 1:536 in Interior Department, 4:383 claims to western lands, 8:455 in Chicago, 2:132 mapping, 5:233 Cold War and, 3:557 in Cleveland, 2:233 mineralogy, 5:391 in colonial era, 3:554 forced to kiss flag, 3:380 origins of, 3:544–545 Democratic Party in, 3:555–556 Forty-Eighters, 3:440–441 and petrography, 6:300 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and immigration patterns of, 4:221, Powell (John Wesley) and, 2:301 songs of, 7:532 223 surveying technology of, 8:32–33 Farmers’ Alliance in, 3:556 in Iowa, 4:415 Geological surveys, state, Federalist Party in, 3:351 newspapers of, 6:97, 98 3:547–549, 550 gold in, 2:163; 4:10 in symphony orchestras, 8:38, 39 Geology, 3:549–551 Great Depression in, 3:557 World War I and, 3:208, 559, 562; before Civil War, 3:549–550 gun control in, 4:74 6:5; 8:538 after Civil War, 3:550–551 immigrants in, 3:558 World War II and, 3:560 crystallography, 5:391 Jim Crow laws in, 3:556 German Evangelical Synod of North mineral springs, 5:389 Ku Klux Klan in, 3:555–556 America, 8:264 mineralogy, 5:390–391 land grants in, annulment of, 3:382 German mercenaries, 3:560 petrography in, 6:300–301 map of, 3:554 during American Revolution, and petroleum industry, 6:305–306 Native Americans in, 3:554 1:442, 532; 7:141 U.S. Bureau of Mines, 5:391–393 removal of, 4:295 German Missouri Synod, 6:137 Geomorphology, 3:541, 552 Populist Party in, 3:556 German Reformed church, 7:76; Geophysical explorations, 3:551–553 racial segregation in, 3:556 8:263, 264 Geophysical Year, International, Reconstruction in, 3:555 German-American Bund, 3:328, 4:388–389 Republican Party in, 3:555–556 560 Geopolitics, 3:542 rice plantations in, 6:364 German-American Debt Agreement George II (king of Great Britain) settlement of, 2:289 (1930), 3:560 and fairs, 2:436 sharecroppers in, 3:556 Germantown (Pennsylvania), and King’s College, 2:304 slavery in, 3:554–555 3:560–561 George III (king of Great Britain), state university of, 8:279 during American Revolution, 1:515; 7:141 taxation abandoned in, 8:56 7:144 Continental Congress’s petition to, temperance movement in, 8:79 Germany 2:393, 520 Union sentiment in, 8:260 American émigrés in, 3:197

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American occupation of, 3:561 and war debts, 3:560, 562 Getty Research Institute (GRI), Army of Occupation in, 1:278 after World War I, 8:543 3:566 in American Samoa, 7:235 U.S. relief in, 8:542 Gettysburg, Battle of, 2:214; anti-Semitism in, 1:207; 3:562 in World War II, 2:89; 3:562; 3:566–569, 568–570; 6:278 division of, 1:444; 2:269; 8:249 New Yorkers in, 6:88 3:562–563; 8:552 air war, 8:545–546, 552, Pickett’s charge in, 6:351, 351 foreign aid to, 3:562 552–553, 553 Gettysburg, National Cemetery at, foreign investment from, 3:421 gliders in, 4:5 2:82 foreign observers from, 1:137 Ploesti oil fields, air raids on, Gettysburg Address, 2:180; Fourteen Points and, 3:447; 8:315 6:371 3:569–571; 6:10 French relations with, Morocco Allied invasion of, 8:550–551 text of, 9:302 and, 1:123 Anzio Campaign, 1:217 Geysers, in Yellowstone National gold standard in, 4:15 Battle of Atlantic, 1:352 Park, 8:580 Great Depression and, 4:48–49 and France, 3:451–452 GFWC. See General Federation of immigration from, 4:221, 223, 226 Gothic Line, 4:23 Women’s Clubs internment of aliens from, Gustav Line, 4:78 Ghana, Peace Corps volunteers in, 4:399–400 Normandy Invasion and, 6:266 and London Naval Treaties, 5:147 6:119–120 Ghent, Treaty of (1815), 3:571–573, and Lusitania, sinking of, Paris Conference (1949), 6:247 572; 4:41; 6:263; 8:200 5:174–175, 175 Potsdam Conference (1945) and, and fishing privileges, 2:261 and NATO, 3:562–563 3:426; 6:434–435, 435 Ghettos, 6:440 Nazi and prisoners of war, 6:474 Ghirardelli, Domenico, 4:444 on homosexuality, 7:326 strategic air power against, 1:81 Ghost Dance, 3:573; 4:294; 5:507; refugees from, 4:226–227 submarine warfare, 8:556 6:7, 231; 8:562 Soviet pact with, 2:327 surrender of, 8:551 Wovoka’s letter on, 9:259–260 Siegfried Line in, 7:354 war crimes by, 8:378 Ghost towns, 3:573, 573–574 space program of, 7:479 Germ-line engineering, 3:530 G.I. Joe, 3:574–575; 8:153 submarines of, 7:562–563 Gernsback, Hugo, 5:130 GI, origin of term, 3:82 unification of, 3:563 Geronimo (Apache leader) GI Bill of Rights (1944), 1:499; U.S. policy toward, after World campaign against, 1:472 3:118, 127, 574; 6:285 War I, 8:316 capture of, 8:404 administration of, 8:317 U.S. relations with, 3:561–564 in Oklahoma, 6:184 impact on women’s education, Berlin Treaty (1921) and, 1:443 in Roosevelt (Theodore) inaugural Bitburg Controversy and, 1:471 parade, 5:164 3:132 during Cold War, 3:562–563 Gerow, Frank, 1:533 medical profession and, 5:304 imperialism in, 4:245 Gerry, Elbridge, 3:151, 564 provisions of, 8:317 during Weimar Republic, 3:562 antifederalism of, 1:202 “GI generation,” 3:528 World War I and, 3:561–562 at Constitutional Convention, Giacconi, Riccardo, 1:345 World War II and, 3:562 2:379, 380 Giannini, A. P., 1:394 Zimmermann telegram and, and districting map, 7:107 Gibbon, John, 6:102 8:590–591 and XYZ affair, 8:570 Gibbons, James, 2:69, 69 and Virgin Islands, 8:341 Gerrymandering, 3:564, 564; 6:394 Gibbons, Thomas, 3:575 in World War I, 3:561–562 origins of term, 7:107 Gibbons v. Ogden, 1:549; 2:310, 405; Aisne-Marne Operation, 1:99 racial, 3:62 3:308, 483, 575; 4:26; 7:169 Armistice of November 1918, Supreme Court’s prohibition of, Gibbs, James, 5:453 1:265 5:79 Gibbs, Josiah Willard, 2:122; 3:109; Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 1:247 Gershman, Carl, 6:32 6:335 and France, 3:451 Gershwin, George, 3:395, 396; Gibbs, Lois, 3:230 reparations for, 7:104–105; 8:316 6:199 Gibraltar, 6:248, 250 Dawes Plan and, 2:507 Gestalt therapy, 3:203 Gibran, Kahlil, 1:231; 5:72 Young Plan and, 8:585 Gesture painters, 1:9 Gibson, Ernest, 8:314 submarines used by, 7:563; 8:33 Getty, Jean Paul, 3:564–565 Gibson, Fort, 8:176 Versailles Treaty after, 3:562; Getty Education Institute, 3:566 Gibson, William, 8:350 8:315–316 Getty Museum, 3:564–566 Gibson Girl, 3:381

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Giddings, Joshua, as Radical Repub- Ginseng, American, 2:153; 3:578 Glenn, John, 5:523 lican, 7:15 Giovanni, Nikki, 5:124, 126 GLF. See Gay Liberation Front Gideon, Clarence Earl, 3:575 Giovannitti, Arturo, 5:59–60 Glidden, Joseph, 1:416; 2:73 Gideon Bibles, 3:575 Girard, Stephen, 1:404 Gliddon, George R., 1:192; 7:13 Gideon v. Wainwright, 3:575–576 Giraud, Henri, 2:65 Gliders, 4:5 Gift of God (ship), 6:380 Girl Guides, 4:1 Glimpse of New Mexico (Barreiro), Gift taxes, 4:359 Girl Scouts of the United States of excerpt from, 9:201–203 Gila River, 1:100 America, 1:527; 4:1; 7:65 Global Climate Coalition, 4:8 Gilbert, Alfred C., 3:251 Girty, Simon, 6:178 Global Energy Futures and the Carbon Gilbert, Bartholomew, 7:47 GIS. See Geographic Information Dioxide Problem (report), 4:6–8 Gilbert, Cass, 2:102 Systems Global warming, 2:238; 4:5–9, 7 Gilbert, General Electric Company v., Gist, Christopher, 1:127; 6:175 Bush (George W.) administration 3:525–526; 6:449 Gitlow, Benjamin, 2:325, 326 on, 8:424 Gilbert, Grove Karl, 3:552 Gitlow v. New York, 1:453; 2:84; coal mining and, 2:253 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 2:285; 3:373–374 developing scientific consensus on, 3:285, 288, 576; 7:46 Giuliani, Rudolph, 6:108 4:6 ship of, 2:290 “Give Me Liberty or Give Me early scientific work on, 4:6 Gilbert Islands, 3:576; 6:26; 8:49 Death!” (Henry), 4:2 gasoline taxes and, 3:511 Gilbert’s Patent, 3:576 Given names, 5:509 growing signs of, 4:8 Gilbreth, Frank, 4:334; 7:281 Gjoa (ship), 6:136 and politics, 4:6–8 Gilbreth, Lillian, 4:334 GLAAD. See Gay and Lesbian Globalization, deindustrialization, Gilded Age, 3:576–578; 6:88 Alliance Against Defamation U.S., 5:229 agrarianism in, 1:57 Glacier National Park, wolves in, Glorieta Pass, Battle of, 2:298 literature of, 5:124 8:496 Gloss, Molly, 6:207 theater of, 8:113–114 Glackens, William, 1:268, 297, 321 Gloucester (Massachusetts), macker- Victorian culture in, 8:325 Gladden, Washington, 2:164, 349; el fisheries in, 5:187 Gildersleeve, Virginia, 8:272 6:174; 7:413; 8:263 Glovemaking, 5:69 Gill, Irving, 1:252 Glaize, the, 4:2 Glover, Joshua, 1:2; 8:490 Gill, John, 1:129 Glashow, Sheldon Lee, 6:338 Glucksberg, Washington v., 3:263; Gillespie, Dizzy, 4:469, 469 Glaspie, April, 6:292 7:160; 8:418 Gillespie, Marcia Ann, 5:470 Glass art, 1:288–290; 4:4 GM. See General Motors Gilman, Daniel Coit, 3:274; 4:482; stained glass windows, 1:313–314, GMAT (Graduate Management 5:18 320 Admissions Test), 3:139 Gilman, George, 7:125 Glass brick, 4:4 Go Tell It on the Mountain (Baldwin), Gilman, Nicholas, 6:58 Glass ceiling, 4:2–3 5:121, 125 Gilmer, Thomas W., 6:465 Glass fiber, 4:4 “Go West, Young Man, Go West,” 4:9 Gilmer v. Interstate/Johnson Lane Cor- Glass wool, 4:4 Gobitis, Minersville School District v., poration, 1:237 Glasser, Ira, 1:147 3:380 Gilpin, Thomas, 6:245 Glassford, Pelham, 1:498 God Sends Sunday (Bontemps), 5:125 Gimbel, Adam, 3:7 Glassmaking, 4:3, 3–4 Godcharles v. Wigeman, 5:13 Gingrich, Newt, 2:376 Glass-Steagall Act (1932), 4:4–5 Goddard, Luther, 2:242 backlash against, 3:169 Glass-Steagall Act (Banking Act) Goddard, Robert H., 2:319; 7:188, and Contract with America, 2:398; (1933), 1:400, 401–402; 3:275, 189, 479 7:114 345; 4:5 Goddard, Sarah, 1:129 and Republican majority, 7:114 banks exploiting loopholes in, 3:368 Godey, Louis, 2:245; 4:9 resignation of, 4:240 and commercial and investment Godey’s Lady’s Book (magazine), 4:9; on welfare state, 8:442 banks, separation of, 1:405 5:191–192, 198 Ginsberg, Allen, 1:433; 2:433; 4:65; Glazer, Nathan, 1:338; 5:148; 6:32 Godie, Lee, 1:311 5:121, 239 Beyond the Melting Pot, 1:446–447 Godkin, Edwin L., 1:55; 7:181 Ginsburg, Ruth Bader, 8:276, 507 GLBA. See Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act The Nation founded by, 5:521 alma mater of, 2:304 Gleaves, Albert, 8:540 Goethals, George W., 3:219; 6:238; on presidential election of 2000, Glebes, 4:5 8:379 1:579 Glendale (California), Forest Lawn Goetz, Bernard, 8:336 on sex discrimination, 7:73 Cemetery in, 2:81 Goizueta, Roberto, 2:261

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Gola, Tom, 1:424 and westward migration, 8:463 American Federation of Labor and, Gold, Henry, 7:197 Gold standard, 4:14–18 8:171 Gold, in Fort Knox, 4:541 in 19th century, 4:14–15 American Federation of Teachers Gold Act (1864), 4:9 in 1960s, 4:17 and, 1:155 “Gold Bug, The” (Poe), 2:467 in 1970s, 4:17 American Railway Union and, Gold bugs, 2:551; 4:9–10 abandonment of, 1:544; 4:17, 93; 1:168 Gold bullion standard, 4:15 7:118 anticommunism of, 1:197 Gold clause cases, 4:10; 7:118 adoption of, 4:93 on Clayton Act, 2:228 Gold coin standard, 4:15 banking crisis of 1933 and, 4:15–16 ideology of, 1:150 Gold Democrats, 4:10; 7:362 Cross of Gold speech and, 2:465 National Civic Federation and, Gold exchange, 4:10 debate over, 1:459 (See also Bimet- 5:530 Morgan-Belmont Agreement and, allism) pure and simple unionism coined 5:457–458 Democrats on, 2:551 by, 6:552 Gold Exchange Bank, 4:10 in electoral politics, 3:158 Gone with the Wind (film), 3:363; Gold mines and mining, 4:10–12, gold bugs supporting, 4:9–10 4:20, 20, 21 11, 12 and inflation, 4:15, 16, 17, 351 Gone with the Wind (Mitchell), in Alaska, 1:109–110 suspension of, and Tripartite 1:348; 4:20–21; 5:130 in Colorado, 4:314 Agreement, 8:230 Gonorrhea, 6:513; 7:332, 333 Comstock Lode and, 2:338 World War I and, 4:15 Gonzáles, Rodolfo (Corky), “Chi- Cripple Creek mining boom, World War II and, 4:16 cano Nationalism: The Key to 2:464 Gold Standard Act (1900), 4:15 Unity for La Raza,” excerpt and ghost towns, 3:574 from, 9:484–486 Goldberg, Rostker v., 2:365 in Idaho, 4:211 González, Elián, case, 2:472; Goldberg, Rube, 2:309 in Montana, 5:448 4:21–22 Goldberger, Joseph, 6:148 Helena mining camp, 4:123 González, Julio, 1:306 Golden Cage, The (Bruch), 3:104 women and, 9:240–242 Good, Sarah, 7:229 Golden Gate Bridge, 1:539; 2:11; and Native Americans, 4:314–315 Good Morning America (TV show), 4:18, 18 prospectors and, 6:512 8:73, 138 Golden Hind (ship), 4:18–19 and silver, discovery of, 7:364 Good Neighbor policy, 1:560; 2:54; Goldin, Nan, 1:301 smelters in, 7:400 3:426; 4:22–23, 77; 5:47 Golding, Edmund, 7:361 Gold Purchase Plan, 4:12, 16 Goodbye, Columbus (Roth), 5:121 Goldman, Emma, 1:181, 181; 6:232 Gold Reserve Act (1934), 1:459; Goode, W. Wilson, 6:279, 313 and birth control movement, 1:467 4:12, 16 Goodell, William, and Liberty Party, Gold rush(es) and peace movement, 8:499 5:96 in Alaska, Klondike, 2:26; Goldman, Ron, 7:365 Goodhue, Benjamin, 3:255 4:538–539; 8:589, 589 Goldman, Sylvan, 7:125 Goodman, Andrew, 1:332; 2:203 in Black Hills, 1:474; 2:493 Goldman Sachs, 1:404, 405 Goodnight, Charles, 7:339–340 and boomtowns, 1:501 Goldman Sachs Trading Corpora- Goodnight Moon (Brown), 5:128 in California, 1:501; 2:8–9; tion (GST), 4:412 Goodrich, Samuel, Parley’s Maga- 4:10–11, 12–14 Goldmark, Peter, 8:77 zine, 5:127 archival maps of, 9:57, 58–64, 60, Goldsborough, T. Allan, 2:254 Goodspeed, Thomas W., 8:280 61 Goldstein, Israel, 1:445 Goodwin, W. A. R., 6:452; 8:484 and foreign investment in U.S., Goldwater, Barry M., 1:259 Goodyear, Charles, 1:371 3:420 National Review supporting, 5:556 Goodyear, Charles, Jr., 1:503 and Forty-Niners, 3:441–442, in presidential campaign of 1964, Goodyear, Nelson, 3:3 442; 4:13 2:374; 3:165 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 2:93, 266, 270 and geological surveys, 3:544 and Republican Party, 7:113 arms race and disarmament under, and Native Americans, 4:14; Golf, 4:19, 19–20 1:272; 3:427 8:214 Golle, John, 7:267 and invasion of Afghanistan, 1:37 in Colorado, 2:298 Gollub, Leon, 1:311 and nuclear arms control, Pikes Peak, 6:355 Gomes, Esteban, 2:38; 6:87 7:149–150 in Georgia, 2:163 Gómez, Máximo, 2:469; 5:47 at summit conferences, 8:16 and mining towns, 5:396 Gompers, Samuel, 1:150; 5:7, 16; U.S. Communist Party’s response and Native Americans, 8:571 8:262, 522 to, 2:328

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Gordon, Anna, 8:497 Gould, Stephen Jay, 7:13; 8:597–598 telecommunications industry, Gordon, E. F., 1:445 Gould Amendment (1913), 6:554 1:381 Gordon, George A., 8:263 Gove, Philip, 3:23 See also Antitrust legislation Gordon, John B., 3:555–556; 8:264 Gover, Kevin, 1:572 Governors, 4:28–30 Gordon, Kermit, 8:117 Government American Revolution and, 4:28–29 Gordon, Milton M., 1:336, 337 after American Revolution, in colonial era, 4:28 Gordon, Thomas, 7:148 7:137–138 instructions to, 4:366–367 Gordy, Berry, Jr., 3:20 balanced, checks and balances and, elections for, voter participation in, Gore, Albert (Al), Jr. 2:116–117 8:8 Earth in the Balance by, 4:8 in colonies, 2:291; 7:200 Great Depression and, 4:29 and image of Tennessee, 8:86 Constitution on, 2:382 in Jacksonian era, 4:29 in presidential campaign of 1992, county, 2:436–439 modern, 4:29–30 3:169 delegation of powers within, 2:545 as presidential candidates, 3:148, in presidential campaign of 2000, federal (See Federal government) 149 1:578; 3:119, 144, 148, 149, metropolitan (See Metropolitan in Progressive Era, 4:29 169–170, 171 government) term limits for, 5:80 concession speech by, 9:523–525 municipal (See Municipal govern- GPO. See Government Printing “Staffing Reinvention Program” ment) Office of, 3:122 representative, 7:109–110 GPS. See Genealogical Proof Stan- Gore, Bush v., 1:578–579; 3:170, revenue sharing by, 7:133 dard 171, 246 Government corporations, 3:332 Grace, Daddy, 2:477 Bush’s response to, 9:525–526 Government employment Grace, Robert, 3:456 Florida constitution in, 7:527 of aliens, 1:125, 126 Grace, W. R., 5:46 Gore’s response to, 9:523–525 of communists, 1:198 Graduate Management Admissions judicial review in, 4:494 and loyalty oath, 8:96 Test (GMAT ), 3:139 Gorgas, Josiah, 2:342 number of people in, 3:330, 342 Graduate Record Exam (GRE), Gorgas, William Crawford, 5:294; trade unions for, 1:154 3:139, 140 6:238 in Virginia, 8:346 Graduation Act (1854), 5:37; 6:527 Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 2:289, 430; See also Civil service; Federal Grady, Henry W., 1:348; 7:467–468 6:56, 380, 511 employees Grady, James, 5:130 Gorham, Nathaniel, and land specu- Government ownership, 4:23–24 Graffiti, 4:30 lation, 5:36 conservation and, 6:528 “Kilroy Was Here,” 4:526 Göring, Hermann, 8:378 of railroads, proposal for, 6:371 Gorman, Francis, 8:278 United States v. Lee and, 8:274 Grafting. See Transplants and organ Gorman, William, 2:450, 451 See also Eminent domain donation Gorrie, John, 7:77 Government Printing Office (GPO), Graham, Bill, 1:441 Gorsuch, Anne M., 2:392 4:24–25 Graham, Billy, 2:165; 3:267; Gorton, Samuel, 7:151 Government publications, 3:344; 6:516–517; 8:71 Gosnold, Bartholomew, 2:38, 261; 4:24–25 Graham, Katharine, 8:506 5:510 by Office of Federal Register, Graham, Martha, 2:498, 499; Gospel music, 4:206–207; 5:525 5:252–253 5:497–498 Statutes at Large, 7:540–541 Graham, Sylvester, 3:24; 5:291 Goss, A. H., 3:182 Government regulation of business, Graham v. Richardson, 1:126 Gothic Line, 4:23 3:13; 4:25–28 Grain elevators, 3:187–188 Gothic Revival style furniture, 3:497 in 19th century, 4:26 Grain Futures Act (1922), 4:30 Gottlieb, Michael, 1:15 in 20th century, 4:27–28 Grammatical Institute of the English Gottlieb, Robert, 6:92 during American Revolution, Language, A (Webster), 8:106 Gough, John B., 8:79 4:25–26 Gramme, Zénobe T., 3:173 Goulburn, Henry, 4:486 codes of fair competition and, Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA) Gould, Charles, 6:305 2:263 (Banking Modernization Bill) Gould, James, 5:116 in colonial era, 4:25 (1999), 1:402; 3:369; 4:5 Gould, Jay, 1:472, 473; 8:233 oil industry, 6:303–304 Gramm-Rudman-Hollings Act labor policies of, 7:29 under OSHA, 6:158–159 (1985), 1:560; 2:515; 4:31 Gould, Samuel B., 7:535 Supreme Court on, 5:482–483 Gramophone, 1:357

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Granada, encomienda system in, Grant, Cary, 8:309 for vocational education, 3:202–203 LSD use by, 5:169 7:401–402 Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), Grant, John D., 3:212 Grapes of Wrath, The (Steinbeck), 4:31–32; 8:265, 318 Grant, Julia, 3:376 2:10–11; 5:120 and Flag Protection Movement, Grant, Madison, 2:366, 371 Grasse, Comte de, 3:473; 7:145 3:380 Grant, Susan-Mary, 5:568 Grasshoppers, 4:37 Grand Banks, 4:32 Grant, Ulysses S., 2:212 Gratz 253, FTC v., 3:348 Grand Canyon, 4:32–33, 33 attempted assassination of, 1:328 Graves, James R., 1:412 exploration of, 3:296, 300 Black Friday and, 1:472, 473 Graves, Michael, 1:253 as monument, under Antiquities on bonus payments to veterans, Graves, Nancy, 1:307 Act, 1:205–206 1:499 Graves, Thomas, 8:581 National Game Preserve in, 2:370 in Civil War, 2:212–213 Graves, William S., 7:353 Grand Canyon National Park, 4:33; Battle of Cold Harbor, 2:266 Graves v. New York, 2:276 5:553 Battle of Shiloh, 7:346 Gravity’s Rainbow (Pynchon), 5:122 Grand Central Terminal, 4:33–34, Battle of Spotsylvania Court- Gravure, 6:470 34; 6:453 house, 7:512 Gray, Anna, 3:323 Grand Coulee Dam, 4:200–201; Battles of the Wilderness, 8:477 Gray, Asa, 1:140, 141, 519, 520; 8:414 Chattanooga campaign, 2:113 2:446; 3:269; 7:270 Grand Forks Herald (newspaper), and prisoners of war, 6:472 Gray, Elisha, 1:440; 8:456 6:132 raiding strategy of, 2:217–218 Gray, Hanna H., 8:281 Grand National Lottery, 5:156 Shenandoah Campaign, 7:341 Gray, Robert, 2:153, 303 Grand Ohio Company, 8:307–308 explorations by Siege of Petersburg, 6:295–296 Grand Old Party, 7:112 in Aleutian Islands, 1:121 and unconditional surrender, See also Republican Party in Oregon, 6:204 8:249 Grand Ole Opry (radio program), Gray, William, 8:412 Vicksburg, 6:25; 8:324 4:34–35; 5:515, 515 Gray Panthers, 4:37–38 and contrabands of war, 2:395–396 Grand Portage, 4:35 Gray propaganda, 6:503 Court packing by, 5:76 Grand Prairie, 4:35 Gray v. Sanders, 3:556 and Dominican Republic, annexa- Grand Prix, 1:376 Grayson, William, and land specula- tion of, 3:75 Grand Slam, 8:90, 90 tion, 5:36 Indian policies of, 1:492, 571; Grand Staircase–Escalante National Grazing lands, 6:529, 532 4:262, 276 Monument, 8:298 GRE (Graduate Record Exam), internment of, 6:458 Grand Teton National Park, 8:565 3:139, 140 Grand unified theories (GUTs), Liberal Republican Party and, 5:90 Great American Desert, 5:150; 6:339 memoirs of, 5:390 8:462, 486 Grandfather clause, 4:35, 73; 5:526 and national park system, 8:579 Great Awakening, 2:162, 292; Grange, Harold (Red), 3:410 and Philadelphia fair, 8:558 4:38–39; 5:118 Grange, the, 2:227, 407 photo of, 5:390 Arminianism and, 1:265 Granger, Francis, 3:153 political scandals and, 1:440 and Congregationalism, 2:349 Granger, Gideon, 6:426 in presidential campaign of 1864, Edwardsean theology and, 3:140 Granger, Gordon, 8:101 3:155 First, 3:264 Granger cases, 4:35–36 in presidential campaign of 1868, mysticism and, 5:506 Granger laws, 7:26 3:155 and philanthropy, 6:316 Granger movement, 2:389; 3:187; in presidential campaign of 1872, and Princeton University, 6:465 4:36–37; 6:259 3:156 and Protestantism, 6:515–516 antimonopoly parties and, 1:204 in presidential campaign of 1880, Second, 1:377–379; 2:163; 3:264, mail order business and, 3:9; 5:206 3:157 265; 6:516; 7:84, 93 and tobacco cooperatives, 2:408 riots and, 8:325 and Republican Party, 7:111 Grant(s) as secretary of war, Johnson’s and Yale University, 8:572–573 by National Endowment for the appointment of, 4:236 Great Basin, 3:468; 4:39–40 Arts, 5:535 special prosecutors under, 7:495 prehistoric, 1:242 by National Endowment for the Grants-in-aid, 4:37 Great Books programs, 4:40; 8:281 Humanities, 5:537 for agricultural education, Great Britain by philanthropic foundations, 3:444 7:401–402 Alabama claims against, 1:106

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Great Britain, (continued) in Massachusetts, 5:265, 269–272 gun control in, 4:74 Treaty of Washington on, 1:106; in Michigan, 5:354 Hay-Pauncefote Treaties with, 8:416 in North Dakota, 6:131 4:110 during American Revolution (See in Ohio, 6:171 Iceland occupied by, 4:211 also specific battles and in Oregon immigrants from, 4:220–221 campaigns) joint occupation of, 4:41, 486; and India, 4:258 advantages over colonies, 6:205 political subordination of, 2:45 7:141–142 Oregon Treaty and, 6:205, Irish relations with, 4:423, 426 in Maine, 5:208 209–210 Jay’s Treaty with, 1:124; 3:450; in American Samoa, 7:235 Sagadahoc Colony, 7:223 4:41, 466–467; 6:263; 8:200, anti-Catholicism in, 1:196 in South Carolina, 7:453–454 204 Aroostook War with, 1:282–283 in Vermont, 8:311 judiciary in, 4:494 Balfour Declaration by, 8:592 in colonial wars, archival maps of, in King George’s War, 4:526 boycotts against, 1:528 9:25–28 in King William’s War, 4:527–528 Caribbean territories of, and Confederate States of America, in Latin America, 5:46, 52 8:445–447 2:342 and League of Nations, 8:315–316 in cattle industry, 4:157 and convict transportation, Lend-Lease aid to, 5:81–82 in Civil War, 1:105, 106 2:401–402 London Crystal Palace Exhibition classes in, 2:222, 223 debts to, 1:540–541 in, 8:558 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) at Dumbarton Oaks Conference, and London Naval Treaties, 5:147 with, 6:237 3:94 Magna Carta, 5:201 and colonial commerce, 2:282 Empire of, concept of, 1:541–543 in Napoleonic wars, 1:487; 3:192 colonial offices of, 1:493 and European Union, 3:259–260 Native Americans and colonial policies of, 1:542–543; explorations of, 3:285, 287–289, Iroquois, 4:283, 432 2:285–287; 7:134–135 288 policies on, 4:283 Coercive Acts, 1:509, 515, 542; Cabot voyages, 2:4–5, 5; 3:285, Shawnee, 7:336–337 2:264 287 treaties between, 4:312–313 Massachusetts Government Act Cook voyages, 2:403–404 Navy of, American Revolution and, (1767), 5:272 by Gilbert, 3:576 5:208 colonial agents and, 2:279–280 Golden Hind, 4:18–19 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty colonial charters and, 2:281–282 Hakluyt’s Voyages on, 4:86 with, 6:138 Commander in Chief of British New Hampshire, 6:56–57 nuclear power plants in, 6:139 Forces, 2:309 North Pole, 6:382 Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with, committees of correspondence in Oregon, 6:204 6:143 and resistance to, 2:314 in Pacific Northwest, 8:452–453 overseas expansion of, 2:402–403 Declaratory Act, 2:286, 525 Potomac River, 6:433 at Paris conferences, 6:247 direct royal power, 3:77 South Pole, 6:382–383 Parliament of, 6:251–252 Duke of York’s proprietary, by Vancouver, 8:306–307 radar system of, 7:14 3:93–94 in Washington, 8:412 in SEATO, 7:470 Hutchinson letters and, 4:199 feudalism in, 3:356 in Siberian Expedition, 7:353 manufacturing, American, 5:227 foreign aid to, 4:43 in slave trade, 5:363, 364; 7:384, mercantilism, 5:271, 315–316 foreign investment from, 3:419, 386, 387 Mutiny Act (1765), 5:505 420, 421, 422 submarines of, 7:562–563 resistance to, 7:135 foreign observers from, 1:136–137, in Suez Crisis, 8:2–3 royal disallowance, 7:201 138 swimming in, 8:36 rum trade and, 7:204 foreign service to, 3:429 trade with and smuggling, 7:405–406 and France, 3:449, 450 in 19th century, 8:164 taxation, 2:286; 5:272; 7:134 colonial wars of, 2:293–296 after American Revolution, protests against, 1:514–515 French and Indian War (See 4:40–41; 8:164 colonial settlements of, 2:61; French and Indian War) in colonial era, 8:163–164 3:468; 4:40 French decrees, 3:471–472 balance of, 1:386–387 cuisine in, 3:398 and neutrality of U.S., 6:33, 34 naval stores, 6:20 in Florida, 3:385–386 fur trade of, 3:487 Navigation Acts and, 4:25; in Maryland, 5:255–256 gold standard in, 4:15 6:21–22

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tea, 8:60, 61, 150 Olney Corollary on, 6:191 and Fair Labor Standards Act, textiles, 8:108 Victorian era in, 8:325 3:307–308 tobacco, 8:134 in War of 1812 (See War of 1812) and family life, 3:314 Townshend Acts and ( See Town- in War of Jenkins’ Ear, 4:473 and fascist movement, 3:327–328 shend Acts) warships of, 8:406 federal aid before and after, 3:334 Trade with Enemy Acts and, in World War I Federal Reserve System during, 8:173 aircraft carriers in, 1:89 3:345; 4:4–5, 12 potash, 6:431 Armistice of November 1918, Federal Trade Commission during, trading posts of, 8:175 1:265 3:348 Treaty of Ghent with, 3:571–573, and Fourteen Points, 4:42 film industry during, 3:363 572; 4:41; 6:263; 8:200 Versailles Treaty after, 8:315–316 in Florida, 3:387 Treaty of Paris (1763) and, 6:248 in World War II and foreign investment in U.S., Treaty of Paris (1783) with, naval warfare, 8:556 3:421 6:248–250; 8:200 Normandy Invasion, 6:119–120 and foreign policy, 3:426 Treaty of Washington (1871) with, Great Compromise. See Connecticut and foreign trade, 8:165–166 6:263 Compromise forestry during, 3:436 Tripartite Agreement with, 8:230 “Great Corporation,” 6:58 in Georgia, 3:557 U.S. relations with, 4:40–44 Great Depression, 4:44–49, 45, 47, and “GI generation,” 3:528 after American Revolution, 48 Girl Scouts volunteering during, 3:425; 4:40–41 abortion during, 1:5 4:1 during American Revolution, adolescence in, 1:25 government communities during, 4:40 African Americans in, 1:51; 5:563 8:303 Bermuda Conferences, and agriculture, 8:162 and governors, 4:29 1:444–445 aircraft industry in, 1:93 and Great Britain, U.S. relations Blount conspiracy, 1:489–490 in Alabama, 1:104 with, 4:42 during Civil War, 3:425; 4:41–42 and antitrust legislation, 8:235 Hoover Moratorium (1931), 5:456 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1:439; bank failures during, 4:45 in Idaho, 4:213 2:229–230 and big business, 1:580 infrastructure in, 4:355 cod fishing and, 2:261 birth control during, 1:5 international response to, World during Cold War, 4:43–44 Bonus Army in, 1:498, 499 Economic Conference, 8:532 Convention of 1818 and, 2:261, and business cycles, debate on, and liberalism, 5:92 398 1:584 literature in, 5:120 Fenian movement and, 3:354 causes of, 4:45–46 livestock industry in, 5:135–136 Five-Power Naval Treaty and, and class structure, 2:224, 227 in Maryland, 5:258 3:377 Communist Party on, 2:326 merchant marine during, Four-Power Treaty and, 3:446 conservationism during, 2:371 5:319–320 during Great Depression, 4:42 conservatism in response to, 2:375 Mexican American community during Gulf War, 4:44 and consumerism, 2:390 and, 5:344 House-Grey Memorandum and, Coxey’s Army during, 2:444–445 in Minnesota, 5:400 4:179 diet during, 3:401; 6:150 minorities during, 3:50 impressment of seamen and, documentary photography in, in Mississippi, 5:413 4:248–249 1:301, 302 in Montana, 5:450 Olney-Pauncefote Treaty and, and domestic trade, 8:159, Mormon church in, 5:54 6:191 161–162 mortgage relief legislation, 5:462 Oregon Territory and, 3:358 and economic indicators, impor- National Youth Administration shipping restrictions, 5:189 tance of, 3:105 during, 8:586 Suez Crisis and, 4:43 effects of, 4:46–49 in Nebraska, 6:30 Trent affair and, 8:207–208 cultural, 4:47 in Nevada, 6:38 Venezuela crisis and, 4:42 by gender and race, 4:47 in New York (state), 6:88 Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 2:26; on individuals, 4:47 and newspapers, 6:99 8:434 international, 4:48–49 in North Carolina, 6:130 during World War I, 3:426; 4:42 emigration during, 3:197 in North Dakota, 6:132, 133 during World War II, 3:426; 4:43 and Employment Act (1946), original documents from, Venezuela and, 4:42 3:200; 8:254 9:375–392

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Great Depression, (continued) Great Meadows (Pennsylvania), 4:55 Great Train Robbery, The (film), 4:58, and paper industry, 6:245 Great Migration, 4:55–56 58; 6:105; 8:457 and prices, 6:461 and urbanization, 8:290–291 Great Union Flag, 3:379 and prisoner population, 6:477 Great Northern Railroad, surveys Great Valley, 4:59–60 public works projects of, 3:211 preceding, 3:299 Great War for Empire. See French and publishing industry, 6:538 Great Plains, 4:56, 56–57 and Indian War riots during, 7:166 agriculture in, 4:57 Greathead, James H., 8:240 socialism in, 7:427 cereal grains, 2:97 Greece and tariffs, 8:52 dry farming, 3:88 Civil War in (1946-1949), 4:59 and taxation, 8:58 rise of, 1:64 foreign aid to, 3:415, 426; 4:59; and theater, 8:115 boundaries of, 1:244 8:231–232 and toys, 8:153–154 buffalo on, 1:561–562 immigrants from, 4:59 unemployment during, 4:44, 45, 47 exploration of, 4:56; 8:451–452 U.S. relations with, 4:59 among African Americans, 4:47; Long’s explorations of, 5:150 War of Independence in (1821- 5:563 midcontinent oil region, 1832), 4:59 Ford (Henry) on, 9:375–376 5:361–362 Greek Orthodox Church, member- rate of, 8:251, 440 mortgage relief legislation, 5:462 ship in, 7:91 among women, 4:47 mule skinners, 5:472 Greeley, Horace, 1:129; 5:90; 8:259 Utah during, 8:297–298 Native Americans in campaign for land grants for edu- in Vermont, 8:314 missions for, 4:277 cation, 5:29 in Washington (state), 8:414 sign language of, 7:357–358 and Crystal Palace Exhibition, and wheat production, 3:391 social life of, 4:304–305 2:468; 8:558 and world’s fair, 8:559, 559–560 sun dances of, 8:18–19 and Davis (Jefferson), bond for, See also New Deal prehistoric, 1:244–246; 4:56 2:505 Great Embargo of 1808, 7:118 scouting in, 7:286–287 on divorce law, 3:64 Great Gatsby, The (Fitzgerald), 1:504; settlement of, 4:56–57; 8:462–463 “Go West, Young Man, Go West” 4:49–50; 5:120, 150 tornadoes in, 8:143 phrase used by, 4:9 Great Lakes, 4:50–53 See also Dust Bowl and New York Log Cabin (newspa- and agriculture, 4:51–52 Great Powers, principle of concerted per), 3:146 development of, 4:50 action of, 8:269 and Peace Movement of 1864, exploration of, 3:291–292; Great Republic (steamboat), 3:507 6:266 4:50–51; 6:106, 422 Great Salt Lake, 3:468; 4:57, 57 and phrenology, 6:333 ferries crossing, 3:355 Stansbury’s expedition to, excerpt “Prayer of Twenty Millions,” 3:191 and fishing, 4:52 from account of, 9:233–237 in presidential campaign of 1872, and fur trade, 4:51 Great Serpent Mound, 1:246 3:156 Lakes-to-Gulf Deep Waterway Great Sioux Reservation, 1:474; on public lands, 4:156 and, 5:22–23 8:275 and Yosemite National Park, 8:581 Mackinac Island and Straits, Great Smoky Mountains, 4:57 Greely, Adolphus W., arctic expedi- 5:188–189 Great Smoky Mountains National tion by, 4:59–60 Native Americans living by, 4:50 Park, 5:553 Green, Andrew Haswell, 6:80 physical features and population of, Great Society, 2:228; 4:57–58, 58; Green, Charles Sumner, 3:497 4:51 6:55, 438; 8:323 Green, Colegrove v., 1:385 Saint Lawrence Seaway to, 7:225 goals of, 2:228 Green, Donald P., 6:405 survey of, 7:169 Highway Beautification Act in, Green, Duff, 3:146 U.S.-Canadian border on, 2:26 4:132 Green, Edith, 8:386 and U.S.-Canadian relations, 2:29 idea for, 8:282 Green, Henry Mather, 3:497 Great Lakes Naval Campaigns of Kennedy’s New Frontier and, 6:55 Green, Samuel, 6:468 1812, 4:53; 8:432 legislation of, 7:416 Green, Theodore Francis, 7:153 Battle of Lake Erie, 4:51, 53; 6:290 neoconservatives on, 6:32 Green, Timothy, 1:129 Battle of the Thames, 8:64, Office of Economic Opportunity Green, Tom, 5:55; 6:410 111–112 in, 6:163 Green, William, 2:227 Great Lakes steamships, 4:53–55 in presidential campaign of 1964, Green Bay (Wisconsin), 4:52, 60, 60 Great Law of Pennsylvania, 4:55; 3:165 La Salle’s trading post at, 5:2 6:276 War on Poverty in, 7:416 Green Berets, 7:494

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Green card, 4:60–61 Greenway, Isabella Selmes, 1:259 Gropius, Walter, 1:293 Green Mountain Boys, 4:61–62; Greenwich Village, 4:64–65, 65; Gros Ventre Indians, Fort Laramie 8:311 8:115 Treaty with, text of, 9:227–229 Green Mountain Rangers, 8:312 Gregg, Josiah, 7:248 Groseilliers, Médard Chouart des, Green Party, 3:230 Gregorian, Vartan, 1:548 3:291, 489 Green Revolution, 7:187 Gregory, John H., 6:355 Grosjean v. American Press Company, “Green Tree Flag,” 3:378 Grenada, invasion of, 2:55, 270; 4:67 Green v. School Board of New Kent 4:65–66; 5:49; 8:447 Gross, Robert, 2:53 County, 3:16 Cuban resistance to, 2:472 Gross domestic product (GDP), Greenback Labor Party, 5:16; 7:124; press blackout during, 2:83 real, 1:582 8:259 Grenville, George, 2:286; 7:517, Grossman, Sid, 1:301 Greenback movement, 4:62 518; 8:12 Grosvenor, Gilbert Hovey, 5:541, Greenback Party, 4:62; 8:119 Grenville, Lord, 4:467 542 Greenbacks, 4:9, 62; 5:75–76; Grenville, Richard, 3:288; 7:47 Grosvenor, Gilbert Melville, 5:542 7:118, 124 Gresham, Isaac Newton, 1:63–64 Grosvenor, Melville Bell, 5:542 gold exchange for, 4:10, 14 Gresham, Walter Q., 3:157 Grotell, Maija, 1:304 as monetary standard, 4:14 Grey, Sir Edward, and House-Grey Grotius, Hugo, 6:33, 34; 8:370 Greenbelt (Maryland), 4:63 Memorandum, 4:179 Ground Zero, 8:533 Greenbelt communities, 4:63, 63; Grey, Zane, Riders of the Purple Sage, Group insurance, 4:371 5:39 5:129 Group libel laws, 4:67 Greenberg, Clement, 1:10 GRI. See Getty Research Institute Grove City College v. Bell, 2:206 Greenberg, Hank, 1:421 Gridiron, 3:409 Grove Press v. Christenberry, 1:500 Greenblatt, Richard, 2:130 Grier, Robert C., 5:76 Groves, Leslie R., 5:221–222 Greendale (Wisconsin), 4:63 Grievance arbitration, 1:237 Groves v. Slaughter, 3:90 Greene, Francis V., 7:181 Griever: An American Monkey King in Grueby, William Henry, 1:287, 304 Greene, Harold H., 1:347 China (Vizenor), 5:129 Gruelle, Johnny, 8:153 Greene, Maurice, 6:192 Griffith, David Wark, 3:362; 4:552; Gruen, Victor, 5:216 Greene, Nathanael, 2:19; 3:261; 8:581 5:569 Grund, Francis J., Americans in Their and Articles of Confederation, The Birth of a Nation, 1:469, Moral, Social and Political Rela- 7:152 469–470 tions, excerpt from, 9:215–218 in Battle of Cowpens, 2:444 and Western genre, 8:457 Grutter v. Bollinger, 1:386 in Battle of Guilford Courthouse, Griffiths, Clyde, 6:12 GSA. See Geological Society of 4:72; 6:128 Griffiths, Fred, 3:67 America after loss of New York City, 7:141 Griffiths, John, 5:495 GST. See Goldman Sachs Trading in southern campaigns, 7:145, 472 Griffon (sailing vessel), 4:66; 5:2 Corporation Washington’s trust in, 7:142 Griggs v. Duke Power Company, 1:36; Guadalcanal Campaign, 4:68; 6:26; Greenfield Village, 4:127, 127 2:197; 4:66; 8:389, 390 8:556 Greenglass, David, 7:197 Grimes, Frances, 1:308 Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of Greenhills (Ohio), 4:63 Grimké, Angelina, 1:209; 7:2, 3; 8:506 (1848), 2:8; 3:501; 4:68; 5:46, Greenhouse gases emission, 1:80; on human rights, 9:327–329 342; 6:68; 8:200, 204 3:511; 4:5–6, 7, 8 Grimké, Sarah M., 5:91; 6:333; 7:2, and Colorado, 2:298 Greenland 3, 3; 8:506 and Rio Grande, 7:163 Inuit in, 4:408–409, 410 and abolitionism, 8:512 Guale, 8:225 Viking settlement in, 3:283 Grinnell, George Bird, 1:359; 2:366 Guam, 4:68–69; 8:232 Greenman, Juilliard v., 4:500; 5:76 Griscom, John, 3:238 annexation of, 1:189; 2:470; 8:92, Greenough, Horatio, 1:305 Grissom, Gus, 7:480 94, 109 Greenpeace, 3:230; 8:304 Gristmills, 4:66 Marine Corps on, 5:243 Greenspan, Alan, 1:544 Griswold, Fort, 2:357 Treaty of Paris (1898) and, 6:250 as chairman of Council of Eco- Griswold, Frank, 3:243 Guano, 4:69 nomic Advisors, 2:432 Griswold, Hepburn v., 5:76 Guantánamo Bay, 4:69 on social security, 7:421 Griswold v. Connecticut, 1:6, 466, 468; Guardian spirit complex, 6:6 Greenville Treaty (1795), 2:509; 4:66–67; 6:479; 7:192 Guatemala 4:63–64, 64 Grocery Manufacturers of America, CIA operations in, 2:92 land cessions in, 4:271; 6:172 3:531 foreign aid to, 4:70

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Guatemala, (continued) in 20th century, 4:74–76; 5:557 Haber, Al, 7:561 Mayan immigration from, 9:509–515 assassinations and, 4:75; 5:557 Habermas, Jürgen, 3:454 U.S. relations with, 2:54; 4:69–70; Brady bill and, 1:530; 6:213 Habitat Conservation Plan (HCP), 5:48 in colonial era, 4:74 3:206 Good Neighbor policy and, 4:22 Columbine school massacre and, Hackers, computer, 7:219 Guderian, Heinz, 1:267 2:305 Hackett, A. J., 1:569 Guerra, California Federal Savings legislation expanding, 6:212–213 Hadacheck v. Sebastian, 6:505 and Loan Association v., 6:449 Gun Control Act (GCA) (1968), Hadden, Briton, 8:127 Guerrilla Girls, The, 5:337 4:76; 5:557; 6:212 Hadfield, George, 2:49 Guerrilla warfare, 4:70–71 Gunboat diplomacy, 4:76–77 Hadley, Arthur, 3:108 in American Revolution, 2:19, 444 Gunboats, 4:77–78 Haftand, Thomas, 2:242 booby traps used in, 1:500 Princeton, 6:464–465 Hagen, Walter, 4:19, 19 in Civil War, 2:217 Gunnison, John W., 7:30 Hagenbeck, Carl, 8:594 in Vietnam War, 8:330 Gunpowder Haggenmacher, Carl, 3:390 Guffey, Joseph, 4:71 manufacturing of, 2:542; 3:301 Haggin, James B., 1:180 Guffey Coal Act (1935), 4:71 potash in, 6:431 Hague, Frank, 4:82–83; 6:63 Guffey Coal Act (1937), 4:71 saltpeter (potassium nitrate) in, Hague Peace Conferences, 4:82 Guffy, James, 6:302 6:110; 8:243 of 1899, 4:82 Guggenheim, Peggy, 1:10 sodium nitrate in, 8:243 of 1907, 4:82 Guggenheim, Simon, 6:486 Gupta, Akhil, 1:194 and gas warfare, attempt to ban, Guggenheim, Solomon R., 4:71 Gurney, Joseph John, 7:2 2:117 Guggenheim Awards, 6:486 Gurney, R. W., 6:342 Geneva Conventions adopted by, Guggenheim Museum, 4:71–72, 72 Gurteen, Stephen Humphreys, 3:535 Guide to Confident Living (Peale), 2:106 on neutrality, 6:34 6:442 Gustav Line, 4:78 Hague v. Committee on Industrial Guideposts (magazine), 6:442 Gutenberg, Johannes, 6:467–468 Organization, 4:82–83; 5:546 Guiding Light, The (soap opera), Guthrie, Woody, 1:441; 3:396; Hahn, Nancy Coonsman, 1:308 7:408 8:414 Hahn, Otto, 6:342 Guilford Courthouse, Battle of, Gutiérrez, Gustavo, A Theology of Hahnemann, Samuel, 5:291, 301 4:72–73; 6:128; 7:145 Liberation: History, Politics, and Haida, 8:211, 213 Guinn and Beal v. United States, 4:35, Salvation, 5:93 “Hail, Columbia,” 2:302 73; 5:526 GUTs. See Grand unified theories Hair (musical), 8:115 Guiteau, Charles, 1:328 Guttmann, Allen, 1:169 Hairstyles, 4:83, 83–84 Gulf + Western, 6:538 Guy, William L., 6:132 in mid-19th century, 2:245, 246 Gulf Coastal Plain, 8:83 Guyana Haiti Gulf Intracoastal waterway, 8:430 People’s Temple in, 2:478; 7:94 dollar diplomacy in, 3:71 Gulf of Sidra shootdown, 4:73 See also Jonestown Massacre and Dominican Republic, 3:75 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. See Guyot, Arnold, 3:541 human rights in, 4:85 Tonkin Gulf Resolution Guzmán, Jacobo Arbenz, 2:92; 4:70 independence of, 8:446 Gulf Stream, 4:73–74 Guzzoni, Alfredo, in Sicilian Cam- refugees from, 4:85, 85 Gulf Stream, The (Homer), 4:73 paign, 7:353–354 U.S. policies regarding, 7:81 Gulf War of 1991. See Persian Gulf Gypsies, 4:78–79 slave insurrections in, 5:50, 163; War 7:379 Gulick, Charlotte, 2:21 trade with, 4:84 Gulick, Luther, 2:21 UN forces in, 4:85–86 Gullah culture, 7:155 H U.S. occupation of, 2:54, 55; 4:85 Gumbel, Bryant, 8:138 H. D. (Hilda Doolittle), 5:120 U.S. relations with, 4:84–86; Gun(s) Haacke, Hans, 1:307 5:46–47, 49; 8:446–447 Colt six-shooter, 2:302 Habeas corpus, writ of, 3:271–272; gunboat diplomacy and, 4:77 rifle, 7:159, 159–160 4:81–82 Hakluyt, Richard, 3:287 and violent crime, 2:460 history of use of, 4:81 Voyages, 4:86, 86 See also Weapons Lincoln’s suspension of, 1:284, Haldeman, H. R., 6:111; 8:425 Gun control, 4:74–76 393; 4:81; 6:482 Haldimand Negotiations (1781), in 19th century, 4:74 Supreme Court on, 1:284; 4:81–82 8:312

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Hale, Creighton J., 5:133 alma mater of, 2:304 and tariffs, 8:50 Hale, David, 6:458 in American Revolution, 8:581 and taxation, 8:56 Hale, George Ellery, 1:344; 2:14 on American System, 1:171 as treasury secretary, 8:195 Hale, John Parker at Annapolis Convention, 1:187 on treaties with France, 7:56–57 and Democratic Party, 6:58 arms policy, 5:481 and Whiskey Rebellion, 8:469 and Free Soil Party, 3:154, 459 caucus supporting, 6:113 at Zenger trial, 5:90; 8:590 and Republican Party, 6:58 and Coast Guard, establishment of, Hamilton, Alice, 5:297 Hale, Matthew, 2:316 2:258 Hamilton, C. H., 3:181 Hale, Nathan, 7:502 and coinage system, 2:481 Hamilton, Henry, 2:222 Hale, Sarah Josepha, 4:9; 5:198; and Compromise of 1790, 2:330 Hamilton, Richard, 6:414 8:112 at Constitutional Convention, Hamilton, Thomas, on Nat Turner’s Hale, William Harlan, 8:350–351 2:378, 379 Rebellion, 9:287–288 Hale Observatories, 6:156 customs officers appointed by, Hamilton, Virginia, M. C. Higgins Haley, Alex, 1:363; 3:523 2:485 the Great, 5:126 Roots, 7:197 debt policies of, 2:515, 518 Hamilton v. Kentucky Distillers, 8:374 Half a Century (Swisshelm), excerpt duel with Burr, 1:577–578; 3:92 Hamlin, Hannibal, 5:210 from, 9:255–257 economic policies of, 2:374, 386; in presidential campaign of 1860, Half Moon (ship), 4:86–87, 187 3:108; 4:87–91 3:155 Half-breeds. See Native American(s), Bank of United States in, 4:89–90 Hamm, Mia, 7:410 intermarriage by domestic debts in, 4:87–88 Hammarskjöld, Dag, 8:271 Halfway Covenant, 2:349; 4:87 and emergence of Federalist Hammer v. Dagenhart, 2:140, 142, Hall, A. Oakey (O.K.), 7:162 Party, 3:350–351 149, 311; 3:308 Hall, Charles Francis, 6:382 foreign debts in, 4:87 Hammerstein, Oscar, 8:115 Hall, Charles Martin, 1:130; 5:330 vs. Jeffersonian Republicans, Hammett, Dashiell, 5:120 Hall, Felix, 1:442 3:351; 4:471 Red Harvest, 5:129 Hall, Granville Stanley, 1:24; 2:137, manufacturing in, 4:90; 5:227 Hammon, Jupiter, 5:124 144; 3:73, 274 mint in, 4:90 Hammond, Georgia, 5:135 Hall, Gus, 2:328 nationalism in, 1:171; 4:87 Hammond, James, antislavery move- Hall, Prince, 3:466 state debt in, 4:88–89 ment and, 1:210 Hall, Radclyffe, 7:325 taxation in, 4:89 Hammond, William, 3:238 Hall v. Geiger-Jones Co., 1:491 on enumerated powers, 3:225 Hampton, Fred, murder of, 2:266 Hallalhotsoot (Nez Perce leader), Essex Junto and, 3:256 Hampton, James, 1:312 6:100, 102 Federalist Papers by, 2:382; Hampton, Wade, 2:302 Hallam, Lewis, 8:113 3:349–350 supporters of, 7:72 Hallam, Lewis, the Younger, 8:113 No. 84, text of, 9:164–167 Hampton Normal and Agricultural Halleck, Henry W., 2:213; fiscal policies of, 1:395, 396, 458 Institute, 3:126 8:370–371 and Great Britain, U.S. relations Hampton Roads, Battle of, 6:25 in Peninsular Campaign, 6:275 with, 4:466, 467 Hampton Roads Conference (1865), and Red River Campaign, 7:71 on implied powers, 4:247 4:91 Hallet, Stephen, 2:49 on judicial review, 4:492 Hampton v. Mow Sun Wong, 1:126 Hallidie, Andrew S., 4:11; 7:43 and land companies, 5:26 Hanaman, Franz, 5:24 Hallucinogens, 7:569 legal training of, 5:56, 73 Hancock, John, 1:512; 2:522; 3:256; Halogen lamps, 3:179 opposition to, 7:117 6:520 Halsey, William F., 5:89; 6:523; Democratic Party and, 2:549 British attempt to arrest, 2:287 8:547, 557 on police power, 6:387 commercial motivation of, 2:286 Hamada, Shoji, 1:305 on presidency, 6:454 and Federalists, 2:381 Hamburg Riot (1876), 4:87 in presidential campaign of 1792, revolutionary committees and, Hamer, Fannie Lou, transcript of 3:150 7:149 interview with, 9:447–452 on public lands, disposal of, 6:527 Hancock, Thomas, 7:202 Hamill, Curt, 6:303 Report on Manufactures by, 3:527 Hancock, Walter, 1:371 Hamill, Mark, 7:524, 524 and republic, concept of, 7:110 Hancock, Winfield Scott Hamilton, Alexander, 4:88 and Society for the Establishment in Battle of Gettysburg, 3:569 affair of, 6:400 of Useful Manufactures, 6:62 in Battle of Spotsylvania Court- agrarianism and, 1:56 on subsidies, 7:564 house, 7:512

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Hancock, Winfield Scott, (continued) Hardee, William J., 8:87 Harper, Robert Goodloe, 3:351 in presidential campaign of 1876, Harder, Dale S., 1:364 Harper, William Rainey, 8:280 3:156 Hardin, Leisy v., 6:213 Harper Bros., 6:536–537 in presidential campaign of 1880, Harding, Florence, 3:376 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 3:157 Harding, Warren G. 5:415; 6:508 Handcarts, Mormon migration and, and Berlin Treaty (1921), 1:443 Harpers Ferry (West Virginia) 5:458 corruption in administration of, Brown’s raid at, 1:332; 2:192; Handgun Violence Prevention Act. 1:504; 2:421 4:97–100; 8:448 See Brady Bill (1993) death of, 3:161 in Civil War, capture of, 4:97 Handicapped. See Disabled and FBI, 3:337 Harper’s Weekly (magazine) Handler, Elliot, 1:417 illegitimate children of, 6:400 on Tammany Hall, 8:46 Handler, Ruth, 1:417 and naval oil reserves, 6:19 on World’s Columbian Exposition, Handley, John J., 6:500 in presidential campaign of 1920, 2:271 Handsome Lake (Seneca leader), 3:161; 6:118 Harriman, Edward H., 6:135 1:116; 6:6, 7 Railway Shopmen’s strike and, 7:40 Harriman, Mary, 3:258 Handy, W.C., 5:308, 308 and Republican Party, 7:113 Harriman, W. Averell Hanford Nuclear Facility, and Tomb of the Unknown Sol- ambassadorship of, 1:134 8:414–416 dier, 8:284 as commerce secretary, 2:310 Hanging, 4:91–92 Hardware trade, 4:93–94 and Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, 6:143 execution by, 2:40 Hardwick, Bowers v., 6:480 Harrington, Henry B. Hankey, Maurice, 1:266 Hardy, Harriet, 5:297 Battles of the American Revolution, Hanks, John, 7:23 Hardy, Holden v., 1:21; 3:308; 5:14 1775–1781, 5:145 Hanna, Bill, 2:64 Hardy, James, 4:121 on logistics, 5:145 Hanna, Marcus A., 2:23; 3:158, 159; Hare, Nathan, 1:46 Harrington, Mark, 1:16 5:530 Hare, Robert, 5:331 Harrington, Michael, 6:31, 436–437, Hanna, Richard T., 4:543 Hare Krishnas, 1:326; 2:477; 4:133 438; 7:428 Hanoi (North Vietnam), Christmas Hare quota, 6:508 The New American Poverty, excerpt bombing of, Kissinger on, Hargous, P. A., 3:501–502 from, 9:500–504 9:475–477 Hargreaves, James, 2:424 The Other America, 2:228 Hansberry, Lorraine, A Raisin in the Harisiades v. Shaughnessy, 1:125 Harrington, Oliver W., 6:395 Sun, 5:126 Harkavy, Minna, 1:308 Harriot, Thomas, 2:233; 9:8–10 Hansell, Clarence W., 3:357 Harkins, William D., 6:340, 341, 343 Harris, Barbara, 8:500 Hansell, Haywood S., 8:554 Harlan, John Marshall, on Sherman Hansen, Alvin, 3:110 Antitrust Act, 7:343–344 Harris, Benjamin, 6:94–95 Hansen, Gerhard Armauer, 5:83 Harlan County (Kentucky), La Fol- Harris, Benjamin G., 2:411 Hansen, James, 2:238; 4:8 lette Civil Liberties Committee Harris, E. Lynn, 5:123 Hansen, Olof, 2:509 investigation in, 5:1 Harris, Eric, 2:305 Hansen, W. W., 6:343 Harlem (New York), 4:94 Harris, Isham G., 8:85 Hansen’s disease. See Leprosy Metropolitan Museum of Art exhi- Harris, Joel Chandler, 3:395; 5:119 Hanson, Duane, 1:307 bition on, 5:337 Uncle Remus, 5:119 Hanson, J.C.M., 5:101 Harlem, Battle of, 4:94–95 Harris, John, 3:204; 6:105 Hanson, Phil, 1:311 Harlem Renaissance, 4:94, 95–97 Harris, Kevin, 7:203 Hanssen, Robert, espionage by, African American folklore and, Harris, Marvin, 1:193–194 3:339; 4:92; 7:503 3:395 Harris, Patricia Roberts, 4:114 Hantavirus, 4:92–93 literature of, 4:95–96 Harris, Townsend, 2:189; 4:457 Happersett, Minor v., 5:401–402; members of, 4:94, 95 Harris, United States v., 8:274 8:11 music of, 4:96 Harris, William Torrey, 3:116 Haraway, Donna, 3:517 and nightclubs, 6:107 Harris v. McRae, 4:100 Harbord, James, 1:441 origins of, 4:95 Harrisburg Convention (1827), Harbors visual art of, 4:96–97 4:100 improvements of, 7:168–171; Harmar, Josiah, 6:178; 8:399 Harrisburg Pennsylvanian (newspa- 8:430 Harmonialism, 7:505 per), 6:533 See also Port(s) Harnett, William M., 1:295 Harrison, Benjamin Hard money, 2:550; 4:93; 7:439 Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins, 5:124 anti-imperialism of, 1:202

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conservation policies of, 2:367; Hartford Wits, 4:101–102 definition of, 4:104 8:480 Hartley, Marsden, 1:297 against gays and lesbians, 7:327 and forest conservation, 3:431, 433 Hartley, Robert M., 2:489 and group libel laws, 4:67 Latin American policies of, 5:46 Hartman, Geoffrey, 6:429 incidence of, 4:104 and Louisiana lottery, 5:156 Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust legislation on, 4:104–105 in presidential campaign of 1888, Improvement Act (1976), 3:349 Supreme Court on, 4:104, 105 3:157–158, 171; 8:233 Hartsfield, William B., 3:557 against women, 4:104 in presidential campaign of 1892, Hartshorne, Richard, 3:543 Hate that Hate Produced, The (docu- 3:158 Hartz, Louis, 4:139; 7:428 mentary), 5:520 and tariffs, 8:51 The Liberal Tradition in America, Hatfield, Mark O., 1:388; 6:207 Harrison, Carter H., 4:109 5:140 Hatland, Thomas, 2:241 Harrison, Elizabeth, 8:295 Hartzog, George B., 5:552 Hauge, Frank, 1:507 Harrison, Francis Burton, 6:322 Harvard, John, 6:316 Hauge, Hans Nielsen, 6:137 Harrison, Frederic, 6:423 Harvard Divinity School, 7:96, 97 Hauge’s Synod, 6:137 Harrison, George, 1:441 Harvard University, 4:102–103 Haupt v. United States, 8:194 Harrison, H., 1:358 African American Studies at, 1:47 Hauptmann, Bruno, 5:113 Harrison, Katherine, 8:494 and Arnold Arboretum, 1:517 Hauteval, Lucien, 8:570 Harrison, Peter, 1:249 athletic program at, 2:276 Havasupais, 8:228 Harrison, William Henry (Old engineering program at, 3:216, 217 Havemeyer, Mrs. Henry O., 2:272 Tippecanoe), 2:534 establishment of, 1:509; 2:18, 18; Haven, Samuel F., 2:271 in Battle of the Thames, 8:111 3:111, 127, 129; 4:102; 8:263 Havens, Richie, 1:546 in Battle of Tippecanoe, 8:131 law school of, 5:56–58 Havlicek, John, 1:424 death of, 8:322 Lawrence Scientific School, 5:59 Hawaii, 4:105–108, 106 as log cabin candidate, 5:145 lottery use by, 5:156 annexation of, 1:189; 4:107; 6:225; Native Americans and pragmatism at, 6:444, 445 8:94 in Battle of Tippecanoe, 8:399 Radio Research Laboratory at, astronomical observatories in, land cessions by, 4:271–272, 314, 7:14 6:157 317 sociology at, 7:433–434 Chinese immigrants in, 2:154 Perry’s message to, 8:432 Harvey, John, 2:280 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and in presidential campaign of 1836, Harvey, W. H. (Coin), Coin’s Finan- songs of, 7:532 3:153 cial School, 2:265 governors of, 4:108 in presidential campaign of 1840, Harvey, William (colonel), 3:268 gun control in, 4:75 2:550; 3:146, 153; 8:131 Hasbro, 8:153 introduced species in, 7:500 Virginia dynasty and, 8:348 G.I. Joe developed by, 3:574–575 Japanese Americans in, 4:462–463, in War of 1812, 5:21 Hascall, John, 1:59 464 Whig Party and, 8:467 Haskin, De Witt C., 8:240 Korean Americans in, 4:543 Harrison Narcotics Act (1914), Haslam, John, 8:319 land law in, 4:106 5:510–511 Hassam, Childe, 1:296; 3:537 merchant trade in, 4:105–106 Harrod, James, 4:518 Hassler, Ferdinand Rudolph, 2:257; native Hawaiians in, 4:105–107, Harsanyi, John, 3:109 6:155 108 Hart, Frederick, 1:307; 8:335 Hat(s) reciprocal trade agreement with, Hart, Gary, 3:168 beaver, 1:434, 435 8:156 and charter schools, 2:110 manufacture of, colonial restric- statehood for, 4:108 Hart, Oliver, 1:412 tions on, 4:103; 6:22 sugar industry in, 4:106–107, 108 Hart, Thomas, 1:158 Hatch, Carl, 4:103–104 surfing in, 8:27–28 Hart, William A., 6:8 Hatch, Orin, and Civil Rights Act of tourism in, 4:108 Hart, William S., 8:457 1991, 2:197 volcanoes in, 8:351, 351–352 Hart-Celler Act. See Immigration Hatch Act (1939), 4:103–104 Westernization of, 4:106 Act (1965) Hatch Experiment Station Act whaling in, 4:106 Harte, Bret, 5:119 (1887), 1:63, 71; 8:279 in World War II, 4:107 Hartford, George Huntington, Hatcher, Richard, 1:52 Hawes-Cutting Act (1933), 8:244 7:125 Hate crimes, 4:104–105; 7:12 Hawkers. See Peddlers Hartford Convention (1814–1815), against Asian Americans, Hawkins, Augustus F., 1:550 3:151, 256; 4:101 1:323–324 Hawkins, Benjamin, 2:456

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Hawkins, Jane, 8:494 Hay-Herrán Treaty (1903), 4:109; See also National Institutes of Hawkins, John, 3:288 6:237 Health Hawkins, Sir John, 5:363 Haymarket riot (1886), 1:181; 2:132, Health care, 4:115–118 Hawkins, John H. W., 8:79 227; 4:109, 110; 8:95, 259 access to, lack of, 4:116 Hawks. See Doves and hawks; War Hayne, Robert Y., 6:220; 8:434–435 alternative medicine, 5:290–292 hawks Haynes, George Edmund, 5:563 AMA on, 1:164–165 Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act (1930). See Hay-Pauncefote Treaties Clinton plan for, 1:153; 4:114, 120, Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) (1900–1901), 2:229; 4:110; 372 Haworth, James M., 7:72 6:237; 8:140, 205 costs of, 4:116–118, 117, 119–120, Hawthorne, Charles, 1:320 Hays, Fort, 4:110–111 121, 173–174; 5:304–305 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 1:509; Hays, Isaac, 1:164 fee-for-service model and, 5:285 2:375; 3:195, 197 Hays, John Coffee, 8:104 delivery of, 4:115 The Blithedale Romance, 7:194; Hayter, William Stanley, 6:471 economics of, 4:120–121 8:292 Hayward, Richard, 1:305 financing of, 4:115 at Brook Farm, 1:545; 8:301 Haywood, William D. (Big Bill), future of, 4:117–118 as customs officer, 2:485 4:111, 346; 5:60 general practice in, 4:115 The Scarlet Letter, 5:119; 7:263 in Industrial Workers of the hospital system, expansion of, “Young Goodman Brown,” 5:119 World, 4:346; 7:426 5:302 Haxel, O., 6:344 in Russia, 4:349 hygiene in, 4:204–205 Hay, George Dewey, 4:34 Haywood-Moyer-Pettibone case, Indian medicine, 5:292–293 Hay, John M., 2:470 4:111 infrastructure of, 4:356 and foreign policy, 3:425; 4:42 Hazard, Paul H., 1:389 managed, 4:117, 121, 173–174 and Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, Hazardous waste, 4:111–112; 6:139 cost controls, 5:285 4:108 cleanup of, 8:21 March of Dimes, 5:236 and Hay-Herrán Treaty, 4:109 in Love Canal, 5:164 Maternal and child, 5:273–275 and Hay-Pauncefote Treaties, regulation of, 4:111–112 mental illness, 5:312–315 4:110 in Times Beach, 8:127 nursing and, 6:146–148 Open Door policy of, 6:196–197 Hazelwood, Joseph, 3:305 occupational medicine, 5:296–299 and Panama Canal, 6:237 Hazlitt, Henry, 5:556 organization of, 4:115 on Spanish-American War, 1:189 HBC. See Hudson’s Bay Company patients’ rights, 6:257–258 and Virgin Islands, 8:340–341 HBO (Home Box Office), 2:322 in South Dakota, 7:461 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903), HCP. See Habitat Conservation Plan specialty medicine in, 4:115–116, 4:108–109; 6:238; 8:201, 205 Head Start, 3:118; 4:112–113; 116 Hayburn’s case, 4:109 8:293, 386, 441 for union members, AFL-CIO on, Haycox, Ernest, 5:130 as child care, 2:139 1:151–152, 153 Hayden, Carl, 1:259 Head taxes. See Poll taxes for veterans, 8:317 Hayden, Ferdinand V., 1:167; 3:300, Heald, Nathan, 2:509 after World War II, 4:116–117 544; 8:454, 579 Health. See Epidemics and public Health food industry, 4:118–119 Hayden, Michael V., 3:186 health; Women’s health origins of, 3:24 Hayden, Tom, 7:561 Health, Education, and Welfare, vegetarianism and, 8:310 Hayden’s Case, 7:312 Department of (HEW), vitamins, 6:149 Hayek, Friedrich, 3:109 4:113–114 Health food movement, and break- Hayes, Elvin, 1:425 Medicare and Medicaid, fast cereal, 2:98, 99 Hayes, Ira, 6:247 5:289–290 Health insurance, 4:119–120, Hayes, Lucy Webb, 3:375 Health and Human Services, 371–372 Hayes, Max S., 3:321 Department of (HHS), 3:332; AMA on, 4:119 Hayes, Rutherford B., 8:560 4:113–115 collective bargaining and, 2:274 fiscal policies of, 1:484 Administration for Children and company-sponsored, 5:297 immigration restriction under, Families, 2:147 history of, 5:303 4:232 establishment of, 4:113, 114 by HMOs, 4:120–121; 5:305 in presidential campaign of 1876, functions of, 4:113, 114–115 and hospitals, 4:173–174 2:420, 467; 3:148, 156, 171 head of, 2:2 managed care, 4:117, 121, 173–174 presidential library of, 5:99 organization of, 4:114 medical education and, 5:284 on silver coinage, 3:458 origins of, 4:113–114 origins of, 4:116, 371

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people without, 4:116, 119, 120 Heller, Walter, 2:431 Henry, Andrew, 3:487, 493 rise of, 4:371–372 Hellman, Lillian, 5:121 Henry, Fort, 2:212; 4:126–127 Health maintenance organizations Hellman, Martin, 2:468 capture of, 3:79 (HMOs), 2:406; 4:120–121 Hell’s Angels, 4:125 Henry, Joseph, 1:141, 167; 2:235; history of, 5:305 Helms, Jesse 3:172; 5:331; 6:335; 8:68 Healy, Bernadine, 3:531; 8:511 and Cuba relations, 2:472 Henry, O., 5:119 Hearne, Eddie, 1:375 and National Endowment for the Henry, Patrick, 2:381 Hearnes, Warren, 5:422 Arts, 5:535 and American Revolution, begin- Hearst, George, 1:180 opposition to Convention on the ning of, 8:483 Hearst, Patricia, 4:525; 8:38, 38 Elimination of All Forms of antifederalism of, 1:201 Hearst, William Randolph, 8:577, Discrimination Against at First Continental Congress, 577 Women, 2:399 2:393 estate of, 7:243, 243 and tobacco industry, 8:137 on Galloway’s plan of union, 3:505 film depicting, 2:178–179 Helms-Burton Act (1996), 2:472; “Give Me Liberty or Give Me and Graham (Billy), 6:516–517 5:50 Death” speech by, 4:2 International News Service found- Helper, Hinton Rowan, Impending and Madison, debate between, ed by, 6:458 Crisis of the South, 4:242 2:381 and Pulitzer (Joseph), 6:97–98 excerpt from, 9:280–284 Virginia Resolves by, 8:349 and “Ripley’s Believe It or Not” Helperites. See Impending Crisis of the text of, 9:120 column, 7:168 South Henry Ford Museum and Green- women’s magazines by, 1:32 Helsinki Accords (1975), 3:427; 4:125 field Village, 4:127, 127 Heart disease, 2:52–54 Helvering v. Davis, 3:528 Henry Frank (towboat), 8:147 Heart implants, 4:121–122 Helwys, Thomas, 1:411 Henry Street Settlement, 5:166; Heart transplantation, 8:183 Hemingway, Ernest, 3:197, 280; 8:114 Heath, Perry S., 7:205 5:157 Henry the Navigator (prince of Por- Heating, 4:122, 122–123 A Farewell to Arms, 5:120 tugal), 3:283 Heaven’s Gate cult, 2:478 The Sun Also Rises, 5:120 Henschel, Milton, 4:472 Hebern, Edward H., 2:468 Hemlock Society, 3:261, 262 Hensley, Willie, 1:112 Hecker, Frank, 3:20 Hemp, 4:125–126 Hepburn Act (1906), 4:127–128, Hecker, Isaac, 2:69 Hemphill, Herbert Waide, Jr., 1:310 401; 6:494–495; 7:26, 27 Heckler, Margaret, 1:15; 4:114 Henday, Anthony, 3:490 Hepburn v. Griswold, 5:76 Hedges, Cornelius, 8:579 Henderson, Alexander, at Alexandria Hepplewhite, George, 1:291; 3:496 Heemskerck, Jacob van, 6:382 Conference, 1:122 Heraldic star, 3:378 Heffner, Ray L., 1:548 Henderson, Fletcher, 4:468, 468 Herberg, Will, 1:337; 5:556 Heidegger, Martin, 3:279 Henderson, Leon, 6:165 Herbert, Hilary A., 1:128 Heidelberg College, 8:264 Henderson, Loy, ambassadorship of, Herbicides. See Insecticides and her- Heim v. McCall, 1:125 1:134 bicides Heinlein, Robert, 5:130 Henderson, Richard, 2:480 Herder, J. G., 6:374 Heinous.com, 8:304 and land companies, 5:36 Heredity Heinz, Henry, 2:36 Hendricks, Thomas A., 3:156, 157 molecular basis of, 3:67 Heinz Company, 3:400; 6:279 Hendrix, Jimi, 8:524 See also Genetics Heisenberg, Werner, 6:345 Hennepin, Louis Heritage Foundation (HF), 1:545; Heiser, Victor, 5:83 disappearance of, 4:66 8:118 Helena (Montana), 1:501 narratives of, 4:126 Herjulfsson, Bjarni, 8:337 Helena mining camp, 4:123 Hennessey, David C, 5:191 Herkimer, Nicholas, 1:574; 6:213 Helicopters, 4:123–124 Hennig, Willi, 8:596 Hermaphroditism, 3:515 on aircraft carriers, 1:91 Henri, Robert, 1:297, 310, 320, 321, Hermitage (Tennessee), 4:128, 128 development of, 1:94; 4:123 322 Heroin, 5:512; 7:569 in Korean War, 4:123 Henry IV (king of England), 2:136 Herold, David, 1:328 in Vietnam War, 1:73; 4:124, 124 Henry VII (king of England), 3:285, Héroult, Paul, 1:130 “Hell on Wheels,” 4:124–125 287 Herpetology, 4:128–130; 8:596 Hellegers, Andre, 1:461 and shipbuilding, 3:87 Herrán, Tomás, 4:109; 6:237 Heller, Joseph, Catch-22, 2:66–67; Henry VIII (king of England), 3:287 Herrera, Joe, 1:315 5:121 and shipbuilding, 3:87 Herrick, James, 2:53

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Herrnstein, Richard J., 1:194 “High” milling, 3:390 Hillsborough Convention (1788), The Bell Curve, 7:13 High Plains, 6:28 6:128 Herron, George, 2:164 High schools Himes, Chester, 5:122 Hersey, John, 6:92 in 19th century, 3:114 If He Hollers Let Him Go, 5:125 Hershberger, W. D., 7:14 in 20th century, 1:25 Himes, Joshua V., 1:30 Hershey, Alfred D., 3:533 football played at, 3:410 Himmelfarb, Gertrude, 8:326 Hershey, Milton S., 6:279 freedom of speech, Supreme Court Hinckley, Gordon B., 5:55 Hershey Chocolate Company, 6:279 on, 1:26 Hinckley, John, Jr., 1:331; 2:79 Herskovits, Melville J., 1:193; 2:457 intelligence testing in, 4:379 Hinduism, 4:133, 133–134; 7:91, 94 Herter Brothers, 3:497 introduction of, 2:144 forms of, 1:326; 4:133 Hertz, Heinrich, 7:19 peer culture in, 1:25 Hine, Lewis, 1:300 Herzl, Theodore, 8:591 sex education in, 7:321–322 Hines, John, 3:243 Hesse, Eva, 1:307, 309 High-energy physics, 6:338–339 Hinmahtooyahlatkekht (Nez Perce Hesselius, Gustavus, 1:294 Higher criticism, 4:130–131 leader), 6:101, 102 Hesselius, John, 1:294 Higher Education Act (1965), 8:61 Hinneys, 5:472 Hessians. See German mercenaries Higher-law doctrine, 4:131–132 Hints on Household Taste in Furniture, Hetch Hetchy Valley dam, Highland Games, 8:154, 155 Upholstery and Other Details 2:368–369 Highland Rim, 8:83 (Eastlake), 3:497 HEW. See Health, Education, and “Highlanders,” 8:83 Hipert, Johann Gottfried, 8:153 Welfare, Department of Highway(s) Hippies, 2:433; 4:134, 134 Hewitt, Don, 8:73 cross-continent, 7:179 and cults, 2:477 Heye, George Gustav, 5:547 and trucking industry, 7:178–179 and recycling, 7:66 Hezbollah, hostages taken by, 4:174 See also Interstate highway system; and Utopian communities, 8:303 Hezeta, Bruno, 2:303 Roads; Transportation and Woodstock, 8:524 HF. See Heritage Foundation Highway Act (1956), 8:286 Hippocratic Oath, 1:461 HGP. See Human Genome Project Highway Act (1962), 3:335 Hirabayashi v. United States, 3:272; H-Hour, 2:507 Highway Beautification Act (1965), 4:461 HHS. See Health and Human Ser- 1:34; 4:132 Hiroshima (Japan), atomic bombing vices, Department of Highway Trust Fund, 3:511 of, 1:494; 3:302; 5:222; 6:143; Hialeah, Church of the Lukumi Babalu Hijacking 8:551, 555 Aye, Inc. v., 3:374 of Achille Lauro, 1:13 Hirsch, E. D., Jr., 2:478, 483 Hibbens, Ann, 8:494 of airplanes, 4:132–133 Hirsch, Joseph, 1:298 Hickok, James Butler (Wild Bill), Hilgard, Ernest R., 6:525 Hirschfeld, Magnus, 7:326 3:508; 4:110–111 Hilgemeier, Edward, 7:6 Hirschman, Albert O., 3:110 Hicks, Edward, 1:295 Hill, Ambrose P. Hispanic Americans, 4:134–136 Hicks, Elias, 7:2 in Battle of Antietam, 1:200 in baseball, 1:422 Hicks, Karen, 2:493 in Battle of Gettysburg, 3:566–567 in California Hidalgo y Costilla, Miguel, 5:50 in Battle of Spotsylvania Court- Los Angeles riots of 1992, 7:165 Hidatsa Indians, 5:219–220, 220; house, 7:512 Proposition 187 and, 4:229; 8:218 in Battles of the Wilderness, 8:477 6:509 Fort Laramie Treaty with, text of, Hill, Anita, 3:198, 221; 5:549; 7:323; Chicano movement among, 9:227–229 8:121, 121 9:484–486 Lewis and Clark expedition and, Hill, Carla, 8:507 as farmhands, 3:327, 327 5:219 Hill, David B., 3:158 gender roles of, 3:520 Hidden Persuaders, The (Packard), Hill, Isaac, 3:146 in Illinois, Chicago, 2:133 4:130 Hill, James J., 1:168; 6:135 immigration patterns of, 4:135 Hide and tallow trade, 4:130 Hill, Joe, 4:348, 348 in Iowa, 4:417 Hiezer, Michael, 1:307 Hill, TVA v., 3:206 as law students, 5:58 Higginbotham, A. Leon, 8:340 Hillard, Henry W., 1:102 military service of, 5:383–384 Higgins, Andrew Jackson, 5:161 Hill-Burton Act (1947), 5:304 nativist movements against, 6:5 Higgins, Mary, 1:6 Hillerman, Tony, 5:130 in New Jersey, 6:63–64 Higgins, Patillo, 6:302, 305 Hillman, Sidney, 1:132, 151; 3:163; in New Mexico, 6:68, 69 Higginson, Henry L., 8:38 5:17 number of, 4:134 Higgison, Stephen, 3:255 Hillquit, Morris, 7:426 in old age, 6:189

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in Oregon, 6:207 History of the Navy of the United States Hoffa, James P. (Jimmy), 4:386, 387; poverty rate of, 6:437 of America (Cooper), 6:290 5:183; 8:172 steelworkers, compensation of, Hitchcock, Edward, 3:548, 549 Hoffer, Eric, 8:340 8:278 Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, 7:55 Hoffman, Julius J., 2:135 in Texas, 8:103 Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, 1:249, Hoffman, Malvina, 1:308 in trade unions, 8:172 251; 8:326 Hoffman, Paul G., 8:166 in Virginia, 8:346 Hitchcock, Lambert, 3:496 Hoffman, William, 6:474 women, 3:520; 5:531 Hitchcock, Lone Wolf v., 5:147–148 Hoffmann, Heinrich, 1:313 Hispaniola, Napoleon’s ambitions Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, The Hofmann, Hans, 1:298 for, 5:163 (Adams), 2:338 Hofstadter, Richard, 4:139 Hiss, Alger, 4:136 Hitchman Coal and Coke Company v. on third parties, 8:118 espionage case against, 4:136–137, Mitchell, 8:579 Hog(s), 4:145–146 178; 5:182; 7:113 Hitler, Adolf commercial production of, Historic preservation, 6:452–453 and Battle of the Bulge, 1:565–566 4:145–146 Antiquities Act on, 1:205–206 Ford (Henry) and, 1:207 disease in, 8:320 of archives, 1:255–256 National Socialist German Work- as introduced species, 4:145 National Trust for Historic Preser- ers’ Party of, 3:562 in Iowa, 4:415 vation and, 5:562 rise to power of, 8:543 Hog cholera, 8:320 of Native American heritage, 1:240 after Versailles settlement, 8:249 Hogarth, William, 2:308; 6:393 national park system and, 5:550 HIV. See Acquired Immune Defi- Hogg, Ima, 2:272 and tourism, 8:146 ciency Syndrome; Human Hohokam, 1:244; 4:146 Historic Sites Act (1935), 5:551; immunodeficiency virus O’odham and, 1:100 6:452 Hmong Americans, 7:471 Holand, Hjalmar Rued, 4:516–517 Historical and Statistical information HMOs. See Health maintenance Holbrook, John Edwards, 4:129 Respecting the History, Condition, organizations Holbrook, Josiah, 5:178 and Prospects of the Indian Tribes Ho Chi Minh, 3:534; 8:330 HOLC. See Home Owners’ Loan of the United States (Schoolcraft), Ho Chi Minh Trail, 8:329, 330, 332, Corporation 5:128 333 Holcombe, James P., 6:266 Historiography, American, 3:257; Hoard, William D., 2:490; 8:491 Holden, William W., 6:129 4:137–143 Hoare-Laval Pact, 5:65 Holden v. Hardy, 1:21; 3:308; 5:14, History (academic discipline) Hoban, James, 2:49; 8:470 139 American Historical Association Hobart, Garret A., 3:158 Holding companies, 4:146–148; and, 1:158–159 Hobart, John H., 6:222 6:535 consensus, 4:139 Hobbes, Thomas, 3:248; 5:92; 7:431 advantages of, 4:147 history of field, 4:137–143 on leisure, 8:526 in aircraft industry, 1:93 postmodern, 4:141–142 Hobby, Oveta Culp, 4:113; 8:503, definition of, 4:146–147 Progressive, 4:138–139 507; 9:398–401 public utility, investment compa- radical, 4:140 Hobby, William P., 3:354 nies and, 4:411–412 as science, 4:138 Hoboken (New Jersey), 6:62 regulation of, 4:147 of slavery, 4:140 Hobson, James, 8:240 rise of, 4:147 social sciences and, 4:139–140 Hobson, Richmond Pearson, 5:325 Holiday Inns, 7:53 statistics in, 7:539 Hochschild, Arlie, 3:519 Holidays and festivals, 4:148–149 women’s and gender, 4:141 Ho-Chunk. See Winnebago/Ho- Christmas, 2:166 History and Present State of Virginia, Chunk in colonial era, 4:148–149 The (Beverly), 1:191; 9:109–111 Hockey, 4:143, 143–145 controversy over, 4:148 History of England from the Accession of development of, 4:143, 209–210 family, 7:64 James II (Macaulay), 6:537 professional leagues for, 4:143–145 and fast days, 3:328–329 History of Experimental Psychology, A Hodge, Archibald Alexander, 1:449 Father’s Day, 5:463 (Boring), 6:526 Hodge, Charles, 7:97 Independence Day, 4:149, 256, History of New England, The Hodges, Courtney, 1:1 256–257 (Winthrop), 8:576 Hodur, Francis, 6:391 Kwanzaa, 4:148, 553 History of New York, A (Irving), 5:118 Hoe rotary press, 6:468, 469 Mardi Gras, 5:238 History of Psychology, A (Brett), 6:525 Hoen, August, 2:61 May Day, 5:275 History of Science (journal), 6:526 Hoff, Philip, 8:314 Memorial Day, 5:306–307, 307

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Holidays and festivals, (continued) on police power, 6:387 and agricultural development, Mother’s Day, 5:463 on regulatory takings, 6:505 1:64; 5:29 music festivals, 5:501–502 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, “Old Iron- and land speculation, 5:36 and nationalism, 5:568 sides,” 2:378 provisions of, 4:156 origins of, 4:148 Holmes County Board of Education, Homestead Act (1872), 5:35 Thanksgiving Day, 3:328–329; Alexander v., 1:122 Homestead Act, Enlarged (1909), 8:112 Holmes v. Walton, 4:150 1:65 Holiness movement, 3:265; 8:302 Holocaust Homestead Act, Stock Raising Holistic healing, 6:462–463 anti-Semitism and, 1:207 (1916), 1:65 Holladay, Ben, 5:204; 6:220–221; refugees from, 4:226–227 Homestead movement, 1:64; 7:515 Holocaust Museum, 4:150, 150–151 4:155–157 Holland. See Dutch; Netherlands Holt, Henry, 1:389; 2:497 “Go West, Young Man, Go West” Holland (ship), 6:25 Holt, John (home schooling advo- and, 4:9 Holland, John P., 7:562, 563 cate), 4:153 in Montana, 5:450 Holland Tunnel, 8:240 Holt, John C. (combine inventor), Homestead strike (1892), 2:224; Hollerith, Herman, 6:169 1:59 4:157; 5:141; 7:38, 545; 8:277 Holley, Alexander, 4:427 Holt, Nancy, 1:307 and presidential election of 1892, Holley, Myron, 1:211 Holton, A. Linwood, 8:344 3:158 Holliday, Doc, 8:141 Holy Cross, Priests of, 4:151 violence in, 4:157; 5:141; 7:545, Hollinger, David, 1:338 Holy Experiment, 4:151 556; 8:339 Hollywood, 4:149–150 Holyfield, Evander, 6:485 Homesteaders Academy Awards and, 6:485–486 Holyfield, Mississippi Band of Choctaw and cattle industry, 4:157–158 and fashion, 2:247 Indians v., 4:263 subsistence, 7:566–567 Golden Age of, 2:390 Holzer, Jenny, 1:299, 307 Homesteading, urban, 8:287 television industry in, 4:209 Home: Social Essays (Baraka), 5:126 Homework, 4:158–159 See also Film industry Home Box Office (HBO), 2:322 Homma, Masaharu, 1:427; 5:115 Hollywood Ten, 1:483 Home Building and Loan Association v. Homologous transplantation, 8:182 blacklisting of, 5:183 Blaisdell et al. (Minnesota mora- Homosexuality Holm, Jean, 8:504 torium case), 5:401 anticommunists on, 3:513 Holm, Thomas Campanius, 2:234 Home Depot, 7:126 Boy Scout position on, 1:527 Holman, Frank E., 1:537 Home economics, 3:117 communism and, 7:326 Holme, Thomas, city plan for Home mortgage loans, 2:450 Kinsey Report on, 4:531; Philadelphia, 2:184 Home Owners’ Loan Corporation 7:326–327 Holmes, Arthur, 6:344 (HOLC), 4:151–152 legislation on, 7:326, 327 Holmes, John Haynes, 1:146 Home rule, 2:112, 438–439; and male prostitution, 6:514 Holmes, Joseph A., 5:391 4:152–153 military on, 3:513 Holmes, Larry, 6:485 in Washington (D.C.), 4:153; plays dealing with, 8:115 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. 8:411–412 Salvation Army on, 7:234 agnosticism of, 1:55 Home schooling, 4:153–154 Uniform Code of Military Justice on antitrust legislation, 1:214 Home shopping networks, 4:154 on, 8:256 on censorship, 2:84 Home Start, 4:113 See also Gay and lesbian movement; “clear and present danger test” Homeland Security, Office of, 2:191 Gays and lesbians; Sexual ori- established by, 3:374; 7:264 Homelessness, 6:437 entation on commerce clause, 2:311 Homeopathy, 4:154–155; 5:291, 301 Honduras The Common Law, 2:317 Homer, 1:575 dollar diplomacy in, 3:71 on due process of law, 3:90 Homer, Winslow, 1:296, 322 Nicaraguan contras in, 2:395 on eminent domain, 3:198 Eight Bells by, 3:537 Hong Kong, immigration from, on Espionage and Sedition Acts, The Gulf Stream by, 4:73 2:155–156 3:254 printmaking by, 6:470 Honky-tonk girls, 4:159 on eugenics, 3:258 Snap the Whip by, 3:537 Honolulu (Hawaii), 4:159–160 existential perspective of, 3:280 Homestead Act (1862), 5:25, 29, 31, diversity in, 4:160 on judicial review, 4:492 33–34, 37; 6:507, 527–528; population density in, 4:159–160 on Migration Bird Treaty Act, 8:481 7:33; 8:463 Hood, John B., 2:214, 506 on minimum-wage legislation, 1:21 agrarianism and, 1:57 and Army of Tennessee, 8:87

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in Atlanta Campaign, 1:351 and Reconstruction Finance Cor- Hopper, Edward, 1:297; 6:471; in Battle of Nashville, 5:516 poration, 7:62 8:474, 475 in Tennessee Campaign, 4:160 and Republican Party, 7:113 Hopperdozer, 4:37 Hood, Raymond, 1:252; 7:376 at Stanford University, 7:523 Hopwood v. State of Texas, 1:386 Hook, Sidney, 6:445 and tariffs, 8:52 Hopwood v. Texas, 1:37 Hooker, Evelyn, 7:327 and taxation, 8:58 Horiuchi, Lon, 7:203 Hooker, Joseph and White House visits, 8:471 Horizontal Tariff Bill (1872), 4:166 in Battle of Antietam, 1:200 and Wickersham Commission, Horkheimer, Max, 3:454 at Battle of Chancellorsville, 2:104 8:475 Hornaday, William Temple, 8:594 at Battle of Fredericksburg, 2:213 Hoover, J. Edgar Hornbook, 4:166, 166–167; 8:106 and Battle on Lookout Mountain, anarchism and, 1:181 Horner, Charles, 1:77 5:151 and COINTELPRO, 2:266 Hornet (aircraft carrier), 1:90 in Chattanooga campaign, 2:113 as director of FBI, 3:337–338 Hornig, Donald F., 1:548 and invasion of Pennsylvania, and Palmer Raids, 3:337; 6:232 Horowitz, Daniel, 3:353 6:280 on wartime internment, 4:400 Horr, Alexander, 8:303 replaced by Meade, 3:566 Hoover, Lou Henry, 3:376 Horse(s), 4:167–169 Hooker, Thomas, 2:289, 357; Hoover, W. H., 3:182 American breeds of, 4:167–168, 7:95–96; 8:459 Hoover Commissions, 4:161 168 Hooker Chemical Company, and Hoover Dam, 2:10; 3:211; disease in, 8:319 Love Canal, 5:164 4:161–162, 162, 200; 7:56 economics of industry, 4:169 Hooker Jim, 5:433 and economy of Nevada, 6:38 gypsies trading, 4:78 Hooker Telescope, 6:156 introduction of, 4:167, 324 Hoover Moratorium, 8:543 Hoosac Tunnel, 4:161, 161; 8:240 legal protection of, 4:168–169 Hope of Liberty, The (Horton), 5:124 Hoosiers, 4:318–319 mustangs, 5:504 Hopewell (Virginia), 1:502 Hoover, Edgar J., on Castro, 2:470 of Native Americans, 4:167, Hopewell culture, 1:247; 4:162–164 Hoover, Herbert 324–325; 8:222, 224 Hopi, 4:164–166 and American Relief Administra- and Blackfeet culture, 1:481 agriculture among, 4:165 tion, 8:541 and culture, 1:562; 2:297 clans of, 4:164 banking reform under, 7:256 and social life, 4:304, 305 education among, 4:165 and Belgian Relief, 1:439 and Ute culture, 8:299 emergence story of, 4:164 Bonus Army and, 1:498, 499 and Yakama culture, 8:571 gambling by, 3:507 and “Chicken in Every Pot” slo- racing, 4:168, 169–171; 7:510 language of, 4:165–166 gan, 2:136 gambling on, 4:170–171 and China, relations with, 2:151 marriage among, 4:164, 165 saddles for, 7:221–222 as commerce secretary, 2:310 population of, 4:165 showing, 4:169–171 economic policies of, 5:55 on reservation, 8:228 stealing, 4:171–172 and employment service, 3:201 villages of, 4:164, 164–165 transportation by, 4:167 and engineering societies, 3:218 Hopkins, Harry L., 2:138; 5:82; uses for, 4:167, 168 Great Depression policies of, 8:440 8:197, 530, 531 Horse catarrh, 8:319 in Hoover Commissions, 4:161 as commerce secretary, 2:310 Horse cavalry, 2:77–78 and Hoover Dam, 4:161–162 and Federal Emergency Relief Horse Marines, 4:169 Indian policies of, 1:571 Administration, 8:440 Horse Protection Act (HPA) (1970), Latin American policies of, 5:47 and Works Progress Administra- 4:168 on military pensions, 6:285 tion, 2:371; 8:441 Horse-drawn vehicles, 2:59–60 moratorium on debt (1931), 5:456 Hopkins, John P., 6:549 Horsford, Eben N., 5:59 on philanthropy, 6:318 Hopkins, Johns, 4:482 Horsmanden, Daniel, 6:85 in presidential campaign of 1928, Hopkins, Pauline, 5:124 Horst, Louis, 2:498 3:162 Hopkins, Samuel, 3:140; 7:96 Horstmann, Dorothy, 6:388 in presidential campaign of 1932, Hopkins, Sarah Winnemucca, 6:231; Horti, Paul, 3:498 3:162 8:217 Horton, George Moses, The Hope of presidential library of, 5:100 Hopkins, Yick Wo v., 1:125, 324; Liberty, 5:124 public land commission appointed 2:155 Horton, James Edwin, 7:286 by, 6:531 Hopkins Marine Station, 5:240, 241 Horton, Lester, 1:131 pump-priming by, 6:551 Hopkinson, Joseph, 2:302 Horvitz, Wayne, 3:343

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Horwitz, Morton, 2:43 House Committee on Un-American House-Grey Memorandum (1916), Hosack, David, 1:516 Activities (HUAC), 1:198; 4:179 Hosmer, Harriet, 1:308 4:178; 6:5; 7:17 Household manufacturing, Hospitals, 4:172–174 ACLU investigated by, 1:147 5:229–230 Civil War, 2:216 on communist infiltration, 4:411; Household production, 2:44, 45 costs in, 4:173–174 8:1–2 Houser, Allan, 1:315 insurance and, 4:173–174 of film industry, 4:178; 5:183 Housing, 4:179–183 Johns Hopkins, 4:482 Disney’s testimony before, text of, air conditioning in, 1:74 nurses in, 6:147 9:413–417 apartments, 1:222–224; 4:182 and patients’ rights, 6:257 on executive privilege, 4:178 building materials, 1:563–565 physician assistants in, 6:334 Hiss case in, 4:136, 178 in colonial era, 4:179–180 rise of, 4:115, 172 investigation process, 5:182–183 cost of, 4:182 specialization in, 4:172–173 loyalty hearings in, 4:178 discrimination in, prohibition of, surgery in, 4:173 and National Lawyers Guild, 2:200 Hostage crises, 4:174 5:546–547 dugout, 3:93 on Achille Lauro, 1:13 Nixon in, 1:197; 4:178 federal government and, Iran hostage crisis, 4:174, 252, 418, House Divided speech, Lincoln’s, 2:187–188 420–421 4:178–179 Federal Housing Administration firsthand account of, 9:494–495 text of, 9:284–286 and, 7:256 Hostile takeovers, 5:322, 323 House Made of Dawn (Momaday), heating for, 4:122–123 “Hot Oil” case. See Panama Refining 4:179; 5:129 Home Owners’ Loan Corporation Company v. Ryan and, 4:151–152 House of Burgesses, 1:333; 2:280, Hot springs home ownership rates for, 4:152, 314; 4:179; 8:342, 348, 349 in Utah, 8:295 182–183 House of Commons, 6:251–252 in Yellowstone National Park, 8:580 kitchens in, 4:534–536 House of Industry, 2:138 “Hot type,” 6:469 in Levittown, 5:85, 85–86 House of Lords, 6:251 Hot Wheels, 8:153 low-income, 6:438 House of Representatives, U.S., Hotchkiss, Hazel, 8:90 mass production of, 7:574 2:350–351; 3:341 Hotel Del Coronado, 8:305 Native American, 4:179; 8:475 apportionment in, 1:227 Hotel Del Monte, 8:305 Inuit, 4:408 appropriations by, 1:229 Hotel Dieu Convent, 5:238 Iroquois, 4:431 caucuses in, 2:77 Hotelling, Harold, 3:110 in New York City, 6:80; 8:81–82 Black Caucus in, 1:471 Hotels and hotel industry, 4:174–177 plumbing, 6:371–373, 372 in 19th century, 4:175–176 Committee on Ways and Means, public, 8:293 in 20th century, 4:176–177 2:352; 8:432 debacle of 1950s, 8:286–287 in colonial era, 4:175 congressional districts represented segregation in, 4:182; 7:302 origins of, 7:52–53 by, 3:62 suburban, 4:181, 182; 7:574 resort, 7:121, 122 in impeachment, 4:234 tenements, 8:81–83, 82 types of, 4:175–176 of Chase, 4:241 trailer parks, 8:178 in Virginia, 8:346 of Clinton, 2:240; 4:235, 240 urban redevelopment and, 2:188; in West, 8:305 of Johnson, 4:236–237 8:285–288 Hottinguer, Jean, 8:570 intelligence oversight by, 4:377 after World War II, 4:181–182 Hotze, Henry, 2:342 membership denied by, 6:441 between world wars, 4:181 Houdon, Jean-Antoine, 1:305 presidential elections decided by, See also Architecture Hough, Franklin B., 3:430 3:152, 171 Housing Act (1949), Title I of, 8:285 Houghton, Walter, 8:326 Reed Rules adopted by, 7:73 Housing Act (1954), 4:355 Houma, 4:177 rules of, 7:203–204 Title III of, 8:285 Hour of Power, The (TV show), 8:71 Speaker of, 2:351, 352; 7:493 Housing and Community Develop- Hours. See Wages and hours of labor system of representation in, 3:170; ment Act (1974), 8:287 House, Edward M., 3:277 7:106–108 Housing and Urban Development, and Armistice of November 1918, House of Wax (film), 3:364 Department of (HUD), 2:188; 1:265 House Un-American Activities Com- 3:331; 4:183; 6:438 and House-Grey Memorandum, mittee. See House Committee on establishment of, 4:183 4:179 Un-American Activities functions of, 4:183

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head of, 2:2 in Battle of Oriskany, 6:213 North West Company and, 3:487; municipal government, housing in Battle of Trenton, 8:208 6:134–135 projects and, 5:475 in Battle of White Plains, 8:473 as royal monopoly, 3:487 Housing Choice Voucher Program, Howell, David, 8:208 trading posts established by, 7:124; 6:438 Howell, Mary, 8:511 8:175–176 Housing cooperatives, 2:406 Howell, William, 6:349 Huerta, Dolores, 5:3; 8:266 Houston (Texas), 4:184, 184–186, Howells, William Dean, 1:351; 8:292 Huerta, Victoriano, 7:57 185; 8:103 Rise of Silas Lapham, 6:12 and Veracruz incident, 1:1; 8:311 Houston, Charles Hamilton, 5:526 Howlin’ Wolf, 7:185 Hughes, Charles Evans and Brown case, 1:549 Hoyt, Jesse, 2:485 in American Bar Association, 1:145 Houston, E. J., 3:173 Hoyt v. Florida, 8:60 on commerce clause, 2:311 Houston, Sam, 1:106, 107; 4:185; HPA. See Horse Protection Act and Four-Power Treaty, 3:446 7:99 Hsu, Francis L. K., 1:138 on labor relations, 8:445 in Battle of San Jacinto, 7:240–241 Hsuan-hua, 1:326 on National Industrial Recovery as president of Republic of Texas, Hu Yaobang, 8:123 Act, 7:264 8:100 HUAC. See House Committee on in presidential campaign of 1916, and secession by Texas, 8:101 Un-American Activities 3:161 and Texas Rangers, 8:104 Hualapais, 8:228 at Washington Naval Conference, Hoving, Thomas, 5:337 Hubbard, Gardiner Greene, 5:541 8:418 How the Other Half Lives (Riis), Hubbard, L. Ron, 7:283 Hughes, George, 3:181 1:299–300; 5:166; 6:80; 8:82 Hubbard, William, 9:14 Hughes, Henry, 7:431–432 “How to Make Our Ideas Clear” Hubbell, Webster, and exclusionary Hughes, Howard, 1:83 (Peirce), 6:445 clubs, 2:251 Hughes, John, 2:68, 69; 3:114 How to Win Friends and Influence Peo- Hubble, Edwin, 1:344 on religion in public schools, 2:167 ple (Carnegie), 4:186 Hubble Space Telescope, 1:345; and religious learning, 7:97 Howard, A. W., 3:391 4:186–187, 187; 6:157 Hughes, Langston, 2:205; 4:96; Howard, Sir Albert, 6:210 virtual reality and, 8:350 5:121, 125, 125 Howard, Ebenezer, 2:186 Hubert, Philip G., 1:223 Hughson, John, 6:85 Howard, Edward, 2:242 Huckabee, Mike, 1:263 Huguenots, 4:190–191 Howard, Fort, 4:186 Huckleberry Finn (Twain), 4:187; Huizar, Pedro, 1:249 Howard, Jesse, 1:312 5:119, 120, 127; 8:325 Hulbert, William, 1:419 Howard, Oliver O., 3:125 HUD. See Housing and Urban Hull, Cordell, 1:560; 4:458; 5:47, at Battle of Chancellorsville, 2:104 Development, Department of 482; 8:86 in Battle of Gettysburg, 3:567 Hudson, Henry, 3:286, 289; 6:71, 87 on Panay incident, 6:244 as commissioner of Freedmen’s colonial settlements following, and reciprocal trade agreements, Bureau, 3:462 2:289 7:54 and Nez Perces, 6:102 discovery of Delaware River by, and tariffs, 3:460–461; 8:156 Howard Stern Show (radio program), 2:540 Hull, Jane, 1:259 8:45 on Hudson River, 4:187 Hull, William, 3:21; 8:383 Howard University, 1:50; 8:263 river exploration by, 7:173 Hull-House, 2:132; 6:317, 440; Department of Education and, ship used by, 4:86–87 7:317–318, 318, 414; 8:114 3:123 Hudson, Rock, 1:17 Hull-House Maps and Papers (survey), establishment of, 3:125 Hudson River, 3:286, 289; 6:533 Howe, Elias, Jr., 2:246; 7:320 4:187–188, 188; 6:86; 7:173 Human Experimentation. See Clini- Howe, George, 1:252 exploration of, 6:71, 87 cal Research Howe, Irving, 2:189; 5:121 steamboat traffic on, 3:483 Human Gene Therapy Subcommit- Howe, Julia Ward, 1:429; 4:100 tunnels under, 8:240 tee, 3:531 Howe, Oscar, 1:315 Hudson River School, 4:188–190 Human Genome Project (HGP), Howe, Richard, 7:143; 9:33 Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC), 3:533; 4:191–192 Howe, Samuel Gridley, 1:429, 509; 1:434–435; 3:289, 489–490; 4:190 Human immunodeficiency virus 2:508; 3:34; 6:333 and Columbia River, overexploita- (HIV), 1:15; 3:241 Howe, Sir William, 1:569, 574; tion of, 2:303 prostitution and, 6:514 7:142, 143–144 and exploration of Pacific North- See also Acquired immune deficien- in Battle of Long Island, 5:150 west, 8:453 cy syndrome

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Human Physiology (Dunglison), 6:348 refugees from, 2:90 Hurtado v. California, 4:198 Human resources management, Hunger, 6:437 Hus, Jan, 6:515 4:337–338 Hunkers, 2:400; 4:195 Huss, Magnus, 1:118 See also Industrial relations Hunt, Commonwealth v., 2:319 Hussein, Saddam Human rights, 4:192–194 Hunt, E. Howard, Jr., 8:425, 426, Iraq-gate and, 4:421–422 evolution of concept, 4:192–194 427 in Persian Gulf War, 1:77; in Haiti, 4:85 Hunt, Freeman, 2:514 6:292–293 international institutions for, Hunt, J. B., 1:263 Husserl, Emund, 3:279 4:193–194 Hunt, Lamar, 3:411 Hussey, Obed, 1:58; 5:183 religious freedom as, 4:193 Hunt, Richard Morris, 1:222, 249 Hutcheson, Joseph, 2:317 State Department reports on, Hunt, William Morris, 1:297, 319 Hutcheson, William L., 8:263 4:192–193 Hunt, Wilson Price, 1:342, 452 Hutchins, Robert M., 4:40; 8:281 torture and, 4:194 Hunter, David, 3:190; 5:230–231 and Encyclopaedia Britannica, 3:204 for women, 4:193 in Shenandoah Campaign, 7:341 Hutchins, Thomas, 2:62; 3:540 original documents on, Hunter, Robert, 6:436, 440 Hutchinson, Anne, 1:508; 5:271, 9:327–329 Hunter, Robert M. T., 2:341 506; 8:494, 501 for workers, 4:194 Hunter’s Lessee, Martin v., 2:381; in Antinomian controversy, 1:205; Humane Slaughter Act (1958), 1:185 5:255 5:271 Humanistic psychology, 6:525 Hunting mysticism of, 5:506 Humanities councils, 5:537 Native American trial of, 1:205 Humboldt, Alexander von, 3:541, prehistoric, 1:242, 244–245 transcript of, 9:87–89 551 technology in, 4:307 Hutchinson, Charles L., 1:316 Humboldt River, 6:37 recreational, 7:64 Hutchinson, Francis, 6:83 Hume, David, 3:108, 262 Huntington, Anna Hyatt, 1:308, 309 Hutchinson, Thomas, 1:513, 515; on divorce, 3:65 Huntington, Collis, 8:181 5:167 Humiliation days, 3:328–329 Huntington, Ellsworth, 2:371; 3:543 impact on struggle for indepen- Hummert, Anne, 7:409 Huntington, Henry Edwards, 1:517; dence, 4:254 Hummert, Frank, 7:409 4:195–196; 7:42 letters of, 4:199 Humphrey, Hubert H., 5:400 Huntington, Samuel P., 6:405 Hutchison, Kay Bailey, 6:292 in presidential campaign of 1964, Huntington Botanical Gardens, Hutter, Jakob, 8:301 3:165 1:517 Hutterites, 8:301–302, 304 in presidential campaign of 1968, Huntington Library and Museum, Huxley, Aldous, Brave New World, 2:204; 3:165, 166 4:195–196 8:599 in presidential campaign of 1972, Huntington’s disease, genetics of, Huxley, Thomas H., 1:55; 6:423 3:166; 8:425 4:191 Hyatt, John Wesley, 6:366 Humphrey, William E., 4:194–195 Huntsville (Alabama), 1:105 Hybrid cars, 1:79 firing of, 7:101 Hupa, 8:221 Hyde, Henry, 4:100 Humphrey-Hawkins Act. See Full Hurd, Clement, 5:128 Hyde Amendment, 4:100 Employment and Balanced Hurok, Sol, 1:390 Hydroelectric power, 3:214; Growth Act (1978) Huron/Wyandot, 4:196, 196–197 4:199–203, 203; 8:428 Humphrey’s Executor v. United States, and Champlain explorations, 2:103 economics of, 4:202 4:194–195; 3:348; 7:101 and fur trade, 3:488–489 future of, 4:202–203 Humphry, John, 6:518 Hurrell, George, 1:300 geographic distribution of, 4:202 Huncke, Herbert, 1:433 Hurricanes, 3:42, 43; 4:197–198 growth of, 3:175 Hundred, 4:195 and floods, 3:383 and Johnstown flood, 4:483–484 Hungarian Reformed church, 7:76 in Galveston, 3:505, 506; 8:102 Niagara Falls and, 6:103 Hungary and insurance industry, 4:372 in North Carolina, 6:130 1956 revolt in, 6:504 in Rhode Island, 7:153 vs. nuclear power, 6:139 after Cold War, 2:90–91 Hurston, Zora Neale, 2:205; 3:396; origins of, 4:199–200 independence after World War I, 4:95, 95; 5:121, 124, 125 regulation of, 4:201–202 2:89 Jonah’s Gourd Vine, 5:125 Tennessee River and, 8:87, 88 liberation movement in, 2:88–89 Mules and Men, 5:125 types of installations, 4:199 “most favored nation” status to, Their Eyes Were Watching God, in Wyoming, 8:565 8:198 5:125 Hydrogen atom, 6:341

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Hydrogen bomb, 4:203–204; 6:144, ICCPR. See International Covenant ILD. See International Labor 342 on Civil and Political Rights Defense in arms race, 1:271 Ice skating, 4:209–211, 210 ILGWU. See International Ladies Hydroponics, 4:204 Icebreakers, 6:382 Garment Workers Union Hygiene, 4:204–206 Ice-jam floods, 3:383 I’ll Take My Stand: The South and the bathtubs and bathing, 1:427–428 Iceland, U.S. forces in, 2:531; 4:211 Agrarian Tradition (article), Hygienic Laboratory, 5:544 ICFTU. See International Confed- 3:481 Hylton, Ware v., 8:390 eration of Free Trade Unions Illiberal Education (D’Souza), 6:395 Hylton v. United States, 4:206, 251 ICJ. See International Court of Jus- Illinois, 4:214–218, 215 Hymns and hymnody, 4:206–207 tice African Americans in, 4:217 America the Beautiful, 1:139 Ickes, Harold, 2:371; 5:31 agriculture in, 4:216, 217 in eighteenth century, 5:494 ICPSR. See Inter-University Con- alien landholding in, 1:124 “My Country, Tis of Thee,” 5:505 sortium for Political and Social Cahokia Mounds in, 2:6, 6–7 psalm singing, 5:491 Research canals in, 4:219 ICRA. See Indian Civil Rights Act Democratic Party in, 4:216 ICRC. See International Red Cross earthquakes in, 3:101 Commission emblems, nicknames, mottos, and I Idaho, 4:211–214, 212 songs of, 7:532 agriculture in, irrigation for, 4:212, I, the Jury (Spillane), 5:130 Farmers’ Alliance in, 3:323 213 I AM, 2:477 French colonial settlements in, Coeur d’Alene riots, 2:264 I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings 6:53 Democratic Party in, 4:213–214 (Angelou), 1:500; 5:126 gun control in, 4:74, 75 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and I Love Lucy (TV show), 4:209, 209; industry in, 4:216, 217 songs of, 7:532 8:72 juvenile courts in, 4:504–505 gold mining in, 4:11, 211 i2 Technologies, 3:184 maps of, 4:215 Great Depression in, 4:213 IACC. See International America’s archival, 9:49, 49 industry in, 4:212, 213 Cup Class in Midwest, 5:368–369 lumber production in, 4:212 Mormons in, 4:215; 5:459–460 Iacocca, Lee, 1:374 Mormons in, 4:211, 212 Native Americans in, 4:214–215 IAEA. See International Atomic Native Americans in, 4:211 Polish Americans in, 6:391, 392 Energy Agency politics in, 4:213–214 politics in, 4:215, 216 Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne d’, 3:291; population of, 4:211 population of, 4:215, 217 5:158 railroads in, 4:212 IBEW. See International Brother- Republican Party in, 4:213–214 railroads in, 4:215–216 hood of Electrical Workers silver mining in, 4:212, 213; 7:364 regulation of, 4:35, 36 IBM (International Business statehood for, 4:211–212 Republican Party in, 4:216 Machines) Corporation, 1:580; in World War I, 4:213 settlement patterns in, 4:215 2:335 in World War II, 4:213 slavery in, 4:215, 216 antitrust suit against, 8:235 IDEA. See Individuals with Disabili- statehood for, 4:215 computers developed by, 2:334, ties Education Act women in, 4:217 336; 6:170; 7:442; 8:245 Identity Christians, 8:303 Illinois, Beauharnais v., 4:67; 6:91 electric typewriter by, 8:245 Identity theft, 6:480 Illinois, Munn v., 2:134; 3:187; 4:35, Microsoft and, 5:360 Ideographs, 6:466 36; 7:26 office equipment by, 6:169 IEP. See Individualized educational Illinois, Pope v., 6:419 in Vermont, 8:314 program Illinois, Presser v., 4:74 IBT. See International Brotherhood If He Hollers Let Him Go (Himes), Illinois, Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific of Teamsters 5:125 Railway Company v., 2:310; 7:26, ICAA. See Intercollegiate Athletic Igloos, 1:254 37 Association of the United States IGRA. See Indian Gambling Regula- Illinois and Michigan Canal, 2:132; ICBMs. See Intercontinental ballistic tory Act 4:219 missiles IGY. See International Geophysical Illinois Central Railway, 5:30 ICC. See Indian Claims Commis- Year Illinois Fur Brigade, 4:219 sion; Interstate Commerce ILA. See Institute for Legislative Illinois Indians, 4:218–219, 219; Commission Action 8:224

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Illinois State Federation of Labor, in American Federation of Labor, in Gilded Age, 3:577 3:320 1:150 from Great Britain, 4:220–221 Illustrations of Masonry (Morgan), in clothing industry, 1:132 from Greece, 4:59 3:466 in United Automobile Workers and green card, 4:60–61 ILO. See International Labor Orga- union, 8:261 from Guatemala, 9:509–515 nization YMCA and, 8:584 of gypsies, 4:78–79 ILWU. See International Long- See also Alien(s) of Hispanic Americans, 4:135 shoremen’s and Warehouse- Immigration, 4:219–230 illegal, 4:228–229 men’s Union in 17th century, 4:220–222 from India, 1:324, 325 Imanishi-Kari, Thereza, 7:279 in 18th century, 4:220–222 industrialization and, 4:223–226; IMF. See International Monetary in 19th century, 4:221, 222, 5:4–5 Fund 222–225, 225 to Iowa, 4:415 Immediatism, 1:209–210; 4:219 in 20th century, 4:220, 224–229, from Iran, 4:421 Immigrants 225, 227, 228; 5:5 from Iraq, 4:422 American Republican Party on, in 21st century, 4:220 from Ireland, 2:163; 4:221, 1:168 from Africa, 4:221 222–223, 423–425 and American society, 2:290 African American, 5:369 (See also and Lower East Side, 5:166 bossism and, 2:388 Slave trade) from Italy, 4:225, 444–445, 448 in Boston, 1:510 to American West, 8:445 of Jews, 1:206–207; 4:225, children of, 2:145 from Arab nations, 1:230–231 226–227, 476–477, 488–489 cholera among, 3:236–237 from Asia, 1:322, 324; 5:5 from Iraq, 4:422 in cities, 5:4, 165–166 Southeast, 7:470–471 and Lower East Side, 5:165–166 and class system, 2:224 birds of passage and, 1:465 from Korea, 4:542, 543–544 in Cleveland, 2:233 and bossism, 1:507 and labor, 5:4–5 in Communist Party, 2:325, 327 of Brethren, 1:534 and labor force, 2:42 and cuisine, 3:399–400, 401, 402 to California, 2:10 from Lebanon, 5:71–72 Democratic Party and, 5:187 from Canada, 2:27 legislation on, 4:228–229, in Detroit, 3:20 and Catholicism, 2:71 230–231, 232–233 employment of, 5:4–5 of Catholics, 1:196; 2:68 marriage and, 5:250 and Erie Canal, building of, 3:252 from China, 2:150–151, 154–156 to Maryland, 4:220 family life of, 3:313 contract labor system and, 2:397 to Massachusetts, 4:220; as farmhands, 3:326, 326–327, 327 of convicts, 2:401 5:266–267 Federalist Party and, 6:396 from Cuba, 2:472, 473 hostility towards (See Nativism) to Florida, 5:351 “melting pot,” 5:306 illegal Mariel boatlift, 5:238–239 of Mennonites, 5:309–310 reducing public services for, and demographic trends, merchant marine and, 5:318 6:509 2:556–557 from Mexico, 3:142; 4:227; in “sweat shops,” 6:289 and deportation, 3:11–12 5:343–345, 343–345 Know-Nothing Party on, 1:166; from Eastern Europe, 2:89; to Milwaukee, 5:388 4:540 4:224–225, 415; 5:4 to Minnesota, 5:397, 398, 399 music and, 5:495 and Lower East Side, 5:166 municipal government and, 5:475 in New Orleans, 6:73, 74 Ellis Island and, 3:188–189, 189 of Muslims, 4:436 in New York City, 6:79, 80, 81, 88 exclusion policies, 3:207 from Netherlands, 4:221–222; non-Protestant, 6:516 from Finland, 7:262 7:262 objections to (See Anti-immigrant to Florida, 3:388; 5:351–352 to New England, 4:220–221 sentiment) by Mayan refugees, 9:509–515 to New Jersey, 6:60, 62–64 origins of, 5:4 and foreign-language newspapers, from Norway, 7:262 political exiles, 6:396–397 6:95, 97 to Oregon, 6:206, 207 Progressives and, 6:496 of French Canadians, 4:224 to Pennsylvania, 4:221 and racial conflict, 5:4–5 to Georgia, 3:558 from Philippines, 3:360–361 repatriation of, 3:196 from Germany, 3:559–560, 561; from Poland, 4:225; 6:389–392 in settlement houses, 7:317 4:221, 223, 226 political machines and, 5:186, 187 and tenements, 8:81 Civil War and, 5:421 and racial discrimination, 3:48 in trade unions and Lower East Side, 5:166 rates of, 4:220, 222, 222

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and religious affiliation, shifts in, Immigration and Nationality Act of seamen, 4:248–249 7:88–89, 91 (INA) (1952). See McCarran- and Chesapeake-Leopard incident, restrictions on, 4:232–234 Walter Act (1952) 2:129–130 for China, 1:324; 4:224, 227, 232; Immigration and Naturalization press gangs and, 6:459 6:5, 14, 396 (See also Chinese Service (INS) In Cold Blood (Capote), 5:122 Exclusion Act) drug enforcement by, 5:512 “In God We Trust,” 4:249 for gays and lesbians, 7:325 wartime internment by, 4:400 In Re Debs, 2:228; 4:249–250 general, 4:232–233 Immigration Reform and Control In Re Gault, 2:149; 4:250, 505 intelligence-based, 4:379 Act (IRCA) (1986), 4:228–229 In Re Neagle, 4:250 for Iran, 4:421 Immunity In the Luxembourg Gardens (Sargent), for Iraq, 4:422 of citizens, 6:481–482 3:537 for Japan, 4:457, 463; 6:5; diplomatic, 1:134 INA (Immigration and Nationality 9:264–265 sovereign, 7:477, 534–535 Act). See McCarran-Walter Act McCarran-Walter Act (1952), Immunization. See Vaccination Inauguration, presidential, 5:181 Impeachment, 4:234–236 4:250–251 repeal of, 4:227, 228, 233 Constitution on, 4:234 Incandescent lighting, 3:173, 177, Roosevelt’s (Franklin Delano) of Ferguson (James), 3:354; 8:103 179 proclamation on, 9:390–392 hearings, on Nixon, 4:235 Ince, Thomas, 8:457 after World War I, 4:226 of Pickering (John), 4:234 Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl during World War II, 4:226–227 trials, 2:352–353 (Jacobs), 3:518–519 to Rhode Island, 7:152, 153 of Chase (Samuel), 4:234, 241 Income of Clinton, 2:240, 353; 3:169; gap in American society, 2:226 from Russia/Soviet Union, 4:235–236, 238–241; 7:114 per capita, in standard of living, 7:213–214 of Johnson (Andrew), 2:353, 505; 7:521–522 from Scandinavia, 4:223; 5:4; 4:234–235, 236–238; 7:60, Income tax 7:262 100 Laffer curve theory and, 5:20 of Scotch-Irish, 7:284–285 separation of powers in, 7:312 negative, 6:31 to South, 4:220; 7:464 Impending Crisis of the South progressive, 8:55, 196 to South Carolina, 4:220; (Helper), 4:242 during Civil War, 8:56 7:453–454 excerpt from, 9:280–284 federal, 8:57–58 to South Dakota, 7:458 Imperial Tobacco, 8:135 during World War II, 8:58 of Spanish speakers, 7:492 Imperialism, 4:242–246 Supreme Court on, 4:251–252; and suburbanization, 7:573 and arms race, 1:270 6:409–410; 7:512–513 from Sweden, 7:262 in Asia, 4:242–243 Incorporated territories of the Unit- and tuberculosis, 8:237 British, 1:541–543 ed States, 8:92, 94 and urbanization, 8:291 cultural, 5:261 Inde. See Apache to Utah, 8:297 definition of, 4:242 Indemnities, 4:252 to Virginia, 4:220 in electoral politics, 3:159 Indentured servants, 2:223, 226, of Walloons, 8:368 foreign resistance to, 4:245, 246 290; 4:252–254, 253 to Washington (state), 8:413 formal, 4:242 as agricultural workers, 3:325 to Wisconsin, 8:490–491 informal, 4:242, 244–246 classes of, 4:253 during World War I, 4:226 liberal, 4:244–245 convicts compared with, 2:401 during World War II, 4:226–227 manifest destiny, 5:222–225, 224 decline of, and slavery, 1:47–48 after World War II, 4:228–229; 5:5 mapmaking and, 5:232 distribution of, 4:253 See also Emigration maps of, archival, 9:2 Eddis (William) on, 9:114–116 Immigration Act (1903), 6:396 “new,” 1:189 first Africans as, 7:7 Immigration Act (1917), 4:232 and terrorism, 4:246 in New Smyrna Colony, 6:77 Immigration Act (1924), 4:233 in World War II, 4:244–245 on plantations, 6:364 Immigration Act (1990), on natural- See also Anti-imperialism vs. slavery, Beverly (Robert) on, ization, 6:14 Implied powers, 4:246–248 1:191; 9:109–111 Immigration Act (Hart-Cellar Act) McCulloch v. Maryland, 5:184 treatment of, 4:253 (1965), 4:230–232; 6:81 Import Administration, 3:309 in Virginia, 8:342–343 impact of, 4:231 Impressment Independence, 4:254–255 provisions of, 4:230, 230–231, 233 Confederate, 4:248 debate over, 7:136–137

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Independence, (continued) Indian Claims Commission (ICC), maps of, archival, 9:49, 49 Declaration of (See Declaration of 4:265, 265–266, 273–274; in Midwest, 5:368–369 Independence) 5:532; 8:275 Native Americans in, 4:317 development of, 2:520–521 Indian Claims Commission Act New Harmony Community in, support for, 2:522 (1946), 5:25; 8:215 3:107, 113; 8:300 Independence (Missouri), Indian Country, 4:266–267 politics in, 4:320 4:255–256 Indian Education Act (1972), 3:136 population of, 4:317, 320 Independence Day, 4:149, 256, Indian Gambling Regulatory Act Republican Party in, 4:320 256–257; 5:568 (IGRA), 3:509 rural areas of, 4:318–319 Independence Hall, 4:257, 257–258 Indian Indenture Law (1850), 8:214 sports in, 4:320 Independence National Historical Indian Intercourse Act (1834), 6:29 State Bank of, 1:408 Park, 4:257–258 Indian Peace Commission, 4:272 state university of, 8:279 Independence Rock, 4:258 Indian Removal Act (1830), 3:554; statehood for, 4:317 Independent counsel. See Special 4:295–296; 8:206, 224 Indiana Company, 1:432; 4:320 prosecutors Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) and Vandalia Colony, 8:308 Independent Counsel Act (1978), (1934), 1:482, 492; 2:506; Indianapolis (Indiana), 2:47; 7:313, 496 4:297; 8:206 4:320–321, 321 Independent films, 3:364–365 and Alaska, 1:110 industry in, 4:318, 320–321 Independent Fundamental Churches and Northwestern Indians, 8:223 Indianapolis 500, 1:375 of America, 3:484 opposition to, 4:297 Indians of All Tribes, 7:70 Independent Living Movement, provisions of, 4:288, 297 Indigo cultivation, 4:330; 8:164 6:389 and Southeastern Indians, 8:226 Individual retirement account (IRA), Independent treasury system, 3:344; Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) 4:330; 6:282; 7:132 4:258 (1948), Nez Perce rejection of, Individualism, 4:330–334 Index, economic indicator, 3:105–107 6:101 in Christianity, 1:196; 4:331, 332 India Indian Rights Association (IRA), definitions of, 4:330–331 capitalist development in, 2:44 4:302–303 development of, 4:332–334 under Great Britain, 4:258 Indian Scout uniform, 8:257 in transcendentalism, 8:179, 300 political subordination of, 2:45 Indian Self-Determination and Edu- Individualized educational program immigration from, 1:324, 325 cation Assistance Act (1975), (IEP), 3:34–35 and religious affiliation, 7:91 3:136; 4:303; 5:25 Individuals with Disabilities Educa- independence for, 4:258–259 Indian Shaker religion, 4:293; 6:7 tion Act (IDEA), 3:34 nuclear weapons of, 4:261; 6:138 Indian Territory, 4:309; 6:183–185 Indochina, U.S. imperialism in, Pakistani relations with, 4:259–260 opening to colonization, 1:501, 4:245 religions of, 1:326; 4:133 502 Indochina War, 8:329 Soviet relations with, 4:259, 260 schools in, 3:135 foreign aid in, 3:416–417 U.S. relations with, 4:258–261 settlers in, 6:185 Geneva Accords and, 3:534; 8:329 Indian agents, 4:261–262 sooners in, 7:450 Industrial accidents Indian Americans. See Native Amer- Indian Trade and Intercourse Act and labor legislation, 5:14 ican(s) (1790–1847), 4:309 Safety First Movement and, 7:222 Indian Americans, Asian, 1:325 Indiana, 4:317–320 Industrial decline, in Rust Belt, in California, 1:324, 325 admission to Union, 1:522 1:561; 7:215–216 number of, 1:325 African Americans in, 4:317, 319 Industrial democracy, 2:273 religious practices of, 4:133 agriculture in, 4:318, 320 Industrial disasters, 3:38–39 Indian Bible, Eliot’s, 4:262; 6:536 capital of, 2:47 Industrial ethic, 8:529 Indian Brigade, 4:263 in Civil War, 4:318 Industrial hygiene, in lead industry, Indian Child Welfare Act (1978), in colonial era, 4:317 5:62 4:263–264 Democratic Party in, 4:320 Industrial management, 4:334–335 Indian Civil Rights Act (ICRA) education in, 4:319 mass production, 5:261–264 (1968), 2:200; 4:264–265 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and quality circles and, 7:3–4 provisions of, 4:264–265 songs of, 7:532 scientific, 7:280–283 Supreme Court on, 4:264, 265 Farmers’ Alliance in, 3:323 Industrial relations, 4:335–338 Indian Civilization Fund Act (1819), films about, 4:320 Industrial research, 4:338–342 3:134 industry in, 4:318–320 definition of, 4:338

232 How to go to your page

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distributed approach to, 4:340–341 and housing, 4:180–181 Infomercials, 4:354–355 funding for, 4:339, 341, 342 and immigration, 4:223–226 Information Age, 2:333 venture capital in, 4:340, 341–342 and individualism, 4:333 Information Security (INFOSEC), growth of, 4:339 and industrial relations, 4:335 5:559 roots of, 4:338–339 judiciary’s role in, 5:13 Information Security Oversight Industrial revolution, 4:342–345 of Latin America, 5:44, 45 Office, 5:525 cotton in, 4:343–344, 345 lumber industry and, 5:172 Information Service, U.S. (USIS), definition of, 4:342 manufacturing, 5:227–229 6:503 as economic and social revolution, in Missouri, 5:421 Information technology, future 4:342–343 in New Jersey, 6:62–63 directions for, 5:19 and environmental damage, 8:422 in New York (state), 6:88 INFOSEC. See Information Securi- industrial management in, in Pennsylvania, 6:278–279 ty 4:334–335 and recreation, changes in, 7:64 Infrastructure, 4:355–358 and Native American economy, steel, 5:228 port authorities and, 6:420–421 4:268–269 technological developments and, Ingalls, John J., 3:324 and printing industry, 6:469 2:388 Ingles, Thomas, 3:84 railroads in, 4:344, 345 and tobacco industry, 8:134–135 and suburbanization, 7:573 See also Mass production; Rust Belt Ingles, Mrs. William, 3:84 and textile industry, 8:108–109 Industries Ingresoll, Jared, 3:151 Industrial Workers of the World colonial, 4:349, 349–350 Ingresoll, Robert G., 3:156 (Wobblies) (IWW), 4:345–349; See also specific types Ingstad, Helge, 8:337 5:7, 8; 6:257; 8:263 INF (Intermediate-Range Nuclear Inhalants, 7:569 in California, 2:10 Forces) Treaty, 7:150 Inherent powers, 4:358 capitalism targeted by, 2:45 Infant and toddler mortality Inheritance laws and Communist Party, 2:326 maternal and child health care, on alien landholding, 1:124, 126 formation of, 2:227 5:273–274 primogeniture, 6:463–464 goals of, 4:346, 347 rates of, 5:105 Inheritance tax, 8:57 and Lawrence (Massachusetts) Infanticide, 3:261 Inheritance tax laws, 4:359 strike, 5:59 in colonial era, 1:3 Initiatives, 4:359–360 membership in, 4:347, 348 Infantile paralysis. See Poliomyelitis in Oregon System, 6:208 origins of, 4:345–346 Infectious disease, control of, 5:105 See also Proposition sabotage by, 7:219 Inflation, 4:350–353 Injection molding, 6:366 socialism in, 4:346–347; 7:424, 426 in 1970s, 3:367; 4:17 Injunctions, labor, 4:360–361 strikes by, 4:347 in 1980s, 3:367 Norris-LaGuardia Act and, 6:121 suppression of, 3:207 American Revolution and, 6:461 Inkpaduta (Dakota leader), 7:503 syndicalism of, 8:39–40 causes of, 4:351–352 Inland lock navigation, 4:361 violent repression of, 4:348; 8:414 in Confederacy, 2:216, 343; 4:353 Inland waterways. See Waterways, in Washington (state), 8:414 and consumer purchasing power, inland Industrialization 2:385 Inland Waterways Commission, and advertising, 1:32 Fed regulation and, 3:346; 4:361; 5:565; 8:147, 429 and apprenticeship, 1:228 4:351–352; 7:516–517 In-line skating. See Rollerblading and Christianity, 2:164 gold standard and, 4:15, 16, 17 Inner cities, 7:576 and class relations, 2:223, 227 history of, 4:352–353 and consumerism, 2:387 measurement of, 2:424; 4:350–351 urban redevelopment and, and decorative arts, 1:287 and price and wage controls, 6:460 8:285–286 deindustrialization, 5:229 in stagflation, 7:516 Inness, George, 6:507 and department stores, 3:6–7 and unemployment, relationship Innis, Roy, 2:355 and education, 3:113 between, 8:254 Inoculation, 3:235 and environmental devastation, Influence of Sea Power upon History, See also Vaccines 2:366 The (Mahan), 3:577 Inönü, Ismet, 2:7 and foreign policy, 3:425 Influenza, 4:353–354, 354 Inoue, T., 6:344 in Gilded Age, 3:577 pandemic of 1918-1919, 3:37, 237, Inquiry into the Effects of Spirituous and household manufacturing, 241 Liquors on the Human Mind and 5:229–230 during World War I, 8:538–539 Body (Rush), 8:78

233 How to go to your page

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INS. See Immigration and Natural- old-age (See Social security) Intercollegiate Football Association, ization Service; International unemployment, 8:253–254 3:409 News Service workers’ compensation, 4:369–370 Intercolonial Congress, 6:362 Insanity. See Mental illness Insurrections Intercontinental ballistic missiles Insect(s) domestic, 4:372–373 (ICBMs), 1:75; 2:528, 532; boll weevil, 1:495 Bacon’s Rebellion, 1:382–383 5:407; 6:144 in Black Belt, 1:471 Nat Turner’s Rebellion, Interest arbitration, 1:236–237 European corn borer, 2:415 5:516–517, 517 Interest groups, 4:380–382 introduced species of, 7:500 Shays’s Rebellion, 7:338; definition of, 4:380 Insecticides and herbicides, 9:154–155 effects of, 4:381–382 4:361–362 slave (See Slave insurrections) membership in, 4:380 Agent Orange, 1:54–55 See also Riots representation by, 7:108 in agriculture, 1:67; 4:361–362 Integrated pest management (IPM), role in politics, 4:380–382 biological, regulation of, 1:463 4:362 tactics of, 4:381 dangers of, 1:67; 4:362; 7:359 Integration, 4:373–375 See also Lobbies and lobbying and foods, 3:402 in Bermuda, 1:445 Interest laws, 4:382–383 against grasshoppers, 4:37 in Dallas (Texas), 2:495 Interest rates vs. organic farming, 6:210 definition of, 3:15 business cycles and, 1:582 Silent Spring on, 7:359 See also Desegregation in monetary system, 5:440–441 use in Vietnam War, 2:537–538 Intel Corporation, 2:336 Interesting Narrative (Equiano), Insider trading, 4:362–363 Intellectual property, 4:375–376 6:234 Inspection, governmental, GATT and, 3:524 Interests, vested, 4:383 4:363–364 Intellectuals, Jesuit, 4:475 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Inspirationists, 1:133 Intelligence Change (IPCC), 4:8 Installment buying, selling, and artificial, 1:318 Interior, Department of (DOI), financing, 4:364–366 military and strategic, 4:376–377 3:331; 4:383–384 Installment credit, 2:449–450 assuring integrity of, 5:559 bureaus of, 4:383–384 Institute for Advanced Study, 4:366 communications, 5:558 establishment of, 4:383 Institute for Colored Youth, 3:125 electronic, 5:558 functions of, 4:383–384 Institute for Legislative Action National Security Agency, and geological surveys, 3:544, 546 (ILA), 5:557 5:558–559 head of, 2:2 Institute for Policy Research (IPR), photography in, 6:331–332 and Indian affairs, 1:570 1:545 Institute for Social Research. See signals, 5:558–559 organization of, 4:383 Frankfurt School robots used in, 7:184 and public lands management, 5:31 Institutional Revolutionary Party testing of, 4:378–380; 6:524 and U.S. territories, 8:93 (PRI), 5:349 Intelligence organizations Interior decoration, 1:290–292 Institutionalism, 3:109 Office of Strategic Services, Interior design, 1:292–294 Instructions, 4:366–367 6:167–168; 7:502 Intermediate credit banks, Instrumentalism, 6:326, 445 spies in, 7:502–503 4:384–385 Insular cases, 3:413; 4:367; 8:92, 94 See also Central Intelligence Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces De Lima v. Bidwell, 2:545 Agency (INF) Treaty (1987), 7:150; Insulin, transgenic, 3:531 Intelligence quotient (IQ), 4:378, 8:203, 206 Insull, Samuel, 3:175; 6:535 380; 6:524 Intermittent fever, 5:300 Insurance, 4:367–372 Interchangeable parts Intermodal Surface Transportation automobile, 4:370 invention of, 1:335, 371 Efficiency Act (ISTEA) (1991), aviation, 4:368–369 in textile industry, 2:387 3:336; 4:404; 8:191, 231 cooperative, 2:406 in watch manufacture, 2:242 Intermodal trucking, 8:231 fire, 4:369 Interchurch Center, 6:516 Internal combustion engine, patent group, 4:371 Intercollegiate Association of Ama- on, 7:304 health (See Health insurance) teur Athletics, 8:154 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) life, 4:370–371 Intercollegiate Athletic Association narcotics division of, 5:510–511 marine, 4:367–368 of the United States (ICAA), Whiskey Ring and, 8:470 inland, 4:368 3:410; 5:530 Internal Security Act (1950), 1:197

234 How to go to your page

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Internal Security Act (McCarran jurisdiction of, 4:387–388 functions of, 2:517; 4:16, 396 Act) (1950), 2:85 U.S. in, 4:388, 394 and Third World, 8:271 and passports, 6:255 International Covenant on Civil and International News Service (INS), International agreements. See Political Rights (ICCPR), 4:193 6:458 Treaties, with foreign nations International Criminal Court, 1:354; International Olympic Committee International America’s Cup Class 4:194; 8:372 (IOC), 6:191 (IACC), 7:223–224 International Federation of Business International Paper Company, 6:245 International arbitration and Professional Women, 5:538 International Polar Year (IPY), 4:59 development of, 4:394 International Federation of Red International Printing Pressmen’s international law in, 4:394 Cross and Red Crescent Soci- and Assistant’s Union, 5:17 by joint commissions, 4:484–485 eties, 7:70 International Red Cross Commis- International Atomic Energy fundamental principles of, 7:70 sion (ICRC), 6:472 Agency (IAEA), 6:138–139 International Geophysical Year International Refugee Organization, International Bank for Reconstruc- (IGY), 3:552; 4:388–389; 5:523 7:80 tion and Development. See International Harvester Company, International Society for Krishna World Bank 4:389 Consciousness (ISKCON), International Banking Act (1978), International Labor Defense (ILD), 2:477 3:347 4:389 International Space Station (ISS), International Bible Society, 3:575 in Scottsboro case, 4:389; 7:286 5:524; 7:184, 481 International Boot and Shoe Work- International Labor Organization International Telephone and Tele- ers Union, 1:503 (ILO), 4:389–390; 5:64; 8:269 graph Corporation (ITT), 4:449 International Brotherhood of Elec- International Ladies Garment International Trade Organization trical Workers (IBEW), 3:176 Workers Union (ILGWU), (ITO), 3:524 International Brotherhood of Team- 2:246, 249; 4:390–393, 391, International Union of American sters (IBT), 4:385–387; 5:8, 17 478 States, 6:236 in AFL-CIO, 1:151; 4:386 and Amalgamated Clothing Work- International Union of Electrical, corruption of, 8:172 ers of America, merger with, Radio, and Machine Workers decline of, 4:386–387 2:250 (IUE), 3:176 discrimination in, 4:387 plays produced by, 8:115 International Union of Mine, Mill, establishment of, 4:385 International law, 4:393–395 and Smelter Workers (IUMM- growth of, 4:385–386 copyright, 6:537 SW), 4:397; 8:454 McClellan Committee Hearings, Declaration of London and, 5:146 Internationalism, rise of, 4:440 5:183 laws of war and, 8:370–372 Internet, 2:337; 4:397–399 strikes by, 4:386, 386 mixed commissions, 5:428 access to, 8:67 UPS strike (1997), 2:226 on neutrality, 6:33–37 advertising on, 1:34 International Brotherhood of Teamsters retaliation in, 7:126–127 and communications industry, v. United States, 4:387 on seizure of ships, 6:483 2:321 International Bureau of Federal and state boundary disputes, and computer viruses/worms, Communications Commission, 1:522–523 2:338 3:340 on territorial sea, 8:93 and cults, 2:478 International Business Machines. See on tidelands, 8:124–125 culture and, 5:366 IBM International Lawn Tennis Federa- development of, 3:185; 4:397–399; International Confederation of Free tion, 8:90 8:66, 70 Trade Unions (ICFT U), 1:151, International Longshoremen’s and e-commerce, 3:183–184; 5:206 152 Warehousemen’s Union in education, 3:139 International Convention on the (ILWU), 2:11; 4:395–396 encyclopedias on, 3:205 Prevention and Punishment of International Monetary Fund (IMF), and English language, 3:222 the Crime of Genocide, 3:536 1:536; 4:396–397; 8:166, 198, fiber optics technology and, International Copyright Act (1891), 269 3:357–358 6:537 establishment of, 3:110; 4:396; growth of, 4:399 International Court of Justice (ICJ), 8:531 households with access to, 2:323 4:387–388 floating exchange rates established libraries and, 5:99 establishment of, 4:394; 8:272 by, 4:17 Library of Congress and, 5:102 functions of, 4:387–388 and foreign aid, 3:415 magazines, 5:195

235 How to go to your page

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Internet, (continued) Interstate highway system, Investment maps on, 5:234 4:403–405, 404, 405; 8:190 business cycles and, 1:582 marketing research and, 5:248 beautification of, 1:34; 4:132 direct vs. portfolio, 3:419 privacy on, 6:480 creation of, 4:355–356 foreign (See Foreign investment in FBI and, 3:339 Federal-Aid Highway Program United States) and publishing industry, 6:470, 539 and, 3:335–336; 8:140 Investment bank(s), 1:404–406 regulation of, 8:68 gasoline taxes and, 3:511 Jay Cooke and Company, scientific information retrieval on, and trucking industry, 8:231 2:404–405 7:279–280 and vacation activities, 8:305 regulation of, 1:405–406 self-help groups on, 7:305 in Vermont, 8:314 Investment companies, 4:411–413 and software industry, 7:443 Interstate Oil Compact (1935), Invisible Man (Ellison), 4:413–414; spy technologies on, 3:186 6:303 5:121, 125 as telecommunications tool, 8:65, Interstate trade barriers, 4:405–406 IOC. See International Olympic 66 Interstate/Johnson Lane Corporation, Committee and Utopian communities, 8:304 Gilmer v., 1:237 Iowa, 4:414–417 and video game industry, 8:327 Inter-University Consortium for African Americans in, 4:417 and virtual reality systems, 8:350 Political and Social Research agriculture in, 4:414–417 Internet Protocol (IP), 8:66 (ICPSR), 6:403 Amana Community in, 1:133 Internment, wartime, 4:399–400 Interurban electric railways. See antimonopoly parties in, 1:204 in World War I, 4:399 Railways, interurban in Civil War, 4:415 in World War II, 4:399–400 Intervention, U.S., 4:406–408, 407 in colonial era, 4:414 in 19th century, 4:406 of Japanese Americans, Democratic Party in, 4:416 in 20th century, 4:244, 406–407 4:459–462, 463–464; 5:168 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and definition of, 4:406 firsthand account of, 9:405–406 songs of, 7:532 imperialism and, 4:244 reparations for, 4:461–462, Farmers’ Alliance in, 3:323 purposes of, 4:406 464–465; 8:415 4-H Clubs in, 3:445 See also specific countries in Washington (state), 8:415 Hispanic Americans in, 4:417 Intolerable Acts (1774), 4:408 Internships, medical, 5:282 immigrants in, 4:415 See also Coercive Acts Interpreter of Maladies (Lahiri), 5:123 industry in, 4:415 Intracoastal Waterway, 7:169 Interpretive dance, 2:497–498 in Midwest, 5:368–369 Intrauterine device (IUD), 1:469 Interstate commerce missionaries in, 4:417 Dalkon Shield, 1:469; 2:493–494 barriers to, 4:405–406 Native Americans in, 4:414 Intrepid (ship), 1:415; 4:408 laws on, 2:310; 4:401–402; 7:26, Introduced species, 7:499, 499–500 Mesquakie, 5:326–327 514 Introduction to Psychology (Hilgard), political issues in, 4:416 Populists and, 2:389 6:525 population of, 4:416–417 Supreme Court on, 3:575; 4:26; Intuitionism, 8:180 railroads in, 4:414–415 7:352, 514 Inuit (Eskimo), 4:408–410; 6:381; Republican Party in, 4:416 original package doctrine on, 8:211 Spirit Lake Massacre in, 6:213 education for, 4:409 7:503–504 Interstate Commerce Commission European colonization and, state university of, 2:263; 8:279 (ICC), 3:188; 4:400–401; 7:26 4:409–410 statehood for, 4:414 authority of, Motor Carrier Act European exploration and, urbanization in, 4:416 (1980), 5:463 4:408–409 women in, 4:415 closure of, 4:400–401 housing of, 4:408 Iowa Band, 4:417 functions of, 4:128, 401 social organization of, 4:409 Iowa Injunction and Abatement Law Hepburn Act on, 4:128, 401 Inupiaq (language), 8:211 (1909), 6:513 Nader’s Raiders and, 5:509 Inupiat, 8:212 Iowa State University, 8:319 powers of, expansion of, 2:383 Invasive species, 8:437 Ioway, 8:223 Supreme Court on, 7:352; 8:234 Invention of Women, The: Making IP. See Internet Protocol Interstate compacts, 4:403 African Sense of Western Gender IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel Bank of Augusta v. Earle and, 1:395 Discourses (Oyewùmí), 3:517 on Climate Change Interstate Highway Act (1956), Investigating committees, IPM. See Integrated pest manage- 8:190 4:410–411 ment

236 How to go to your page

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IPR. See Institute for Policy Iredell, James, on judicial review, 2:7 Memorial Day Massacre (1937), Research Ireland 5:307 Ipswich Protest (1687), 4:417 British relations with, 4:423, 426 Menominee Iron Range, IQ. See Intelligence quotient immigration from, 2:163; 4:221, 5:311–312 IRA. See Indian Reorganization Act; 222–223, 423–425 mergers in, 4:428 Indian Rights Association; Indi- nationalism in, 4:423 Mesabi Iron Range, 5:326 vidual retirement account population of, 4:222 in Michigan, 5:355 Iran potato famine in, 4:222–223, 424; mini-mills in, 4:429 CIA operations in, 2:92 6:432 in Pittsburgh, 6:360–361 hostage crisis in, 3:194; U.S. relations with, 4:423 puddling in, 4:426–427 4:420–421; 8:96 Ireland, John, 2:69 in Rust Belt, 7:215 Carter’s role in, 4:174, 418, Irish, Edward (Ned), 1:423, 424 shipbuilding and, 5:319 420–421 Irish Americans, 4:423–426 trade unions in, 4:427–429; and electoral politics, 3:167 Catholic, 4:223, 423, 424–425 7:545–546; 8:277–278 firsthand account of, 9:494–495 in Chicago, 2:132 in World War II, 4:428–429 indemnities in, 4:252 in Civil War, 4:424 Iron Curtain, 3:426; 4:429–430 mixed commission and, 5:428 in Connecticut, 2:358 Churchill on, 8:574 motivations for, 4:174, 418 culture of, 4:425–426 Iron lung, 6:388 immigration from, 4:421 in Fenian movement, 3:353–354 Iron Mountains. See Great Smoky restrictions on, 4:421 geographic distribution of, 4:223, Mountains oil in, 6:298 423, 424 Iron stoves, 3:398, 399 Soviet occupation of, 4:418 impact of, 4:221 Ironclad Oath, 3:271; 4:430; 8:96 U.S. intervention in, 4:418 in Iowa, 4:415 Ironclad warships, 4:430–431 U.S. relations with, 4:418–419 in New York City riot of 1871, Battle of the Monitor and the Mer- Iran-Contra Affair, 2:395; 3:278; 7:164 rimack, 5:442–443 4:419–420; 5:49; 6:401 number of, 4:222, 423, 424 of Confederate Navy, 6:23, 25 and congressional oversight of in Pennsylvania, 6:278 of Union Navy, 6:25 intelligence, 4:377 in policy and bookmaking syndi- Ironwork, 5:329, 329–330 and electoral politics, 3:168 cates, 2:463 Iroquois, 4:431–433, 432 Report on the Iran-Contra Affair, text political machines and, 5:186, 187 Abenaki and, 5:21; 8:311 of, 9:504–509 in politics, 4:425 Albany Plan and, 1:113–114 special prosecutors in, 7:496 professional activities of, architecture of, 1:238 and Tower Commission, 8:148 4:424–425, 425 art of, 4:431 Iranian Americans, 4:421 Protestant, 4:221, 223, 423 British relations with, 4:283, 432 geographic distribution of, 4:421 Scotch-Irish, 7:284–286 in colonial wars, 2:293 number of, 4:421 in Vermont, 8:313 Dutch relations with, 4:281, 432 Iran-Iraq war, chemical weapons and whiskey making, 8:468 Erie Canal and displacement of, used in, 2:119 women, 4:223, 425 3:251 Iraq Iron in French and Indian War, 3:469, immigration from, 4:422 as building material, 1:564 471 restrictions on, 4:422 from Latin America, 5:45 French relations with, 4:432 International Atomic Energy Iron Act (1750), 4:426 and fur trade, 3:488–489 Agency inspections in, 6:140 Iron and steel industry, 4:426–429, housing of, 4:431 nuclear weapons capacity of, 6:138, 427 in maps, archival, 9:17 293 in 19th century, 4:426–427 nation members of, 4:431 oil in, 6:298 in Birmingham, 1:466 in Onondaga, 6:195–196 in Persian Gulf War, 1:77, 465, blast furnaces in, 1:485 on reservations, 4:432–433 496; 6:292–293 in colonial era, 4:350, 426 resistance to white migration, Iraq-gate, 4:421–422 companies in, 8:295 8:459 Iraqi Americans, 4:422 decline of, 4:429; 7:546 social life of, 4:304, 431 geographic distribution of, 4:422 expansion of, 4:426–427, 427 teachers among, 3:133 number of, 4:422 foreign competition in, 4:429 in Tennessee, 8:84 IRCA. See Immigration Reform and growth of, 5:228 treaties with, 4:316 Control Act ironworks, 5:329–330 and Underground Railroad, 8:249

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Iroquois League (Five Nations), fundamentalist, 1:234 Isthmian Canal Commission, 6:105 6:86–87 See also Nation of Islam ITA. See Teachers Insurance Annuity in Civil War, 6:184 Island Number Ten, operations at, Association and New York Colony, 6:83 4:438 Italian Americans, 4:444–448 origins of, 9:81–82 Isobe, Hosen, 1:325 in 19th century, 4:444 treaty with (1784), text of, Isolationism, 4:438–440 in 20th century, 4:447 9:153–154 in 19th century, 4:438 Catholicism of, 4:445 warfare and, 4:431–432 in 20th century, 4:439–440 in colonial era, 4:444 Irradiation of food, 3:407–408 of America First Committee, in Connecticut, 2:358 “Irrepressible conflict,” 4:433 1:139; 4:440 cuisine of, 3:401 Irrigation, 3:18, 19; 4:433–436 Bricker Amendment and, 1:537 culture of, 4:445 dependence on, 4:434 in colonial era, 4:438 geographic distribution of, 4:225, environmental problems with, foreign observers on, 1:138 444, 447 4:436 Ludlow resolution and, 5:170 in New Jersey, 6:63 federal role in, 4:435 origins of, 4:438–439 number of, 4:225, 445, 447 in Idaho, 4:212, 213 terminology of, 3:224 and organized crime, 2:463 in Kansas, 4:509, 510 after World War I, 8:543 in politics, 4:447 legislation on, 1:65; 4:435 in World War I, 4:439 professional activities of, 4:225, Native American use of, in World War II, 4:440 446 4:307–308, 433–434 Isostasy, 3:552 public image of, 4:447 in Nebraska, 6:30 Israel relocation of, 7:99 and reclamation of arid lands, American émigrés in, 3:197; 8:592, social mobility of, 4:447 7:55–56 593 in World War II, 4:445 Rio Grande and, 7:163 in Arab-Israeli wars, 1:233, 234; Italy social problems with, 4:435–436 4:440–441 in European Common Market, in Spanish colonial settlements, arms sold to, 4:441 8:157 7:207 in Cold War, 4:440 explorations of, by Verrazano, in West, 1:65; 4:434–436 creation of, 1:207 1:11; 2:38; 3:285, 291; 8:315 windmills and, 8:486 Egypt and, 3:141; 8:270 Narrows, 5:515 Irrigation survey, 3:545 Camp David Peace Accords, New France, 6:51 IRS. See Internal Revenue Service 2:20; 3:141 New York, 6:87 Irvine (California), 2:188 conflict between, 4:441 immigration from, 4:225, 444–445, Irving, Washington, 3:197; 5:118; peace settlement for, 1:233; 4:441 448 7:397 in Suez Crisis, 8:2–3 internment of aliens from, exploration of American West and, foreign aid to, 3:418 4:399–400 3:299 at Geneva Conference (1973), Monte Cassino, 5:451–452 A History of New York, 5:118 3:535 under Mussolini, 4:448 “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” neoconservatives and, 6:31–33 in slave trade, 7:386 5:118 nuclear weapons of, 6:138 Stazione Zoologica (Naples), 5:240 “Rip Van Winkle,” 5:118 Palestinian negotiations with, U.S. relations with, 4:448–449 The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, 4:442–444 Five-Power Naval Treaty and, Gentleman, 5:118 United Nations and, 8:270 3:377 Irwin, Robert, 1:307 U.S. aid to, 4:440–441 Mafia incident and, 5:191 Isabel (queen of Spain), 3:283 U.S. recognition of, 1:207; 4:440 after World War I, 2:89 ISKCON. See International Society U.S. relations with, 4:440–443; in World War I, American Expedi- for Krishna Consciousness 8:592–593 tionary Forces in, 1:149 Islam, 4:436–438; 7:91, 94 and Liberty incident, 5:95–96 in World War II, 4:448; 8:549, 549 among African Americans, 1:45, moral commitment in, 4:440 Anzio Campaign, 1:217–218 45; 4:436–437, 438 and U.S.-Arab relations, 1:233 Gothic Line, 4:23 in Arab nations, 1:234; 4:436 Israeli-Palestinian Peace Accord Gustav Line, 4:78 Bahá’í, 1:384 (1993), 4:443–444 Salerno, 7:230 and black nationalism, 1:478 ISS. See International Space Station Sicilian Campaign, 7:353–354 early American, 4:436 ISTEA. See Intermodal Surface ITO. See International Trade Orga- forms of, 4:437–438 Transportation Efficiency Act nization

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Itoyatin, 6:442 and Democratic-Republican Party, Jackson, Howell E., 6:410 ITT. See International Telephone 5:555 Jackson, Jesse, 2:205; 7:46 and Telegraph Corporation duel with Dickinson, 3:93 in presidential campaign of 1984, ITT Affair, 4:449 Eaton affair and, 3:105 1:52; 3:168 IUD. See Intrauterine device economic policies of, 4:453 in presidential campaign of 1988, IUE. See International Union of on enumerated powers, 3:225 3:168 Electrical, Radio, and Machine Florida campaign of, 7:10 and Rainbow Coalition, 7:46 Workers and Force Act (1833), 3:413–414; Jackson, John G., 8:448 IUMMSW. See International Union 6:145–146 Jackson, Jonathan, 3:255 of Mine, Mill, and Smelter and government jobs, 1:572 Jackson, Kenneth T., 7:572, 573 Workers Hermitage of, 4:128, 128 Jackson, Mahalia, 5:497 Ives, Charles, 5:492 Indian policies of, 2:128, 158; Jackson, Maynard, 1:349; 3:558 Ives, James M., 2:484; 6:470 3:278; 4:285, 295, 298; 7:102; Jackson, Michael, 5:490 See also Currier and Ives 8:401 Jackson, Phil, 1:426 Ives, Joseph, 2:242 and Indian Removal Act (1830), Jackson, Shoeless Joe, 1:421, 480, 481 Ives, Joseph C., 4:33 8:226 Jackson, Thomas J. (Stonewall) Ivy League, 4:449–450 invading Florida, 3:385 in Battle of Antietam, 1:199–200 Iwo Jima, 4:450, 450–451 Jacksonian Democracy and, at Battle of Chancellorsville, 2:104, assaults on, 8:556 4:453–455; 5:159–160 213 landing on, 8:547 “Kitchen Cabinet” of, 3:146; 4:534 in Capture of Harpers Ferry, 4:97 IWW. See Industrial Workers of the marriage of, 6:400 in First Battle of Bull Run, 1:567; World Maysville Veto, 5:277 2:211 Izaak Walton League, 2:367 as national hero, 5:567 in Peninsular Campaign, 6:275 and nationalism, 8:435 in Second Battle of Bull Run, 1:568 as Old Hickory, 6:190 in Seven Days’ Battles, 7:319 opposition to, Whig Party and, Jackson, Thomas Penfield, 5:360 J 8:467 Jackson, William H., 1:299 J. A. Croson Company, Richmond v., “Our Federal Union! It Must Be Jacksonian Democracy, 4:453–455; 1:581; 7:157 Preserved!”, 6:220 5:159–160 J. Allen Hynek Center for UFO and Panama Canal plans, 6:237 agrarianism and, 1:56–57 Studies, 8:255 party nomination of, 2:399 alternative medicine and, 5:291 J. C. Penney, 7:125 and political patronage, 2:22 Benton and, 5:420 origins of, 3:8, 9 in presidential campaign of 1824, definition of, 4:453 J. P. Morgan Company, 1:405 3:152, 171; 5:555; 8:322–323 governors in, 4:29 Jack Paar Show, The (TV show), in presidential campaign of 1828, and postal service, 6:426 8:142 3:152; 8:323 and state geological surveys, 3:548 Jackling, D. C., 6:115 in presidential campaign of 1832, Jacksonville (Florida), 4:455–456 Jackson, Alan, 1:388 3:152 JACL. See Japanese American Citi- Jackson, Andrew, 2:534 and Radical Republicans, 5:550 zens League Albany Regency and, 1:114 in Seminole Wars, 7:9, 309–310, Jacobin clubs, 4:456 on appointments, 1:225 484 Jacobs, Harriet, 1:49; 2:18; attempted assassination of, and spoils system, 7:198–199 3:518–519; 8:512 1:327–328 spoils system under, 4:453; 6:426; Jacobson, Matthew Frye, 1:338 backwoodsmen under, 1:382 7:507 Jacobson v. Massachusetts, 3:239 vs. Bank of the United States, and tariffs, 8:50 Jacobus, Donald Lines, 3:522 1:395, 397; 3:152; 7:103 and Treasury, 8:196 Jacquet-Droz, Pierre, 8:244 and antibank movement, 1:195; tribal land annexation under, 1:188 Jaffe, Philip, 1:134 3:365 in War of 1812, 5:159; 9:42 Jails. See Prison(s) and pet banks, 6:295 Jackson, Charles, 1:184, 185 Jainism, 1:327 banks under, 4:258 Jackson, David, 3:493 JAMA. See Journal of the American in Battle of New Orleans, 6:73, 75 Jackson, Helen Hunt, A Century of Medical Association censure of, 3:303 Dishonor, 2:95 Jamaica, buccaneers in, 1:550 in Creek War, 1:102; 2:456 excerpt from, 9:257–259 James I (king of England), 2:110 and Democratic Party, 2:550 Jackson, Henry, 6:32 charters issued by, 2:287

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James I (king of England), (continued) electronics industry in, 7:360–361; atomic bombing of, 1:494, 495; and Virginia, 8:341 8:167, 169 3:302; 5:222; 6:143; 8:551, James II (king of England), 2:280; foreign investment from, 3:422 555 3:77, 94 Kanagawa Treaty with, 4:457 Battle of Coral Sea, 2:412–413 and Dominion of New England, Korea and, 4:457, 541–542, 545 Battle of Java Sea, 4:465–466 6:379 and London Naval Treaties, 5:147 Battle of Leyte Gulf, 6:26; 8:557 New York land grant to, 6:82, 87; Lytton Commission and, 5:428 Battle of Midway, 5:367–368 8:311 Manchuria and, 5:218–219 Gilbert Islands, 3:576; 6:26; 8:49 representative legislature to New Perry’s expedition to, 4:457; 6:291; Guadalcanal Campaign, 4:68; York guaranteed by, 6:83 8:198 6:26; 8:556 James, Daniel (Chappie), 8:241 religions of, 1:325–326, 327 invasion of Philippines, 6:322; James, Edwin, 5:150 robotics in, 1:365 8:546, 547 James, Henry, 3:197; 5:119 and Russia, war with, 7:210–211 Iwo Jima, 4:450 The Turn of the Screw, 5:119 in Russo-Japanese War, 4:457 Marshall Islands, 3:576; 6:26 James, Jerry, 7:18 Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905) Pearl Harbor attack, 6:272, James, Jesse, 8:178, 179 ending, 6:423 272–273; 8:543–545, James, Thomas, 3:286 semiconductor industry in, 7:307, 555–556 James, William, 3:116, 195, 280; 361 Potsdam Conference and, 6:325, 445 in Sino-Japanese War, 7:367 6:434–435 and parapsychology, 6:246 soybeans in, 7:478 and prisoners of war, 6:472, 474 and pluralism, 6:374–375 trade with, 4:458–459 Rabaul Campaign, 7:6–7 and positivism, 6:424 Saipan, 7:228 in electronics industry, 7:360–361 and pragmatism, 6:445 strategic air power against, 1:81 U.S. relations with, 4:457–459 and psychology, 6:523 surrender of, 8:551–552 Five-Power Naval Treaty and, Varieties of Religious Experience, U.S. counteroffensive, 8:547–548 3:377 5:118 U.S. submarine warfare and, Four-Power Treaty and, 3:446 James River and Kanawha Company, 8:556–557 imperialism in, 4:242, 245 4:456–457 Yap Mandate and, 8:575 Open Door policy and, 4:457; Jameson, Fredric, 6:430 Japanese American Citizens League 6:197 Jameson, John Franklin, 1:159 (JACL), 4:464 Panay incident and, 6:243–244 Jamestown (Virginia), 2:290 Japanese Americans, 1:322; 4:462, right of extraterritoriality in, burning of, 1:383 462–465 3:304 establishment of, 2:287 discrimination against, 4:463 vs. Plymouth Colony, 8:528 Root-Takahira Agreement, 7:197 educational trends among, 4:464 Powhatans and, 4:283 Sino-Japanese war and, 5:219 gender roles of, 3:520 problems in, 4:283; 8:341 Taft-Katsura Memorandum and, immigration patterns of, Starving Time at, 7:525; 9:84–86 8:43 4:462–463, 464 Jamison, Judith, 1:131 trade deficit with, 2:517 immigration restrictions on, 4:463; Janet, Pierre, 6:431 U.S. shipping in, 5:320 6:5 Janiger, Oscar, 5:169 in World War I, 4:457 in California, 4:457 Janov, Arthur, 6:462 in World War II, 1:470; 4:458; Gentlemen’s Agreement on, Jansky, Karl, 1:344 8:249 4:457, 463 Japan aerial bombing of, 1:495 text of, 9:264–265 Allied occupation of, 4:458 air war, 8:554, 554–555, 555 internment of, 2:11; 3:208, 278; automobile industry of, 1:336, atomic bombings, 6:143; 8:551, 4:400, 459–462, 460, 461, 373–374; 3:422 555 463, 463–464; 5:168; 8:578 biological warfare against China, Battle of the Philippine Sea, Colorado and, 2:300 2:118 6:320–321; 8:557 court cases involving, 3:91 bioterrorism in, 1:465 Flying the Hump and, 3:392 firsthand account of, 9:405–406 capitalist development in, 2:44 Flying Tigers in, 3:392–393 reparations for, 4:461–462, cherry trees given by, 4:465 Peleliu, 6:274 464–465; 8:415 China invaded by, 4:457–458 Tarawa, 8:49 Supreme Court on, 3:272 commercial treaty with, 8:198 Tinian, 8:130 in Washington (state), 8:415 economic power of, 4:458–459 aircraft carriers of, 1:90–91 in Los Angeles, 5:153

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loyalty questionnaires administered and audio technology industry, on enumerated powers, 3:225 to, 5:168 1:358 vs. Essex Junto, 3:256 as “model minority,” 4:464, 465 big-band swing and, 4:468–469 exploration in age of, 3:297–298 nativist laws and, 6:5 free, 4:469 factory system of, 1:281 in New Jersey, 6:63 in Harlem Renaissance, 4:96 on farmers, 8:527 number of, 4:462 origins of, 4:467–468 foreign policy of, 7:126 postwar acculturation of, 4:464 ragtime and, 4:468 fur trade and, 1:157 racism against, 2:11, 13; 7:11 Jazz Age, 4:469–470 and Gabriel’s Insurrection, 3:501 in Washington (state), 8:415 literature in, 5:120 garden of, 3:510 Japanese Buddhism, 1:552 modernity and, 4:468 and Great Britain, relations with, Japanese cherry trees, 4:465, 465 Jazz Singer, The (film), 4:470, 470 4:466 Jarves, J. J., 2:272 JCS. See Joint Chiefs of Staff on implied powers, 4:247 Jarvik, Robert, 1:463; 2:53 JDL. See Jewish Defense League and Indian emigration, 7:102 Jarvis, Gregory B., 2:102 Jefferson, Blind Lemon, 1:492 Italian influence on, 4:444 Jarvis, Howard, 6:508–509 Jefferson, Thomas, 4:471 Jeffersonian democracy and, Jaspers, Karl, 3:279 and African American relocation, 4:471–472 Java (programming language), 2:337 idea for, 2:296 Kentucky Resolutions by, 1:124; Java Sea, Battle of, 4:465–466 agrarianism of, 1:55, 56–57, 62 8:349 Jaworski, Leon, 1:145; 7:495; 8:427 on Alien and Sedition Acts, 6:145 land policy of, 6:201 Jay, John, 3:225; 8:200 on American climate, 2:234 and landscape design, 5:38 alma mater of, 2:304 in American Philosophical Society, legal training of, 5:56, 73 diplomacy of, 2:394; 3:28; 7:146, 1:166; 5:66 Lewis and Clark expedition under, 147 anarchism and, 1:180 5:87–88; 8:307 Federalist Papers by, 2:382; anthropological studies of, 1:191 message on, 9:187–191 3:349–350; 6:374 antiurbanism of, 8:291 Locke’s political philosophy and, in Jay-Gardoqui negotiations, archaeological studies of, 1:239 5:141 4:466 architecture of, 1:249 on Louisiana, 3:18 and Jay’s Treaty, 4:41, 467; 8:200, and Army Corps of Engineers, Louisiana Purchase by, 1:187; 204 3:219 2:550; 3:450; 5:159, 162–163; legal training of, 5:56 Aurora and, 1:360 8:200, 204 Metropolitan Museum of Art, pro- and Bank of the United States, mammalogy, fostering of, 5:217 posal for, 5:335 opposition to, 1:395 Mazzei letter, 5:277 and Olive Branch Petition, 6:190 Banneker (Benjamin) and, 1:48 on mercantilism, 5:316 and republic, concept of, 7:110 on bill of rights, 1:455 and meteorological research, 2:235 and Treaty of Paris (1783), 1:541; on capital punishment, 2:40 meteorology and, 5:331 6:248, 250 caucus supporting, 6:113 Monroe-Pinkney Treaty, 5:447 Jay Cooke and Company, 2:404–405 on Charlotte Town Resolves, 2:109 Monticello, 5:452–453, 453 Jaycees, 7:183 on citizenship, 2:179, 180 as national hero, 5:567 Jay-Gardoqui negotiations (1785), and coinage system, 2:481 Native Americans and, 8:64 4:466 collecting by, 2:272 land cessions by, 4:271, 313–314 Jayhawkers, 4:466 and Compromise of 1790, 2:330 languages of, 4:274 Jayne, William, 7:459 cypher system invented by, 2:468 policies on, 4:284, 295, 313–314 Jay’s Treaty (1794), 1:124, 541; 4:41, and Declaration of Independence, Navy under, 1:269 466–467; 5:26; 8:200, 204 2:287, 394, 521–522; 3:89; and neutral rights of U.S., 6:34 as arbitration agreement, 6:263 7:136 Notes on the State of Virginia, 5:118; and emergence of Federalist Party, defense policy of, 2:530 6:374, 396 3:350 deism and, 2:539 on patents, 6:255 France and, 2:398; 3:450 and Democratic Party, 2:549–550 personal librtary of, 5:100 and Greenville Treaty, 4:63 on disposal of public lands, 6:527 on philanthropy, 6:316 mixed commissions and, 5:428 economic policies of, 1:458; 2:386; on political exiles, 6:396 Monroe-Pinkney Treaty and, 5:447 3:108; 4:89 and political offense exception to and XYZ affair, 8:570 and Embargo Act (1807), 2:130; extradition, 3:304 Jazz, 1:491; 4:467–469 3:192, 193; 8:164 and political patronage, 2:22 African American folklore and, 3:395 on entangling alliances, 3:224 on potatoes, 6:432

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Jefferson, Thomas, (continued) Jeffersonian Republicans, 2:549; Jeter, Mildred, 5:165 as president, 2:549–550 7:117–118 Jew(s), 4:476–479 in presidential campaign of 1796, and classical republicanism, 7:116 Chanukah, 2:104–105 3:150, 171; 8:322 vs. Federalist Party, 3:351–352 at City University of New York, in presidential campaign of 1800, Hartford Convention and, 4:101 2:189 3:148, 150, 351–352; 4:471; Jeffersonian democracy of, in Communist Party, 2:327 8:322 4:471–472 culture of, 4:478 in presidential campaign of 1804, newspaper of, 6:96 in Florida, 5:351 3:151 in North Carolina, 6:128 German-made products boycotted on property, 6:507 and postal service, 6:426 by, 1:529 and public education, 3:112–113; Quids as, 7:5 Holocaust Museum and, 8:279 Jefferson-Jenkins, Carolyn, 5:66 4:150–151 and racial science, 7:12 Jeffords, James M., 2:197; 8:314 immigration patterns of, and religious liberty, 2:167; 7:93 defection of, 7:114 1:206–207; 4:225, 226–227, on representative government, Jeffreys, Herbert, 1:383 476–477, 488–489 7:109 Jeffries, G., 8:319 from Germany, 3:559 on right of revolution, 7:148, 149 Jeffries, Jim, 6:484 from Iraq, 4:422 and Seal of the United States, 3:99 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 4:472–473 immigration to Israel, 3:197 Spanish Conspiracy and, 3:270 growth of, 7:90 neighborhoods of, 4:477, 478 subpoena to, 6:457 membership in, 7:91 in Lower East Side, 5:165–166 on subsidies, 7:564 objected to mandatory recitation of as neoconservatives, 6:31–33 Pledge of Allegiance, 3:380; as New York intellectuals, 6:84–85 A Summary View of the Rights of 6:370 number of, 4:477 British America, 7:136 Jellinek, E. M., 1:119 professional activities of, 4:476, and surveying activities, 2:256 Jemison, Mary, 2:51–52 477–478 and taxation, 8:56 Jencks, Christopher, 3:137 refugees during World War II, on treaties with foreign nations, Jenkins, Charles F., 8:76 4:226–227 7:57 Jenkins, Charles J., 3:558 U.S. response to, 1:444–445 and tribute to pirate-states, 8:229 Jenkins, Frederick, 6:47 religious affilition of, diversity of, on uniform system of measures, Jenkins, John, 2:476 7:89 5:528–529 Jenkins, Robert, 4:473 in Rhode Island, 7:151 and University of Virginia, 8:279, Jenkins’ Ear, War of, 4:473 and slavery, 4:476 283 Jenner, Edward, 3:235; 7:399 Soviet, emigration of, 7:213, 214 Vancouver explorations and, Jennewein, Paul, 1:306 in trade unions, 5:166 8:306–307 Jenney, William Le Baron, 2:132 International Ladies Garment in Virginia dynasty, 8:343, 348 Jennings, May Mann, 3:387 Workers Union, 4:390–392, Virginia Resolves and, 8:349–350 Jennings, Robert, 8:319 478 Virginia State Capitol designed by, Jennison, Charles R., 4:466 women, 5:534 2:47; 7:146 Jensen, Arthur, 7:13 Young Men’s and Young Women’s on war hawks, 3:82 Jensen, J. H. D., 6:344 Hebrew Association, and War of 1812, 8:381 Jerome, Chauncey, 2:241–242 8:583–584 and Washington (D.C.), choice as Jerry Springer Show (TV show), 8:44 Zionism, 8:591–593 capital, 2:519 Jersey City (New Jersey), 6:62, 63 See also Anti-Semitism; Judaism and westward exploration, Jersey Prison Ship, 4:473; 6:475 Jewell, Richard, 3:339 8:453–454, 461 Jesuits, 4:473, 474–475 Jewell Ridge Coal Corporation v. Local Jefferson Davis, United States v., explorations of, 3:291; 4:50–51 Number 6167, United Mine 8:194 O’odham and, 1:100 Workers of America, 3:308 Jefferson Territory, 4:470–471 Relations reports by, 4:473–474 Jewelry, Art Deco, 1:288 Jeffersonian democracy, 2:549–550; schools founded by, 4:474–475 Jewish defense groups, 1:206–207 4:471–472 Jesup, Thomas Sidney, 8:402 Jewish Defense League (JDL), Adams judicial appointments and, Jesus Freaks, 8:303 4:475–476 5:367 Jesus People Movement, 2:477; Jewtraw, Charles, 6:192 Jeffersonian National Gazette (news- 8:303 Jiang Jieshr (Jie-shi), 2:151, 152 paper), 6:96 Jet fuel, 6:301 Jicarilla Apaches, 1:218–219, 221

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Jig, 2:497 and civil rights legislation, 2:193; and civil rights, 2:194, 195, 199, Jim Crow laws, 1:472; 2:201; 3:49 203, 553 4:479–480 in Committee on the Conduct of Community Action Program Buchanan v. Warley and, 5:526 the War, 2:313 under, 8:386 in Florida, 3:387–388 and Fourteenth Amendment, and consumer protection, 2:384 in Georgia, 3:556 opposition to, 7:59 contracting guidelines of (Execu- See also Segregation and Freedmen’s Bureau, 3:462 tive Order 11246), 1:36 Jingoism, 4:480 impeachment trial of, 2:353, 505; Council of Economic Advisors and, JNH. See Journal of Negro History 4:234–235, 236–238, 237; 2:431 Job Corps, 4:480–481; 5:11; 8:386, 7:60, 100 and credibility gap, 2:447 441 separation of powers in, 7:312 Cuba policy of, 2:471 Job training, federal, 2:330 as log cabin president, 5:145 and Dominican Republic, occupa- Job Training Partnership Act (1982), and loyalty oaths, 8:96 tion of, 3:76 5:12 presidency of, 8:322 education policies of, 3:118 Jobs, Steven P., 2:336, 337 in presidential campaign of 1864, environmental policies of, 3:227 Jodo Shinshu (Pure Land), 1:326 3:155 fiscal policies of, 2:431 Joel, Billy, 1:389 Proclamation of Amnesty by, 6:491 on food stamp program, 3:408 Joffrey Ballet, 1:390 Radical Republicans and, 7:15, 16 foreign policy of, 3:427 Jogging, 7:204, 205 Reconstruction under, 4:236–237; Great Society of (See Great Soci- Jogues, Isaac, 4:51 7:15, 58, 59–60 ety) John (king of England), 5:201 in North Carolina, 6:129 Highway Beautification Act under, 4:132 John II (king of Portugal), 3:283 Tenure of Office Act and, 8:91 HUD under, 4:183 John XXIII, Pope, 2:70; 8:308 Johnson, Ban, 1:420 immigration reform under, 4:231 John, Elton, 1:388 Johnson, Charles S., 5:123, 125 Indian policies of, 4:289 John Birch Society, 1:198; 4:481 Johnson, Charlotte, 1:417 Israel and, 4:441 excerpt from manifesto of, Johnson, E. R., 1:167 Job Corps under, 4:480 9:429–433 Johnson, Earvin (Magic), 1:17, 425 Kerner Commission under, 4:522 protests against water fluoridation, Johnson, Eastman, 5:510 Latin American policies of, 5:49 3:4 Johnson, Elridge, 1:358 and Liberty incident, 5:96 John D. and Catherine T. Johnson, F. Ross, 5:85 manipulating public opinion, 6:534 MacArthur Foundation, 5:181 Johnson, Frank M., 6:477 National Review and, 5:556 John Paul II, Pope, 6:392 Johnson, Henry, 5:87 and National Traffic and Motor Johnny Appleseed, 4:481–482 Johnson, Herschel V., 3:154 Vehicle Safety Act (1966), Johns Hopkins Studies in Historical and Johnson, Hiram, 2:10; 3:161; 4:29 5:561 Political Science, 6:402 and proposition, 2:12 The New Republic on, 6:77 Johns Hopkins University, Johnson, Hugh S., 1:490; 5:555 and nondiscriminatory employ- 4:482–483; 8:280 Johnson, J. B., 3:94 ment, 6:314 educational model used by, Johnson, Jack, 6:484 and Nuclear Non-Proliferation 5:17–18 Johnson, James Weldon, 4:96; Treaty, 6:138 establishment of, 3:115, 127 5:125, 526 Office of Economic Opportunity and learned societies, 5:67 Autobiography of an Ex-Colored under, 6:163 Medical School, 5:281–282 Man, 5:124 and Panama Canal, 6:239, 242 Johnsen, Heather Lynn, 8:284 Johnson, Jim, 1:263 presidency of, 8:323 Johnson, Sir John, 5:167 Johnson, Joe, 8:87 in presidential campaign of 1960, Johnson, Sir William, 5:167 Johnson, John, 1:299 3:164 Johnson, Adelaide, 1:308 Johnson, Sir John, 2:314; 6:213 in presidential campaign of 1964, Johnson, Alvin, 3:204; 6:445 Johnson, Joseph, 8:448 2:24; 3:165 Johnson, Andrew Johnson, Joseph E., 1:567 presidential library of, 5:100 Alabama claims and, 1:106 Johnson, Lady Bird, 3:376; 4:58 SALT under, 7:552–553 amnesty granted by, 1:177 Johnson, Louis A., 2:528; 5:558 speech at University of Michigan, attempted assassination of, 1:328 Johnson, Lyndon B., 4:58 8:282 Civil Rights Act vetoed by, text of, Alliance for Progress under, 1:128 speech declining to seek re-elec- 9:317–318 Baker Case and, 1:385 tion, 9:462–463

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Johnson, Lyndon B., (continued) Johnson Debt-Default Act (1934), Jon, Gee, 2:40 at summit conferences, 8:15–16 5:81 Jonah’s Gourd Vine (Hurston), 5:125 and tariffs, 8:52, 158 Johnson v. McIntosh, 6:506 Joncaire, Daniel de, 6:102 and Teachers Corps, 8:61 Johnson v. Transportation Agency of Joncaire, Louis Thomas de, 6:102 and termination policy, 8:91 Santa Clara County, 1:36–37 Jones, Abner, 8:263 and Tonkin Gulf Resolution, Johnson-Clarendon Convention Jones, Alex S., 6:90 8:142–143 (1868), 1:106 Jones, Bobby, 4:19, 19 and trade unions, 8:262, 263 Johnson-Reed Act (1924), 4:59 Jones, Catesby, 5:442 and Transportation, Department Johnston, Albert Sidney, 2:212–213 Jones, Charles Colcock, 1:42 of, 8:185 in Battle of Shiloh, 7:346 Jones, Charles O., 6:453 and Treasury, 8:197 Johnston, Henrietta, 1:294 Jones, Charles Price, 1:45; 2:172 and Vietnam War, 1:77; 3:427; Johnston, Henry, 6:186 Jones, Chuck, 2:64 8:331–333, 332 Johnston, Joseph E., 2:212, 214, 215 Jones, Cleve, 1:72 policies of, 2:151, 365, 528, 532; in Atlanta Campaign, 1:350–351 Jones, Clinton v., 2:240–241 7:212 capitulation of, 2:343 Jones, Edward Davis, 3:83; and Violence Commission, 8:340 and Davis (Jefferson), controversy 8:366–367 and Voting Rights Act, 3:144; between, 1:567; 2:505–506 Jones, Evan, 2:163 8:357 in First Battle of Bull Run, 1:567; Jones, Gayl, Corregidora, 5:126 War on Poverty, 1:571–572; 2:328; 2:211 Jones, George, 6:89 6:438, 551; 8:293, 385, 441 in Peninsular Campaign, 6:275 Jones, James, From Here to Eternity, war powers under, 8:388 Johnston, Kathryn, 5:133 5:121 Warren Commission and, 8:394 Johnston, Mary, 5:129 Jones, Jesse, 7:63 and Washington (D.C.) home rule, Johnston, Philip, 6:17 Jones, Jim, 4:488; 7:94; 8:339 8:411 Johnston Atoll, 1:189 Jones, John Paul, 1:497, 497; 6:24, and Wise Men, 8:493 Johnstown flood, 3:383; 4:483, 57 workplace safety under, 6:158 483–484 Jones, LeRoi. See Baraka, Imamu in World War II, 8:557 JOIDES. See Joint Oceanographic Amiri Johnson, Marietta, 3:116 Institute’s Deep Earth Sampling Jones, Margaret, 8:494 Johnson, Michael, 6:192; 7:205 Program Jones, Marion, 6:192; 7:205 Johnson, Mississippi v., 3:559; 5:418; Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), 4:484 Jones, (Mother) Mary, in Industrial 8:97 Joint commissions, 4:484–485 Workers of the World, 4:346 Johnson, Oliver, 6:47 Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Jones, Paula Corbin, 2:239; 4:239, Johnson, Opha Mae, 5:243 4:485–486 240; 7:496 Johnson, Philip, 1:251, 253, 494; Joint occupation, of Oregon terri- legal suit against Clinton, 6:430 tory, 4:41, 486; 6:205 2:240–241 Johnson, Richard, 1:191 Joint Oceanographic Institute’s Jones, Rufus M., 7:2 Johnson, Richard M., 3:153, 171 Deep Earth Sampling Program Jones, S. J., 5:59 Johnson, Robert, 1:492 (JOIDES), 3:552 Jones, Samuel M. (Golden Rule), Johnson, Robert Underwood, Joint-stock companies, 2:111; 8:174 6:174 2:369 Joint-stock land banks, 4:486 Jones, Thomas Hudson, 8:285 Johnson, Samuel, 3:220; 6:387; Joliot, Frédéric, 6:340, 341 Jones, William, 3:300 7:137 Jolliet, Louis, 2:131; 3:285, 291; Jones Act (1916), 4:487 Johnson, Samuel, Jr., 3:22 5:22 and Philippines, 6:322 Johnson, Samuel William, 3:325 explorations with Marquette, Jones Act (1917), and Puerto Rico, Johnson, Tom, 2:233; 5:477; 6:174 4:486–487, 487 6:542, 544–545 Johnson, United States v., 6:554 on Arkansas River, 1:264 Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation, Johnson, Sir William, 1:432; 6:490 in Illinois, 4:214 National Labor Relations Board v., Johnson, William, on due process of on Mississippi River, 3:472; 4:51; 2:311; 3:90; 8:274 law, 3:89 5:416 effects of, 4:493 Johnson, William D., 1:65 and Wisconsin River, discovery of, Jones v. Van Zandt, 3:482; 4:487 and land speculation, 5:36 8:489 Jonestown Massacre, 4:488, 488; Johnson Controls, Inc., Automobile Jolly Flatboatmen (Bingham), 3:537 8:339 Workers v., 1:377 Jolson, Al, 4:470, 470 Jones-White Act (1928), 3:195 Johnson County War (1892), 8:565 Jomini, Henri, 5:145 Jong, Erica, Fanny, 5:122

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Joplin, Scott, 7:22 Conservative, 4:490, 491 Juglar, Clément, 1:582 Jordan, Barbara, “Constitutional early American, 4:477 Juice industry, 2:182 Faith” speech by, text of, membership in, 7:91 Juilliard v. Greenman, 4:500 9:489–491 Orthodox, 4:489, 490–491 Juin, Alphonse, 4:78 Jordan, David Starr Reconstructionist, 4:490 Julian, George W., 2:313 anti-imperialism of, 1:202 Reform, 4:489–490, 491 as Radical Republican, 7:15 at Stanford University, 7:523 and religious learning, 7:97 Julian, Percy L., 1:50 Jordan, I. King, 3:504 women’s role in, 8:500 Julius Rosenwald Fund, 6:317 Jordan, June, 5:126 after World War II, 4:478–479 Julliard v. Greenman, 5:76 Jordan, Michael, 1:52, 426; 2:79 See also Anti-Semitism; Jew(s) Jumping-off places, 4:500 Jordan, W. K., 3:133 Judd, Donald, 1:307 Jung, Carl G., psychoanalysis, 5:314 Joseph, Ruth, 5:72 Judges Junge, Ember Reichgott, 2:110 Joseph (Nez Perce chief), 6:101, impeachment of, 4:234, 241 Jungle, The (Sinclair), 2:37, 227, 389; 101, 102; 8:404 midnight, 4:499; 5:367 4:27, 500–501; 5:120, 135, 277, Josephson, Brian D., 6:347 nomination of, judicial ideology 280; 6:11, 12, 352, 554; 8:285 Josephson, Matthew, 7:181 and, 7:313 excerpt from, 9:360 Josephson effect, 6:347 Judicial activism, and Supreme Junior Chamber of Commerce Journal(s), scholarly, African Ameri- Court nominations, 4:497 (Jaycees), 7:183 can, 5:200 Judicial branch of federal govern- Junior colleges, 3:117, 127 Journal of Congress, 4:488 ment, 3:341 Junior Leagues International, Asso- Journal of Negro Education, 5:200 See also Supreme Court, U.S. ciation of, 4:501 Journal of Negro History (JNH), Judicial circuits, 2:175–176 Junk bonds, 1:563; 4:501–502; 5:84 5:200 Judicial review, 4:491–494, 495; Juntas, in Latin America, 5:50–51 Journal of Parapsychology, 6:246 8:208 Jurisdictional Act (1928), 8:215 Journal of the American Medical Asso- Calder v. Bull and, 2:7 Jury trial, 4:502–503 ciation (JAMA), 1:164 in Hayburn’s case, 4:109 African Americans as jurors, 4:503; Journal of the American Veterinary in Marbury v. Madison, 4:491–492; 7:555 Medical Association, 8:319 5:235–236; 8:23 plea bargain and, 6:369 Journal of the Franklin Institute, 3:455 of taxation legislation, 4:206 women as jurors, 8:60 Journal of the History of the Behavioral Judiciary, 4:494–498 Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, 1:519 Science, 6:526 administrative adjudication and, Just, Alexander, 5:24 Journalism 1:22 Just What Is It That Makes Today’s broadcast, 7:20 Burger Court and, 4:497 Cold War and, 6:99 Constitutional Convention on, Homes So Different, So Appeal- muckrakers, 5:470–471 2:380–381 ing? (Hamilton), 6:414 photojournalism, 1:301 laissez-faire conservatism and Justice, Department of (DOJ), Pulitzer Prizes for, 6:488–489 power of, 2:375 3:331; 4:503–504 science, 7:273–277 representation in, 7:108 corporations investigated by, 2:419 women in, 8:506 tribal, 4:265, 316–317 establishment of, 4:503 yellow, 8:577 Warren Court and, 4:496–497 functions of, 4:503–504 Journey of Reconciliation, 2:354 Judiciary Act (1789), 2:381; head of, 2:2 Journeymen, 2:223 3:253–254; 4:498–499 in ITT Affair, 4:449 Journeymen Barbers, Messner v., 6:350 on admiralty law, 1:23 organization of, 4:503 Jowers, Lloyd, 4:530 provisions of, 4:499 specialized police agencies of, Joy, Henry B., 3:20 review of state court decisions, 6:385 Joy Luck Club, The (Tan), 5:123 5:255 Strike Force Against Organized Joyce, James, 5:157, 194; 6:419, 427 Supreme Court on, 8:36 Crime, 2:377 Ulysses, obscenity suit against, 2:84 on writs of mandamus, 5:235 Justice of the peace, 4:504 Joyner, Florence Griffith, 7:205 Judiciary Act (1801), 4:499–500 Jutland, Battle of, 1:266 JR, Parham v., 2:149 goal of, 8:26 Juvenile courts, 2:137, 146, 149, Juáres, Juan, 3:453 provisions of, 4:499–500 461; 4:250, 504–506 Juárez, Benito, 5:46, 345 Judiciary Act (1802), 4:500; 8:26 Juvenile Delinquency and Youth Judaism, 4:488–491 Judson, E. Z. C., 5:129 Offenses Control Act (1961), in colonial era, 4:476 Judson, Harry Pratt, 8:281 6:212

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Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Kansas-Nebraska Act and, Kareline, Alexandre, 6:193 Prevention Act (1974), 4:505 4:508–509, 512–513 Karenga, Maulana, 4:553 Juvenile Miscellany, 5:127 legislature of, 4:509, 510 Karenga, Ron, 1:46, 47 Juveniles Native Americans in, 4:507–508, Karlsefni, Thorfinn, 8:337 detention facilities for, 7:74–75 509 Karmal, Babrak, 1:37 prosecution as adults, 2:461 New England Emigrant Aid Com- Kármán, Theodore von, 3:217 pany and, 6:49 Kashevarov, Aleksandr, 3:294 population of, 4:510 Kashim, 8:212 Pottawatomie Massacre in, 4:98, Kashmir, struggle over, 4:259–260 K 509 Kasparov, Gary, 2:130, 338 Kabila, Joseph, 1:39 prehistoric, 4:507–508 Kasserine Pass, Battle of, Kabila, Laurent-Désiré, 1:39 segregation in, 4:510 4:513–514; 6:124 Kaczynski, David, 8:247 slavery in, 4:508–509, 512–513; Katz v. United States, 6:479 Kaczynski, Theodore John (Ted), 5:110–111 Katzenbach, South Carolina v., 8:357 8:247, 247–248 conflicts over, 1:505, 506 Kaufman, George S., 1:123 anarchism and, 1:182 and Lecompton Constitution, Kaufmann, Craig, 1:299 Kaempffert, Waldemar, 7:274 5:73 Kaufmann, Walter, 3:280 Kagahi, Soryu, 1:325 Sons of the South in, 7:449–450 Kawaida, 1:46 Kahanamoku, Duke, 8:37 statehood for, 4:509; 8:143 Kawakita v. United States, 8:194–195 Kahane, Meir, 4:475 tornadoes in, 8:143 Kaweah Co-Operative Common- Kahn, Louis, 1:253 wheat production in, 3:390 wealth, 8:303 Kainai (Blood) Indians, 1:481 women’s suffrage in, 4:509–510 Kay, John, 2:424 Kaiser, Henry, 1:373; 4:120; 8:414 in World War II, 4:510 Kayak, 2:37 Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Wyandotte Constitution and, Kazanjian, Varaztad, 2:422 Company, 6:116 8:563 Kazin, Alfred, 2:189; 5:121 Kaiser Permanente, 4:117 Kansas, Coppage v., 2:408; 8:578 KCA Indians. See Kiowa, Kajioka, Sadamichi, 8:365 Kansas City (Missouri), 4:511, 511 Comanche, and Plains Apache Kalakaua (king of Hawaii), 4:107 Pendergast machine in, 6:274–275 coalition Kallen, Horace, 1:337, 338; 6:375 Kansas Committee, National, Kearney, Denis, 2:10; 4:514 Kalm, Pehr, 1:519 4:511–512 and anti-Chinese movement, 2:154 Kalm, Peter, 6:432 Kansas Free-State Party, 4:512 Kearneyites, 4:514 Kamehameha, 4:105–106 Kansas People’s Party, 3:324 Kearny, Lawrence, mission to China Kan, Gene, 4:398 Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854), 1:505, by, 2:153; 4:515 Kanagawa, Treaty of (1854), 4:457 506; 3:195; 4:512–513; Kearny, Stephen Watts, 6:68 Kandinsky, Wassily, 1:297 5:58–59, 73, 110 in Arizona, 1:257 in Armory Show, 1:268 debate over passage of, 4:512–513 march to California by, 4:514–515 Kane, Elisha Kent, 6:382 and Kansas, 4:508–509 Stockton and, 4:515; 7:551 Kansa Indians, 8:223 and Missouri, 5:420 Kearsarge (ship), 1:105 Kansas, 4:507–511 and Nebraska, 6:30 Keating, William H., 3:455 agriculture in, 4:508, 509, 510 provisions of, 4:512 Keayne, Robert, 7:478 alien landholding in, 1:124 Sumner’s “Crime Against Kansas” Keck, Fred, 3:498 antislavery settlers in, 3:195–196 speech on, excerpt from, Keck, George, 3:498 in Border War, 1:506; 7:4 9:288–292 Keck Observatory, 6:157 boundary disputes in, 4:466 and Vermont, 8:313 Keefe, Dan, 4:395 in Civil War, 4:509 Kant, Immanuel, 3:262; 6:324; Keelboat, 4:515; 7:22, 171 in colonial era, 4:508 8:180 Keeley, Leslie, 1:119 constitution of, 4:510; 8:563 Kao, Charles K., 3:357 Keeling, Charles David, 2:237; 4:6 Dust Bowl in, 4:510 Kapany, Narinder, 3:357 Keeling curve, 2:237, 237 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Kaplan, Mordecai M., 4:490 Keeney, Barnaby, 5:537 songs of, 7:532 Kapleau, Philip, 1:552 Kefauver, Estes Farmers’ Alliance in, 3:324 Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), 1:15 and investigation of organized Free-State Party in, 4:512 Karbowiak, Antoni E., 3:357 crime, 2:463 geography of, 4:507 Karcher, Alan, 6:62 in presidential campaign of 1956, governors of, 4:510 Kardiner, Abram, 6:431 3:164

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Kefauver Committee, 2:463 on presidential election of 2000, Cuban missile crisis and, 2:471, Kehler, Randy, 6:268 1:579 474, 475 Keith, Benjamin Franklin, 8:309 on Religious Freedom Restoration defense policy of, 2:528 Keith, George, 7:2 Act, 1:394 and Democratic Party, 2:553 Keith, Minor, 5:46 on sexual orientation, discrimina- and employment discrimination, Keller, Louis, 7:417 tion based on, 7:196 6:314 Kelley, Abby, 7:3 on state sovereignty, 1:120 on employment discrimination, 1:36 Kelley, Alfred, 2:32 Kennedy, Edward M. environmental policies of, 3:227 Kelley, David, 6:154 and bioethics, 1:462 fiscal policies of, 2:431 Kelley, Florence, 2:147 and Chappaquiddick incident, and food stamp program, 3:408; and National Consumers’ League, 2:105 6:438 2:392 in presidential campaign of 1980, foreign policy of, 3:427 Kelley, Oliver Hudson, 4:36 3:167 and GATT, 3:524 Kellogg, Frank B., 7:196 and Teachers Corps, 8:61 and gold reserves, 4:17 in American Bar Association, 1:145 Kennedy, Jacqueline (Jackie), 3:375, inauguration of, 4:251 and Farmer-Labor party of Min- 376 Indian policies of, 4:289 nesota, 3:322 and White House furnishings, termination in, 8:91 and Kellogg-Briand Pact, 4:515 8:471 internment of, 6:458 Kellogg, John H., 1:31; 2:98; 3:24 Kennedy, John F., 5:533 Israel and, 4:441 Kellogg, W. P., 6:76 and Alliance for Progress, and Khrushchev, 7:212, 212 Kellogg, William K., 2:98 1:127–128; 3:143, 417–418 labor policies of, 3:244 Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928), 3:426; Latin American policies of, anti-Catholicism and, 1:196 4:515; 6:35, 36, 197, 264; 5:48–49 in Arlington National Cemetery, 8:205, 371 on moon landing, 5:523 1:264 Kelly, Charles T., 4:516 and National Endowment for the assassination of, 1:330; 2:495; Kelly, Ellsworth, 1:298 Arts, 5:535 8:339 Kelly, Joan, 8:520 and National Endowment for the conspiracy theories on, 1:330; Kelly, John (Honest), 3:157; 8:46 Humanities, 5:536 2:378 Kelly, King, 1:420 and National Security Council, and gun control, 4:75 Kelly, Oliver Hudson, 2:407 5:560 Malcolm X on, 5:520 Kelly Act. See Airmail Act Navy and Marine Corps Medal for, media coverage of, 8:339 Kelly’s Industrial Army, 4:516 2:527 and Vietnam War, 8:331 Kelso, Frank B., 8:44 and New Frontier, 6:55 Kelvin, William Thomson, Lord, Warren Commission on, The New Republic on, 6:77 6:160 8:394–395 and New York Times, 6:90 Kelvinator, 3:182 birthplace of, 1:508 and Peace Corps, 6:265–266 Kemble, Frances, 1:136–137 at Camp David, 2:20 in presidential campaign of 1960, Kemp, Jack, 3:169; 4:184; 5:20 campaign song for, 2:24 1:507; 3:164–165; 6:55, 463 Kendall, Amos, 3:504; 6:426 and church-state separation, 2:169 presidential library of, 5:99, 100 Kendall, George, 2:40 and civil rights, 2:195, 199; 3:49 and President’s Commission on the Kendrick, John, 2:153 Cold War policies of, 1:444 Status of Women, 8:498, 516 explorations by, in Aleutian Islands, and collective bargaining, by feder- religious affiliation of, 2:164 1:121 al employees, 1:154, 156; and South Vietnam, foreign aid to, Kenesaw Mountain, Battle of, 4:516 7:558 3:417 Kennan, George F. and communication satellites, space program under, 7:480 ambassadorship of, 1:134 2:319 speech at University of Michigan, “American Diplomacy,” excerpt and consumer protection, 2:384, 8:282 from, 9:411–413 391 at summit conferences, 8:15 and containment strategy, 2:268; on consumer rights, 6:555 on supersonic transport, 8:21 7:212 Council of Economic Advisors and, and tariffs, 8:52, 157, 166 “X” article, 8:569 2:431, 432 and Trade Expansion Act, 7:54 Kennebec River settlements, 4:516 Cuba policy of, 2:470–471 and trade unions, 8:172 Kennedy, Anthony M. Bay of Pigs invasion and, Vietnam War policies of, 2:151; on line-item vetoes, 8:321 1:430–431; 2:470–471 7:212; 8:330–331

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Kennedy, John F., (continued) motto of, 8:279 Key, Francis Scott, 1:328; 3:378, Voter Education Project of, 2:354 mountain feuds in, 3:356–357 379; 5:185; 7:524 and Washington (D.C.) home rule, Native Americans in, 4:518 “Star-Spangled Banner” 8:411 politics in, 4:519, 521 inspiration for, 7:188 and Women’s Bureau, 8:508 population of, 4:521 Ripley (Robert LeRoy) on, 7:168 in World War II, 8:557 prehistoric, 4:518 Key, V. O., 3:147; 6:398, 403 Kennedy, Robert F., 3:165 slavery in, 4:519–520 Keynes, John Maynard, 3:109, 345; assassination of statehood for, 4:518 4:523; 5:441–442; 8:254 and gun control, 4:75 violence in, 4:520 on business cycles, 1:584 and Violence Commission, 8:340 voice voting in, 3:146 General Theory of Employment, civil rights movement and, 2:202 whiskey industry in, 7:504; 8:78, Interest and Money, 4:16; 6:44 Cuban missile crisis and, 2:471, 468 on gold standard, 4:15 475 women in, 4:521 on government spending, 4:46 and FBI, 3:338 Kentucky boats. See Flatboat(s) on interest rates, 3:345 influence of, 2:2 Kentucky Conventions (1780s), and International Monetary Fund, outlawing segregation on trains 4:522 3:110 and buses, 3:464 Kentucky County, 1:382 on investment, 4:45 in presidential campaign of 1968, Kentucky Distillers, Hamilton v., 8:374 and New Deal, 6:44 3:165 Kentucky Resolutions (1798), 1:124; Keynesianism, 3:110; 4:523; Kennedy, Ruby Jo Reeves, 1:337 8:349 5:441–442 Kennedy Round, 3:524; 8:52, 158, in southern rights movement, 7:473 at Brookings Institution, 8:117 166 Keogh plans. See Retirement plans Council of Economic Advisors and, Kenner, Duncan F., 2:342 Keokuk (Sauk chief), 1:473 2:431 Kenney, David D., 3:182 Keppel, Frederick P., 2:56 and Employment Act (1946), 3:200 Kenny, Elizabeth, 6:388 Keppel & Brothers, Inc., FTC v., 3:348 and Federal Reserve System, Kensington Stone, 4:516–517 Kerbschnitt, 3:495 3:345–346 Kent, Jacob F., 7:486 Kerenga, Maulana, 4:148, 553 and government spending, 4:46 Kent State University, protest at, Kerenski, Aleksandr F., 7:211 Keyserling, Mary Dublin, 2:392 2:16; 3:119; 4:517–518 Kerkorian, Kirk, 5:42 KGC. See Knights of the Golden Kentucky, 4:518–521, 520 Kern, Edward, 4:39 Circle African Americans in, 4:521 Kern, Stephen, 3:542 Khalid Shaikh Mohammed, 3:41 agriculture in, 4:519 Kernell, Samuel, 6:454 Khe Sanh, siege at, 1:77 hemp, 4:126 Kerner, Otto, 4:522 Khmer Rouge, 2:16 art and literature in, 4:520–521 Kerner Commission, 4:522; 6:438 Mayaguez incident, 5:275 Bluegrass country in, 1:491, 491 Kerosine oil, 4:522–523; 6:298, 301 Khoury, Callie, 5:72 capital of, 2:47 Kerouac, Jack, 1:433; 2:433; 4:65 Khrushchev, Nikita, 2:269; 3:427 in Civil War, 4:519 alma mater of, 2:304 Bay of Pigs invasion and, 1:430 Bragg’s Campaign in, 7:35, 157 On the Road, 5:122 and Berlin Wall, 1:444 Richmond Campaigns in, Kerr, Robert S., 1:385 at Camp David, 2:20 7:156–157 Kerrey, Bob, 1:354 Cuban missile crisis and, 2:471, Union sentiment in, 8:260 Kerry, John, 6:241 474, 475 in colonial era, 4:518 Kerry, Peggy, 6:85 and de-Stalinization, 2:327 constitution of, 4:519 Kerst, Donald W., 6:343 and Kennedy, 7:212, 212 as “Dark and Bloody Ground,” Kertwig, Oskar, 2:142 and Paris Conference (1960), 6:247 2:501–502 Kesey, Ken, 6:207 at summit conferences, 8:15 earthquakes in, 3:101 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, 5:122 U-2 incident and, 8:247 education in, 4:520 Kesselring, Albert, 1:217 visit to U.S., 2:20; 7:212 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and and Gustav Line, 4:78 Khyatt, Robert, 3:381 songs of, 7:532 Kessler, David, 1:16 Kickapoo, 4:524, 524; 8:224 gun control in, 4:74 Kessler, Suzanne, 3:516, 517 and Greenville Treaty, 4:64 horses in, 4:168 Ketchum, William C., Jr., 1:303 Kidder, Alfred V., 1:240 and Missouri, boundary dispute Kettering, Charles F., 6:174 Kidnapping, 4:524–526 between, 1:522 Kevorkian, Jack, 1:339; 3:262; in colonial era, 4:525 Morgan’s raids into, 5:458 7:160–161 firsthand account of, 9:101–103

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of free African Americans, 6:294, Montgomery bus boycott and, Kingdom and the Power, The (Talese), 462 1:529; 2:202; 3:557 6:90 Lindbergh, 4:525; 5:113 National Baptist Convention and King’s College, 2:304 by UFOs, 8:255 opposition to, 1:413 See also Columbia University Kidney transplantation, 8:183 and Nobel Peace Prize, 3:557 King’s Highway, 7:176 Kieft, Willem, 4:282; 6:71–72 nonviolent strategies of, 2:192 King’s Mountain, Battle of, 1:382; Kieft’s War, 6:72 “Poor Peoples’ Campaign” of, 3:50 7:145 Kier, Samuel M., 4:522, 523; 6:302 in Progressive National Baptist King’s Province, 4:528 Kierkegaard, Søren, 3:279, 280 Convention, 1:45 Kingsbury, Nathan, 8:65 Kilauea (volcano), 8:351, 351, 352 and radicalism, 7:17–18 Kingsley, Clarence, 3:117 Kilborne, Fred L., 8:320 resistance to draft, 2:364–365 Kingsley, Sidney, 5:121 Kilgore, Bernard, 8:367 in Saint Augustine, 3:388 Kinkaid, Thomas C., 5:89 Kilgore, Harley, 5:557 in Southern Christian Leadership Kinkaid Act (1904), 1:65 Kilocalories, 6:148 Conference, 3:557; 7:472–473 Kino, Eusebio, 1:256; 4:474; 8:227, Kilroy, James J., 4:526 teachings of, 6:517 238 “Kilroy Was Here” graffiti, 4:526 in Tennessee, 8:86 Kinsey, Alfred, 4:530–531; 7:326 Kilson, Martin, 1:46 on Vietnam War, 1:216; 2:204 Kinsey Report, 4:530–531 Kim, Elaine H., “War Story,” King, Rodney, 5:155, 155; 6:385, on homosexuality, 4:531; 9:419–424 386; 7:12; 8:339 7:326–327 Kim Il Sung, Soviet Union and, See also Los Angeles, riots in Kinship, 4:531–532 4:546 King, Rufus, 5:424 Kinsman, Delos O., 8:493 at Constitutional Convention, Kintpuash (Modoc leader), 5:433; Kimball, Kate F., 2:113 2:379 8:404 Kimball, Spencer, 5:55; 8:298 in presidential campaign of 1804, Kiowa, 4:532–534, 533; 8:218 Kimmel, Husband E., 6:272, 273 3:151 alliances of, 4:532 Kimpton, Lawrence, 8:281 in presidential campaign of 1808, belief systems of, 4:533 Kincaid, Jamaica, 5:123 3:151 kinship system of, 4:532–533 Kind, Phyllis, 1:311 in presidential campaign of 1816, migrations by, 4:532 King, B. B., 1:492; 7:185 3:151 on reservations, 6:263 King, Billie Jean, 7:511, 511; 8:90 in Second Battle of Bull Run, 1:568 treaty with, Congressional viola- King, Clarence, 3:300, 544, 545, King, Stephen, 5:122, 130 tion of, 5:147–148 545, 552; 6:300; 8:454 King, William Lyon Mackenzie, Kiowa, Comanche, and Plains King, Coretta, 2:203 2:27 Apache coalition (KCA Indi- King, Ernest J., 8:546, 557 King, William R., 3:154 ans), 4:532 as chief of naval operations, 6:20 King and I, The (film), 8:248 Kiowa Apaches, 1:218, 219 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 1:52; “King Cotton,” 4:526 Kirby, James B., 3:182 2:203; 4:529; 5:533 King Cotton diplomacy, 2:342, 344 Kirby, Rollin, 6:395 in Alabama, 1:104 King Features, 6:458 Kirby-Smith, Edmund assassination of, 2:204; 4:528–530; King George’s War, 2:294; 3:469; in Battle of Perryville, 6:291 8:339 4:526 in Red River Campaign, 7:71 conspiracy theories on, 4:530 Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty and, in Richmond Campaigns, FBI and, 3:338 1:99–100; 4:313 7:156–157 and gun control, 4:75 feud over conduct of, 6:83 Kirchwey, Freda, 5:522 prosecution of Ray after, privateering in, 6:480 Kirk, Claude, 3:388 4:529–530 King Philip’s War, 4:313, 526–527; Kirk, Russell, 5:556 riots after, 4:528; 7:164; 8:338 6:379, 448; 7:151; 8:459 Kirkland, Lane, 1:152, 153 trade union support and, 1:154 fast followed by, 3:329 Kirkpatrick, Jeane, 5:49; 6:32 and Violence Commission, 8:340 Mount Hope, 5:464 Kirstein, Lincoln, 1:390; 2:498; 6:81 Bible’s influence on, 1:449 and Narragansetts, 5:513 Kissinger, Henry A. Christian teachings of, 2:164–165 New England Confederation in, and African policies, 1:38 and civil rights movement, 2:199 6:49 on Christmas bombing of Hanoi, education of, 3:126 King William’s War, 2:293; 9:475–477 as FBI target, 2:266 4:527–528 and Cuba policy, 2:471 “I Have a Dream” speech, 5:237 end of, 7:217 and European relations, 3:260

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Kissinger, Henry A., (continued) and railroad strike of 1886, 7:29 Koopmans, Tjalling, 3:109, 110 as executive agent, 3:277 Knights of Mary Phagan, 3:453 Kopechne, Mary Jo, 2:105 and Latin America, 5:49 Knights of Reliance, 3:323 Korea and Panama Canal, 6:240, 242 Knights of the Golden Circle capitalist development in, 2:44 and prisoners of war in Vietnam, (KGC), 2:411; 4:540 division of, 4:545; 8:120 6:475 Knoedler, Michael, 2:272 immigrants from, and Christian in SALT, 7:553 Knoll, Florence, 1:293 churches, 7:91 at summit conferences, 8:16 Knorr, Nathan Homer, 4:472 Japanese power in, 4:457, 541–542, in Vietnam War peace negotia- Knowland, William F., 1:537 545 tions, 8:334 Knowlton, Charles, 1:467 trade with, 4:541, 542 “Kitchen Cabinet,” 3:146; 4:534 Knowlton v. Moore, 8:57 U.S. relations with, 4:541–542 Kitchens, 4:534–536 Know-Nothing Party, 1:165–166; Pueblo incident and, 6:541 Kitchin, Joseph, 1:582 4:540–541, 541; 8:260 See also North Korea; South Korea Kitchin, Thomas, 9:23, 23 anti-Catholicism of, 2:69, 163; 6:4 Korea War of 1871, 4:542 Kitson, Theo Alice Ruggles, 1:308 ideology of, 1:166; 4:540 Korea-gate, 4:542–543 Kitt Peak National Observatory, organizations in, 1:165–166 Korean Airlines flight 007, 4:543 6:156 platform of (1856), 9:242–243 Korean Americans, 4:543–544 Kittinger, Joe, 1:392 in presidential campaign of 1856, immigration patterns of, 4:542, KKK. See Ku Klux Klan 3:154 543–544 Klamath-Modoc, 4:536–538 Tammany Hall and, 8:46 during Korean War, firsthand termination policy and, 8:91 Knox, Fort, 4:541 account of, 9:419–424 Klebold, Dylan, 2:305 Knox, Frank, 8:543 professional activities of, 4:543, 544 Kleburg, Robert, 5:135 in presidential campaign of 1936, Korean War, 2:531; 4:544–550, Klein, Lawrence R., 1:587; 3:110 3:162 545, 546, 548 Klein, William, 1:301 Knox, Henry, 7:142; 8:124, 318 African Americans in, 5:382 Kleindienst v. Mandel, 1:125 Indian policies of, 4:284; 6:178 air combat in, 1:76–77; 4:550–551 Kleinrock, Leonard, 4:398 Indian agents in, 4:261 aircraft carriers in, 1:91–92 Kline, Franz, 1:298 Knox, John, on right of revolution, anticommunism during, 2:327 Klinkhammer, Stephen, on fall of 7:148 armored warfare in, 1:267; 4:546 Saigon, 9:477–479 Knox, John Jay, 1:400 beginning of, 2:269 Klondike gold rush, 2:26; Knox, Philander, and dollar diplo- biological weapons experimenta- 4:538–539, 539; 8:589, 589 macy, 3:70, 71 tion in, 2:118 Kluckhohn, Clyde, 1:193 Knox v. Lee, 5:76 China in, 2:151 Klutznick, Fullilove v., 1:36 Knutson-Vandenberg Act (1930), and Chinese Americans, 2:155 K-Mart, 3:10, 26; 7:126 3:432 Chosin Reservoir Campaign in, Knapp, Isaac, 6:47 Koch, Bill, 1:173 2:160–161, 161 Knauss, Friedrich von, 8:244 Koch, Edward, 2:189 cost of, 8:377 Knickerbocker Club, 2:251 Koch, Robert, 1:465; 3:239; 8:236 course of, 4:546–548 Knickerbocker Theater (Washing- Kodak camera, 6:329 defoliation used in, 2:537 ton, D.C.), collapse of, 3:36 Koh Tang (island), 5:275 desertion in, 3:17 Knight, Bobby, 1:425 Kohl, Helmut, 1:471 excess profits tax in, 3:273 Knight, Etheridge, 5:126 Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Compa- firsthand accounts of, 9:417–424 Knight, Frank, 3:109 ny, in RJR Nabisco takeover guerrilla warfare in, 4:70 Knight v. Board of Regents of Universi- battle (1988), 5:85 helicopters in, 4:123 ty of State of New York, 8:62 Kohler, Kaufman, 4:490 Hispanic Americans in, 5:384 Knights of Labor (KOL), 2:254; Kohut, Alexander, 4:490 impact of, 4:549 3:466; 4:539–540; 5:7, 10, 16; KOL. See Knights of Labor logistics in, 5:146 8:171 Kolchak, Aleksandr V., 7:353 MacArthur’s speech to Congress and boycotting, 1:528 Kolmer, John A., 6:388 on, text of, 9:427–428 Burlington strike and, 1:576 Kondratiev, Nikolai, 1:582 medical research, army, 5:295 campaign for child labor legisla- König, Friedrich, 6:469 munitions in, 5:479, 480 tion, 2:140 Konko Kyo, 1:327 Native Americans in, 4:329 inclusiveness of, 2:224 Koons, Jeff, 1:307 origins of, 4:545–546 and Labor Day, 5:12 Koop, C. Everett, 1:17 paratroops in, 6:247

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peace negotiations in, 4:548–549, in Alabama, 1:103, 104 La Farge, John, 1:289, 296, 313 549 anti-Catholicism of, 1:196 La Farge, Oliver, 1:159, 340 price controls in, 6:166 in The Birth of a Nation, 1:470 La Follette, Philip, 6:499–500; 8:492 prisoners of war in, 4:548, in Colorado, 2:299 La Follette, Robert M., Jr. (Young 548–549; 6:472, 473 conservatism and, 2:375 Bob), 5:1, 77; 6:499–500; 8:492 thirty-eight parallel and, 8:120 denunciation of, Democratic Party presidential candidacy of, 5:16 underwater demolition teams in, and, 3:162 La Follette, Robert M., Sr. (Fighting 8:251 devoted to flag, 3:380 Bob), 6:497 United Nations and, 8:270 and disfranchisement, 3:57 in presidential campaign of 1912, U.S. Air Force in, 1:76–77 in Florida, 3:386 3:160; 6:496 U.S. Army in, 1:277; 4:547 in Georgia, 3:555–556 in presidential campaign of 1924, U.S. Marine Corps in, 5:242 in Indiana, 4:319 2:548; 3:162; 8:119 war powers in, 8:374, 388 legal cases involving, 8:273, 274 Progressive Party of, 6:498–499 women in, 8:503–504 in North Carolina, 6:129 and progressive reform, 8:492, 493 Korematsu v. United States, 3:272; in Ohio, 6:174 and University of Wisconsin, 8:284 4:461 in Oregon, 2:167 as Wisconsin governor, 4:29 Koresh, David, 2:478; 8:359 origins of, 4:551 La Follette Civil Liberties Commit- Koreshan Unity community, 8:302 in Reconstruction, 4:551–552 tee, hearings held by, 5:1 Ko´sciuszko, Thaddeus, 6:390 targets of, 1:104; 4:551, 552 La Follette Seamen’s Act. See Sea- Kosloff, Theodore, 1:390 in Tennessee, 8:85 men’s Act Kosovo, NATO bombing campaign as terrorist group, 8:95 La Guardia, Fiorello H., 1:162 in (1995), 1:496; 4:551; 8:588 Kubicki, Frances M., letter to Roo- and civil defense, 2:191 Kosuth, Joseph, 1:307 sevelt on job discrimination, and Lincoln Tunnel, 5:110 Kosygin, Alexei, 7:212 9:376–377 as mayor of New York City, 6:81 at summit conferences, 8:15–16 Kucinich, Dennis, 7:53 La Guardia Airport bombing, 8:96 Kotzebue, Albert L., 3:144 Kuh, Katherine, 1:316 La Harpe, Bénard de, 3:292 Kovacs, Ernie, 8:142 Kuhn, Fritz, 3:560 La Jolla (California), Scripps Institu- Kowinski, William Severini, 5:215 Kühn, Justus Engelhardt, 1:294 tion of Oceanography, 5:241 Kraemer, Shelley v., 6:506 Kuhn, Maggie, 4:37–38 La Mama, Café, 8:115 Kramer, Hilton, 6:32 Kuhn, Thomas, 3:543; 6:327, 404, La Mama Experimental Theater Kramer, Larry, 1:18, 19 446 Club, 8:115 Kramer, Stanley, 4:125 Kunin, Madeleine, 8:314 La Mothe Cadillac, Antoine de, 3:19 Krasner, Lee, 1:10 Kunstler, William M., 2:135 La Pérouse, Jean-François de Krayzelburg, Lenny, 6:192 Kurita, Takeo, 5:89 Galaup, comte de, 8:453 Krentz, Jane Anne, Sweet Starfire, Kurland, Bob, 1:424 La Salle, Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, 5:130 Kurtzman, Lemon v., 2:169; 3:374 3:285, 291; 5:1–3 Kresge, Sebastian S., 3:26; 7:126 Kuskov, Ivan, 3:294 disappearance of, 4:66 Kress, Samuel H., 3:26; 5:539 Kutenais, 8:221 explorations of, 5:1–3, 158 Krieger, Alex D., 1:240 Kuwait, in Persian Gulf War, 1:77; Griffon and, 4:66 Krim, Mathilde, 1:15 6:292–293 Hennepin on, 4:126 Kristol, Irving, 6:31–33 Kuznets, Simon, 1:582; 3:109, 110 Mississippi River, 5:416; 6:29; Kroc, Ray A., 5:184 Kwajalein atoll, 5:252 8:99 Kroeber, Alfred, 1:193 Kwanzaa, 4:148, 553 La Vérendrye, Pierre Gaultier de Kroes, Rob, 1:138 Kyoto Protocol (1997), 2:238; 3:230, Varennes, 3:292, 490; 6:131; Kroll, Leon, 1:297 231; 4:8; 8:424 8:451–452 Krstic, Radisav, 1:354–355 Labels on packaging, 6:229 Kruger, Barbara, 1:299 Labino, Dominick, 1:290 Kruszka, Wenceslaus, 6:391 Labor, 5:3–10 Krutch, Joseph Wood, 5:120 L vs. big business, 1:580 Krzyzewski, Mike, 1:425 La Bodega y Quadra, Juan Francisco capitalism and, 2:44, 46 KS. See Kaposi’s sarcoma de, 8:453 child, 2:140–141, 141, 146 Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 4:551–553; La Condamine, Charles-Marie de, Clayton Act and, 2:228–229 8:473 3:551 and Democratic Party, 2:23 in 20th century, 4:552–553 La Croix, Edmund, 3:390 employer initiatives and, 5:5

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Labor, (continued) Family and Medical Leave Act and, Ladies’ Home Journal, 6:554 foreign, 2:397–398 3:315, 317, 525 advertising in, 1:32 forms of, capitalist world-economy labor provisions of Clayton Act circulation of, 5:198 and, 2:44 and, 6:121 Lady Chatterley’s Lover (Lawrence), in Great Depression, 5:7 National Labor Relations Act, 1:146, 500 lockouts and, 5:141 5:544–546 Lady’s Magazine and Repository of May Day, 5:275 National War Labor Board and, Entertaining Knowledge, 5:197 organized, 5:6, 17 (See also Trade 5:564–565 Lafayette, Marquis de, 8:306, 581 union[s]) Norris-LaGuardia Act and, 6:121 in American Revolution, employers’ counter-measures Taft-Hartley Act ( See Taft-Hartley 3:449–450, 473 against, 5:9 Act) name of National Guard honoring, in lumber industry, 5:174 for women, 7:303 5:542 political activism by, 5:7 Labor Management Relations Act. “stars and stripes” coined by, 3:378 postwar, 5:8–10 See Taft-Hartley Act visit to America (1824-1825), 5:20 Puritan work ethic and, 7:63–64 Labor parties, 5:16 “Lafayette, we are here,” 5:19–20 and railroads, 7:37–38 Union Labor Party, 8:259 Lafayette Escadrille, 5:20 statistics on, 3:106 Labor Party of Illinois, 3:320 Laffer, Arthur, 5:20 Taft-Hartley Act and, 5:11 Labor spies, 3:255 Laffer curve theory, 5:20 unrest, 5:6 (See also Strike[s]) Labor standards, International Laffite, Jean, 1:432 “yellow-dog” contract and, Labor Organization on, 4:390 Lafitte, Pierre, 6:423 8:578–579 Laboratories LaFollette, Robert, 3:320, 321 Labor, Department of, 3:331; Bell Telephone, 1:440–441 LaGuardia, Fiorello, burlesque 5:10–12 industrial, 4:339 houses closed by, 1:575 and employment services, 3:201–202 marine biology, 5:240–241 LaHarpe, Bernard, 5:134 head of, 2:2 medical, animals in, 1:185, 186 LaHaye, Tim, 3:485 Women’s Bureau in, 8:508 of National Bureau of Standards, Lahiri, Jhumpa, Interpreter of Mal- Labor conditions 5:529–530 adies, 5:123 hour limitations for women, of National Institutes of Health, Laird, Melvin, 2:528; 8:335 5:472–473 5:544 Laissez-faire, 5:20–21, 91 human rights and, 4:194 research, 5:17–19 and privatization, 6:481 occupational medicine, 5:296–299 in 19th century, 5:17–18 Laissez-faire conservatism, 2:375 and violence, 8:338–339 in Cold War, 5:19 Lake(s), eutrophication of, 8:422 Labor Day, 5:12–13 future directions for, 5:19 Lake Carriers’ Association, 4:54 establishment of, 8:263 industrial, 5:18 Lake Champlain, 5:21 Labor disputes military patronage of, 5:18 Indian wars at, 8:395–396, 396 arbitration of, 1:236–237 war and, 5:18–19 Lake Erie, 4:50, 51 conciliation and mediation in, Laboratory of Hygiene, 5:544 pollution of, 8:422 2:338–339 “Laboring Classes” (Brownson), Lake Erie, Battle of, 4:51, 53; federal intervention in, 1:190 8:181 5:21–22; 6:290; 8:432 Federal Mediation and Concilia- Labor-management relations, in Lake Huron, 4:50, 51; 6:106 tion Service and, 3:343 1930s, La Follette Civil Liber- Lake Mead, 4:162 Memorial Day Massacre (1937), ties Committee hearings on, 5:1 Lake Michigan, 4:50–51, 51 5:307 Labor-Management Reporting and Lakes-to-Gulf Deep Waterway in mining towns, 5:396–397 Disclosure Act. See Landrum- and, 5:22–23 Molly Maguires, 5:438 Griffin Act Lake Okeechobee, 5:22 Mooney bombing case, 5:455 Labor’s Non-Partisan League, 5:17 Lake Ontario, 4:50, 51 in Pennsylvania, 6:278–279 Labov, William, 5:115 Lake Pontchartrain, 5:22 picketing, 6:350–351; 8:230 Labrador Current, 4:73 Lake Superior, 4:50, 51 See also Boycotting; Strike(s) Lacey, John F., 8:480 Lakes-to-Gulf Deep Waterway, Labor injunctions, 4:360–361 Lacey Act (1900), 8:479–480 5:22–23 Labor legislation and administra- Lackawanna Valley, The (Inness), Lakota. See Sioux tion, 5:13–16, 21 6:507 Lakota language, 5:23–24 Fair Labor Standards Act and, Ladd, Anna Coleman Watts, 1:308 Lam Son 719, 8:335 3:307–308 Ladd, William, 1:216; 6:267 Lamar, Joseph R., 1:532

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Lamar, Mirabeau B., 8:100, 104 by Dutch West India Company, among Native Americans, 1:69 Lamarck, Jean-Baptise de, 3:530, 6:259 Lander, Louisa, 1:308 542 for education, 5:28, 29–30, 33, Landes, Bertha Knight, 8:509 Lamas, Carlos Saavedra, 1:560 34–35, 460 Landgraf v. USI Film Products, 2:197 Lamb, Floyd, 1:324 and black colleges, 3:126 Land-Grant College Act. See Morrill Lambert, Ward (Piggy), 1:423 for 4-H Clubs, 3:445 Act Lame Bull (Blackfeet chief), 1:481 and state universities, 8:279 Landis, James M., and civil defense, Lame-duck amendment, 5:24 for homesteads, 5:28, 29 2:191 Lamm, Heinrich, 3:357 in Kansas, and Lecompton Consti- Landis, Kenesaw Mountain, 1:421, Lamon, Harry V., Jr., 6:493 tution, 5:73 479 L’Amour, Louis, 5:130 as military bonuses, 1:498 Landmarks Preservation Commis- Lamp(s) as old-age pensions, 5:28, 34 sion, 6:453 Argand, 5:107 overview, 5:27–29 Landon, Alfred M., 6:409 carbon, 5:24 proprietary colonies, 6:510–512 in presidential campaign of 1936, electric, 5:108, 108 to railroad companies, 2:43, 94; 3:162; 8:298 energy-efficient, 5:108 5:27, 28, 30–31, 37, 38; 7:32; Landon v. Plasencia, 1:125 fluorescent, 5:24, 108–109 8:181 Landrum-Griffin Labor-Manage- halogen, 5:24 Mussel Slough incident, ment Reporting and Disclosure incandescent, 5:24, 107–108 5:503–504 Act (1959), 2:116; 5:11, 15; kerosine, 5:107 recipients of, 5:28 7:558 oil, 5:107 to states, by Congress, 5:28 McClellan Committee and, 5:183 and westward migration, 8:444 and trade unions, 5:545; 8:172 Lampman, Robert J., 6:437 See also Morrill Land Grant Act Landscape architecture, 5:38–39 Lancaster, Joseph, 3:113 Land of the Spotted Eagle (Standing in cemeteries, 2:80, 81, 81 Lancaster (Mercerburg) Theological Bear), excerpt from, 9:379–384 modern, 5:39 Seminary, 8:264 Land Office, U.S. General and picturesque style of, 5:38–39 Lancey, James de, 2:444 Bureau Plans Management, Landsteiner, Karl, 6:388 Land 5:31, 33; 6:529 Lane, Charles, 8:301 public (See Public land) land patents granted by, 5:32 Lane, Harriet, 3:375 single tax on, 7:366 Land Ordinance (1785), 5:25, 29, 36 Lane, James H., 8:143 Land, Edwin, 1:140 Land patents, 5:31–32 Lane, Joseph, 3:154; 6:205 Land acts, 5:25 of Gilbert, 3:576 Lane, Ralph, 7:47 of 1796, 5:36 Land policies, 5:32–34 Lane, William Henry, 2:497 Land and Water Fund Conservation entailing of estates, 3:224 Lane Theological Seminary, 6:152 Act (1965), 3:431 under Jefferson, 6:201 Lang, Michael, 8:524 Land bounties, 5:25 under Monroe, 6:201 Langdell, Christopher Columbus, Land cessions. See Native Ameri- Ordinances of 1784, 1785, and 5:56–58 can(s), land cessions by 1787 on, 6:200–201 Langdon, John, 3:151; 6:58 Land claims, 5:25–26 primogeniture, 6:463–464 Langdon, William Chauncy, 2:21 by Alaska Natives, 1:110, 111, 112 public domain, 6:527, 527–529 Lange, Dorothea, 1:301; 3:396 in archival maps, 9:37 public land commissions reviewing, Lange, Oskar, 3:109 Louisiana Purchase and, 5:26 6:530–532 Langer, William by Native Americans, 4:273–274 Land reform movement, 5:37 as governor of North Dakota, of thirteen colonies, after indepen- Land scrip, 5:34–35 6:132 dence, 8:454–455 Land speculation, 5:35–38 in Nonpartisan League, 6:118 in Vermont, 8:311 public domain, 6:527–528 Langford, Nathaniel, 8:579 Land companies, 5:26–27, 35–38 public land commissions on, Langley (aircraft carrier), 1:89 Land disputes. See Boundary dis- 6:530–531 Langmuir, Irving, 2:123; 3:175; putes in undeveloped lands, 5:36–37 5:18, 24, 108 Land Forfeiture Act (1890), 5:37 in urban property, 5:37–38 Langston, John Mercer, 8:345 Land grant(s), 3:127; 5:25, 27–31 and Vandalia Colony, 8:308 Langstroth, Lorenzo L., 1:436 in Alaska, 5:30 Yazoo fraud, 1:489; 8:575–576 Language(s) by Charles II, 6:126, 276, 511, 511, Land tenure American Sign, 7:355–357 512 among aliens, 1:124, 126; 4:464 English, 3:220–222

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Language(s), (continued) Larsen, Carl, 6:383 Good Neighbor policy in, 1:560; American Sign Language and, Larsen, Nella, 4:96; 5:125 3:426; 4:22–23, 77 7:356 Las Vegas (Nevada), 5:41–43; 6:38 Grenada invasion, 4:65 slang in, 7:377–378 age of legitimacy for, 5:42 gunboat diplomacy and, 4:76–77 slaves and, 7:395, 396 casinos in, 5:42 Pan-American Union and, Native American, 1:482; gambling in, 5:41–42 6:236–237 4:274–275; 8:571 nightclubs in, 6:107 Polk Doctrine and, 6:408 Cherokee, 2:124–125, 126–127, prewar and postwar boom in, Rio de Janeiro Conference (1947) 127 5:41–42 and, 7:163 classification of, 4:274–275 segregation in, 5:42 wars of independence in, 5:46, and culture, 4:275 Las Vegas Land and Water Compa- 50–52 decline of, 4:275 ny, 5:41 chronology of, 5:51 Hopi, 4:165–166 Lasagna, Louis, 1:16 See also specific countries Navajo, 2:468 Lasansky, Mauricio, 6:471 Latin American immigrants. See Ojibwe, 6:181–182 Lasch, Christopher, 4:334; 6:429 Hispanic Americans in oral literature, 4:279–280 Laser technology, 5:43; 6:337 Latin schools, 5:52 in oratory, 4:281 applications of, 5:43 Latinismo, 6:544 sign, 7:357–358 physical principles of, 5:43 Latinos. See Hispanic Americans written, 4:275 Laslett, Peter, 5:140 Latitudinarians, 5:52 Spanish, 7:490–492 Last of the Mohicans, The (Cooper), Latrobe, Benjamin H., Jr., 5:52 Lanham Act (1946), 8:174 5:70, 119 Latrobe, Benjamin Henry, 1:249, Laniel, Joseph, 1:445 Lathrop, Gertrude Katherine, 1:308 292; 2:49; 8:471 Lannuier, Charles-Honoré, 3:497 Lathrop, Julia Clifford, 2:147 Latrobe, J. H. B., 1:148 LANs. See Local area networks Lathrop, Mary Frances, 1:145 Latrobe’s folly, 5:52–53 Lansdale, Edward, 2:471 Latin America Latta, Alexander, 3:372 Lansing, John, at Constitutional in American Studies, 1:170 Latter-day Saints, Church of Jesus Convention, 2:379 bananas imported from, 3:479 Christ of, 5:53–55; 8:296 Lansing, Robert, 5:146 commerce with, 5:43–46, 47 in 19th century, 5:54 and Virgin Islands, 8:341 trade agreements and, 6:124–125 division within, 7:103 Lansing-Ishii Agreement (1917), dollar diplomacy in, 3:71 early years of, 5:53 3:277 economic instability in, 5:45 founding of, 5:53 Lansky, Meyer, 5:41–42 filibuster armies targeting, in Great Depression, 5:54 Laos 3:359–360 growth of, 7:90 Geneva Conference (1961) and, foreign aid to, 1:128; 3:416; 5:44, internationalism of, 5:54–55 3:535 47–49 membership in, 7:91 immigration from, 7:470–471 foreign incursions in, 5:46 migration to Utah independence for, 8:329–330 foreign observers from, 1:136–137 Mormon handcart companies, in Vietnam War, 8:332, 334, 335 Great Depression and, 4:48–49 5:458–459 Laotian Americans, 7:471 immigration from, 4:135; 8:291 Mormon trail, 5:459, 459 LaPierre, Wayne, 5:557 (See also Hispanic Americans) Mountain Meadows Massacre, Lapwai, Fort, 6:102 and religious affiliation, 7:91–92 5:467–468 Laqueur, Thomas, 3:516 industrialization of, 5:44, 45 missionary work of, 5:53, 54 Laramie, Fort, 5:39–40; 8:563 juntas in, 5:50–51 Mormon War, 5:459–460 Laramie, Fort, Treaty of (1851), Monroe Doctrine and, 5:446–447 in politics, 5:55 1:481; 5:40; 8:402 Olney Corollary on, 6:191 polygamy in, 5:250 Arapaho and, 1:235 reciprocal trade agreements with, in Progressive Era, 5:54 Mandan Hidatsa and, 5:220 7:54 Relief Society of, 5:53, 54 Sioux and, 7:370 U.S. investment in, 5:45, 46, 47 Serviceman’s Committee of, 5:54 text of, 9:227–229 U.S. relations with, 5:46–50 Social Welfare Department of, 5:54 Laramie, Fort, Treaty of (1868), Alliance for Progress and, tenets of, 5:53 1:474; 2:298; 5:40–41, 130; 1:127–128; 3:417–418; 5:48 United Orders of, 5:54 8:219, 275 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and, Welfare Plan of, 5:54 and Crow Indians, 2:466 2:229 in World War I, 5:54 Larimer, William, 3:5 drug trafficking and, 5:512–513 See also Mormon(s)

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Lau v. Nichols, 3:122 Lawrence, Mary, 1:308 Leadville Mining District, 5:63 Laud, William, 4:55 Lawrence, Matilda, 5:96 Leaf, June, 1:311 Laudonnière, René Goulaine de, Lawrence, Richard, 1:327–328 League of Nations, 5:63–65; 3:285 Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 1:295 8:315–316 Laughlin, Laurence, 3:109 Lawrence (ship), 5:21; 6:290 Covenant of, 8:268 Laughlin, Robert, 1:440 Lawrence (Massachusetts) strike, debate on, and U.S. electoral poli- Laurel, Jose, 6:322 5:59–61, 60, 61 tics, 3:161, 162 Laurence, William L., 6:90 Lawrence Scientific School, 5:59 end of, 5:65 Laurens, Henry, 7:147 Lawson, Ernest, 1:268, 297, 321 establishment of, 5:64 and Treaty of Paris (1783), 6:248 Lawsuits Geneva Conference (1932) called Laurent, Robert, 1:306 consumer safety, 2:384 by, 3:534 Lauretis, Teresa de, 3:516 See also specific cases operations and activities of, Lauritsen, Charles C., 6:342 Lawton, Henry W., 7:486 5:64–65 Lausanne Agreement, 5:55 Lawyer(s) organization of, 5:64 LAV. See Lymphadenopathy-associ- apprenticeship of, 5:55–56 origins of, 5:64 ated virus colonial, training of, 5:55–56 United Nations as improvement Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent, 6:148 education of, 5:55–58 (See also Law on, 8:269 Law(s) schools) U.S. Senate’s rejection of, 8:316, enforcement of (See Police) See also Legal profession 543 rule of reason in, 7:203 “Lawyer” (Nez Perce leader), 6:100, Wilson’s compromises to achieve, vocation of (See Legal profession) 102 2:151 See also specific laws Lay, Kenneth, 3:223 Wilson’s proposal for, 3:426; 5:63; Law, James, 8:319 LCD. See Liquid crystal display 6:264; 8:201, 205, 315–316, Law, John, 2:262; 5:158, 414 LDS. See Latter-day Saints, Church 539 Law firms, growth of, 5:58, 75 of Jesus Christ of League of United Latin American Law School Admissions Test Le Duc Tho, 8:334 Citizens (LULAC), 5:344 (LSAT), 5:58 Le Guin, Ursula, 6:207 League of Women Voters, 5:65–66 Law schools, 5:55–58, 74 Le Maire, Jakob, 2:39 League to Enforce Peace, 6:449 accreditation of, 5:56–57 Le Moyne, Jacques, 9:13 Lear, Norman, 1:126 in colonial era, 5:55–56, 73 Le Moyne, Jean Baptiste, 6:213 Learned societies, 5:66–68 curricula of, 5:57 Le Witt, Sol, 1:298 American Academy of Arts and development of, 5:56–57 Lea, Isaac, 1:167 Sciences, 1:139–140 faculty of, demographics of, 5:58 Leach, Bernard, 1:305 American Association for the Harvard model for, 5:56–58 Lead and lead industry, 5:61–63; Advancement of Science, Litchfield model for, 5:56 6:114–115 1:140–142 Law student(s) blast furnace for, 5:62 American Historical Association, demographics of, 5:58 consumer use of, 5:63 1:158–159 first female, 5:75 EPA regulation of, 7:246 American Philosophical Society, Lawlor, Loewe v. See Danbury Hat- in Galena-Dubuque mining dis- 1:166–167 ters’ Case trict, 3:503 National Academy of Sciences, Lawrence (Kansas) in gasoline, 1:362; 7:246 5:522–523 Quantrill’s Raid on, 7:4 prospecting and mining, 5:61–63 Learning from Las Vegas (Venturi), sack of, 1:506; 3:196; 5:58–59 secondary recovery of, 5:62–63 6:430 Lawrence, Abbott, 5:59; 6:317 toxicity of, 6:115 Leary, Timothy, 5:169, 169 Lawrence, Amos, and land specula- in Wisconsin, 8:490 Lease, Mary E., on women in Farm- tion, 5:36 Lead colic, 5:62 ers’ Alliance, 9:260–261 Lawrence, Amos Adams, 5:266; 6:49 Lead glass, 4:3 Leather and leather products indus- Lawrence, Charles, 1:11 Lead (tin) soldiers, 8:153 try, 5:68–70 Lawrence, D. H., 1:146 Leadbelly (Ledbetter), Huddie, decline of, 5:69–70 Lady Chatterley’s Lover, 1:500 1:389, 441 employment in, 5:69 Lawrence, Ernest O., 2:487, 487; Leaded gasoline, 1:362; 7:246 factory system and, 5:68–69 6:336, 342 Leadville (Colorado), 1:502, 502; mechanization and, 5:68–69 Lawrence, Jacob, 1:298; 5:370 5:62 Leatherstocking Tales (Cooper), 5:70, Lawrence, James, 3:78–79 strike at, 8:454 119; 8:457, 479

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“Leave No Child Behind Act” Arlington National Cemetery and, “Legend of Sleepy Hollow, The” (2001), 3:119, 124 1:264 (Irving), 5:118 Leavenworth, Fort, 4:508 Army of Northern Virginia under, Leger, Fernand, 1:310 Leavenworth, Henry, 5:70 1:278 Leggett, William, 5:142 Leavenworth expedition, 5:70 vs. Army of the Potomac, 1:279 Legion of Merit, 2:526–527 Leaves of Grass (Whitman), 5:71, in Battle of Antietam, 1:199–200 Legionnaires’ disease, 2:88; 5:77 119; 6:537 in Battle of Bull Run, Second, Legislation Lebanese Americans, 5:71–72 1:568 rule of reason in, 7:203 culture of, 5:72 in Battle of Chancellorsville, 2:104, See also specific laws immigration of, 5:71 213 Legislative branch of federal govern- in politics, 5:72 in Battle of Fredericksburg, 3:457 ment, 3:341 prominent individuals of, 5:72 in Battle of Gettysburg, 3:566–569; See also Congress; House of Repre- Lebanon 6:351 sentatives; Senate Beirut bombing in, 1:438–439 in Battles of the Wilderness, 8:477 Legislative Reorganization Act U.S. landing in, 3:142; 5:72 as engineer commander, 3:219 (1946), 5:77–78 Marine Corps in, 5:242–243 extra power to, granting of, 2:341 Title III, 5:137 U.S. relations with, 5:71 farewell speech by, 9:308 Legislature(s) Lebergott, Stanley, 8:251, 252 at Harpers Ferry raid, 4:97, 99 bicameral, 5:78 Leche, Richard, 5:161 in Maryland, invasion of, 5:259 Charter of Privileges and, 2:110 Lechmere, Winthrop v., 1:225 in Peninsular Campaign, 6:275 Constitutional Convention on, LeClerc, Charles, 5:163 in Pennsylvania invasion, 6:280 2:379–380; 3:170 Madison (James) on, 1:456; 7:107 LeCocq, Louis, 1:375 Pennsylvania raid of, 2:213–214 state, 5:78–81 (See also under specific Lecompton Constitution, 5:72–73, in Seven Days’ Battles, 7:319; 9:67 states) 110 in Shenandoah Campaign, 7:341 of first states, 5:79 LeConte, Joseph, 7:270 in Siege of Petersburg, 6:295 party control of, 5:80 Lederberg, Joshua, 3:529 surrender of, 1:226, 226–227; professionalization of, 5:79–80 Ledo Road, 1:576–577; 7:180, 181 2:215, 343; 8:344 regional differences among, 5:79 Ledyard, John, 3:140–141; 4:105 Lee, Russell, 1:301 representation in, 5:79 Lee, Ann, 7:333; 8:501 Lee, Spike, 3:364 term limits in, 5:80 Lee, Arthur, 6:190 Lee, United States v., 8:274 unicameral, 5:78 diplomacy of, 3:27; 7:147 Lee, Wen Ho, 3:210 See also Congress Lee, Don L., 5:126 Lee Optical, Williamson v., 3:247; Leglen, Suzanne, 8:90 Lee, Edward M., 8:564 8:484–485 Lehman, Herbert H., 1:162; 8:46 Lee, George, 1:332 Leedskalnin, Edward, 1:312 Lehman, John, 6:24 Lee, George Washington Custis, Legal and Educational Defense Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 3:24 8:274 Fund of National Organization Leidy, Joseph, 1:167 Lee, Gypsy Rose, 1:575, 575 for Women, 5:549 Leighton, William, 1:289 Lee, Harold B., 5:54 Legal education. See Law schools Leisler, Jacob, 5:81; 6:83 Lee, Jarena, 8:501 Legal profession(s), 5:73–75 Leisler Rebellion, 5:81, 81; 6:83–84 Lee, Jason, 6:205 American Bar Association for, Leisure. See Recreation; Vacation Lee, John D., 5:467–468 1:144–145; 5:74 and leisure Lee, Knox v., 5:76 in colonial era, 5:73–74 Leisure class, Veblen’s theory of, Lee, Mary Ann, 1:389; 2:497 National Lawyers Guild for, excerpt from, 9:347–351 Lee, Richard Henry, 1:512; 2:381 5:546–547 Leisy v. Hardin, 6:213 antifederalism of, 1:201, 202 professional standards for, Leiter, Saul, 1:301 at First Continental Congress, enhancement of, 5:74–75 Leland, John, 1:412 2:393 Legal Realists, 5:57 Leland, Waldo G., 1:255 on Galloway’s plan of union, 3:505 Legal system, on domestic violence, Lelyveld, Arthur J., 8:592 and independence, goal of, 2:520 2:136 LeMay, Curtis E., 3:165; 8:554 and land companies, 5:35 Legal tender, 5:75–76 in presidential election of 1968, Lee, Robert E., 2:212; 3:567; 8:344 cases, 5:76–77; 7:118 1:159 Arlington House estate of, 2:82; Supreme Court on, 4:500; 5:76 and Strategic Air Command, 8:274 Legal Tender Act (1862), 5:76, 76 1:81–82

256 How to go to your page

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Lemke, William, 3:327, 457 “Letter from the Birmingham Jail” and Congress of Industrial Organi- in Nonpartisan League, 6:118 (King), 1:104; 6:517 zations, 2:227 Lemlich, Clara, 3:53 Letterman, David, 8:142 steel workers and, 7:545 Lemon v. Kurtzman, 2:169; 3:374 Letterman, Jonathan, 8:375 Lewis, Lennox, 6:485 LeMond, Greg, 1:452 Letterpress printing, 6:469 Lewis, Meriwether, 3:297; 5:86–87 Lenape, 6:79; 8:459 Letters from an American Farmer on Columbia River, 2:303 See also Delaware Indians (Crèvecoeur), 1:136; 6:373 Lewis, Morris, 1:298 Lend-Lease Act (1941), 5:82; 6:36 Leukemia, childhood, 2:35 Lewis, Samuel, 9:31 League of Women Voters support Leupp, Francis E., 1:571 Lewis, Sinclair, 5:120 for, 5:66 Leutze, Emanuel, Washington Cross- Arrowsmith, 5:18 Lend-Lease program, 2:531; ing the Delaware, 2:543–544, Babbitt, 5:120; 8:290, 292 5:81–82 544 on Chautauqua movement, 2:114 L’Enfant, Pierre-Charles Levassor, Emile Constant, 1:366 Main Street, 5:120 city plan for Washington (D.C.), Levees, 3:384 Lewis, W. Arthur, 3:110 2:49, 185, 187; 8:409, 417 Levene, Phoebus Aaron, 3:67 Lewis, William H., 3:94 and White House, site for, 8:470 Lever Act (1917), 5:84 Lewis and Clark expedition, 3:297; Lenin, Vladimir, 2:267; 7:57 and Fuel Administration, 3:480 8:453 and anticommunism, 1:198 Lever Brothers, 7:408 American Philosophical Society Lennon, John, 2:79 Lever Food and Fuel Control Act. and, 1:166 Leno, Jay, 8:142 See Lever Act Fort Mandan, 5:219 Lenoir, Étienne, 1:371 Leveraged buyouts, 5:84–85 and fur trade, 3:491 Jefferson’s message on, 9:187–191 Lenski, Gerhard, 1:337 Levi, Edward, 3:338; 8:281 journals of, 5:87–88 Lentricchia, Frank, 6:429 Levin, Ira, Boys from Brazil, 5:122 excerpts from, 9:191–198 Leo XIII, Pope, 2:69 Levine, Charles, 1:83 map of, 5:88 León, Alonso de, 8:99 Levine, Lawrence, 4:470 in Montana, 5:448 Leonard, Elmore, 5:130 Levinstein, Leon, 1:301 and mountain passes, 6:254 Leontief, Wassily, 3:109, 110 Levitt, Alfred, 7:574 Native Americans and, relations Leopard (British ship), 2:129 Levitt, Helen, 1:301 with, 4:314 Leopold, A. Starker, 5:552 Levitt, William, 5:149; 7:53, 574, in Nebraska, 6:29 Leopold, Aldo, 2:370, 372, 373; 575 in Oregon, 6:204 3:227, 432; 8:481 Levittown, 5:85, 85–86, 149; 7:53, in Pacific Northwest, 6:226 Leopold, Nathan, 4:525; 5:82–83, 572, 574, 575 river exploration by, 7:173 83 Levy, 5:86 in Rocky Mountains, 7:190 Leopold-Loeb case, 4:525; 5:82–83 Levy, Asser, 4:476 specimens collected by, 8:597 Leprosy, 5:83 Levy, David, 6:424 Vancouver explorations and, 8:307 Lepton, 6:339 Lewelling, Lorenzo D., 6:417 LeWitt, Sol, 1:307 Lermond, Wallace, 8:303 Lewes, G. H., 6:423 Lexington (aircraft carrier), 1:89; Lescaze, William, 1:252; 7:376 Lewin, Arthur, 1:47 5:87 Lescoulie, Jack, 8:142 Lewin, John, 6:510 Lexington (Continental brig), 5:87 Lesley, Craig, 6:207 Lewin, Kurt, 3:203 Lexington (store ship), 5:87 Leslie, Sir John, 7:77 Lewinsky, Monica, scandal involv- Lexington (Union sidewheeler), 5:87 Lesquereux, Leo, 1:167 ing, 2:79, 240; 3:169; 4:238, Lexington and Concord, Battles of, Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 6:237 239–240; 7:496 5:88, 88–89; 7:140 Lessons from the Intersexed (Kessler), Lewis, Andrew, 3:95 American and British accounts of, 3:517 Lewis, Carl, 7:205 9:143–144 Lester, Charles Edwards, 1:299 Lewis, Clarence Irving, 6:326, 327, maps of, 5:88 Let Us Now Praise Famous Men: Three 445–446 archival, 9:30, 30 Tenant Families (Agee and Lewis, Edmonia, 1:308 minutemen in, 5:404 Evans), 5:83–84 Lewis, F. John, 2:53 Leyte Gulf, Battle of, 5:89; 6:26; Letter bombs, Unabomber and, Lewis, Gilbert N., 2:122; 6:336 8:557 8:247, 247–248 Lewis, John L., 1:151; 2:254; 3:255; Liability Letter Concerning Toleration, A 5:8, 17; 8:171, 268, 277 of railroad company, 6:232 (Locke), 5:140 Centralia Mine disaster and, 2:95 and workers’ compensation, 4:369

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Liautard, Alexandre, 8:319 Liberty flag, 3:378 License cases, 5:103 Libbey, Laura Jean, 5:129 Liberty League, 5:97 Licenses to trade, 5:103 Libby, Willard F., 1:240; 6:344; 7:21 Liberty loans, 5:96 Lichtenstein, Roy, 6:414 Libel, 5:90 role of, 7:258 Lick, James, 1:344 laws on, 8:590 Victory Loan of 1919, 8:326–327 Licklider, J. C. R., 4:398 Supreme Court on, 3:374; 4:67 Liberty of contract, 3:308; Liddell Hart, Basil H., 1:267 Liberal arts colleges, 8:279 5:394–395, 472–473 Liddy, G. Gordon, 8:425, 426 Liberal Christianity, Protestant Liberty Party, 5:96–97; 8:119 Lie, Trygve, 8:270 modernism and, 5:431–432 establishment of, 1:211; 5:96 Lieber, Francis, 1:137; 3:204; 6:401, Liberal Republican Party, goals of, 1:211; 5:96 402; 8:371 3:155–156; 5:90 in presidential campaign of 1840, and Civil War General Order No. Liberal Tradition in America, The 3:153 100, 2:220 (Hartz), 5:140 in Vermont, 8:313 on neutrality, 6:34 Liberalism Liberty Place, Battle of, 6:74 Lieberman, Joseph, in presidential anticommunism in, 1:197 Liberty poles, 5:97 campaign of 2000, 3:170 Brookings Institution and, 8:117 “Liberty” ships, 7:347, 347 Lieberman, Nancy, 1:425 and Chautauqua movement, 2:113 “Liberty Song” (Dickinson), 8:278 Life (magazine), 8:127 vs. conservatism, 2:374, 375 Liberty-cap cent, 5:97 Life, History, and Travels of Kah-ge- and consumer protection, 2:388 Libraries, 5:97–99 ga-gah-bowh, The (Copway), contemporary critics of, 5:90–93, academic, 5:97 5:128 91 corporate, 5:97 Life Among the Piutes (Hopkins), Locke’s political philosophy and, Folger Shakespeare Library, 3:393 6:231; 8:217 5:91, 140–141 Frick Art Reference Library, 3:473 Life and Adventures of Joaquin Muri- in economic theory, 3:107 government publications at, 4:24 eta, The (Ridge), 5:128 journalistic outlets for, 6:76, 92 Huntington Library and Museum, Life and Labour of the People in London and Protestantism, 6:516, 518 4:195–196 (Booth), 6:533 varieties of, 5:91–92 Internet and, 5:99 Life expectancy, 2:510; 5:103–106; Liberation (magazine), 6:269 Newberry Library, 6:93–94 6:188 Liberation theology, 5:93 Presidential, 5:99–100 in 19th century, 5:104–105 Liberator (newspaper), 1:210, 210; public systems, 4:356; 5:97–98 in 20th century, 5:105–106 6:47 Carnegie (Andrew) and, 2:56; active, 5:106 Liberia 7:65 in colonial era, 2:291; 5:104 black migration to, 1:148 special, 5:97 race and, 5:105–106 establishment of, 1:148; 2:297 university, 5:98 sex and, 5:105 Pan-Africanism and, 6:235 Library Awareness Program, social class and, 5:105–106 U.S. immigrants in, 1:477; 2:297; 3:338–339 Life insurance, 4:370–371 3:197 Library of Congress, 5:100–103, Life insurance companies, credit U.S. relations with, 5:93–94 101 provided by, 2:447 Libertarian Party, 8:120 collections of, 5:101, 102 Life stages. See Adolescence; Child- Libertarians, and freedom of speech, evolution of, 5:100–102 hood; Old Age 2:83 foreign acquisitions by, 5:101 Life table, 5:103–104 Liberty funding of, 5:101, 102 Lifesaving service, 5:106 concept of, 5:94, 94–95 history of, 5:100–102 Liggett and Myers, 8:135 due process for protection of, 3:91 and Internet, 5:102 Light in August (Faulkner), 5:121 and equality, 3:249 place in national culture and edu- Light industry, 3:172–176, 179 balance of, 5:92 cation, 5:102 Lighthouse Board, 5:106–107 negative, 5:94 poet laureate appointed by, 6:381 Lighthouse Service, 2:258 positive, 5:95 Libya Lighting, 5:107–109 See also Freedom aerial bombing of, 1:496 fluorescent, 3:179 Liberty (ship), Israeli attack on, U.S. relations with, 1:40 halogen, 3:179 5:95–96 Gulf of Sidra shootdown and, incandescent, 3:173, 177, 179 Liberty Bell, 5:95, 95 4:73 Lightner, Candy, 1:232 Liberty bonds, 5:94, 96; 8:123, 542 Pan Am Flight 103 and, Lightning, Franklin’s experiments Liberty engine, 5:481–482 6:233–234 on, 5:330–331

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Liguest, Perre Laclede, 5:419 at Hampton Roads Conference, Lincoln Highway Association, 5:109 Lilienthal, David, 8:88 4:91 Lincoln Logs, 5:109, 145; 8:153 Liliuokalani (queen of Hawaii), “House Divided” speech by, Lincoln Memorial, 8:410 4:107 4:178–179; 5:110 Lincoln Mills, Textile Workers v., Lillie, Gordon (Pawnee Bill), 6:185 text of, 9:284–286 1:237 Lillie, May, 6:185 land policy of, 5:33 Lincoln Tunnel, 5:109–110, 110 Lillooet, 8:221 as leader, 2:219 Lincoln University, 3:121, 125 Lily, The (journal), 1:489; 6:88, 96 legal training of, 5:56 Lincoln-Douglas debates, 3:467; Lim, Shirley, Among the White Moon and liberalism, 5:91 5:110–111, 111 Faces, 5:123 as log cabin president, 5:145 Lind, James, 6:148 Limbaugh, Rush, 7:21; 8:44 and loyalty oaths, 8:96 Lindbergh, Anne Morrow, 5:113 Limerick, Patricia Nelson, 8:463 McClellan’s letter to, 9:298–299 Lindbergh, Charles A., 3:321; 5:114 Limits of Growth, The , 3:228 and military censorship, 2:84 in America First Committee, 1:139 Lin, Maya Ying, 1:307; 8:335 military strategy and administra- “America First” speech by, text of, Lincoln, Abraham tion of, 2:217–218 9:393–395 and Agriculture, Department of, and national cemeteries, 2:81–82 barnstorming by, 1:418 3:331 as national hero, 5:568 trans-Atlantic flight of, 1:82, 83, American System under, 1:171 nickname for, 7:23 93; 3:31; 5:113–114 amnesty granted by, 1:177 opposition to, 2:218 Lindbergh, Charles A., Jr., 5:113 and Arizona Territory, 1:257 and Pinkerton Agency, 6:357 kidnapping of, 4:525; 5:113 assassination of, 1:328; 2:218; and Powhatan incident, 6:443 Lindbergh Kidnapping Law (1932), 8:339 in presidential campaign of 1860, 5:113 Baltimore Riot and, 1:393 2:23; 3:155; 7:111 Lindeman, Raymond, 1:520 Battle of Antietam and, 1:200 in presidential campaign of 1864, Lindesmith Center, 5:513 and blockade of Confederate coast, 2:218; 3:155; 7:112 Lindley, John, 1:519 1:487–488 and Radical Republicans, 2:218; Lindsay, John, 4:522 on citizenship, 2:180 7:15 Lindsay Earls, Board of Education v., Civil War policies of, 2:209–210 and railroads, 7:34, 40 2:149 and colonization movement, 1:148; and Reconstruction, 7:58 Linebacker I, Operation, 1:77 2:297 relationship with Congress and Linebacker II, Operation, 1:77 and Committee on the Conduct of Republican Party, 2:218 Line-item vetoes, 8:320–321 the War, 2:313, 314 Republican convention of 1860 Linen industry, 5:114 compared to Moses, 2:164 and, 2:400 Linenthal, Mark, 1:375 and Confiscation Acts, 2:346 “Right Makes Might” speech of, Ling, James J., 2:348 debates with Stephen Douglas (See 2:405 Lingayen Gulf, 5:114–115 Lincoln-Douglas debates) second inaugural address by, 1:447; Linguistic Society of America, 5:115 on Declaration of Independence, 2:192; 5:112–113 Linguistics, 5:115–116 2:523 text of, 9:308–309 descriptive (structural), 5:115 Democrats opposed to, 2:411 on Stowe (Harriet Beecher), 8:248 post-structuralism and, 6:430 on Dred Scott decision, 3:86 Thanksgiving Day established by, Lining, John, 2:234 and emancipation, 1:49 8:112 Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl), 1:191, Emancipation Proclamation of, and Vallandigham incident, 3:527; 516, 518–519; 8:596 2:212, 217, 542; 3:190–192, 8:306 Linotype, 6:469 191; 6:491 Wade-Davis Bill vetoed by, 8:359 Linowitz, Sol, 6:240 English working-men’s address to, war powers of, 8:374 Linton, Ralph, 1:193 9:299–300 exercise of extraordinary, 2:210; Linton, William J., 8:523 environmental policies of, 8:583 3:272 Lion King, The (musical), 8:115 executive orders of, 3:278 widows’ letters to, 9:303–304 Lipan Apaches, 1:218, 219, 220–221 and First Battle of Bull Run, 1:567 Wilmot Proviso and, 8:486 Lippincott, Jesse, 1:357–358 Gettysburg Address by, 2:180; Lincoln, Benjamin, 2:19 Lippmann, Walter, 5:120; 6:76, 535 3:569–571; 6:10 Lincoln, Mary Todd, 3:375 Lipset, Seymour, 6:32; 7:428 text of, 9:302 Lincoln County War, 6:69 Lipton, Seymour, 1:306 habeas corpus suspended by, 1:284; Lincoln Highway, 5:109; 7:178; Lipton, Sir Thomas, 1:172 4:81; 6:482 8:564 Liquid crystal display (LCD), 8:77

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Liquid-drop model, 6:343 crime novels as, 5:122, 130 Custer in, 1:354; 5:131–132; Liquor. See Alcohol; Spirits industry detective fiction as, 5:130 7:370–371 Liquor laws. See Alcohol, regulation dime novels, 3:25–26 eyewitness account of, 9:253–255 of Enlightenment and, 5:118 Sioux in, 5:130–132; 7:370–371 Liri Valley (Italy), 5:451–452 fantasy as, 5:129–130 Little Bighorn National Monument, Lisa, Manuel, 3:298; 6:29 frontier fiction, 8:457 5:132 List, Friedrich, 3:108 in Great Depression, 5:120 Little Crow (Sioux leader) Lister, Joseph, 3:239; 4:173 of Harlem Renaissance, 5:121, in Sioux Wars, 7:369, 370; 8:403 Liston, Charles (Sonny), 6:484 124–125, 124–125 speech by, 9:243–244 Liston, Robert, 1:489 Hispanic American, 5:123 Little James (ship), 5:317 Litchfield Law School, 5:116 in Jazz Age, 5:120 Little League, 5:132–133 Literacy by Kentuckians, 4:520 Little Niagara, Fort, 6:102 among African Americans, 3:120, Knickerbockers and, 5:118–119 Little Raven (Arapaho chief), 2:298 121 in magazines, 5:191, 192–193, 194, Little red schoolhouse, 5:133, among Cherokee, 2:126–127 196 133–134 in colonial era, 3:112 modernists and, 5:120–121 Little Review, 5:194 Puritanism and, 1:447 Native American, 2:484; 4:179; Little Richard, 7:185 cultural, 2:478–479 5:128–129 Little Rock (Arkansas), 2:202; 5:134 Literacy test, 5:116, 117 children’s, 5:127 establishment of, 1:260 legal challenge to, 8:483 oral, 4:279–281 school desegregation in, 1:263; Literary Digest (journal), 6:409, naturalism and, 5:118–120; 5:134, 134 533–534 Little Steel Formula (1942), 8:171 6:11–13 Literary Guild, 6:538 Little Steel Strike (1937), 8:277 Nobel Prizes in, 6:487 Literary Situation, The (Cowley), “Little Theaters,” 8:114 and nonfiction novels, 5:122 5:121 Little Turtle (Miami chief), 4:64; by Oregonians, 6:207 The Literary Voyager; or Muzzeniegun 5:353; 6:178 overview, 5:116–123 (magazine), 5:192 Little Wolf (Cheyenne leader), popular, 5:122–123, 123, 129–130 Literature, 5:116–130 8:404 Cooper (James Fenimore) and, abolitionist, 5:119 Little Women (Alcott), 5:127 5:70 African American, 2:205; 5:119, Littlefield, Ephraim, 8:435 on Great Depression, 5:83–84 121, 123, 123–126; 7:197 Littlejohn, James, 6:219 Lost Generation and, 5:157 after 1960s, 5:126 Littleton, Harvey K., 1:290 noir, 5:120 communism and, 5:125 Litvinov, Maxim, 7:57 in Depression and after, postmodernist, 6:429 Liver transplantation, 8:183 5:125–126 pulps as, 5:129 Livestock industry, 2:73–74; folklore, 3:395 religious, 7:95–98 5:135–136 in Harlem Renaissance, 4:95–96 Romanticism in, 7:194–195 barbed wire in, 1:416; 2:73, 76 from Reconstruction to World science fiction as, 5:122, 130 disease in, 8:319, 320 War I, 5:124 Spanish language and, 7:492 in early America, 5:135 during slavery, 5:124 Transcendentalism and, 5:119 hogs in, 4:145–146 after American Revolution, 5:118 westerns as, 5:129, 130 and meatpacking, 5:135–136 Asian American, 5:123 See also specific titles postwar developments in, 5:136 of beat generation, 1:433 Lithography, 6:469–470, 470–471 safety of, USDA role in, 1:71 category romance as, 5:130 of Currier and Ives, 2:483, in South Dakota, 7:460 chapbooks, 2:105 483–484 stockyards in, 7:551–552 children’s, 5:126–128 mapmaking and, 5:233 and vegetarianism, 8:310 American, emergence of, 5:127 Litigation See also Cattle; Meatpacking early American, 5:127 consumer safety, 2:384 Living Theater, 8:115 late 19th and early 20th century, See also specific cases Livingston, Robert R., 3:450, 483 5:127–128 Little, Malcolm. See Malcolm X alma mater of, 2:304 McGuffey’s Readers, 5:185 Little, Royal, 2:348 and Declaration of Independence, Native American, 5:127 Little Bighorn, Battle of, 1:354, 453, 2:521 of Cold War, 5:121, 130 475; 3:318; 5:130–132; 8:275, and Louisiana Purchase, 5:162–163 conservative, 2:375 404 Llarneros, 1:218

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Llewellyn, Karl, 2:317 Local Number 6167, United Mine and Federal Elections Bill (1890), Llewellyn Park (New Jersey), 5:39 Workers of America, Jewell Ridge 2:332 Lloyd, Earl, 1:424 Coal Corporation v., 3:308 in presidential campaign of 1960, Lloyd, William, 3:351 Lochner v. New York, 1:21, 580; 3:90, 3:164 Lloyd George, David 308; 5:14, 139–140 rejecting Versailles Treaty, 8:201 on Fourteen Points, 4:42 judicial review in, 4:492 at Washington Naval Conference, at Paris peace conference, 8:315 liberty of contract in, 5:394, 395, 8:418 Lo Pizzo, Anna, 5:60 473 Loeb, Kuhn, 1:404 Loader, Jane, with Kevin Rafferty Locke, Alain, 6:375 Loeb, Richard, 4:525; 5:82, 83 and Pierce Rafferty, The Atomic The New Negro: An Interpretation, Loess Hills, 6:28 Café, 5:121 5:125 Loewe, Dietrich, 2:496 Lobbies and lobbying, 1:488; Locke, Gary, 1:324 Loewe v. Lawlor. See Danbury Hat- 4:380–382; 5:136–137 Locke, John, 3:108, 248; 6:10; 8:179 ters’ Case by American Medical Association, and checks and balances, 2:116 Log cabin, 5:145 1:164–165 on due process of law, 3:89 Log Cabin Republicans, 5:145 illicit, 5:137 An Essay Concerning Human Under- Logan, Benjamin, 6:177 Legislative Reorganization Act standing, 5:140 Logan (Mingo chief), speech by, and, 5:77–78, 137 ideas of, and Declaration of Inde- 9:103–104 for Native Americans pendence, 2:287 Logan Valley Plaza, Food Employees v., by American Indian Defense A Letter Concerning Toleration, 6:350 Association, 1:159–160 5:140 Logging industry. See Lumber by Society of American Indians, political philosophy of, 5:91, industry 7:430–431 140–141 Logistics, 5:145–146 number of, 5:137 on “pursuit of happiness,” 2:284 grand, 5:146 objects of, 5:136 The Reasonableness of Christianity, primary and secondary, 5:146 private vs. public, 5:137 5:140 strategic, 5:146 regulation of, 5:137 on representative government, 7:109 tactical, 5:146 for retired persons, by AARP, 1:142 on right of revolution, 7:148 Logocentric thinking, 6:431 in Senate confirmation hearings, Some Thoughts Concerning Educa- Logrolling, 5:146 5:137 tion, 5:140 Logstown, Treaty of (1748), 4:313 by Sierra Club, 7:355 Two Treatises of Government, 5:140, Logue, Edward J., 1:510 tactics of, 5:136 140; 7:161 Lohr, Lenox, 5:484 Lobotomy, 6:522 Lockhart Commission, 6:420 Loma Prieta earthquake (1989), Local area networks (LANs), 8:66 Lockheed, 1:83, 84 3:37, 102 Local government, 5:137–139 P-80 (F-80) of, 1:95 Lomax, Alan, 1:169, 388; 3:396 after American Revolution, 5:138 Lockout, 5:11, 141–142 Lomax, John A., 1:388, 389; 2:442; civil service reform in, 2:207 Lockwood, Belva, 3:248; 5:74; 8:506 3:396 colonial, 5:137–138 Lockwood, Charles A., 8:557 Lomax, Louis, 5:520 council-manager, 5:138 Lockwood, Mary, 2:504 Lôme, Enrique Dupuy de, 5:47 dependent on federal aid, 3:334 Locofoco Party, 5:142 Lon Nol, 2:16–17 home rule by, 4:152–153 Locomotives, 5:142–144, 143 London, Declaration of, 5:146–147 in interstate highway program, builders of, 5:142–143 London, Jack, 6:12 4:404 development of, 7:30 The Call of the Wild, 5:119 martial law and, 5:254 diesel-electric, 5:144 The People of the Abyss, 5:119 mayor-council, 5:138 electric, 5:144 and temperance movement, 3:60 merged, 5:139 steam, 5:142–144 London, Treaty of, 5:147 metropolitan, 5:139 types of, 5:142–143 London Company, 8:174 municipal, 5:138–139 Locusts, 4:37 in Virginia, 8:341, 342 in New England, 5:137–139 Lode mining, 4:11 London Conference, 6:235 political subdivisions, 6:406 Lodge, Edward, 7:203 London Crystal Palace Exhibition social legislation by, 7:415 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 8:316 (1851), 8:558 special districts for, 5:139 ambassadorship of, 1:134 London Magazine, maps in, 9:23, 23 town government, 8:148–149 expansionism of, and arms race, London Merchant Adventurers, See also Municipal government 1:270 5:317

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London Naval Treaties, 5:147 Looking Backward (Bellamy), 6:417; in 1992 (Rodney King), 5:155, Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in 7:424; 8:303 155; 6:385, 386; 7:12, 165; Heaven, The (Alexie), 5:129 Looking Glass (Nez Perce chief), 8:338, 339 Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock, 5:147–148 4:325 media coverage of, 8:339 Lonely Crowd, The (Riesman), 5:121, Lookout Mountain, Battle on, segregation in, 5:153 148 2:113; 5:151 social structure of, 5:153–154 Long, Alexander, 2:411 Loomis, Elias, 1:343; 2:235 Los Angeles Times Building, bomb- Long, Breckenridge, 1:207 Loomis, Orland S., 6:500 ing of, 2:10 Long, Crawford, 1:184, 185 Looney Tunes, 2:63 Losing Ground: American Social Policy Long, Earl K., 5:161; 6:74 Loos, Adolf, 1:252 (Murray), 6:440 Long, Huey, 2:375; 5:160–161 Lopez, Aaron, 8:210 Lost Battalion, 5:155 as fascist Senator, 3:327 “Lost Cause,” 4:20–21; 5:155–156 López, Narciso, 2:469; 3:359; 5:46 and freedom of press, 4:67 Lost Cause, The (Pollard), 5:155 Lopez, United States v., 2:311–312; and New Orleans, 6:74 Lost Colony, 3:288 8:274–275 Long, Iris, 1:16 Lost Generation, 3:280; 5:156 judicial review in, 4:493 Long, John, 7:278 Lost in the Funhouse (Barth), 5:122 Lorain, John, 2:413 Long, Stephen H. Lotteries, 3:508; 5:156–157 on agriculture in West, 1:64 Lord, Nathan, 2:502 national (1860s–1890s), 5:156–157 explorations of, 2:301; 3:299; Lord, Walter, 8:132 public funds raised through, 2:518 5:150–151 Lorde, Audre, 8:511 as revenue source, 5:157 in Nebraska, 6:29 Lords of Trade and Plantation, state-operated (1964– ), 5:157 on Oklahoma, 6:183 1:493; 5:151 state-sanctioned (1607–1840s), Long Beach (California), 5:148–149 Massachusetts Bay Colony and, 5:156, 160 Long Drive, 5:149 5:271 Loudon, John Campbell, Earl of, Long Island (New York), 5:149–150 Lorimer, George Horace, 7:252–253 2:295 Long Island, Battle of, 5:149, 150; Lorimier, Peter, 5:62 Louima, Abner, 6:385 7:137 Loring, Edward G., 1:577 Louis, Joe, 6:484 Long Island Railroad Company, Pals- Los Angeles (California), 5:151–155 Louis XIV (king of France), 3:286 graf v., 6:232 in 20th century, 5:152–153 Louis XVI (king of France), 7:146, “Long Line of Vendidas, A” (Mora- air pollution in, 5:154 147 ga), 3:520 development of, 2:10; 8:445 Louisburg expedition, 5:157 “Long telegram,” 8:569 early history of, 5:151–152, 152 archival maps of, 9:25, 26 Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 3:58 earthquakes and, 3:37, 102; Louisiana, 5:158–162 “The Slave in the Dismal Swamp,” 5:153–154 in 19th century, 5:159–160 3:57–58 economy of, 5:152–154 in 20th century, 5:160–161 Longhouses, 1:255; 6:276 Empowerment Zone program, bayous in, 1:432 Longman, Evelyn Beatrice, 1:308 8:287 Bourbon period of, 5:160 Longman-Pearson, 6:538 Code Napoléon in, 2:262 entertainment industry in, 5:153 Long-playing (LP) record, 5:503 Code Noir in, 2:262–263 ethnic composition of, 8:291 Longshoremen, trade unions for, in colonial era, 5:158–159 founding of, 2:8 4:395–396 constitution of, 5:160; 7:527 future of, 5:154 Longstreet, James cotton plantations in, 6:364 Getty Museum in, 3:564–566 in Battle of Antietam, 1:199–200 Creole flag of, 2:457 in Battle of Gettysburg, 3:567–568 growth of, railroads and, 5:152 economy of, 5:160–161 in Battle on Lookout Mountain, Hollywood (See Hollywood) emblems, nicknames, mottos, and 5:151 interurban trains in, 7:42 songs of, 7:532 in Battles of the Wilderness, 8:477 map of, 5:153 Farmers’ Alliance in, 3:323 in Chattanooga campaign, 2:113 McNamara bombing case, 5:189 free blacks in, 5:160 in First Battle of Bull Run, 1:567 Mexican Americans in, discrimina- French claims to, 8:452 in Second Battle of Bull Run, 1:568 tion against, 9:407–409 French colonial settlements in, Longwood Gardens, 1:517 racial diversity of, 5:153 6:53, 73 Longworth, Nicholas, 8:486 riots in French legal system in, 2:440 Look Homeward, Angel (Wolfe), in 1965 (Watts), 2:12; Jefferson on, 3:18 5:120 8:430–431, 431 maps of, 5:158

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archival, 9:20, 20–23, 21, 23, 45, Louisville (Kentucky), Southern arguments of, 2:284 46 Exposition in, 8:558 in Canada, 2:26 “Mississippi bubble” (1917), 5:414 Louverture, Toussaint, 3:501 confiscated property of, 1:541; Natchitoches, 5:158 Love, Alfred, 1:216; 6:267 2:346–347 Native American mounds in, Love, William, 5:164 and conservatism, 2:374 4:278; 5:158 Love Canal (New York), 3:39, 230, emigration of, 3:197 police regulations in, 9:323 232; 5:164, 164 Loyalty oaths, 5:168 Reconstruction and, 5:160 Love in the Ruins (Percy), 5:123 for Confederate soldiers, 3:505 secession of, 5:160 Love Medicine (Erdrich), 5:129, for federal employees, 8:96 Serpent lottery in, 5:156–157, 160 164–165 Ironclad Oath, 4:430; 8:96 slavery in, 5:160 Lovejoy, Arthur O., 1:143; 7:193 Pledge of Allegiance, 6:370 Spanish, 5:158, 159 Lovejoy, Elijah, 2:84; 5:165; 6:97 Supreme Court on, 2:480; 8:62, Spanish colonial settlements in, Lovejoy riots, 5:165 96–97 6:73 Lovell, James, 2:467 for teachers, 8:62–63 Spanish language in, 7:491 Lovell, Joseph, 5:286 LPs. See Long-playing (LP) record statehood for, 5:159 Lovell, Philip, 1:252 LSAT. See Law School Admissions sugar plantations in, 6:364 Lovell, Solomon, 6:281, 282 Test tax system of, 5:161 Lovelock, James, 3:551 LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), Territory of Orleans in, 6:213 Lovestone, Jay, 1:152; 2:326; 4:391 5:169; 7:569 tidelands in, ownership of, 8:125 Lovett, Robert A., 2:528 Lubbock, John, 1:192 voter registration in, 8:354 Loving, Richard, 5:165 Lucas, Eliza, 4:330 White Caps in, 8:470 Loving v. Virginia, 5:165, 251, 406 Lucas, George, 3:364; 7:524 White League in, 8:472–473 Low, Anne Marie, on Dust Bowl, Lucas, Jerry, 1:424 Louisiana, Allgeyer v., 1:21 9:384–385 Lucas, John, in Anzio Campaign, Louisiana, Garrison v., 5:90 Low, Isaac, 5:167 1:217 Louisiana, Taylor v., 8:60 Low, Juliette Gordon, 4:1 Lucas, Robert, 3:110 Louisiana Maneuvers, 5:161 “Low” milling, 3:390 Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Coun- Louisiana Purchase, 1:187; 3:425, Lowcountry, 7:154–155 cil, 2:318; 3:198 450; 5:159; 8:204 Lowden, Frank O., 3:161 Luce, Henry, 8:127 boundaries of, 9:45, 46 Lowe, Stanley, 1:446 Lucent Technologies, 1:440 consequences of, 5:163 Lowe, Thaddeus, 1:391 Lucky Strike (cigarettes), 8:135 Federalist Party against, 3:352 Lowell (Massachusetts), 2:185; 7:64 Lucumi, 7:249–250 Jefferson and, 2:550 Lowell, A. Lawrence, 4:102–103 Ludars, 4:79 and land claims, 5:26 Lowell, Elizabeth, Tell Me No Lies, Ludlow, Louis, 5:170 map of, 5:162 5:130 Ludlow, Roger, 5:170 and Native Americans, 8:217, 224 Lowell, Francis Cabot, 2:245, 387; Ludlow Massacre, 2:254, 299, 300; negotiation of, 5:162–163 8:108, 109 5:169–170; 8:339 and New Orleans, 6:73 Lowell, John, 3:256 Ludlow resolution, 5:170 and North Dakota, 6:132 Lowell, John, Jr., 3:256 Ludlow’s Code, 5:170 price of, 5:162 Lowell, Josephine Shaw, 2:106, 392 Ludlum, Robert, 5:130 Spain and, 7:484 Lowell, Percival, 1:344; 6:156 Ludwig, Carl, 6:349 survey and exploration after, 3:297; Lowell, Robert, 5:122 Lugar, Richard, 4:320 8:461 Lowell Mills (Massachusetts), 2:223 Luisetti, Hank, 1:424 by Lewis and Clark, 5:86–87 Lower East Side, 5:165–167 Lukban, Vicente, 6:320 Louisiana Purchase Exposition Orchard Street, 5:166 Luks, George, 1:268, 297, 321 (1904), 5:163, 163–164 Lower South, 5:167 LULAC. See League of United furniture at, 3:498 Lowi, Theodore J., 3:332 Latin American Citizens Louisiana Territory Lowie, Robert, 1:193 Lumbee, 5:170–171, 171; 7:47; French claim to, 5:162–163 Lowrie, Walter, 3:280 8:226 naming of, 5:3 Lowry, Henry Berry, 5:170 Lumber industry, 5:171–174 natural history of, 5:162 Lowry War, 5:170 in Arkansas, 1:261–262 political history of, 5:162 Loyalists, 5:167–168 clear-cutting by, 5:173 Spanish claim to, 5:162–163 in American Revolution, 7:139, Forest Service and, 3:431 See also Louisiana Purchase 141 growth of, 5:173–174

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Lumber industry, (continued) Lyme disease, 5:178–179 Bismarck Archipelago Campaign in Idaho, 4:212 Lymphadenopathy-associated virus and, 1:470 labor in, 5:173 (LAV), 1:15 Bonus Army and, 1:498 land scrip and, 5:35 Lynch, Charles, 5:179 dismissal of, 2:528 logging by, saws for, 5:173 Lynch law, 5:179 as engineer commander, 3:219 in Maine, 5:209 Lynch v. Donnelly, 2:166, 170 in Korean War, 4:545, 546–548 map of, 5:172 Lynching, 5:179–180; 8:337 speech to Congress on, text of, in Michigan, 5:354 capital punishment by, 2:40 9:427–428 in Minnesota, 5:399 at Fort Benning, 1:442 at Lingayen Gulf, 5:115 in Montana, 5:450 of Frank (Leo), 3:453 occupation of Japan under, 4:458 in Progressive Era, 3:435–436 geographic distribution of, 1:332; and Philippines, 6:322; 8:547 sawmills in, 7:259 5:179 strategies in World War II, 8:547, size of, 5:173–174 in Georgia, 3:556 548 in Wisconsin, 8:491 and NAACP, 5:526 MacArthur, John D., 5:181; 6:486 Lumpkin, Joseph Henry, 8:79 as political violence, 1:332; 5:179 MacArthur Foundation, 5:181 Lumumba, Patrice, 8:271 prevention of, women in, “Genius” Awards, 6:486–487 Luna Park, 1:179 1:339–340; 5:180 Macaulay, Thomas Babington, 6:537 rate of, 8:337 Luna y Arellano, Tristán, 1:102; McAuliffe, Anthony C., 1:426 statistics for, 5:179 3:295–296 McAuliffe, Sharon Christa, 1:232; targets of, 5:179, 179 Lundeen, Ernest, 3:322 2:101; 7:481 Till (Emmett), 8:126 Lundeen Bill, 7:129 McBain, Ed, 5:122 Lundestad, Geir, 3:259 and Tulsa race riot, 8:239 McCabe, Charles Cardwell, 1:429 Lundy, Benjamin, 1:209; 6:47 during World War I, 8:537 McCabe, Thomas, 3:346 Lung cancer, 2:34; 8:135 Lynd, Helen Merrell, 4:318–319; McCaffrey, Barry, 5:511 Lungren, Dan, 6:510 7:433 McCain, John, in presidential cam- Lupton, Frances, 1:308 Lynd, Robert S., 4:318–319; 7:433 paign of 2000, 3:170 Lusitania, sinking of, 3:464; Lynds, Elam, 6:476 McCain-Feingold Act (2002), 3:144 5:174–175, 175; 8:534 Lynes, Russell, 5:366 McCall, Heim v., 1:125 Luther, Martin, 6:515 Lyng v. Northwest Indian Cemetery McCandless, Bruce, II, 7:483 Vatican II on, 8:309 Association, 1:161–162; 5:180 McCardell, Claire, 2:247 and work ethic, 8:526 Lyon, Irving, 2:271 McCardle, William, 3:271 Luther v. Borden, 5:175 Lyon, Mary, 3:114; 5:464 McCarran, Pat, anticommunism of, Lutheran Free Church, 6:137 Lyon, Matthew, 1:124 Lutheranism, 5:175–177 Lyon, Phyllis, 2:503 1:197 Akron Rule (1872) and, 5:176 Lyons v. Oklahoma, 5:526 McCarran Act (Internal Security and Book of Concord, 5:176 Lyotard, Jean-François, 6:429 Act) (1950), 2:85 confessionalism and, 5:176 Lysergic acid diethylamide. See LSD McCarran-Walter Act (1952), 3:12, current status of, 5:177 Lytton Commission, 5:65, 428 197; 4:228; 5:181 General Synod of, 5:175–177 on naturalization, 6:14 in Great Depression, 5:177 problems with, 4:230, 231 in late19th century, 5:176 provisions of, 4:230 membership in, 5:177; 7:91 M McCarthy, Eugene Missouri Synod of, 5:176–177 M. C. Higgins the Great (Hamilton), and censorship, 2:85 Norwegian churches and, 6:137–138 5:126 in presidential campaign of 1968, Pietism and, 6:353–354 MAAG. See Military Assistance 3:165; 8:333 in postwar world, 5:177 Advisory Group in presidential campaign of 1976, theological disputes among, McAdoo, William Gibbs, 3:161, 3:167 5:176–177 162; 4:31; 8:196 McCarthy, Joseph, 5:181, 182 unity in, 5:177 McAllister, Ward, 3:445 anticommunism of, 1:197 Luxembourg, in European Common MacArthur, Arthur, 6:320 and China, relations with, 2:151 Market, 8:157 MacArthur, Catherine T., 5:181 Congressional censure of, text of, Lyceum movement, 3:115; 5:178; MacArthur, Douglas 9:428–429 7:64–65 Bataan-Corregidor Campaign and, and conservative movement, 2:375 Lyceum Theater School, 8:114 1:427 and conspiracy theories, 2:378

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Democrats’ inability to oppose, McCormick, Cyrus, Jr., 4:389 McGlachlin, Edward F., Jr., Army of 2:553 McCormick, Cyrus Hall, 1:58; 2:97, Occupation under, 1:278 hearings of, 4:411; 8:1–2 132; 5:183 McGonagle, William L., 5:95–96 “The History of George Catlett at London Crystal Palace Exhibi- McGovern, George, 8:262 Marshall,” 9:424–426 tion, 8:558 AFL-CIO and, 1:152 National Review defending, 5:556 McCormick, Katharine Dexter, on amnesty, 1:177 McCarthyism, 5:181–183 1:468 as chairman of Select Committee and book banning, 1:500 McCormick, Stanley, 1:468 on Nutrition and Human and economic analysis, 3:110 McCormick reaper, 1:58; 5:183–184 Needs, 3:409 and FBI activities, 3:338 McCorvey, Norma, 7:192 in presidential campaign of 1972, and National Lawyers Guild, McCoy, Joseph G., 1:2; 2:73, 75 3:100, 166; 6:227; 8:425 5:546–547 McCoy, Thomas P., 7:153 McGrain v. Daugherty, 2:352 New Republic on, 6:77 MacCracken, Henry, 3:410 McGraw, John, 1:420 New Yorker on, 6:92 McCracken, Henry M., 5:530 and land speculation, 5:36 and newspapers, 6:99 McCray v. United States, 5:184 McGraw-Hill Buildings, 7:376 and trade unions, attacks on, 3:176 McCready, Benjamin W., 3:238; McGreevey, James E., 6:64 Yalta Conference and, 8:574 5:297 McGrory, Mary, 8:506 See also Anticommunism; Blacklist- McCrory, J. G., 3:26 McGuffey’s Readers, 5:127, 185; ing; House Committee on McCulloch, Hugh, 2:404 8:106, 106 Un-American Activities McCulloch, John Ramsey, 3:108 McGuire, Mark, 1:422 McCartney, Bill, 6:518 McCulloch v. Maryland, 3:225; 5:184 McGuire, Peter J., 5:12; 8:262, 263 McCarty, Maclyn, 3:533 implied powers in, 4:247 Machado, Gerardo, 2:470 McCauley, Mary (Molly Pitcher), McDade, Joseph, 5:77 Machen, August W., 7:205 8:505 McDaniel, Hattie, 6:485 McHenry, Fort, 5:185, 186 McCay, Winsor, 2:63 Macdonald, Dwight, 5:365; 6:90 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 8:370 McClellan, Brinton, in Battle of Macdonald, Sir John A., 2:26 Machine, political, 5:186–187 Antietam, 1:199–200 McDonald Observatory, 6:157 corrupt McClellan, George B. McDonald v. Smith, 6:297 Tammany Hall, 8:46 Army of the Potomac under, 1:279; McDonald’s, 3:398; 5:184–185 Tweed Ring, 8:46, 242 9:67 MacDonald-Wright, Stanton, 2:476 in Missouri, 5:421 in capture of Harpers Ferry, 4:97 Macdonough, Thomas, 6:25 municipal government and, 5:475, criticism of, 2:211, 212, 314 McDougal, Duncan, 1:342 477 letter to Lincoln from, 9:298–299 McDougal, John, 8:214 municipal reform and, 5:478 Maryland invasion, defense of, McDougall, Alexander, 2:83; 8:473 Pendergast machine, 6:274–275 5:259 and Committee of Inspection, Tammany societies, 8:47 in Peninsular Campaign, 6:275 2:313 See also Bosses and bossism; Cor- in presidential campaign of 1864, McDougall, William, 1:438 ruption, political 2:218, 551; 3:155 MacDowell, Edward, 5:492 Machine guns, 5:185–186, 480 in Seven Days’ Battles, 7:319; 9:67 McDowell, Ephraim, 5:285 Machine Readable Cataloging Stuart’s Ride and, 7:560 McDowell, Irvin (MARC), 5:101 McClellan Committee Hearings, in Army of Virginia, 1:279 Machlup, Fritz, 3:109 5:183 in First Battle of Bull Run, 1:567; McIntire, Samuel, 1:249, 305 McClelland, Nancy, 1:292, 293 2:211 Macintosh, Ebenezer, 7:135 McClintock, Hamilton, 6:302 in Peninsular Campaign, 6:275 McIntosh, Johnson v., 6:506 McCloy, John J., 8:394 McDowell, Tremain, 1:169 MacIntyre, Alasdair, 4:334 McClure, Michael, 1:433 McElroy, Neil H., 2:528 MacIver, Robert M., 6:375, 376 McClure, Robert J. Le M., 6:136 McEnery, John, 6:76 Mack, Alexander, Sr., 1:534 McCollum, Elmer V., 6:149 McEntee, Gerald W., 1:154 Mack, Connie, 1:420, 421 McCollum v. Board of Education, McFadden Banking Act (1927), McKay, Claude, 4:96; 5:125 2:168 5:185 McKay, Douglas (Giveaway), 2:372 McComb, H. S., 2:453 McFarland, Horace, 5:550 McKay, Gordon, 1:503; 5:59 McConnell, John, 3:100 McGarvey, J. W., 3:45 invention of bottom-stitcher for McCord, James W., Jr., 8:426 McGee, W. J., 3:175 shoes, 5:69 McCormack, Powell v. See Powell case McGillivray, Alexander, 1:525; 2:135 Mackay, John W., 1:497; 2:3

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Mackay-Bennett (ship), 8:131 MacKinnon, Catharine, 3:54; 6:419; Macon, Nathaniel, 8:382 MacKaye, Benton, 1:224 7:323 Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810), 5:189; McKean, James, 5:54; 8:297 McKissack, Jeff, 1:312 6:117; 8:382 McKean, Thomas, 2:541 McKissick, Floyd, 2:355 MacPhail, Larry, 1:421 McKee, Nancy, 3:518, 519, 520 McLain, William, 1:148 McPherson, Aimee Semple, 5:410 McKenna, Wendy, 3:516 McLane, John, 6:423 McPherson, James Alan, 5:123 McKenny, Thomas L., 1:570 McLane, Louis, 7:103; 8:196 McPhitrigde, C. A., 1:58 McKenzie, Alexander, 6:132 McLaughlin, Ann Dore, 5:12 McRae, Cora, 4:100 Mackenzie, Alexander, 3:297 McLaughlin, Mary Louise, 1:304; McRae, Harris v., 4:100 explorations by 6:418 McRae, Milton A., 6:459 in Aleutian Islands, 1:121 McLaughlin v. Florida, 5:165 Macready, William Charles, 1:341 in Oregon, 6:204 MacLaury, Bruce, 8:117 McReynolds, James Clark, 2:167 McKenzie, Donald, 8:453 McLaury, Frank, 8:141 on parental choice in education, McKenzie, Kenneth, 1:158; 8:259 McLaury, Tom, 8:141 6:353 Mackenzie, Ranald S., 7:72 McLean, John, 6:426, 462 MacSparran, James, 2:234 Mackenzie, William Lyon, 2:58 in presidential campaign of 1836, McSweeney-McNary Act (1928), Mackerel fisheries, 5:187–188 3:153 3:432 McKibben, Bill, 4:8 McLean, Malcolm, 5:320 McTeague (Norris), 5:119–120; 6:12 McKim, Charles, 8:410 McLean, Wilmer, 1:226 Macune, Charles, 3:324; 6:157, 416 Mackinac, Straits of, and Mackinac McLean Credit Union, Patterson v., MACV. See Military Assistance Island, 5:188–189 2:197 Command, Vietnam Mackinac National Park, 5:550 MacLeish, Archibald, 1:450; 5:101 McVeigh, Timothy, 6:186, 187–188; Mackinaw City (Michigan), 5:188 MacLeod, Colin, 3:533 8:339 Mackinder, Halford, 3:542 McLoughlin, John, 8:175 anarchism and, 1:182 McKinley, William McLuhan, Marshall, 6:470; 8:67 The Turner Diaries and, 3:328 American Protective Association McMahon, Thomas, 8:278 McWilliams, Carey, 5:522 and, 1:167 McMillan, Edwin, 2:123; 6:338, 342, McWilliams, United States v., 3:328 assassination of, 1:328–329; 2:84, 343 Macy, Rowland H., 3:7 227; 6:236; 8:339 Macmillan, Harold, 1:445 Macy’s, 5:189–190, 190 anarchism and, 1:181 McMillan, James, 8:410 origins of, 3:7 Roosevelt (Theodore) after, 8:323 McMillan, Terry, 5:123 MAD. See Mutual Assured Destruc- Cuban policy of, 2:470 McMillen, Eleanor, 1:292 tion and flag, 3:380 MacMonnies, Frederick W., 1:306 and forest conservation, 3:431 McMullin, Fred, 1:480 Mad cow disease, 2:73 and gold standard, 1:459 McMurray, W. Grant, 7:104 Madar, Olga M., 2:256 and Hawaiian annexation, 1:189; McMurtry, Larry, 5:123, 130 MADD. See Mothers Against Drunk 4:107 McNair, Robert, 1:392 Driving and Nicaraguan Canal Project, 6:105 McNair, Ronald E., 2:102 Maddox (destroyer), 8:142–143 and Philippines, 6:319–320, 321; McNamara, Frank, 2:450, 451 Maddox, George, 6:483 8:201 McNamara, Robert S. Maddox, Lester, 3:558 in presidential campaign of 1896, on airpower in Vietnam, 1:77 Madero, Francisco I., 7:57 2:23, 46; 3:158, 159; 8:234 on arms race, 1:271 Madison (Wisconsin), 2:47 in presidential campaign of 1900, influence of, 2:2 Madison, Dolley, 2:245; 3:375 3:159, 483; 6:320 and National Guard, 5:543 Madison, James protectionist policies of, 2:551 and Pentagon Papers, 6:286 on Alien and Sedition Acts, 6:145 and Republican Party, 7:112 as secretary of defense, 2:528 at Annapolis Convention, 1:187 and Spanish-American War, 5:47 and World Bank, 8:532 on Bank of the United States, Taft Commission appointed by, McNamara bombing case, 5:189 4:89–90 8:41 McNary-Haugen Bill, 3:302; 5:189 on Bill of Rights, 1:455; 3:89 and tariffs, 3:358; 8:51, 156 MacNeil, Carol Brooks, 1:308 Bonus Bill of 1816 and, 1:498 on world’s fairs, 8:559 MacNeil, Hermon A., 1:306 on checks and balances, 2:116 McKinley Tariff Act (1890), 3:158, MacNeil, Robert, 3:222 and Compromise of 1790, 2:330 358; 8:51, 156 McNickle, D’arcy, 3:136 on Congressional appropriations, compromise regarding, 2:332 The Surrounded, 5:128; 8:30 1:229

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in congressional campaign of 1788, Magazines, 5:191–196 Mahon, Pennsylvania Coal v., 3:198; 3:145 in 19th century, 5:191–193 6:505 on congressional districts, 7:107 in 20th century, 5:193–195 Mahone, William, 7:52; 8:344 Constitutional amendments pro- advertising in, 1:32; 5:193, 198; Mahoney, William, 3:321, 322 posed by, 1:455–456 7:252 Mail at Constitutional Convention, African American, 5:193, 194, air transportation of (See Airmail) 2:378, 379 199–200 antislavery campaign via, 1:210 and Democratic Party, 2:549 banned from mail, 6:427 camels used for, 2:19 economic policies of, 2:550; 4:88, colonial, archival maps in, 9:23, Pony Express, 5:204; 6:411–413, 89–90 25–26 412, 413, 427 on enumerated powers, 3:225 on the Internet, 5:195 rural free delivery of, 7:205–206, Federalist Papers by, 2:382; mail-order, 5:206 208 3:349–350; 6:374 men’s, 5:196–197 stagecoach transportation of, and General Welfare clause, 3:527 muckraking, 5:470–471 5:203–204; 7:514–516 on government, 5:92, 95 New York intellectuals publishing Star Route frauds and, 7:524 and Henry (Patrick), debate works in, 6:85 See also Postal Service, U.S. between, 2:381 photography in, 1:300–301 Mailer, Norman, 3:280; 5:122 on interest groups, 4:382 political cartoons in, 6:394 The Naked and the Dead, 5:121 Jeffersonian Republicans and, science, 7:273–274 Mail-order houses, 3:9; 5:204–207; 4:472; 7:117 social surveys in, 6:533 7:125 on legislature, 1:456; 7:107 transcendentalist, 8:179 Book-of-the-Month Club, and meteorological research, 2:235 women’s, 1:32; 4:9; 5:191–192, 1:500–501 on philanthropy, 6:316 197–199 vs. direct mail, 3:29 pocket veto used by, 6:380 See also specific magazines rural areas and, 7:208 in presidential campaign of 1808, Magellan, Ferdinand, 6:382 Sears Roebuck Catalog, 7:290–291 3:151 Magendie, François, 6:148 Main Street (Babbitt), 5:120 in presidential campaign of 1812, Magic numbers of nucleons, 6:344 Maine, 5:207–211 3:151 Magic Theater, 8:116 agriculture in, 5:208–209 on president’s removal power, 7:100 Magna Carta, 5:201 alcohol regulation in, 1:117 and religious liberty, 2:167; 7:93 due process of law in, 3:88 in American Revolution, 5:208 on representative democracy, right of petition in, 6:297 boundary dispute in, Aroostook 2:546–547; 7:109, 110 Magnalia Christi Americana (Math- War over, 1:282–283 and republic, concept of, 7:110 er), 5:118 in Civil War, 5:209–210 on separation of powers, 7:312 Magnavox Odyssey, 8:327 in colonial era, 5:207–208 on subsidies, 7:564 Magnet schools, 5:201–202 economy of, 5:208–209, 210 and tariffs, 8:50, 195 vs. charter schools, 2:111 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and and University of Virginia, 8:283 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), songs of, 7:532 in Virginia dynasty, 8:343, 348 5:202 environmentalism in, 5:210 and Virginia Resolves, 1:124; 8:349 Magnetogenerators, 3:173 founding of, 2:289 war message to Congress (1812), Magnuson-Moss Warranty/FTC Kennebec River settlements in, 1:487 Improvement Act (1975), 3:349 4:516 text of, 9:183–185 Magoffin, James, 6:68 map of, 5:209 in War of 1812, 8:381, 382 Magruder, Jeb Stuart, 8:425 Missouri Compromise and, Madison, Marbury v., 1:494; Maguire, Thomas, 1:389 5:422–425 5:235–236; 8:208 Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 2:530 Native Americans in, 5:207–208 judicial review in, 4:491–492; 8:23 and foreign policy, 3:425 New Deal and, 5:210 midnight judges in, 5:367 imperialism of, 4:243 Penobscot region in, 6:281–282 Madison Square Garden, 5:190, The Influence of Sea Power upon His- as proprietary colony, 6:510, 511 190–191 tory, 3:577 Reconstruction in, 5:209–210 Madriz, José, 3:71 and naval reform, 1:265, 270; 4:243 Sagadahoc Colony in, 7:223 Maezumi Ro¯ shi, Taizan, 1:552 Mahican Indians, 5:202, 202–203, shipbuilding in, 5:210 Mafia, 2:463; 7:158 203; 6:276; 8:220 statehood for, 5:208 See also Crime, organized in Stockbridge Indian settlement, temperance movement in, 8:80 Mafia incident, 5:191 7:550 tourist industry in, 5:210

267 How to go to your page

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Maine, (continued) Malmédy Massacre, 5:217 Manifest destiny, 5:222–225 in War of 1812, 5:208 Malnutrition, 6:437 and annexation, 1:188 in World War II, 5:210 Maloof Brothers, 5:72 in archival maps, 9:55–56 Maine (battleship), 5:47 Malvar, Miguel, 6:320 and Canadian-U.S. relations, 2:25 sinking of, 2:470; 5:211, 211; 6:25; Mamachatpam. See Yakama and Caribbean, relations with, 3:75 7:484, 485; 8:577 Mammalogy, 5:217–218; 8:596 filibustering and, 3:359–360 Maine, Alden v., 1:120 Mammals of North America, The (Hall and foreign policy, 3:425 Maistre, Joseph de, 4:331 and Kelson), 5:217 and westward expansion, 2:163 Maize, 2:96 Man and Nature (Marsh), 3:434, 541 Manila Bay, Battle of, 5:225 See also Corn Man Who Cried I Am (Williams), Manila Pact. See Southeast Asia Major, Clarence, 5:123 5:126 Treaty Organization Majority rule, 5:211–213 MANA. See Mexican American Mankiller, Wilma, 2:126, 126 Mayflower Compact, 5:276 Women’s National Association Mann, Horace, 2:167, 508; 3:114; Makah, 5:213, 213; 8:221 Manabe, Syukuro, 2:237 5:178; 6:333 in Ozette, 6:222–223 Management buyouts, 5:85 Mann, Marty, 1:119 religious traditions of, 4:294 Managerial capitalism, 2:42 Mann, Thomas, 6:239 Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kai-kiak. See Managers, city, 2:183–184 Mann Act (1910), 2:459; 5:225; 6:513 Black Hawk Manassas. See Bull Run Mann-Elkins Act (1910), 6:496; 7:26 Makemie, Francis, 6:450 Manchild in the Promised Land Manners and etiquette, 5:225–227 Making Sex: The Body and Gender (Brown), 5:126 foreign observers on, 1:136 from the Greeks to Freud (Laque- Manchuria and Manchukuo, and political correctness, 6:395 ur), 3:516 5:218–219 Manning, James, 1:548 Malamud, Bernard, 1:546; 5:121 League of Nations and, 5:65 Manpower Development and Train- God’s Grace, 5:122 Open Door policy in, 6:197 ing Act (1962), 5:11 Malaria, 5:213–215, 214, 294 Mandan, Fort, 5:219 Mansfield, Joseph, in Battle of Anti- Malaspina, Alejandro, 8:453 Mandan Indians, 3:297; 5:219–220, etam, 1:200 Malbone, Edward Greene, 220; 8:218 Manship, Paul, 1:306 5:393–394 bullboats of, 1:568–569 Manson, Charles, 1:330; 2:477 Malcolm, Ellen, 3:198 Fort Laramie Treaty with, text of, Manson, Mahlon D., 7:156 Malcolm X, 1:478 9:227–229 Mansour, Ned, 5:72 assassination of, 5:520 gambling by, 3:507 Manstein, Erich von, 1:267 on assassination of Kennedy (John Lewis and Clark Expedition and, Mantle, Mickey, 1:421 F.), 5:520 5:219 Manuel I (king of Portugal), 3:283 Autobiography of Malcolm X, 1:363; Mandel, Kleindienst v., 1:125 Manufacturing, 5:227–229 5:126 Mandela, Nelson, 7:452, 453 American system of, 5:262 civil rights movement denounced Mandelbaum, Maurice, 6:424 cotton, 2:426–427, 427 by, 2:204 Mangeurs de Lard, 5:220 decline of, 8:163 conversion of, 5:520 Mangum, W. P., 3:153 factory, 5:4 and Nation of Islam, 4:437; 5:520 Manhattan, 1:546; 5:220–221 foreign trade and, 8:167 in Organization of Afro-American archival maps of, 9:70, 70–77, 71, Gallatin’s report on, 3:503 Unity, 6:211 75, 76 in Gilded Age, 3:577 self-naming by, 5:509–510 Dutch colonial settlements in, in Hamilton’s economic policies, Maleska: The Indian Wife of the White 3:286; 6:71 4:90; 5:227 Hunter (Stephens), 6:537 ferry connections with, 3:354 household, 5:229–230 Malina, Judith, 8:115 Greenwich Village in, 4:64–65, 65 improvements in, and con- Maliseet, 8:219 Times Square in, 8:128, 128 sumerism, 2:386–387 Mallet, Paul, 6:29, 67; 8:451 Tin Pan Alley in, 8:129, 129 mass production, 5:261–264 Mallet, Pierre, 6:29, 67; 8:451 Manhattan Company, 5:476 mechanization of, 5:4 Mallon, Mary, 3:240–241 Manhattan Life Building, 6:80 mercantilism and, 5:316 Mallory, S. R., 6:23 Manhattan Project, 2:487; 5:18, in Michigan, 5:355–357 Mallory Bill, 8:50 221–222, 482; 6:69, 143, 336 of munitions, 5:480–482 Mallot, Byron, 1:112 in Washington (state), 8:414 nonfactory, 5:4 Malls, shopping, 5:215–217; 7:125–126 Manhattan Transfer (Dos Passos), productivity in, 6:492; 8:361 See also Retailing industry 5:120 in World War II, 5:5

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Manufacturing Engineering Labora- March, Peyton C., 8:379 Marine disasters, 3:39–40, 40 tory, 5:529–530 March for the Animals (1990), 1:186 Marine Hospital Service, 3:239 Manufacturing Extension Partner- March of Dimes, 5:236 Marine insurance, 4:367–368 ship, 5:529 fundraising for polio research by, Marine Protection, Research, and Manumission, 5:230–231 6:388 Sanctuaries Act (1972), 5:244 See also Antislavery; Slavery March of Time (radio program), Marine sanctuaries, 5:244 Manypenny, George, 4:272 5:236–237 Marion, Battle at, 5:244 Manzhouguo, 5:219 March on Washington (1963), Marion, Francis, 4:70; 7:145 Mao Zedong, 2:151, 152–153 5:237, 237; 7:11 Maris, Roger, 1:422 Soviet Union and, 4:545, 546 AFL-CIO and, 1:152 Marisol, 1:306 Maple Sugar, 5:231 National Urban League and, 5:563 Maritain, Jacques, 2:165 Mapplethorpe, Robert, 1:301–302; Marchand, Roland, 1:33 Maritime Canal Company, 6:105 5:535 Marches, 6:227 Maritime Commission, Federal, Maps and mapmaking, 5:231–234 Marching bands, 5:237–238 5:244–245 archival, 9:1–77 Marciano, Rocky, 6:484 See also Merchant marine of American Revolution, 9:29–36 Marconi, Guglielmo, 7:19; 8:66 Maritime law, 1:23–24 of Civil War, 9:65–67 Marcos, Ferdinand, 6:323 Maritime warfare, Declaration of colonial, 9:2, 12–18 Marcus, Bernard, 7:126 London and, 5:146 of colonial wars, 9:25, 25–28, 27, Marcus, George, 1:194 Mark IV, 7:441 28 Marcuse, Herbert, 3:454, 454 Market Garden, Operation, 1:1 of early Republic, 9:37–40, 40, Marcy, Randolph B., explorations of, Marketing, 5:245–247 41 5:238; 8:364 cooperatives and, 2:407, 408 of explorations, 9:19–24 Marcy, William L., 2:28 direct mail, 3:29–30 functions of, 9:1 Albany Regency and, 1:114 research, 5:247–248 interpretation of, 9:1–2 Ostend Manifesto and, 6:219 polling in, 6:409, 533 narratives in, 9:2–4 on spoils system, 7:507 See also Advertising; Direct mail Native Americans in, 9:2, 4, Marden, Brice, 1:298 Markets, Public, 5:248 14–16, 47–52, 48 Mardi Gras, 5:238; 6:73, 74 Markham, J., 8:319 of New York City, 9:70, 70–77, Maria Monk controversy, 5:238 Markham, William, 6:41, 276 71, 72, 74, 75, 76 Mariana Islands, in Trust Territory Marne, Battle of, trenches in, 8:207 precolonial, 9:6, 6–10, 7, 8, 9 of the Pacific, 8:95, 232–233 Marque and Reprisal, Letters of, 5:248 prime meridian in, 9:3, 35, 45 Mariel boatlift, 2:55; 5:238–239 Marquette, Jacques, 5:158 production of, 9:4 Marietta (Ohio), 5:239 explorations of, 1:264; 3:472; 4:51, scale of, 9:4 Marijuana, 5:239, 239–240; 7:568 486–487, 487 transportation in, 9:56–59 Marijuana Tax Act (1937), 5:511 in Illinois, 4:214 of War of 1812, 9:42 Marin, John, 1:297; 2:476; 6:471 Mississippi River, 5:416, 416 of westward expansion, 9:45–64 Marine, David, 6:149 Marquette, Père Jacques, 3:285, 291; chorographical, 9:37, 39 Marine Biological Laboratory 8:175 Frémont explorations and, (MBL), 5:240 and Chicago, founding of, 2:131 3:467–468 Marine biology, 5:240–241 and Wisconsin River, discovery of, by Geological Survey, U.S., 3:546 See also Oceanography 8:489 science of, 2:60–63 Marine Corps, U.S., 5:241–244, Marquis, Richard, 1:290 Marable, Manning, 1:47 243 Marriage, 5:249–251 Marathons, 5:234–235 capturing Gilbert Islands, 3:576 in 19th century, 3:312–313 Maraziti, Joseph, 6:64 establishment of, 2:530 in 20th century, 3:313–314 Marbury v. Madison, 1:494; in Guadalcanal Campaign, 4:68; average age of, 1:25, 26 5:235–236; 8:208 6:26 ceremonies, 8:435–436 discretionary authority in, 5:418 Native Americans in, 4:328 changing perceptions of, 5:250 judicial review in, 4:491–492; 8:23 recruitment for, 2:364 Christian understanding of, 3:65 midnight judges in, 5:367 in Somalia, 1:39–40; 7:447 and citizenship, 6:14 MARC. See Machine Readable Cata- Special Forces of, 7:495 in colonial society, 2:291; 3:63, 311 loging and Tinian, 8:129–130 historical trends in, 2:560–561 Marcel, Gabriel, 3:279 in World War II, at Iwo Jima, interracial (miscegenation), Marcet, Jane, 3:108 4:450 5:405–406

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Marriage, (continued) Court under, 8:23 vs. loans, 2:517 among African Americans, 4:479; on due process of law, 3:89 U.S. imperialism in, 4:245 5:405–406 on enumerated powers, 3:225 Martel, Charles, 5:101 bans on, 5:165 on habeas corpus, 4:81 Martelé silver, 5:328 among Native Americans, 4:270; on implied powers, 4:247 Martha Graham Dance Company, 5:188, 468 on interstate commerce, 4:401 5:252–253, 253 in kinship patterns, 4:531–532 judicial review under, 3:382; Martha’s Vineyard, 2:38; 5:253–254 marital law, 5:249–250 4:491–492, 495; 8:23, 208 Marti, Agustin Farabundo, 3:143 among Native Americans late career of, 2:127 Martí, José, 1:137; 2:469; 5:47; Hopi, 4:164, 165 legal training of, 5:56 6:504 intermarriage, 4:270; 5:188, 468 Marbury v. Madison, 5:235 Martial law, 5:254–255 as political model, 5:249 McCulloch v. Maryland, 5:184 Martin, Abraham, 1:7 polygamy, 6:410–411 on national authority over states, Martin, Agnes, 1:298 and property rights, 5:251–252; 2:265 Martin, Del, 2:503 6:506 on Native Americans Martin, Don, 1:131 Protestant theology of, 5:249, 250 Cherokee Nation case, 2:128 Martin, Glenn, 1:92 same-sex, 2:532–533, 533 claims of Plankasaw tribe, 6:506 Martin, Henry Newell, 5:18; in Vermont, 3:514; 8:314 treaties with, 4:314 6:349 among slaves, 3:313; 5:250; 8:436 on nonprofit organizations, 6:316 Martin, Homer, 8:261 taking husband’s name after, 5:509 on police power, 6:387 Martin, Luther, antifederalism of, Utopian communities and, 7:94; on private-corporation charters, 1:202 8:301 2:503 Martin, Lynn, 5:12 “Marriage trauma,” 3:312 on property rights, 1:419 Martin, Morgan, 3:448 Married Women’s Property Act on racial segregation, 6:370–371 Martin, Walter, 2:478 (1922), 6:14 on slave trade, 1:190 Martin, William McChesney, 3:346 Married Women’s Property Act on steamboat monopolies, 3:483 Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee, 2:381; (New York, 1848), 5:251–252 on subpoenas to presidents, 3:279; 5:255 Marrow of Tradition, The (Chesnutt), 6:456 Martin v. Mott, 5:255 5:124 on treason, 3:270; 8:193, 194 Martineau, Harriet, 3:2 Marschak, Jacob, 3:109 in Ware v. Hylton, 8:390 Martinet, Louis A., 6:370 Marsden, Ernest, 6:340 and XYZ affair, 8:570 Martinez, Estéban (Estevan José), Marsh, A. L., 3:181 Marshall, Paule, Brown Girl, Brown- 3:491; 8:453 Marsh, George Perkins, 2:366; stones, 5:126 3:434–435, 541 Marshall, Ray, 3:343; 5:11 Martinez, Juan, 8:453 Marsh, Grant, 3:318 Marshall, Robert, 2:372 Martinez, Julian, 1:303 Marsh, O. C., 3:269 Marshall, Thomas R., 3:160, 161 Martinez, Maria, 1:303 Marshak, Robert E., 6:344 Marshall, Thurgood Martinez, Maximiliano Hernandez, Marshall, A. D., 8:118 on abortion under Medicaid, 4:100 3:143 Marshall, Burke, 2:195 and Brown case, 1:549; 2:202 Martinez, Mel, 4:184 Marshall, George C., 2:528; 8:546 education of, 3:126 Martínez, Pedro, 4:474 in China, 2:152 on equal protection analysis, 3:246 Martinez, Robert, 5:511 Marshall, George Catlett as NAACP lawyer, 5:526–527 Martinez, Santa Clara Pueblo v., McCarthy on, 9:424–426 on Supreme Court, 8:121 4:265; 7:247 War Department under, 8:379 Marshall Field and Company, 3:8 Marty (TV show), 8:72 Marshall, Humphry, 1:519 Marshall Islands, 5:252 Marvin, Lee, 6:231 Marshall, James Wilson, 4:10, nuclear weapons tests in, 8:232 Marvin, Michelle Triola, 6:231 12–13, 14 in Trust Territory of the Pacific, Marx, Harpo, 1:123 Marshall, John 8:95, 232–233 Marx, Karl on bills of credit, 2:446 in World War II, 3:576; 6:26 on capitalism, 7:424 on civil rights, 2:198 Marshall Plan, 2:268; 3:259, 415, on classes, 2:226 and colonization movement, 2:296 426; 5:252; 8:166, 232 Marx, Leo, 1:169 on commerce clause, 1:549; 2:310, and France, 3:452 Marx Brothers, 8:309 405; 3:575 and Germany, 3:562 Marxism, and American Federation on contract clause, 2:107, 397 and Great Britain, 4:43 of Labor, 1:150

270 How to go to your page

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Mary II (queen of England), and Maryland Almanac, 1:130 American Academy of Arts and colonial policies, 2:280; 6: 379 Maryland School for the Blind, Sciences and, 1:139 Mary and John (ship), 6:380 3:504 in American Revolution, archival Maryland, 5:255–259 Masculinity studies, 3:517 maps of, 9:29, 29–33 agriculture in, 8:134 MASH. See Mobile Army Surgical animal protection laws in, 1:186 in Alexandria Conference, 1:122 Hospital arts in, 5:266, 268 antimiscegenation law in, 5:405 Mashantucket Pequots claims to western lands, 8:455 British convicts in, 2:401 casino run by, 3:509 in colonial era, 5:265 Catholicism in, 1:196 lawsuit filed by, 6:289–290 colony formed, 5:271 civil rights movement in, 5:258 Mashpee Wampanoag, 5:259 settlement of, 5:265 in Civil War, 5:257, 259 Mason, C. H., 6:287 Constitution in, ratification of, Union sentiment in, 8:260 Mason, Charles Harrison, 1:45; 2:381 colonial assembly of, 1:333; 2:280 2:172; 5:260 culture in, 5:266, 268 in colonial era, 1:333; 2:129, 162, Mason, George, 1:454; 2:381 economy of, 5:266, 267 171, 401; 5:255–256; 8:133, at Alexandria Conference, 1:122 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and 164 antifederalism of, 1:201 songs of, 7:532 constitution of, 7:526, 527 surveying by, 9:37 first government of, 6:46 economy of, 5:256–257 Virginia Declaration of Rights by, geological survey of, 3:548 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and 2:521; 8:348 glassmaking in, 4:3–4 songs of, 7:532 and Virginia Resolves, 8:349 Hoosac Tunnel in, 4:161, 161 Federalist Party in, 3:351 Mason, James M., 2:342; 8:208 immigration to, 4:220; 5:266–267 in foreign trade, 8:164 Ipswich Protest in, 4:417 Mason, John, 2:289; 6:56, 511, 512 founding of, 2:67, 287 land and conservation in, Ostend Manifesto and, 6:219 geological survey of, 3:548 5:268–269 Mason, Lucy, 2:392 glassmaking in, 4:3 in land disputes, 8:311 Mason, Max, 8:281 immigration to, 4:220 life insurance in, 4:370 Mason, Robert Tufton, 6:512 invasion of (1862), 5:259 and Louisburg expedition, 5:157 Mason & Dixon (Pynchon), 5:122 maps of, 5:256 map of, 5:265 Mason-Dixon line, 1:521; archival, 9:13, 13–14, 37, 38 Marine Biological Laboratory 5:259–260, 260; 9:37 Maryland Charter (1632), 5:260 (MBL), 5:240, 241 Masons. See Freemasons Mason-Dixon line, 5:259–260 Martha’s Vineyard, 5:253–254 “Mass defect,” 6:341 poll taxes in, 6:408 minutemen, 5:403–404 Mass media, 5:260–261 Progressivism in, 5:257–258 and New Hampshire, boundary as proprietary colony, 6:510, and libel, 6:91 dispute between, 1:521–522 511–512 magazines, 5:191–196 politics in, 5:268 Protestantism in, 5:256 press associations and, 6:458–459 population of, 5:264–265 public works in, 5:257 weather forecasts, 5:332 provincial congresses in, 6:520 Reconstruction in, 5:257, 259 See also Media race and ethnic relations in, religion in, 2:162, 171 Mass Media Bureau, 3:340 5:266–267 religious freedom in, 1:196 Mass murder, 8:339 and Rhode Island, boundary dis- colonial legislation on, 9:89–91 Mass production, 5:261–264 pute between, 1:521 as royal colony, 6:511 assembly line in, 1:334–336 sow case in, 7:478 settlement of, 5:255–256 automation in, 1:364–366 Suffolk Resolves in, 8:3 sexual orientation in, ban on dis- in automobile industry, 1:367, sumptuary laws in, 8:17 crimination based on, 3:56–57 371–373; 5:262–263, 263 temperance movements in, 8:78 slavery in, 5:256, 257 of cigarettes, 8:133, 135 topography of, 5:264 suburbanization, 5:257, 258 of food, 3:400 town government in, 8:148 tobacco in, 5:256; 8:133, 134 in Gilded Age, 3:577 Townshend Acts and, 8:349 War of 1812 in, 5:256–257 of housing, 7:574 transportation in, 5:267–268 Maryland (battleship), 6:273 mass marketing and, 5:245–246 universities in, 5:267 Maryland, Brown v., 1:549; 6:387 of toys, 8:153 Massachusetts, Jacobson v., 3:239 original package doctrine in, 6:213 Massachusetts, 5:264–269 Massachusetts, Thurlow v., 5:103 Maryland, McCulloch v., 3:225; 5:184 adoption in, 1:27, 28 Massachusetts Adoption Act (1851), implied powers in, 4:247 alcohol regulation in, 1:116 1:27, 28

271 How to go to your page

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Massachusetts Ballot, 5:269 engineering program at, 3:216, 217 Mattachine Society, 3:513; 7:326, Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1:509; Internet development at, 4:397 327 3:289; 5:269–271 Lawrence Scientific School and, Mattel, 8:153 animal protection laws in, 1:186 5:59 Mattel Company, 1:417 Antinomian controversy in, 1:205 Radiation Laboratory at, 7:14 Matthaei, Heinrich, 3:68 Hutchinson trial in, 9:87–89 Massachusetts Quarterly Review (mag- Matthaei, Johann H., 3:533 assistant in, 1:338–339 azine), 8:179 Matthiessen, F. O., 1:169, 170 British mercantilism and, 5:271 Massachusetts Spy, The (weekly), Mattson, Harold, 1:417 and cod fishing, 2:261 6:426 Mauborgne, Joseph O., 2:468 Coercive Acts and, 5:272 Massage parlors, 6:514 Mauchly, John, 2:334 colonial assembly in, 1:333; 2:280 Massasoit, 6:378 Mauldin, Bill, 6:99 colonial charter of, 2:281 Massey, John E., 7:52 Maumee, Lake, 1:480 establishment of, 5:265, 269–270; MasterCard, 2:450, 451 Mauna Kea Observatory, 6:157 6:47 Masters, Edgar Lee, 5:120 Mauna Loa (volcano), 8:351 general court of, 3:525 Masterson, Bat, 3:70 Maurer, Louis, 6:394 law and politics, 5:270 Matabuti, Haki, 5:126 Maury, Matthew Fontaine, 2:235; Maine settlement, 5:207 Matchbox Cars, 8:153 5:331; 6:159–160 Massachusetts Body of Liberties Materials Science and Engineering Maw, Herbert, 8:298 (1641), 5:271 Laboratory, 5:530 Mawhood, Charles, 6:464 patents granted by, 6:255 Maternal and child health care, Maxfield, Joseph, 1:358 and petitions, 6:297 5:273–275 Maxim, Hiram, 5:185–186 philanthropy in, 6:316 March of Dimes, 5:236 Maximilian, Ferdinand, 5:345 pine tree flag of, 6:357 maternal mortality rates, 5:105 Maximilian (emperor of Mexico), pine tree shilling of, 6:357 Maternity and Infancy Care Act Shelby’s expedition and, 7:341 and Plymouth Colony, 6:379 (1921), 5:274 Maxwell, George H., 7:55 Praying Towns established by, 6:448 Mathematical economics, 3:109 May, Henry, 1:284 Randolph Commission to, 7:47–48 Mathematical psychology, 6:525 May, Jan Cornelisse, 6:71 religion in, 2:162 Mathematics, in statistics, 7:538 May, Samuel J., 6:47 religious dissidents, 5:270–271 Mather, Cotton, 2:162; 3:63, 235; May Day, 5:275 religious persecution in, 6:57 5:300; 6:316; 7:95, 96 Maya in Exile: Guatemalans in Florida school law in, text of, 9:92–93 on American climate, 2:234 (Burns), excerpt from, tensions in, 6:47–48 Magnalia Christi Americana, 5:118 9:509–515 textile production in, 8:108 The Wonders of the Invisible World, Mayaguez incident, 5:275 theocracy in, 6:50; 8:116 5:118 Maybach, William, 1:366, 371 Massachusetts Bay Company, 3:525; and Yale University, 8:572 Maybeck, Bernard, 1:293 4:56; 8:174 Mather, Increase, 2:162; 8:78 Mayer, Louis B., 6:485 and Cambridge Agreement, 2:18 on evidence used in Salem witch Mayer, Maria Goeppert, 6:344 and settlement of New England, trials, 9:93–95 Mayflower (ship), 2:290; 5:275; 2:111, 288 Mather, Richard, 1:431; 2:19 6:355, 355, 378, 379 Massachusetts Body of Liberties Mather, Stephen, 1:505 landing and settlement, 5:265 (1641), 5:271 Mather, Stephen T., 5:550–551 See also Pilgrims Massachusetts Circular Letter Matheson, Scott, 8:298 Mayflower Compact, 5:276; 6:378 (1768), 5:272; 8:349 Mathew, Theobald, 8:79 text of, 9:86 text of, 9:122–123 Mathews, John Joseph, 5:128 Mayhew, Jonathan, 7:148 Massachusetts Emigrant Aid Com- Mathews, Shailer, 5:432 Mayo, Elton, 4:334 pany, 6:49 Mathews v. Diaz, 1:126 Mayo, Henry T., 8:311 Massachusetts Government Act Matinecooks, 6:79 Mayo Foundation, 5:276–277 (1767), 5:272 Matisse, Henri, exhibitions of, 1:297 Mayors, and city councils, 2:183 Massachusetts Government Act in Armory Show, 1:268, 269, 297 Mays, Willie, 1:421 (1774), 4:408 Matles, James, 3:176 Maysville Veto, 5:277 Massachusetts Institute of Technol- Mató-Tópe (Four Bears), 8:393 Maytag Company, 3:181 ogy (MIT), 5:272–273; 6:346; Matsui, Connie, 4:1 Maywood, Augusta, 1:389; 2:497 7:272 Matsuoka Ro¯ shi, Soyu, 1:552 Mazzei, Filippo, 4:444 and e-mail, development of, 3:184 Matsushita Corporation, 8:327 Mazzei letter, 5:277

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Mbeki, Thabo, 7:453 Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity, The Medical meteorology, 2:234–235 MBL. See Marine Biological Labo- (Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges, Medical profession, 5:284–286 ratory and Muller), 3:532 GI Bill and, 5:304 Mboya, Tom, 1:138 Mechelle Vinson, Meritor Savings Bank licensing, 5:302 M’Carty, William, 9:221–222 v., 3:54–55; 5:324; 7:323 medical societies, 5:288–289 Meacham, Joseph, 7:333–334 Mecklenburg Resolves (Mecklen- nursing, 5:304; 6:146–148 Mead, Carver, 1:463 burg Declaration of Indepen- obstetrics, 2:142–143 Mead, Elwood, 7:56 dence), 2:109 physician assistants, 6:334–335 Mead, George Herbert, 6:446 Medal of Honor, 2:525–526 specialization, 5:303–304 Mead, Lake, 4:162 Medals, military. See Military deco- Surgeon General of the Army, Mead, Margaret, 1:141, 193, 193 rations 5:286 Meade, George G., 2:214 Media Medical research, 5:286–288 Army of the Potomac under, 1:279 and celebrity culture, 2:78 on animals, 1:185, 186; 5:218; in Battle of Gettysburg, 3:566–569 in electoral politics, 3:149 6:349 and invasion of Pennsylvania, 6:280 industry developments in, double-blinded clinical trials, 5:287 Means, Gardiner, 6:42 2:320–322 ethics in, 1:461–462 Means, Russell, 1:161; 8:561 and language standards, 3:221 on human subjects, 5:287 Meanwell, Walter (Doc), 1:423 military censorship and, 2:83 Mayo Foundation, 5:276–277 Meany, George, 1:151; 8:172, 262 “order restoration” function of, microbiology, 5:357–359 Mears, Helen Farnsworth, 1:308 8:74 military, 5:294–295, 296 Measures scandal coverage by, 7:261–262 by National Institutes of Health, English system of, 5:529 sports coverage by, 7:508–509 5:544 metric system of, 5:529 violence portrayed in, 5:261; 8:339 in physiology, 6:348–350 Meat Inspection Act (1890), 1:71; See also Mass media polio vaccine, 5:236 6:495 Mediation, 6:263 statistics in, 7:539 Meat Inspection Act (1906), 3:404; domestic, 2:339 therapeutics, 5:287 5:135 ; 6:554 labor, 2:338–339 on women, Society for Women’s Meat inspection laws, 2:383; railroad, 7:25–26 Health Research and, 7:430 5:277–278, 278 Medicaid. See Medicare and Medicaid Medical schools. See Medical educa- Meat production. See Livestock Medical education, 5:280–284 tion industry AMA standards for, 1:164 Medical societies, 5:288–289 Meatpacking industry, 5:135–136, bacteriology, 5:357–358 See also American Medical Associa- 278–280, 279 at Dartmouth College, 2:502–503 tion Beef Trust cases, 1:435–436 early history, 5:280–281, 300–301 Medicare and Medicaid, 5:289–290; in Chicago (Illinois), 2:73, 73, 132; in Europe, 5:300 6:438 8:463 evolution and growth of, abortion under, 1:7; 4:100 consumer protection movement 5:283–284, 302–303 establishment of, 8:441 and, 2:389 Flexner report on, 2:56; 5:282, 303 limitations in coverage of, 6:188 federal regulation of, 7:514 homeopathy in, 4:155 Medicine and surgery, 5:299–305 The Jungle on, 4:27, 500–501; internships and residency in, alternative, 5:290–292 5:277, 280; 6:11, 12, 554 5:282–283 chiropractic, 2:157–158; excerpt from, 9:360 at Johns Hopkins University, 4:482 5:291–292 monopoly in, 6:229–230 managed care and, 5:284 homeopathy, 4:154–155; 5:291, occupational health issues in, 5:299 Mayo Foundation, 5:276–277 301 Packers and Stockyards Act (1921) modernization of, 5:281–282 medicine shows, 5:305–306, 306 and, 6:229 for nurses, 6:146–147 New Age, 5:292; 6:39 stockyards in, 7:551–552 at University of Pennsylvania, anesthesia in, 1:184–185; 5:301 MEC. See Methodist Episcopal 8:283 biochemistry and, 1:460 Church women in, 4:482 blood transfusion, 5:286 Mecham, Evan, 1:259 Medical Education in the United States code of ethics in, 1:461, 462 Mechanical scanning systems, and Canada (Flexner), 1:164; in colonial era, 5:299–300 8:76–77 5:282, 303; 6:317 electronics and, 3:179 Mechanics’ Institutes, 5:280 Medical insurance. See Health insur- ethical codes for, 1:164 Franklin Institute, 3:455–456 ance general practice in, 4:115

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Medicine and surgery, (continued) Melamine, 6:366 Menominee Indians, 5:310–311, genetic engineering and, 3:531 Méliès, Georges, 3:361 311 hygiene in, 4:204–205 Mellanby, Edward, 6:148 termination policy and, 8:91 mental illness, 5:312–315 Mellencamp, John, 1:441 Menominee Iron Range, 5:311–312 military, 5:293–296, 295 Mellette, Arthur, 7:460 Men’s studies, 3:517 in Civil War, lessons from, 5:302 Mellon, Andrew W., 5:538 Mental illness, 5:312–315 and pharmaceutical industry, as secretary of treasury, 8:197, 229 in Alzheimer’s disease, 1:131–132 6:307 and taxation, 8:57–58 patients’ rights in, 6:257 and war casualties, 8:375–376 Mellon, Paul, 5:539, 539–540 psychoanalysis, 5:314 in World War II, impact of, 5:304 Melting pot, 1:337; 5:306 treatment of, 6:521, 522 Native American, 5:292–293 See also Multiculturalism See also Psychiatry; Psychology neurology, 5:313–314 Melville, Herman, 2:375; 6:373; Menzel, Donald H., 6:341 Nobel Prize in, 6:349, 350, 388, 8:325 Mercantilism, 1:542; 3:287; 487–488 as customs officer, 2:485 5:315–316 occupational, 5:296–299 Moby-Dick, 3:280; 5:119, 430–431; manufacturing, hindrances to, ophthalmology, 5:303–304 7:194 5:227 osteopathy, 5:291, 302 Melvin, People v., 5:13 Massachusetts Bay Colony and, ovarian surgery, first, 5:285 Memminger, Christopher G., 2:341 5:271 physician assistants and, 6:334 Memorial Day, 5:306–307, 307 Navigation Acts and, 6:21 physiology, 6:348–350 Memorial Day Massacre (1937), Mercator, Gerhardus, 1:135; 5:232 psychiatry, 6:521–522 5:307; 8:277 Mercer, Henry, museum of, 5:488 robotics in, 7:184 La Follette Civil Liberties Com- Mercer, Hugh, 6:464 Rockefeller Foundation and, 7:187 mittee hearings on, 5:1 Mercereau, John, 8:186 specialization in, 4:115–116, 116 Memories of the North American Inva- Mercersburg (Lancaster) Theologi- and hospitals, 4:172–173 sion (Roa Barcena), 9:224–227 cal Seminary, 7:97; 8:264 technology, Magnetic Resonance Memphis (Tennessee), 5:307–308 Merchant adventurers, 5:316–317 Imaging (MRI), 5:202 zoological park in, 8:594 Merchant marine, 5:318–321 transplants and organ donation, Men Shipping Board oversight of, 7:350 8:182–184 hairstyles of, 4:83–84 See also Shipping virtual reality in, 8:350 magazines for, 5:196–197 Merchant Marine Act (1936), 5:319 women in, 8:511 Menard, Michel B., 3:506 Merchant Marine Act o(1970), 5:321 Medicine Lodge Treaty (1867), Mencken, H. L., 2:375; 3:220, 221, Merchantmen, armed, 5:321–322 4:532 222; 5:120; 6:537 and Murmanks, port of (Russia), Congressional violation of, on middlebrow culture, 5:365 5:483 5:147–148 on The Nation, 5:522 MERCOSUR, 6:125 Medicine shows, 5:305–306, 306 on slang, 7:377 Mercury, in dentistry, 3:3–4 Medicines, patent, 2:388 on Victorianism, 8:326 Mercury, Project, 7:480 Medill, Joseph, 6:458 Mendel, Gregor, 1:520; 3:269, 532 Mercury-gold amalgamation, 4:11 Medina, Ernest, 2:440 Mendieta, Ana, 1:307 Meredith, James, 2:203–204 Medina, Harold, 1:405 Mendoza, Antonio de, 1:256; 3:296; Mergens, Board of Education v., 2:169 Mediterranean, slave trade in, 7:389 6:65–66 Mergenthaler, Ottmar, 6:469 Meek, Cora, 1:311 Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, 3:385 Mergers and acquisitions, Meeker, Nathan C., 8:259 colonization efforts of, 5:308–309 5:322–323 Mees, C. E. Kenneth, 6:329 Menger, Karl, 3:109 in 1990s, 1:580 Meese, Edwin, 6:420 Menil, Dominique de, 2:273 Federal Trade Commission investi- Meese Commission, 6:420 Menino, Thomas M., 1:510 gating, 3:349 Meet the Press (TV show), 8:44 Menninger, William, 6:522 in financial services industry, 3:368 Meetinghouse, 5:306 Mennonites, 5:308–309 in railroad industry, 7:36, 39 Megan’s Law (1996), 5:306 Amish and, 1:174 retail, 7:126 Megrahi, Abdel Baset Ali al-, exemption from military service, in steel industry, 4:428 6:233–234 2:361 Meriam Report, 1:492, 571; 2:506; Meier, Richard, 3:565 pacifism of, 6:227 4:299; 5:323–324 Meigs, Montgomery C., 3:219 slavery protested by, 9:97–98 Meritor Savings Bank v. Mechelle Vin- Meitner, Lise, 6:342 and Underground Railroad, 8:250 son, 3:54–55; 5:324; 7:323

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Merk, Frederick, 1:188 iron, 5:329, 329–330 in Los Angeles, discrimination Mermaid Inn, 8:54 pewter, 5:327, 328 against, 9:407–409 Merriam, C. Hart, 5:217 silver, 5:327–328 Mexican American Women’s Merriam, Charles, 3:220 Metamora; or, The Last of the National Association, 5:343 Merriam, Charles E., 6:402–403 Wampanoags (play), 8:113 after Mexican-American War, 7:10 Merriam, George, 3:220 Meteor (ship), 4:54 military service by, 5:383, 383–384 Merriam-Webster Company, 3:23 Meteorology, 5:330–332 in New Jersey, 6:63–64 Merrick, Samuel, 3:455 ballooning used in, 1:391 number of, 4:134 Merrill, Eliza, 6:29 medical, 2:234–235 Mexican Cession (1848), and land Merrill, Moses, 6:29 and warnings of tornadoes, 8:144 claims, 5:26 Merrill’s Marauders, 5:324 weather satellites, 8:432 Mexican-American War, 1:433; See also Burma Road; Ledo Road Methane, 3:481 2:534; 5:46, 339–342 Merrimack (ship), 4:430, 430; 8:405 Methanol, 3:480 Alamo Siege and, 1:106–107, 354 sinking of, 5:325 Methodism, 3:264; 5:332–334 atrocities in, 1:354 Merrimack and Monitor, Battle of, among African Americans, 1:42, Battle of Buena Vista in, 1:560; 5:442–443 43–44, 45, 53–54; 5:333; 7:87 5:341 Merrimack River, 6:56; 7:174 Arminianism and, 1:265 Battle of Chapultepec in, 2:105 Merrimack River Valley, 6:55 and camp meetings, 2:22; 7:86, 87 Battle of Resaca de Palma in, 5:340 Merritt, Leonidas, 5:326 Christmas Conference on, 5:333 Battles of Monterrey in, 5:452 Merritt, Wesley, 7:486 Church of the Nazarene and, 6:27 and boundaries of Mexico, 9:52–55 in Philippine Insurrection, 6:319 and circuit riders, 2:175 bounties in, 1:524 Merryman, John, 3:272 membership in, 7:87, 90, 90, 91 causes of, 5:339 Merton, Thomas, 5:507, 507 Second Awakening in, 1:378 claims, 5:343 Mesa, 5:325 spread of, 7:86 demobilization after, 2:546 Mesa Verde, 2:297 and Underground Railroad, 8:250 desertion in, 3:17 prehistoric ruins of, 1:239; 5:325, women ordained in, 1:44, 53 diplomacy in, 5:339–340, 341–342 325–326 Methodist Episcopal Church guerrilla warfare in, 4:70 Mesabi Iron Range, 5:326 (MEC), African Americans in, immediate cause of, 7:163 Mescaleros, 1:218, 219, 219–221 1:44 Kearny’s march to California in, Meselson, Matthew Stanley, 3:533 Methylphenidate (Ritalin), 4:514–515; 5:341 Mesons, 6:338 7:568–569 manifest destiny and, 5:223 Mesquakie Indians, 5:326–327; Metric system, 5:529 maps of, 5:339, 342 8:224 Metropolitan district, 8:290 Mexico City in, capture of, 5:350 in Fox War, 3:447–448 Metropolitan government, Mexico’s preparation for, and Galena-Dubuque mining dis- 5:334–335 9:218–219 trict, 3:503 See also Municipal government military forces in, 2:530 Mesquite, 5:327 Metropolitan Institute of Texas, Mormon Battalion, 5:458 Messenger, The (newspaper), 5:200 8:302 munitions in, 5:479 Messner v. Journeymen Barbers, 6:350 Metropolitan Museum of Art (New Native Americans after, 8:571 Metacom (King Philip) York), 5:335–338, 336 and New Mexico, 6:68–69 (Wampanoag chief), 6:379; Metz, Christian, 1:133 photography in, 6:331 7:151 Metz, Johann-Baptiste, 5:93 Polk’s speech on, 9:219–221 Mount Hope headquarters of, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, 1:149; prisoners of war in, 6:472 5:464 5:338–339; 8:538 results of, 5:342 Metacom’s War. See King Philip’s Mexican American Gorras Blancas, Roa Barcena’s history of, War 3:323 9:224–227 Metals Mexican American Women’s and slavery issue, 8:485–486 and solid-state physics, 6:345 National Association (MANA), songs, ballads, and poetry on, See also specific types 5:343 9:221–222 Metalwork, 5:327–330 Mexican Americans, 5:343–345 Stockton-Kearny Quarrel in, aluminum, 5:330 in Colorado, 2:298 7:551 blacksmithing, 1:483–484, 484 farm workers, 3:326–327, 327 and Texas, 8:204 brass, 5:329 labor movements among, 2:77; Texas Rangers in, 2:363 copper, 5:329 8:266 and trading with enemy, 8:173

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Mexican-American War, (continued) NAFTA era, 5:349 maps of, 5:354 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo end- prior to World War II, 5:347–348 archival, 9:49, 49 ing, 3:501; 4:68; 5:342; 6:68; punitive expedition into Mexico, Menominee Iron Range, 8:200, 204 5:346 5:311–312 U.S. Marine Corps in, 5:242 Veracruz incident and, 1:1; 8:311 in Midwest, 5:368–369 U.S. Navy in, 6:25 Vicente Fox and, 5:349–350 Polish Americans in, 6:392 Veracruz in, siege of, 5:341 Villa raid at Columbus and, state university of, 8:279, 281–282 veterans of 5:346; 8:336 statehood for, 5:354 land grants to, 1:498 World War II alliance, 5:348 timber and mineral extraction in, organizations for, 8:318 U.S. territorial disputes with 5:354–355 Villa raid at Columbus and, 8:336 and Hispanic Americans, 4:135 town government in, 8:148, 149 Mexico Texas and manifest destiny, 5:223 Upper Peninsula of, 5:357 American émigrés in, 3:197 World War I and, 2:467; and Wisconsin, boundary dispute boundaries of, 9:52–55 8:534–535, 591 between, 1:523 capitalist development in, 2:44 World War II and, 5:348 Michigan (boat), 4:54 Confederate migration to, 5:345; Mexico, Gulf of, 5:346 Michtom, Morris, 8:153 7:340–341 oil in, 6:179 Mickey Mouse (cartoon), 2:63, 63 conquest of, 3:294 Mexico City, capture of (1847), Micmac language, 8:219 election of 2000 in, 5:349 5:350 Microbiology, 5:357–359 encomienda system in, 3:203 Meyer, Adolf, 5:314; 6:521 bacteriology, Army research, 5:294 filibuster armies targeting, 3:359 Meyer, Eugene, 7:62 Microchips, in automation, under Fox, 5:349–350 Meyer, George von Lengerke, 6:23 1:365–366 French invasion of, 3:450–451; Meyerowitz, Joel, 1:301 Micronesia, 8:232–233 5:345, 446 Meyers, Anne, 1:425 Microprocessor, 2:336 Gadsden Purchase Treaty (1854) Meyers, Jerome, 1:297 Microscopical Petrography (Zirkel), with, 8:204 MFD. See Miners for Democracy 6:300 Germany’s anti-American alliance Mfume, Kweisi, 5:527 Microsoft Corporation, 1:580; with, 3:562 Miami (Florida), 3:387; 5:350–352 2:336; 5:359–360 immigration from, 3:142; 4:227 Cuban immigrants in, 2:473; 8:291 early products of, 7:442 labor shortages during World Miami, Fort, 5:2–3 Encarta, 3:205 War I and, 2:42 Miami Indians, 5:352–353; 8:224, investigation of, 2:419 independence from Spain, 2:8; 431 as monopoly, 7:443 7:489–490 Miami Purchase, 5:353 Windows operating system, 2:337; Madero assassination, U.S. Miami University, 8:279 7:442–443 response to, 7:57 Michaux, André, 1:519 Microsoft Network (MSN), 2:323 maps of, archival, 9:52–55, 53, 54, Michaux, François André, 1:519 Microwave technology, 5:361–362 55 Micheaux, Oscar, 3:362 Midcontinent oil region, 5:361–362 North American Free Trade Michelson, Albert A., 6:335 Middle classes Agreement with, 3:309; Michigan, 5:353–357 bathing among, 1:428 6:124–125; 8:199 admission to Union, 1:522 and clothing and fashion, 2:247 public murals in, 5:483 agriculture in, 5:354 and counterculture, 2:433 punitive expedition into, automobile industry in, 5:355–357 and domestic violence, 3:73 5:346–347; 8:336 banking crisis of 1933 in, 1:402 growth of, 2:228 Shelby’s expedition into, in colonial era, 5:353–354 identification with, 2:225 7:340–341 copper mining in, 2:409, 409, 410 immigration to America, 2:290 Slidell’s mission to, 7:397–398 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and industrialization and, 2:224 Texas annexation and, 1:188; songs of, 7:532 recreation among, 7:64 8:99–100, 104, 204 government and strategy in, work ethic of, 7:63 trade unions in, 3:177 5:353–354 Middle Colonies, 2:285; 5:362 U.S. relations with, 5:46–47, 49, Henry Ford Museum and Green- in American Revolution, 347–350 (See also Mexican- field Village in, 4:127, 127 7:143–144 American War) Mackinac Island and Straits, in domestic trade, 8:160 border policy, 5:350 5:188–189 families in, 3:311–312 during Cold War, 5:348–349 manufacturing in, 5:355–357 in foreign trade, 8:164

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non-English settlers in, 6:41 in 20th century, 1:51; 8:537 trucks used by, 8:231 philanthropy in, 6:316 and city public schools, 3:118 twenty-one gun salute in, 8:243 religion in, 7:84; 8:139 from Georgia, 3:557 See also specific branches settlement and migration patterns, and urbanization, 8:285 Military Academy. See West Point 8:459 ancient routes of, 1:245 Military Assistance Advisory Group Middle East “chain,” 3:313 (MAAG), in Vietnam, 8:329, hostage crises in, 4:174 Great Migration from England, 330 oil in, 6:298 4:55–56 Military Assistance Command, Viet- and U.S. oil crises, 6:178–179 internal, 5:371–374 (See also Sub- nam (MACV), 3:417; 8:330–331 and U.S. relations, 1:233 urbanization) Military base closings, 5:375–376 peace process in, Camp David to cities, 5:373, 475 Military decorations, 2:525–527, 526 Peace Accords and, 2:20, 21; country music and, 5:493 awarded to African Americans, 3:141 industrial decline and, 7:215–216 5:381–382 UN peacekeeping mission in, map of, 5:373 awarded to Hispanic Americans, 6:270–271 by migrant workers, 5:374 5:383–384 U.S. relations with, 1:445; 3:141, to Minnesota, 5:401 Military intelligence. See Intelli- 142 Mormon gence, military and strategic Israel and, 1:207 Mormon handcart companies, Military law, 5:378–380 oil and, 1:233 5:458 courts-martial under, 2:440 See also Arab nations; specific coun- Mormon Trail, 5:459, 459 martial law, 5:254–255 tries suburban, 5:373–374 Uniform Code of Military Justice, Middle names, 5:509 to Sun Belt, 5:374 8:256 Middle Passage, 5:362–365, 363, by train, 5:372 See also Martial law 364, 365; 7:388; 8:209 and urbanization, 8:285, 290–291 Military maps, archival, 9:3 Middle Tennessee, 8:83 and voter residency requirements, Military medals. See Military decora- Middle years of political science, 8:355 tions 6:402–403 western frontier, 5:371–372, 372 Military medicine. See Medicine, Middlebrow culture, 1:500; by Pacific Islanders, 6:225 military 5:365–366 See also Westward migration Military Order of the Loyal Legion Middle-of-the-road populists, Migration of the Negro, The (paint- of the U.S.A., 5:380 5:366–367 ing), 5:370 Military photography. See Photogra- Middleton, Arthur, 3:99 Mikan, George, 1:424 phy, military Midgley, Thomas, Jr., 3:182; 7:78 Mikoyan, Anastas, 2:470 Military policy, Vietnam syndrome Midnight judges, 4:499; 5:367 Mikulski, Barbara, 6:392 and, 8:328 Midway, Battle of, 1:90; 5:367–368, Milam, J. W., 8:126 Military Reconstruction Acts (1867), 368 Miles, John D., 7:72 3:559 Midway Islands, 5:368 Miles, Nelson Military roads, 7:180–181 annexation of, 1:189; 3:425 in Apache Wars, 1:221 Burma and Ledo, 1:576–577; Midwest, 5:368–369 on Battle of Little Bighorn, 5:132 7:180, 181 canals in, 8:187 Personal Recollections, 5:132 French and Indian War and, 8:461 managed expansion in, 8:461 in Spanish-American War, 7:486 Military service maps of, archival, 9:48–52, 49 Miles, William H., 1:44 by African Americans, 2:201; Rust Belt in, 1:561; 7:215–216 Military 5:380–382, 381, 382 tornadoes in, 8:143 bonuses in, 1:498–499 black cavalry in the West, Midwives, 2:142, 143 conscription for (See Conscription 1:471–472 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, 1:223, and recruitment) black infantry in the West, 1:475, 252, 293; 7:376 desertion from, 3:16–17 476 Miescher, Friedrich, 3:67 enlistment in, 3:222–223 Brownsville affair, 1:549–550 Migrant workers, La Follette Civil hairstyles in, 4:83, 84 in Vietnam War, 8:333 Liberties Committee hearings on homosexuality, 3:513 by gays and lesbians, 3:78; on, 5:1 intelligence testing in, 4:378–379 5:384–385; 7:326, 331 Migration mobilization, 5:429–430 by Hispanic Americans, 5:383, by African Americans, 5:369–371, nursing in, 6:147 383–384 370 science education and, 7:272 in militias, 5:386–387, 387

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Military service, (continued) Miller, Charles C., 2:422 Mims, Fort, Massacre at, 2:456; minorities in, 2:364, 365 Miller, Cheryl, 1:425 5:389 by Native Americans, 4:327–329 Miller, E. L., 7:30 Mind and the World-Order (Lewis), violations of, amnesty for, 1:177 Miller, Elizabeth Smith, 1:488 6:327, 445 by women, 8:502–505, 503, 504 Miller, Henry, 5:121 Mineral(s), and nutrition, 6:149 uniforms for, 8:257, 258, 502 Miller, Herman, 1:293 Mineral Lands Leasing Act (1920), in Women’s Army Corps, Miller, Joyce, 2:256 3:421 9:398–401 Miller, Lewis, 2:113 Mineral Leasing Act (1920), 6:528 Military spending, 1:560; 3:282 Miller, Marvin, 1:422 Mineral patent law, 5:389 Military trials of civilians, Supreme Miller, Perry, 3:280 Mineral resources Court on, 3:271, 272 Miller, Phineas, 2:429 depletion allowances on, 3:11 Military uniforms, 2:246; 8:256, Miller, Samuel F. Interior Department and, 256–259, 257, 258 on Fourteenth Amendment, 7:378 4:383–384 Military-industrial complex (MIC), on power of state courts, 3:515 U.S. Bureau of Mines and, 5:392 5:376–378 Miller, Thomas, 2:476 Mineral springs, 5:389–390, 390; in Eisenhower’s farewell address, Miller, Walter M., Jr., Canticle for 7:121 9:434–435 Leibowitz, 5:121 in Antebellum period, 8:305 Manhattan Project and, 5:221 Miller, William, 1:30, 378, 447; in colonial era, 8:305 origins of, 1:269–271; 5:377 8:313 Saratoga Springs, 7:251–252 Militia(s), 5:386–387, 387 Miller, William E., 3:165 Mineralogy, 5:390–391 in American Revolution, 7:139–140 Miller v. Albright, 1:125 geology and, 3:544, 546, 549–550 in Civil War, 2:530 Miller v. California, 6:419 Minerals Management Service in colonial era, 3:222 Millerites, 1:30 (MMS), 4:383–384 Constitution on, 5:378 rise of, 1:30 Miners, trade unions of, 5:6; minutemen, 5:403–404 in Vermont, 8:313 8:267–268 mobilization and, 5:429 Miller’s Run Gap, 6:254 Miners for Democracy (MFD), muster day, 5:504–505 Miller-Tydings Amendment to Sher- 8:268 president’s power to call out, 5:255 man Antitrust Act, 3:309 Minersville School District v. Gobitis, right to bear arms and, 1:456, 457 Milligan, Lambden P., 3:272 3:380 state, in volunteer army, 8:352 Millikan, Robert A., 2:14, 15; 6:336; Mines, U.S. Bureau of (USBM), See also National Guard 7:278–279 5:391–393 Militia Act (1792), 5:542 Milliken v. Bradley, 1:590; 2:199; Mines and mining Militia movement (20th century), 3:118 Coeur d’Alene riots, 2:264 5:385–386 Milliken’s Bend, Battle of, 2:212 in Colorado, 2:299 Ruby Ridge and, 7:203 “Million Man March,” 5:521 disasters involving, 3:38–39 See also Radical right Mills, Anson, 8:258 Centralia Mine disaster, 2:95 Milk Mills, C. Wright, The Power Elite, explosives used in, 3:301 pasteurized, 2:490, 491 5:121 Guffey Coal Acts and, 4:71 See also Dairy industry Mills, Clark, 1:306 public lands and, 5:25 Milk, Harvey, 3:514 Mills, Enos A., 1:434 in Utah, 8:296, 297 Milken, Michael, 4:363, 363, 501, Mills, Lowell, 3:53 in West Virginia, 8:449–450 502; 5:42 Mills, Robert, 8:417, 472 in Wisconsin, 8:490 Mill(s). See Flour milling; Gristmills; Mills College, 3:133 See also specific metals Sawmills; Textiles Mills v. Board of Education of the Dis- Minesweeping, 5:393 Mill, Henry, 1:588; 8:244 trict of Columbia, 3:34 Minh, Duong Van, 8:334 Mill, John Stuart, 1:500; 6:423 Milosevic, Slobodan, 1:355; 8:588 Miniatures (art), 5:393–394, 394 Milledge, John, 3:554 Milton, John, 3:65 Minimalism Millennialism, 5:388 Milwaukee (Wisconsin), 5:388, in music, 5:492–493 social gospel and, 5:431 388–389 in sculpture, 1:307 Miller, Alfred Jacob, 1:295; 3:299 foundation of, 4:52 Minimum wage Miller, Ann, 1:575 school choice experiment in, history of rise in, 8:360–361 Miller, Arthur, 1:546; 5:121; 8:115 3:137–138 legislation on, 5:394–396 The Death of a Salesman, Milwaukee Leader (newspaper), 6:98 Fair Labor Standards Act, 3:54, 2:512–513 Mimeograph, 6:168–169 307–308; 8:252

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Supreme Court on, 1:21; 8:360 Minnesota State Federation of defense against, 1:75–76 (See also for women, 8:445 Labor, 3:321 Strategic Defense Initiative) Mining Enforcement and Safety Minnesota-Montana Road, 3:377 inter-continental ballistic missiles, Administration (MESA), 5:391 Minor v. Happersett, 5:401–402; 8:11 6:144 Mining frontier, 8:463 Minorities Missing children, 2:147 Mining Laws (1866, 1870, 1872), in baseball, 1:421, 422 Missing in action controversy, 6:475 5:25, 389 during Great Depression, 3:50 See also Prisoners of war Mining towns, 4:11; 5:396, 396–397 in higher education Mission(s) Galena-Dubuque mining district, for law, 5:58 circuit riders, 2:175 3:503 for sciences, 7:273 domestic/Indian, 4:275–277 gender roles in, 4:13–14 women’s colleges, 3:132 in Arizona, 1:256–257 as ghost towns, 3:574 in military, 2:364, 365 in California, 2:8, 67; 5:408–409 saloons in, 8:54 poverty among, 2:225 architecture of, 1:248–249 violence in, 4:13; 8:54 in trade unions, 3:50 firsthand account of, 9:107–109 Virginia City (Nevada), 1:497; See also specific groups Church of England, 7:430 2:338; 4:11; 8:347 Minority business, 1:581–582 in Florida, 5:309 women in, 4:13–14 set-asides for, 7:315–316, 398 government support of, 4:276 Minisink, 8:220 Small Business Administration and, home missionary societies, 5:409 Mink, Patsy, 8:507 7:398 in Iowa, 4:417 Minneapolis–St. Paul (Minnesota), Minsky, Hyman, 3:110 Jesuit, 4:473–474 5:397–398 Minstrel shows, 3:66; 5:402, in Nebraska, 6:29–30 flour milling in, 3:390, 391 489–490; 8:113 and Nez Perces, 6:100 Fort Snelling in, 7:407 music industry and, 5:502 in Oregon, 6:205 Minnesota, 5:398–401 songs of, 5:496 regional differences in, agriculture in, 5:399 Mint(s) 4:276–277 American settlement in, 5:398–399 federal, 5:402–403 Spanish exploration and, 7:206 charter schools in, 2:110 Hamilton on, 4:90 in Washington, 8:412 Children’s Code of, 1:28 private, 5:403 Dominican, 3:77 in colonial era, 5:398 Minuit, Peter, 6:40, 77 foreign, 5:409–410 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Minuteman ICBM, 2:528 in Arab world, 1:232 songs of, 7:532 Minutemen, 1:509; 5:403–404 Mennonite, 5:310 Farmer-Labor party of, 3:321–323 Mir space station, 7:481 Mount Holyoke College and, Great Depression in, 5:400 Mirabel, Robert, 2:501 5:464 immigration to, 5:397, 398, 399 Miranda, Francisco de, 3:274; 5:86 and National Council of Church- industrial growth in, 5:399 Miranda v. Arizona, 5:404–405 es, 5:532–533 Kensington Stone in, 4:516–517 Mirrors, 4:4 social gospel movement and, 5:431 Mesabi Iron Range, 5:326 Miscegenation, 5:405–406 fundamental churches sending, in Midwest, 5:368–369 among African Americans, 4:479; 3:484 Northwest Angle, 6:135–136 5:405–406 Mission 66, 5:552 politics in, 5:400 laws against, 5:165, 405–406 Mission Indians of California, Progressive Era in, 5:399–400 in Maryland, 5:405 5:408–409 Sioux uprising in, 7:369, 369–370 among Native Americans, 4:270; Mission (Craftsman) style furniture, Little Crow’s speech before, 5:188, 468 3:497 9:243–244 Supreme Court on, 5:251, 406 Missionary societies, home, 5:409 three-party system in, 8:243 Mises, Ludwig von, 3:109 and National Council of Churches, Minnesota, Chicago, Milwaukee, and Miss America pageant, 1:433, 434; 5:532–533 Saint Paul Railway Company v., 5:406 Mississippi, 5:410–414 2:134 Miss Lonelyhearts (West), 5:121 African Americans in, 5:412–413 Minnesota, Near v., 6:27 Missile Defense. See Strategic agriculture in, 5:413 Minnesota Mining and Manufactur- Defense Initiative antebellum period, 5:411–412 ing Company, and bionics, Missile gap (Cold War), 5:406–407 Black Belt in, 1:471 1:463 Missiles, 5:407–408 Black Code of, text of, 9:319–322 Minnesota Moratorium case, 5:401 anti-ballistic missile systems, civil rights movement in, 5:413–414 Minnesota Rate Cases, 2:311 6:144–145 firsthand account of, 9:447–452

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Mississippi, (continued) Spanish discovery of, 5:411 Missouri Botanical Garden, 1:516 in Civil War, 5:412; 8:324, 324 steamboats on, 3:483 Missouri Compromise, 2:351; 5:420, in colonial era, 5:411 towboats on, 8:147–148 422–425; 8:462 constitution of, 7:527 See also Lake Pontchartrain Maine and, 5:208 economic diversification, 5:414 Mississippi River Commission, map of, 5:423 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and 3:384; 5:417 Nashville Convention and, 5:516 songs of, 7:532 Mississippi Summer Project (1964), opposition to, Richmond Junto expedition to, 3:465 8:587 and, 7:157 Great Depression in, 5:413 Mississippi v. Johnson, 3:559; 5:418; repeal of, 4:512–513 Native Americans in, 5:410 8:97 Supreme Court on, 3:85 Prohibition in, 1:117 Mississippi Valley, 5:418, 418–419 Missouri ex. rel. Gaines v. Canada, riots in, 8:324–325 Corn Belt in, 2:413, 414–415 3:14; 5:425, 526 school desegregation in, Supreme land speculation in, 5:35 Missouri Fur Company, 3:298, 487 Court on, 1:122 Mississippian societies, 1:246 Missouri Indians, 5:419 segregation at bus terminals in, mounds of, 1:246; 4:278 Missouri River, 5:425–427, 427 3:464 Missouri, 5:419–422 floods of, 3:383 tidelands in, ownership of, 8:125 agriculture in, 5:419 fur trade, 5:427–428 White Caps in, 8:470 Benton era in, 5:420 Lewis and Clark expedition on, white farmers in, 5:413 border ruffians in, 1:505 3:297 Mississippi, Williams v., 8:483 boundary disputes in, 4:466 Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Project Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v. in Civil War, 5:420–421 and, 6:30 Holyfield, 4:263 Union sentiment in, 8:260 Missouri v. Holland, 5:428 Mississippi Bubble, 5:158, 414 constitution of, 5:424 MIT. See Massachusetts Institute of Mississippi Freedom Summer pro- earthquakes in, 3:101 Technology ject, 2:354–355; 7:12 education in, 5:422 Mitchel, Ormsby MacKnight, 1:343 Mississippi in Time of Peace, The (Cur- emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Mitchell, Arthur, 1:52 rier and Ives), 2:483 songs of, 7:532 Mitchell, Elisha, 3:547–548 Mississippi Plan, 5:414–415 gun control in, 4:75 Mitchell, George, 1:160 Mississippi River, 5:415–418 industrialization in, 5:421 as Arab American, 1:231 American access to, in 19th centu- and Kentucky, boundary dispute and Clean Air Act, 2:230 ry, 5:162 between, 1:522 on Persian Gulf War, 6:292 bayous on, 1:432, 432 lead mines in, 5:62; 6:114 Mitchell, Hitchman Coal and Coke in Civil War, Island Number Ten map of, 5:420 Company v., 8:579 operations, 4:438 mules and, 5:472 Mitchell, John (participant in course of, 5:415 New England Emigrant Aid Com- Whiskey Rebellion), convicted discovery of, 3:295 pany and, 6:49 of treason, 2:377 Eads Bridge across, 1:538; 3:99, 99 people of, 5:419 Mitchell, John (union organizer), in exploration of America, politics in, 5:420, 421, 422 1:190; 2:254; 8:267, 268 7:173–174 resources in, 5:419 Mitchell, John N. flooding of, 3:42, 383; 5:417 Santa Fe Trail to, 7:247–249 influence of, 2:2 control measures for, 3:384; segregation in, 5:425 Watergate scandal and, 8:425 7:170 slavery in, Tallmadge Amendment Mitchell, Margaret, 1:348; 4:20–21 French exploration of, 5:2–3, 158 and, 8:45 Gone with the Wind, 5:130 galley boats on, 3:504 slaves freed during Civil War, Mitchell, Maria, 1:141; 6:155 La Salle’s expeditions and, 5:2–3 5:230 Mitchell, Samuel, 9:65, 66 Lakes-to-Gulf Deep Waterway State Bank of, 1:408 Mitchell, Silas Weir, 5:314; and, 5:22–23 state university of, 8:279 6:348–349 maps of, 5:415 territorial period in, 5:419–420 Mitchell, Wesley C., 6:403 archival, 9:19, 20, 20–22, 22 trade with New Mexico, 6:68 Mitchell, William (Billy), 1:76, 81, Mississippi Valley, 5:418, 418–419 in World War I, 5:421 495, 496 Pike expedition to, 6:354 in World War II, 5:421 and air defense, 1:86 Pinckney’s Treaty and, 6:356; zinc mines in, 6:115 court-martial of, 2:440 8:200 Missouri, Cummings v., 2:480; 8:96 Ostfriesland sunk by, 1:266 showboats on, 7:350–351 Missouri, Duren v., 8:60 Mitchell, Wisconsin v., 4:105

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Mitchell v. Trawler Racer, 1:23 Modoc War, 5:433; 8:215, 404 Mondavi, Robert, 8:487 Mitterand, François, 3:452 Mody, Navroze, 1:324 “Monday Night Football,” 3:411 Mitterofer, Peter, 8:244 Moe, Terry, 3:137 Mondo Nuovo (Porcacchi), 9:7, 7–8 Miwok Indians, 8:582, 583 Moffat Tunnel, 8:240 Mondrian, Piet, 1:298, 306 Mixed commissions, 5:428 Moffatt, Michael, 1:194 Monetarism, 3:110 MMS. See Minerals Management Moffett, William A., 8:555 on depression, 4:46 Service Mofford, Rose, 1:259 Monetary policy, 5:440–441 MNF. See Multinational Force Mohammed, Khalid Shaikh, 3:41 Monetary theory, 5:441–442 Moab (Utah), 8:298 Mohave Indians, 5:433–435, 434 Money, 5:438–442 Mob rule, 5:179 Mohawk River, 3:252 cotton, 2:429–430 Mobile Army Surgical Hospital Mohawk Valley (New York), 5:435 counterfeiting of, 2:433–434 (MASH), 6:147 Mohawks, 6:86 issuance of, 5:75–76 Mobile Bay, Battle of, 2:496; after American Revolution, 7:137 paper 5:428–429 attacks on other Native Americans, advocates for, 3:108 Mobile homes, 8:178 2:357 and public debt, 2:514 Mobile phones, 8:67 as steelworkers, 6:88 state issue of, 2:446 Mobilization, 5:429–430 Mohegan, 2:356–357 supply of, and inflation, 4:351 for World War I, American Expe- in modern era, 2:359 tobacco as, 8:133 ditionary Forces in, 1:149; Mohegan tribe, 5:435 wildcat, 8:477 8:535 Mohican. See Mahican See also Currency and coinage See also Conscription and recruit- Moholy-Nagy, László, 1:298 Money, John, 3:515 ment Mojave, 8:228 Money market, 4:413; 5:440 Mobutu Sese Seko (Joseph), 1:39; Molasses Act (1733), 5:435–436; Monge, Gaspard, 1:335 8:271 7:204, 406; 8:12, 173 ”Mongrel Tariff” (1883), 8:51 Moby-Dick (Melville), 3:280; 5:119, Molasses trade, 5:436–437 Monism, 6:374 430–431; 7:194 duties on, 7:406; 8:12–13 Monitor (ship), 4:430, 430; 6:25; 8:405 Moccasin Gap, 6:254 smuggling in, 7:406 Monitor and Merrimack, Battle of, Mochila, 6:412 Molecular biology, 5:359, 437–438 4:430; 5:442–443; 8:405 Model, Lisette, 1:301 study of DNA and, 3:67 Monitorial schools, 3:113 Model A Ford, 3:414 Molecular genetics, 3:532–533 Moniz, Egas, 6:522 Model Cities program, 8:293 Molet, 3:378 Monk, Maria, 5:238 Model Penal Code (MPC), 7:49–50 Moley, Raymond, 8:197 Monmouth, Battle of, 5:443; 7:144 Model T Ford, 3:414; 8:189 Molina, Mario, 6:223 Monnet, Jean, 3:259, 260 Model Treaty (1776), 3:425 Molineaux, Tom, 6:483 Monogenism, 1:191 Modern Corporation and Private Prop- Moll, Hermann, 9:16, 17 Monongahela, Battle of the, erty, The (Commons and Van Molly Maguires, 5:438; 6:279, 357 5:443–444 Hise), 6:42 Moltmann, Jürgen, 5:93 Monongahela River, 5:444 Modern dance, 2:497–498, 499 Moluntha (Shawnee chief), 6:177 Monopoly(ies), 5:444–445 Modern Language Association, 5:67 Molybdenum, prospecting and min- AFL-CIO as, 1:151 Modern Maturity (magazine), 1:142 ing, 5:63 AT&T as, 1:346; 8:65, 70 Modernism, 6:516 MoMA. See Museum of Modern Art attitudes toward, 1:212 in architecture, 1:251–252, 288 Momaday, N. Scott, House Made of in electric power industry, 6:535 in decorative arts, 1:288 Dawn, 4:179; 5:129 in flour milling, 3:390 in interior design, 1:293 Pulitzer Prize for, 4:179, 533 in fur trade, 1:158 magazines and, role in nurturing, Monaco, Mississippi bonds held by, in meatpacking, 6:229–230 5:194 7:119 Microsoft as, 7:443 Metropolitan Museum of Art and, Monardes, Nicolás, 1:518 in oil industry, 6:303 5:336 Mondale, Walter F. patents and, 6:255 in painting, 1:297 in presidential campaign of 1976, in railroad industry, 7:27, 36, 39; in sculpture, 1:307 3:167 8:188–189 in theology, 3:45 in presidential campaign of 1984, Standard Oil Company as, 7:521 Protestant, 5:431–433 3:168, 198 state-created, 1:212 Modigliani, Franco, 3:109, 110 and Rust Belt, coining of term, in steamboat traffic, Supreme Modoc, 4:536–538, 537; 8:218 7:215 Court on, 3:483, 575

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Monopoly(ies), (continued) Montagu, M. F. Ashley, 7:13 landscape architecture of, 5:38 Theatrical Trust (Syndicate) as, Montague, Andrew J., 8:344 Montreal, Capture of (1760), 5:454 8:114 Montaigne, Michel de, “On Canni- Montreal, Capture of (1775), 5:454 U.S. Steel as, 4:428 bals,” 5:116 Montreal, colonial settlements in, See also Antitrust legislation Montana, 5:447–451 6:51–52 Monopoly (game), 5:445; 8:152–153 in 20th century, 5:450–451 Montreal Protocol (1987), 6:223; Monroe, Fortress, 5:445–446 agriculture in, 5:450 7:246 Monroe, James Cheyenne relocation to, 3:94 Montreal Protocol on Substances antifederalism of, 1:201, 202 copper industry in, 1:180; that Deplete the Ozone Layer and colonization movement, 2:296, 5:449–450; 6:115 (1978), 2:238; 3:230, 233 297 earthquakes in, 3:101 implementation of, Clean Air Act early presidency of, 3:251 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and and, 2:230 economic policy of, 2:550 songs of, 7:532 Monts, Sieur de, 2:103 Gabriel’s Insurrection and, 7:8 expeditions to, 3:377 Monument Valley, 3:17 Indian policies of, 4:295 federal government in, 5:451 Monuments, national, 2:369, 371 isolationism of, 4:439 fur trade in, 5:448 under Antiquities Act, 1:205–206 land policy of, 6:201 gold mining in, 4:11 Moody, Dwight L., 3:265, 266; and Louisiana Purchase, 5:163 at Helena mining camp, 4:123 6:516 as minister to France, 8:570 women and, 9:240–242 Moody, Paul, 2:245; 8:108, 109 in presidential campaign of 1808, Lewis and Clark expedition in, Moody’s, 5:454 3:151 5:448 Moon, Sun Myung, 2:477; 8:303 in presidential campaign of 1816, livestock industry in, 5:449 Moon landing, 5:454, 454–455, 3:151 Native Americans in, 3:94; 523–524, 524 in presidential campaign of 1820, 5:448–449 transcript of, 9:435–444 3:151 politics in, 5:449, 451 Moon rocks, 6:301 Spanish relations under, 7:484 railroads in, 5:448 Mooney, James, 6:5 and University of Virginia, 8:283 vigilantes in, 8:336 Mooney, Thomas J., 1:146 in Virginia dynasty, 8:343, 348 Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de, 1:7; bombing case, 5:455 Monroe Doctrine, 2:530; 3:425; 2:295; 3:471; 7:4 Mooney, William, 8:45 4:41; 5:46, 52, 446–447 Monte Cassino, 5:451–452 Moonshine, 5:455 anticommunism and, 5:447 Monterrey, Battles of, 5:452 Moore, Annie, 3:189 and Caribbean policies, 2:54 Montesquieu, Baron de, 2:40; 7:312 Moore, Arch Alfred, Jr., 8:450 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and, 2:229 on democracy, 7:109 Moore, Charles, 1:253 factors leading to, 7:210 on due process of law, 3:89 Moore, Clement, “A Visit from isolationism of, 4:439 Montgolfier brothers, 1:391 Saint Nicholas,” 5:127 manifest destiny and, 5:223 Montgomery, Bernard L., 1:565 Moore, E. M., 1:184 Monroe’s speech on, 9:204–206 in Normandy Invasion, 6:118 Moore, Gordon, 2:321, 338 nonintervention policy in, 6:117 in North African Campaign, 6:124 Moore, Henry Ludwell, 3:109 Olney Corollary to, 6:191 in Sicilian Campaign, 7:353–354 Moore, Hiram, 1:59 Polk Doctrine and, 6:408 Montgomery, Richard, 1:281; 5:21; Moore, James, 1:221 Roosevelt Corollary to, 2:54; 7:142 Moore, John Bassett, 4:484 3:75–76; 5:47; 7:196 Montgomery (Alabama), bus boycott Moore, Knowlton v., 8:57 Roosevelt’s speeches on, in, 1:104, 529, 548; 2:202; 3:15, Moore, Marianne, 5:120 9:206–209 557 Moore, Sara Jane, 1:330–331 and Spain, 7:484 Montgomery Convention (1861), Moore, Thomas, 3:407 Wilson’s speech on, 9:209 5:452 Moore v. Dempsey, 4:81 Monroe-Pinkney Treaty (1806), Montgomery Ward & Co., 3:9; Moorhead, Warren K., 1:492 5:447 7:125 Moraga, Cherrie, 3:520 Monroney, A. S. “Mike,” 5:77 and Chicago, growth of, 2:132 Morais, Sabato, 7:97 Monrovia (Liberia), founding of, furniture by, 3:498 Moral Majority, 2:165; 3:167, 267, 2:297 mail-order, 5:206 485; 5:455–456; 6:518; 8:71 Monsanto, petrochemical subsidiary Monticello, 5:452–453, 453 and church-state separation, oppo- of, 3:211 architecture of, 1:249 sition to, 2:169 Montagnier, Luc, 1:15 interior design of, 1:292 conservatism and, 2:376

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Moral societies, 5:456 Morgan-Belmont Agreement, Morphy, Paul, 2:130 Moral therapy, 5:312–313 5:457–458 Morrill, Justin Smith, 3:115; 5:29; Morality, in Victorian era, Morgenstern, Oskar, 3:109, 110 8:313 8:325–326 Morgenthau, Henry, and Near East Morrill Act (1890), 3:115 Moran, Thomas, 1:295 Relief, 8:542 Morrill Anti-bigamy Act (1862), Moratorium, Hoover, 5:456 Morgenthau, Henry, Jr., 1:544 8:296 Moravian Brethren, 5:456–457; as secretary of treasury, 6:44; 8:197 Morrill Land Grant Act (1862), 6:353–354 Morial, Ernest F., 6:74 1:63; 3:115, 127; 5:17, 28, 29, Mordkin, Mikhail, 1:390 Morison, S. E., 3:283 460; 6:410 More, Nicholas, 3:459 Morlacchi, Giuseppina, 1:389 and agricultural colleges, 5:29–30, More, Paul Elmer, 2:375 Mormon(s), 2:163; 3:264 34–35; 8:319 More, Sir Thomas, Utopia, African American, 8:298 and agricultural (land) economics, 5:116–117 attacks on, 7:94 3:107 Morehead, Charles S., 1:284 and Deseret, 3:16 and black colleges, 3:126 Morehead v. New York ex rel. Tipaldo, discrimination against, 4:212 and Cornell University, establish- 5:395 freemasonry and, 3:466 ment of, 2:415 Morelos, José María, 5:50–51 during Great Depression, 8:298 and denominational colleges, 3:130 Moretum (Virgil), 3:99 in Idaho, 4:211, 212 and engineering education, 3:216 Morgan, Charles, 2:260 in Illinois, 4:215; 5:53 and state universities, 8:279 Morgan, Clement, 6:103–104 migration to Salt Lake Valley, 5:53 Morrill Tariff (1861), 8:51 Morgan, Daniel, 1:574; 7:145 in Missouri, 5:53 Morris, Charles, 3:204 in Battle of Cowpens, 2:444 and Native Americans, 2:65; 8:217, Morris, Colin, 4:331 Morgan, George W., 2:479 228, 296, 300 Morris, George Anthony, 1:304 Morgan, Sir Henry, 1:550 at Nauvoo, 6:14–15 Morris, George Pope, “The Flag of Morgan, J. P., 1:110, 405, 580; in Ohio, 5:53 the Union,” 8:279 8:233, 295 polygamy among, 2:163; 5:53, 55; Morris, Gouverneur in anthracite strike (1902), 1:190 6:15, 410; 8:296, 297 alma mater of, 2:304 and Edison Light Company, 3:173 Supreme Court decision on, at Constitutional Convention, gold drain and, 1:459 2:167; 7:150 2:379 “Northern Pacific panic” of 1901 war against, 5:54 and land speculation, 5:36 and, 6:135 in Utah, 5:53–54; 8:296 on revolutionary committees, Panic of 1893 and, 6:493 Salt Lake City, 7:233–234 2:314; 7:136 Panic of 1907 and, 1:397; 3:344, during World War I, 8:297 366 during World War II, 5:54 Morris, Lewis, 8:589–590 public perception of, 7:181, 182 See also Latter-day Saints, Church Morris, Mark, 2:499 and railroad mergers, 7:36 of Jesus Christ of Morris, Nelson, 5:135 in steel industry merger move- Mormon Battalion, 5:458 Morris, Robert, 1:307, 395, 396; ment, 4:428 Mormon expedition, 5:458 7:148, 149 Morgan, J. P., Jr., 1:405 Mormon handcart companies, and coinage system, 2:481 Morgan, John Hunt, raids by, 5:458 5:458–459 and land speculation, 5:36 Morgan, Julia, 7:243 Mormon Tabernacle, 8:41 and Plan of 1776, 6:361 Morgan, Junius, 1:405 Mormon Tabernacle Choir, 8:297 Morris, William, 1:320 Morgan, Kemp, 8:45 Mormon Trail, 5:459, 459; 6:30 Morrison, deLesseps, 6:74 Morgan, Lewis Henry, 1:192 Mormon War, 5:53, 459–460 Morrison, Toni, 2:205; 5:123, 124, Morgan, Margaret, 6:462 Morning Edition (radio program), 126 Morgan, Morgan, 8:448 5:554; 8:44 Beloved, 5:123, 126 Morgan, Robin, 5:470 Morning Show (TV show), 8:44, 138 Morrison, United States v., 2:312; Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 3:269, 532 Morocco 3:74; 8:274 Morgan, United States v., 1:405 trade with, 1:123 Morrissey, John, 2:463 Morgan, William, 1:203; 3:466; U.S. relations with, 1:232, 233 Morrow, Prince, 7:321 8:584 in World War II, 1:233 Morrow, Prince A., 6:513 Morgan Stanley, 1:405 Morocco Agreement (1880), 1:123 Morse, Jedediah, Geographies of, Morgan v. United States, 8:101 Morphine, Civil War veterans 5:460 Morgan v. Virginia, 5:527 addicted to, 5:510 Morse, O. M., 3:390

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Morse, Samuel F. B., 1:299; 3:183; Motherwell, Robert, 1:10, 298 Mount Vernon (Virginia), 7:94; 8:65, 68–69, 69 Motion pictures. See Film 5:465–466, 467 Morse, Wayne, 6:207 Motley, Archibald J., 4:96 distillery at, 3:60 Morse code, 8:68 Motor Carrier Act (1980), 5:463; kitchen of, 4:534 Mortality, 2:557–560, 558 8:231 landscape architecture of, 5:38 Mortality experience, in American Motor courts, 2:389 Mount Vernon Ladies Association, history, 5:103–104 Motor hotels. See Motels 5:465–466; 8:146 Mortars, Civil War naval, 5:460 Motor vehicle safety, 5:105 Mountain climbing, 5:466–467 Mortgage lending, 2:450 Motorcycles, Hell’s Angels and, Mountain houses, 7:122 Mortgage relief legislation, 4:125 Mountain Meadows Massacre, 5:460–462 Motorized fire engine, 3:372–373 5:467–468 Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Motown, 5:490 Mountain men, 5:468 Act, 3:457 Motown Records, 3:20; 7:185 Mourning, 2:511; 3:486 Mortgages Mott, John R., 8:584 Mourning Dove, 5:128 Federal Housing Administration Mott, Lucretia, 6:88; 7:3, 310, 311; Mourot, Michael, 1:290 and, 7:256 8:10 Mourt’s Relation, 5:468–469 Home Owners’ Loan Corporation and abolitionism, 8:512 Moussaoui, Zacarias, 6:108 and, 4:152 Declaration of Rights and Senti- Movable type, 6:466 Morton, J. Sterling, 1:238 ments by, 2:524 Movies. See Film Morton, Levi P., 3:157 text of, 9:332–334 Mow Sun Wong, Hampton v., 1:126 Morton, Oliver P., 3:156 and Seneca Falls Convention, Moyer, Charles H., 4:111 Morton, Samuel George, 1:192; 7:13 8:506, 512 Moyer v. Peabody, 3:272 Morton, Thomas, 5:117; 7:63 and women’s suffrage, 7:106 Moyne de Bienville, Jean-Baptiste le, Morton, William Thomas Green, Mott, Martin v., 5:255 1:102 1:184–185 Mott Foundation, 8:282 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick, 1:338, Morton Downey, Jr. Show (TV show), Moulton, F. R., 3:552 441; 6:440 8:44 Moulton, Harold G., 1:545; 8:117 Beyond the Melting Pot, 1:446–447 Mosby’s Rangers, 5:462 Moultrie, Fort, Battle of, 5:463 as neoconservative, 6:32, 33 Moscone, George, 3:514 Moultrie, William, 2:108 and transportation legislation, 3:336 Moscoso, Mireya, 6:241 Mounds, Native American, 4:277–279 Mozoomdar, Protap Chunder, 1:326 Moscoso Alvarado, Luis de, 8:99 Adena, 1:20 MPC. See Model Penal Code Moscow Art Theater, 8:114, 115 archaeological studies of, 1:239, Mr. Potato Head (toy), 8:153 Moseley, Henry G. J., 6:340 246, 247; 4:277–278 MRI. See Magnetic Resonance Moses, Robert, 2:94; 3:281; 4:355; at Cahokia, 4:278; 8:225 Imaging 6:81; 8:315 Hopewell, 4:163, 163 Ms. magazine, 5:198, 469, 469–470 and Lincoln Tunnel, 5:110 Mississippian, 1:246; 4:278 MSN (Microsoft Network), 2:323 and New York parkways, 7:178 Poverty Point, 6:441 MTV (Music Television), 5:503 Mosko, Charles, 3:78 Mount, William Sidney, 3:537 Mubarak, Hosni, 3:141 Mosley, Walter, 5:123 Mount Holyoke College, 3:131; and Achille Lauro hijacking, 1:13 Mosquitoes, and yellow fever, 8:576 5:464; 7:319–320 Muckrakers, 2:389; 5:470–471; Moss, Frank, 8:298 minorities in, 3:132 6:554; 8:233 Moss, John, 2:85 Mount Hope (Rhode Island), 5:464 on Robber Barons, 7:181 “Most favored nation” status, 5:462; Mount Pinatubo, 8:351 Mudd, Samuel, 1:328 8:52, 157, 198 Mount Ranier Act (1899), 5:35 Muddy Pass, 6:254 to China, 8:198 Mount Redoubt, 8:351 Mueller v. Allen, 2:169 to Hungary, 8:198 Mount Rushmore, 1:474; Mugabe, Robert, 1:39 Motels, 5:462, 462–463 5:464–465, 465 Mugler v. Kansas, 5:471 rise of, 4:176 Mount Spurr, 8:351 Mugwumps, 2:551; 5:471–472; 7:112 and vacationing, 8:305 Mount St. Helens (Washington), Muhammad V (king of Morocco), Mother Earth (journal), 1:181, 467 5:465, 466 1:233 Motherhood, surrogate, 8:29–30 eruption of, 3:37; 8:351 Muhammad, Elijah, 1:478; 4:437; Mothers Against Drunk Driving and mudflow floods, 3:383 5:519 (MADD), 1:118, 119; 3:336 recovery after, 8:351 and Fard (Wallace D.), 5:519 Mother’s Day, 5:463 observatory at, 8:352 and Malcolm X, 5:520

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political passivity of, 5:521 commission, 2:312 Barnum’s American Museum, Muhammad, Wallace, 5:521 home rule by, 4:152–153 1:418–419 Muhammad Speaks (newspaper), See also Metropolitan government; cabinets, semiprivate, 5:485–486 5:200, 520 Town government The Cloisters (New York), 5:336 Mühlenberg, Heinrich Melchior Municipal ownership, 5:476–478 collecting and, 2:272, 273; (Henry), 5:175, 176; 6:353; 7:83 Municipal reform, 5:478 5:486–487 Muhlenberg, William A., 3:242, 243 Munitions, 5:478–482; 6:493 “dime” museums, 5:487 Muir, John, 2:369; 3:227, 435; 7:355 See also Artillery; Gun(s); Nuclear emergence of, 5:485–486 and aesthetic preservationism, 2:368 weapons; Weapons Frick Collection, 3:473–474 and Hetch Hetchy Valley dam, Munitz, Barry, 3:566 Getty Museum, 3:564–566 opposition to, 2:369 Munk, Jens, 3:286 Guggenheim Museum, 4:71–72, and Hoover Dam, opposition to, Munn v. Illinois, 2:134; 3:187; 4:35, 72 2:10 36; 5:482–483; 7:26 Henry Ford Museum, 4:127 Sierra Club of, 7:354 Muñoz Marín, Luis, 6:546, 547 Holocaust Museum, 4:150–151 and Yosemite National Park, 8:582, Munro, William B., 6:402–403 Huntington Library and Museum, 583 Munsee, 8:220, 567 4:195–196 Mulder, Gerrit Jan, 6:148 Munsee Delaware, Mahican and, of industrialists, 5:488 Mule skinner, 5:472 5:203 mammal specimens in, 5:217 Mules, 5:472, 472 Munster, Sebastian, 9:6, 6–7 Metropolitan Museum of Art (New Mules and Men (Hurston), 5:125 Murals, 5:483 York), 5:335–338, 336 Mulhall, Lucille, 6:185 Murat, Achille, 3:2 Modern Art, Museum of (MoMA) Mulhall, Zach, 6:185 Murmansk (Russia), 5:483 (New York), 5:484 Mulkey, Lincoln, 7:82 Murphy, Carl, 6:98 Monticello, 5:452–453, 453 Mulkey, Reitman v., 7:82 Murphy, Charles Francis, 6:79; 8:46 Mount Vernon, 5:465–466, 467 Muller, Hermann Joseph, 3:532 Murphy, Charles M., 1:451 National Gallery of Art, Muller, Kal, 1:569 Murphy, Eddie, 4:149 5:538–541 Muller v. Oregon, 1:21; 3:54, 247, Murphy, Frank, on commerce natural history, 5:487–488 308; 5:394, 395, 472–473 clause, 2:311 science, 7:277 Brandeis Brief in, excerpt of, Murphy, George Lloyd, 6:163 Science and Industry, Museum of 9:357–360 Murphy, George M., 6:341 (MSI) (Chicago), 5:484–485 Mulligan, James, 5:473 Murphy, Jim, 5:372 twentieth-century styles of, 5:488 Mulligan letters, 2:453; 5:473 Murphy, Jimmy, 1:375 zoological, 8:597 Mulliken, Samuel, 1:59 Murray, Charles, 1:194; 6:440; 8:387 See also Historic preservation Mulroney, Brian, 2:28 The Bell Curve, 7:13 Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), and United States-Canada Free Murray, James, 3:200 3:498–499; 5:484 Trade Agreement, 8:276 Murray, John, 2:350 Museum of Science and Industry Multiculturalism, 1:338; 5:473–474 Murray, John Courtney, 2:165; (MSI) (Chicago), 5:484–485 exchange students and, 3:274 4:475; 8:308 Music Fulbright grants and, 3:482–483 Murray, Judith Sargent, “On the African American, 5:489–490 and political correctness, 6:395 Equality of the Sexes,” excerpt blues, 1:491–492 See also Melting pot from, 9:325–327 ragtime, 7:22 Multiethnic Placement Act (1994), Murray, Pauli, 8:499 white interest in, 5:499 1:29 Murray, Philip, 1:151, 197; 8:277 audio technology industry and, Multinational Force (MNF), 6:270 Murray v. Curlett, 1:347 1:358–359 Multiple-Use Mining Law (1955), Murrow, Edward R., 2:78; 5:554; ballads, 1:388–389 3:432 7:20; 8:73 “Battle Hymn of the Republic,” Multiple-Use Sustained-Yield Act Muscle Shoals speculation, 1:429 (1960), 3:431, 437 5:483–484; 8:87, 88 bluegrass, 5:490–491, 491 Mumbo Jumbo (Reed), 5:126 Museum(s), 5:485–489 Grand Ole Opry and, 4:34–35 Mumford, L. Quincy, 5:101 American Museum of Natural His- blues, 5:490 Mummification, 3:486 tory, 1:165 in Memphis, 5:308 Municipal government, 5:474–476 architecture of, 5:485, 487 classical, 5:491–493 city councils, 2:182–183 Art Institute of Chicago, and symphony orchestras, city manager plan, 2:183–184 1:316–317 8:38–39

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Music, (continued) Music industry, 2:322; 5:502–503 Mystic Massacre, 6:289, 290 consumerism in, 2:391 in Detroit, 3:20 Mysticism, 5:506–507 country and western, 5:493–494 Music Television (MT V), 5:503 Myth(s), of wilderness, 1:170 Grand Ole Opry and, 4:34–35 Musical activism, 1:441 Mythology, national honky-tonk girls and, 4:159 Musicals, 8:115 American Studies on, 1:169 in Nashville, 5:515 Musick, Edwin C., 2:153 See also Folklore cowboy, 2:442–443 Muskets, muzzle-loading, 5:479 Myth-symbol school, of American early American, 5:494–496; 8:575 Muskie, Edmund S., 3:165, 166; Studies, 1:169–170 existentialism in, 3:280 5:210; 6:392; 8:425 festivals, 5:501–502 Muslims folk, 3:395–396 immigration of, 4:436 folk revival, 5:496–497 Lebanese American, 5:72 N gospel, 4:206–207; 5:497–498 See also Islam NAACP. See National Association of Harlem Renaissance, 4:96 Mussel, Zebra, 7:500 hymns and hymnody, 4:206–207 Mussel Slough incident, 5:503–504 for the Advancement of Colored America the Beautiful, 1:139 Mussolini, Benito, 4:448 People in eighteenth century, 5:494 Mustang (Ford), 3:414–415 NAAQS. See National Ambient Air “My Country, Tis of Thee,” 5:505 Mustangs, 5:504 Quality Standards psalms, 5:491, 494 Muste, A. J., 6:266, 269 Nabokov, Vladimir, 5:121 jazz, 4:467–469 Muster Day, 5:504–505 NABSW. See National Association and audio technology industry, Muth, John, 3:110 of Black Social Workers 1:358 Mutiny Act (1765), 5:505 NACA. See National Advisory Com- in Harlem Renaissance, 4:96 Mutual Assurance Society, Currie’s mittee for Aeronautics in Kansas City, 5:421 Administrators v., 6:10 NACHO. See North American Con- types of, 5:490 Mutual Assured Destruction ference of Homophile Organi- marching bands, 5:237–238 (MAD), 6:144 zations minstrelsy, 5:489–490, 496 Mutual Benefit Association, 6:416 Nación, La (newspaper), 1:137 Native American, 5:498–499 Mutual Defense Assistance Act NACSE. See National Association of New Age, 6:39 (1949), 8:329 Civil Service Employees opera, 6:198–199, 199 Mutual funds, 3:367; 4:413 NACW. See National Association of popular, 5:499–500 Mutual UFO Network, 8:255 Colored Women disco, 3:45–46 Muybridge, Eadweard, 1:299; 2:308 Nadelman, Elie, 1:310 early American, 5:495–496 Muzzeniegun (magazine), 5:192 Na-Dene, 8:221 MTV, 5:503 Muzzle-loading muskets, 5:479 Nader, Ralph Native American influences on, My Army Life (Carrington), excerpt as Arab American, 1:231 5:498 from, 9:244–248 and consumer movement, 2:384; in Puritan religious life, 1:431 “My Country, Tis of Thee,” 5:505 7:18; 8:285 quadrille bands, 5:495 My Fair Lady (musical), 8:115 and consumer protection, 6:555 ragtime, 5:490 My Generation (magazine), 1:142 on Federal Trade Commission, and jazz, 4:468 My Lai incident, 1:354; 2:440; 3:349; 5:509 rap, 5:490 5:505, 506 and The Nation, 5:522 rhythm-and-blues (R&B), 5:490 Mycobacterium leprae, 5:83 in presidential campaign of 1996, rock and roll, 1:492; 5:499–500; Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 8:236 7:185–186 Myer, Albert J., 2:235 3:230 audio technology industry and, Myer, Dillon S., 1:571; 4:288, 461 in presidential campaign of 2000, 1:359 Myers, Isaac, 2:302 3:170, 230 on MTV, 5:503 Myers, Mae Ethel Klinck, 1:308, 309 censorship of, 2:86 in singing schools, 7:366 Myers, Walter Dean, Fallen Angels, as third-party candidate, 8:120 soul, 5:490 5:126 trade unions and, 3:177 theater and film, 5:500–501 Myers v. United States, 5:506; Unsafe at Any Speed, 2:384, 391; videos, 5:503 7:100–101 5:561; 8:285 at Woodstock, 7:186; 8:523, Myrdal, Gunnar, 2:56 Nader’s Raiders, 2:384; 5:509 523–524 An American Dilemma, 1:138, NAFTA. See North American Free of World War I, 9:364–365 148–149 Trade Agreement

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Nagasaki (Japan), atomic bombing Federal Bureau of Narcotics and, Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 5:516–517, of, 1:494; 3:302; 5:222; 6:143; 5:511 517; 7:10, 380; 8:343 8:551, 555 Internal Revenue Service and, historical assessment of, 9:287–288 NAGCN. See National Association 5:510–511 Natchez, 5:517–518, 518 of Graduate Colored Nurses major trafficking routes, 5:512 political life of, 4:291 NAGPRA. See Native American Nixon and, 5:511 Natchez Campaign of 1813, 5:518 Graves Protection and Repatri- Treasury Department and, Natchez Trace, 1:562; 5:518–519 ation Act 5:510–511 bayous on, 1:432 Nagumo, Chuichi, 5:367; 6:272, 273 See also Drug trafficking Natick, 6:448 Nahat, Dennis, 1:390 Narragansett, 2:356, 357; Nation, Carry A., 8:54, 80 Nahum Keike 5:513–514; 8:220 Nation, The (journal), 5:521–522; settlement of, 3:80 in King Philip’s War, 4:527 6:326, 375 See also Salem (Massachusetts) in Rhode Island, 7:151 Nation at Risk, A (report), 3:123, Naismith, James, 8:584 Narragansett Bay, 5:514 137; 8:62 Najimy, Kathy, 5:72 Narragansett Planters, 5:515 Nation Institute, 5:522 Naked and the Dead, The (Mailer), Narrative of the Life of Frederick Dou- Nation into State: The Shifting Sym- 5:121 glass, An American Slave (Dou- bolic Foundations of American Nakoda, 5:23 glass), 5:124 Nationalism (Zelinsky), 5:567 NALC. See Negro American Labor Narrative of William Wells Brown, a Nation of Islam (NOI), 1:45, 45, Council Fugitive slave (Brown), 5:124 478; 5:519–521 NAM. See National Association of Narrows, 5:514, 515 civil rights movement denounced Manufacturers Narváez, Pánfilo de, 1:102; 2:360; by, 2:204 Naming, 5:509–510 3:295, 385; 6:65; 8:47, 99 mainstream Islam on, 4:437 Nanotechnology, future directions NASA. See National Aeronautics prophets in, 4:437 for, 5:19 and Space Administration rise of, 4:437 Nantucket, 5:510; 8:146 NASCAR. See National Association National Abortion and Reproductive Napalm, 8:332 for Stock Car Auto Racing Rights Action League Naples (Italy), Stazione Zoologica, NASD. See National Association of (NARAL), 1:6 5:240 Securities Dealers National Academy of Engineering, Napoleon Bonaparte (emperor of Nash, John, 3:110 5:522, 523 France), 2:35; 3:192 Nash, Philleo, 4:289, 300 National Academy of Sciences, 5:67, legal code of, 2:262 Nash, Thomas, 2:241 522–523 in Louisiana Purchase, 1:187; Nashoba community, 8:300 National Action Party (PAN) (Mexi- 3:450; 5:163; 8:200, 204 Nashua, 6:56 co), 5:349 War of 1812 and, 8:382, 384 Nashville (Tennessee), 5:515–516 National Advisory Commission on Napoleon guns, 5:479 foundation of, 5:515 Civil Disorders. See Kerner Napoleon III (emperor of France), New Deal and, 5:515 Commission 1:130 population of, 5:515 National Advisory Committee for Napoleonic wars, blockades in, Nashville, Battle of, 2:214; 5:516 Aeronautics (NACA), 1:92 1:487 Nashville Agrarians, 2:375 National Aeronautics and Space Act Napster, 2:322 Nashville Basin, 8:83 (1958), 5:523 NARA. See National Archives and Nashville Convention, 5:516 National Aeronautics and Space Records Administration Nasir, Jamal ‘Abd al-. See Nasser, Administration (NASA), NARAL. See National Abortion and Gamal Abdel 5:523–524 Reproductive Rights Action NASL. See North American Soccer and aircraft industry, 1:96 League League balloons used by, 1:392 Narcotic Control Act (1956), 5:511 NASPT. See National Association Cold War and, 5:523 Narcotics trade and legislation, for the Study and Prevention of and communication satellites, 5:510–513 Tuberculosis 2:319, 320 in 19th century, 5:510 Nassau Hall, 6:465 establishment of, 1:345; 3:300; 7:480 in 1980s, 5:511 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 1:233; 3:141, functions of, 1:345 in 1990s, 5:511–512 142; 4:43; 8:2, 3, 270 Hubble Space Telescope by, 1:345 Drug Enforcement Administration Nasser, Jack, 5:72 and International Space Station, and, 5:511, 512 Nast, Thomas, 8:46, 233 5:524

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National Aeronautics and Space vs. Universal Negro Improvement National Bureau of Standards, Administration (NASA), (contin- Association (UNIA), 1:478 5:528–530; 6:336, 341 ued) during World War I, 8:537 National Cancer Institute, and Moon landing (Apollo 11), 5:454, National Association for the Study AIDS, 1:15–16 454–455 and Prevention of Tuberculosis National Cathedral, 6:458 predecessor of, 8:569 (NASPT), 8:236 National Cemetery System, 8:317 Project Apollo of, 5:523–524, 524 National Association of Artists’ National Civic Federation (NCF), Project Gemini of, 5:523 Organizations, 5:536 5:530 Project Mercury of, 5:523 National Association of Black Social National Collegiate Athletic Associ- shuttle missions of, 2:101; 5:524 Workers (NABSW), 1:29 ation (NCAA), 2:276, 278; virtual reality used by, 8:350 National Association of Civil Service 5:530–531 weather forecasts and, 8:433 Employees (NACSE), 6:283 and football, 3:410, 411; 5:530–531 National Airport Act (1946), 1:84 National Association of Colored television revenues of, 5:531 National Ambient Air Quality Stan- Women (NACW), 3:526; National Committee for Mental dards (NAAQS), 1:79 5:527; 8:510 Hygiene, 5:314 National American Woman Suffrage formation of, 8:514 National Committee on Excellence Association (NAWSA), 5:565; National Association of Evangeli- in Education, 8:62 7:106; 8:11–12, 514 cals, 6:288 National Community Mental National and Community Service National Association of Graduate Health Centers Act (1963), Trust Act (1993), 1:173 Colored Nurses (NAGCN), 5:315 National Anti-Vivisection Society, 6:147 National and Community Service National Association of Manufactur- 1:186 Act (1990), 1:19 ers (NAM), 5:527–528 National Archives Act (1934), 5:525 National and Community Service lobbying by, investigation of, National Archives and Records Trust Act (1993), 1:19 5:77–78, 137 Administration (NARA), National Conference of Commis- National Association of Securities 5:524–526 sioners on Uniform State Laws, Dealers (NASD), 7:549 Nixon tapes made public by, 6:112 7:531–533 National Association of Securities and presidential libraries, 5:99 National Conference of Puerto Dealers Automated Quotations National Army, in World War I, Rican Women, 5:531 (NASDAQ), 7:549 8:540–541 National Congress of American National Atlas of the United States, National Association for Stock Car Indians, 5:531–532 The, 5:234 Auto Racing (NASCAR), National Consumers’ League National Bank Act (1863), 5:528; 1:375–376 8:196 (NCL), 2:392; 6:554 National Association for the National Bank Act (1864), 8:196 National Council of Churches, 3:2; Advancement of Colored Peo- National bank notes, 5:528 5:532–533; 6:516 ple (NAACP), 2:201; 5:124, National Banking System, 1:397, National Council of Crime and 526–527 400; 3:344 Delinquency, 6:552 anti-lynching crusade by, 5:179, National banks, 2:333 National Council of Jewish Women 180 National Baptist Convention (NCJW), 5:534 and Brown case, 1:549 (NBC), 1:44–45 National Council of La Raza on Confederate flag, 3:381 National Baptist Convention of (NCLR), 4:135 foundation of, 5:526 America (NBCA), 1:44 National Council of Negro Women, leaders of, political violence National Bituminous Coal Commis- 5:534 against, 1:332 sion, 4:71 National Council on Alcoholism and Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada, National Broadcasting Co. v. U.S., Drug Dependence (NCADD), 5:425 3:341 1:119 Niagara movement and, 5:526; National Broadcasting Company. National Council on the Arts, 5:535 6:104 See NBC National Council on the Humani- and prisons, 6:477 National Bureau of Economic ties, 5:537 and Proposition 14, challenge to, Research, 5:528 National Deaf-Mute College, 3:504 7:82 economic indicators used by, National Defense Act (1916), 6:450 public interest law carried out by, 3:105–106 National Defense Act (1920), 5:542; 6:530 establishment of, 3:109 8:352

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National Defense Advisory Com- National Foundation for Infantile National Home for Disabled Volun- mission (NDAC), 6:165 Paralysis. See March of Dimes teer Soldiers, 8:317 National Defense Education Act National Foundation for the Arts National Housing Act (1937), 6:44 (1958), 3:118, 127 and Humanities Act (1965), National Imagery and Mapping National Defense Research Com- 5:536 Agency (NIMA), 2:92 mittee (NDRC), 6:166–167 National Front for the Liberation of National Indian Youth Council, National domain, 6:527, 527 South Vietnam (NLF), 3:417; 5:532, 543–544 National Economic Council, 3:330 8:330 National Industrial Recovery Act National Economist (newspaper), 6:97 National Gallery of Art, 5:538–541 (NIRA) (1933), 5:8, 555; 6:43; National Education Association National Gallery of Art Sculpture 8:278 (NEA), 5:534–535 Garden, 5:540 minimum wage in, 5:395 American Federation of Teachers National Gardening Association, and oil shipments, 6:243 and, 1:155, 156, 157 3:510 on subsistence homesteads, 7:566 on homework, 4:158 National Gay Task Force, 3:514 Supreme Court on, 1:21; on sex education, 7:321 National Genealogical Society 7:263–264 National Election Studies (NES), (NGS), 3:521 and textile industry, 8:111 6:534 National Geographic Magazine, 5:541, National Institute for Allergy and National Emblem Act (1940), 3:100 541–542 Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Endowment for Democra- National Geographic Society, 3:540, 1:16 cy, 6:32 541, 542; 5:541–542 National Institute for the Promotion National Endowment for the Arts on Bermuda Triangle, 1:446 of Science. See American Asso- National Grange of the Patrons of ciation for the Advancement of (NEA), 5:535 Husbandry, 1:63 Science middlebrow culture and, 5:366 on textbooks, 8:106 National Institute of Standards and National Endowment for the National Guard, 2:364, 365; 3:223; Technology (NIST ), 5:529–530 Humanities (NEH), 5:536–538 5:542–543, 543 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse middlebrow culture and, 5:366 Air Guard of, 5:542 and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Energy Plan (1977), 6:304 after Civil War, 2:534 1:118, 119 National Environmental Policy Act establishment of, 5:542 National Institutes of Health (NIH), (NEPA) (1969), 3:228; 8:423 at Kent State protest (1970), 4:517 5:544 and Council on Environmental legislation on, 5:387 and clinical research, 2:238, 239 Quality, 3:330 martial law and, 5:254 establishment of, 5:544 on noise pollution, 6:112–113 reorganization of, 5:542–543 on genetic research, 1:462–463 National Farm Workers’ Organizing role of, 5:387 on human gene therapy, 3:531 Committee, 3:479 in World War I, 8:540–541 mission of, 5:544 National Farmers’ Union, 1:64 in World War II, 8:545 on obesity, 6:153 National Federation of Business and See also Militia(s) research by, 5:544; 6:308 Professional Women’s Clubs, National Guard Act (1877), 5:254 and women’s health, 8:511–512 5:538 National heroes, 5:567–569 National Intelligencer (newspaper), National Federation of Telephone National Highway Traffic Safety 6:96 Workers (NFTW), 2:325 Administration (NHTSA), National Interest (magazine), 6:32–33 National Firearms Act (1934), 4:75; 1:377; 3:335 National Investigations Committee 5:557 National Historic Preservation Act on Aerial Phenomena (NICAP), National Flag Day Bill, 3:377 (1966), 6:453 8:255 National Football League (NFL), National Historical Publications and National Labor Reform Party, 5:546 3:410–412; 8:74 Records Commission, 5:525 National Labor Relations Act National Forest Management Act National Hockey Association (NLRA) (Wagner Act) (1935), (1897), 3:431, 433 (NHA), 4:143 1:35, 483; 5:5, 7–8, 14–15, 141, National Forest Management Act National Hockey League (NHL), 544–546; 6:43; 7:558; 8:277 (1976), 3:431 4:143–145 and collective bargaining, 2:274 National Forest Roadless Area Con- National Hockey League Players on picketing, 6:350 servation Act (2002), 3:431 Association (NHLPA), 4:145 provisions of, 2:243 National Forest System, 3:431 National Holiness Association, and restrictions on property rights, National forests, land for, 5:34 6:287 6:506

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National Labor Relations Act National Narcotics Border Interdic- National Performance Review, (NLRA) (Wagner Act) (1935), tion System, 5:511 3:332–333 (continued) National Nonpartisan League. See National Pike, 7:176–177 and right-to-work laws, 2:275; Nonpartisan League, National National Police Gazette, The, 5:196 7:161 National Oceanic and Atmospheric National Progressives of America, and trade unions, 2:325; 8:171 Administration (NOAA) 6:500 Triangle Shirtwaist fire and, 8:209 Coast and Geodetic Survey at, National Prohibition Act (1919), National Labor Relations Act 2:257 8:352 (1947). See Taft-Hartley Act National Marine Sanctuary Sys- National Public Radio (NPR), (1947) tem, 5:244 5:554; 7:21; 8:44 National Labor Relations Board, Amer- National Weather Service at, National Reclamation Act (1902), ican Ship Building Co. v., 5:141 8:432–433 6:328 National Labor Relations Board National Opinion Research Center National Recovery Act (1933), 5:362 (NLRB), 5:11, 15 (NORC), 6:534 National Recovery Administration American Federation of Labor and, National Organization for Women (NRA), 1:490; 5:554–555; 6:43, 1:150–151 (NOW), 5:548–549; 8:507, 45; 7:113 establishment of, 2:274; 510, 516 establishment of, 8:162 5:544–545; 6:43; 7:558; 8:42, and abortion laws, 1:6 Supreme Court on, 1:21 171 establishment of, 5:548 National Republican Party, Taft-Hartley Act (1947) and, fundraising by, 5:549 5:555–556; 8:467 8:42–43 Legal and Educational Defense National Research Council (NRC), National Labor Relations Board v. Fund of, 5:549 5:18, 67, 522, 523 Brown, 5:141 membership of, 5:549 founding of, 2:14 National Labor Relations Board v. as political action group, oceanographic research by, 6:161 Jones and Laughlin Steel Corpora- 5:548–549 National Research Project, 6:492 tion, 2:311; 5:546; 8:274 statement of purpose, text of, National Restaurant Association, effects of, 4:493 9:481–484 8:310 National Labor Relations Board v. National Outdoors Association, National Retired Teachers Associa- Truck Drivers Local 449, 5:141 5:557 tion, 1:142 National Labor Union (NLU), 5:16, National park(s) National Review (journal), 2:375; 546; 8:171 in Alaska, 5:552–553 5:556 National Lawn Tennis Association, land for, 5:34 on drug policy, 5:513 U.S. (USNLTA), 8:89, 90 National Lawyers Guild, 5:546–547 promoting, 5:550–551 National Rifle Association (NRA), National League (NL), 7:509 in Rocky Mountain region, 7:191 5:556–557 National Liberation Front. See Sierra Club and, 7:355 Brady Bill and, 1:530 National Front for the Libera- vacationing in National Road. See Cumberland tion of South Vietnam railroads and, 8:305 Road National Lutheran Commission for after World War II, 8:305 National Safety Council, 1:12 Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Welfare, National Park Service (NPS), 4:383; National Sandinista Liberation 5:177 5:549–553; 6:452; 8:146 Front (FSLN), 6:105 National Lutheran Council (NLC), establishment of, 6:528 National Science Foundation (NSF), 5:177 functions of, 4:384 5:557–558 National Marine Sanctuary System, National park system, 5:549–554, accelerator construction by, 6:339 5:244 553 and Internet, 4:399 National Monetary Commission, birth of, 5:549–550 National Science Foundation Act 5:547 challenges of, 5:553 (1950), 5:557 creation of, 1:120; 3:344 consolidation of, 5:550–551 National Security Act (1947), 1:76 National monuments, 2:369, 371 environmental revolution and, and National Security Council, National Museum of the American 5:552–553 3:330 Indian (NMAI), 5:547–548; expansion of, 5:551–552 National security adviser, 2:3 6:1–2 See also specific parks National Security Agency (NSA), National Museum of the American National Parks Conservation Associ- 5:558–559 Indian (NMAI) Act (1989), 6:1 ation, 5:552 criticism of, 3:185–186

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National Security Council (NSC), National Union of Textile Workers, Indian Rights Association, 3:27, 330; 5:559–561 8:111 4:302–303 and Central Intelligence Agency, National Urban League, 5:124, Red Power, 7:70–71 2:91 563–564 African Americans and, 4:324; establishment of, 7:530 National Vietnam and Gulf War 7:8–9; 8:249 evolution of, 5:560–561 Veterans Coalition, 8:318 agriculture of, 1:61, 68–71; 2:96, and foreign policy, 3:28 National Voter Registration Act 413 functions of, 5:560; 7:530 (NVRA) (1993), 8:354, 357 Akimel O’odham, 1:100 members of, 7:530 National War Labor Board economics of, 4:267–269 personnel of, 5:560 (NWLB) fruit growing, 3:478 propaganda by, 6:503 World War I, 5:564; 8:536 gardening, 3:509 Tower Commission and, 8:148 World War II, 5:564–565; 8:171 in Great Plains, 8:218 National Security Council Intelli- National Waterways Commission, Hopi, 4:165 gence Directive (NSCID), 5:565 irrigation in, 4:307–308, 433–434 5:558 National Weather Service. See in New England, 8:220 National Security League, 6:449 Weather Service, National potatoes, 6:432 National Severe Storms Forecast National Wildlife Federation, 3:207 on prairie, 8:224 Center, 8:144 National Woman Suffrage Associa- Pueblo, 6:540; 8:227 National Silver party, 3:158 tion (NWSA), 6:278; 8:11 technology in, 4:307–308 National Socialist German Workers’ National Woman’s Party, 5:65, in Alabama, 1:101–102 Party (NSDAP), 3:562 565–566; 8:514 in Alaska, 1:108, 109, 110, 111, National Society of the Colonial 112; 8:211–214, 212 National Women’s Political Caucus Dames of America (NSCDA), Alcatraz occupied by, 1:115–116; (NWPC), 5:566 2:285 8:215 Nationalism, 5:566–569 National Synchrotron Light Source, alcohol and, 1:116; 4:321–323 in 20th century, 5:569 6:348 American Indian Movement of (See American Revolution and, 7:146 National Tariff Act (1789), 8:50 American Indian Movement) in archival maps, 9:3–4 National Teacher Training Institute, in American Revolution, 2:360; black, 1:477–478 8:62 4:329–330; 7:141–142, 146 of Malcolm X, 6:211 National Teachers Association animal totems of, 8:496 Canadian, 2:27 (NTA), 5:534 animals owned by, 8:318 Chicano, 9:484–486 National Technical Institute for the anthropological studies of, at Constitutional Convention, Deaf, 3:123 1:191–192 National Television Systems Com- 2:379 archaeological studies of, mittee (NTSC), 8:77 definition of, 5:566 1:239–240; 6:441 National Textile Workers Union, holidays and, 5:568 architecture of, 1:254–255 3:512 Irish, 4:423 Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi), National Trades’ and Workers’ Jewish, 8:592 1:182–183, 183 Association, 5:561 militias and, 5:386 Iroquois, 1:238 National Trades’ Union, 5:561 national heroes and, 5:567–568, in Arizona, 1:100–101, 256–257; National Trades’ Union Conven- 569 6:230, 540 tion, 8:171 9/11 attack and, 5:569; 6:109 in Arkansas, 1:260 National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Pledge of Allegiance and, 6:370 art of, 1:314–316 Safety Act (1966), 5:561–562; prizefighting and, 6:483–484 Iroquois, 4:431 8:190, 285 roots of, 5:566–567 Association on American Indian National Transportation Safety “United We Stand, Divided We Affairs and, 1:340 Board (NTSB), 8:241 Fall,” 8:278–279 “Beaver Wars,” 5:207 National Trust for Historic Preser- Nationalist Party, 6:545, 546 in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show, vation, 5:562; 6:452 Nations, Gilbert O., 1:166 8:476 on Vermont, 8:314 NationsBank, 3:368 buffalo in culture of, 1:561 National Union (Arm-in-Arm) Con- Native American(s), 6:4 in California, 2:7, 8, 9, 10, 12; vention, 3:155; 5:562–563 activism by 8:214, 214–216 National Union for Social Justice, American Indian Movement, canoes used by, 2:37 5:563 1:115–116, 160–161 at Centennial Exhibition, 2:87

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Native American(s), (continued) at boarding schools, 2:55, 145; land allotment and, 4:273, 286–287 children 3:135–136; 4:262–263, 286 land cessions by, 1:188; 3:297; adoption of, 4:263–264 encomienda system and, 3:202, 203 4:270–274, 273 removal of, 4:262–264 environmental problems and, 8:571 and agriculture, 1:69–70 Christianity and, 1:447, 482; 2:125, epidemics decimating, 8:488 through allotment, 4:273, 163 ethnological studies of, 3:257 286–287 in cities, 1:160–161 in Everglades, 3:268 compensation for, 8:275 citizenship of, 1:574; 4:264, 287, factory system (trading houses) for, Congressional violation of, 299; 8:215 1:158, 281; 4:311 5:147–148 civil rights of, legislation on, in Florida, 5:309; 8:225 Dawes General Allotment Act 4:264–265; 7:247 food and cuisine of, 3:398 and, 1:574; 2:506–507 in Civil War, 1:501; 2:126, 158, food preservation methods of, 3:405 doctrine of discovery and, 5:32 492–493; 4:326–327, 328 French explorers and, 2:103–104; Greenville Treaty and, 4:64 Choctaw leader on, 9:302–303 3:290–291 Indian Claims Commission and, in Indian Brigade, 4:263 in fur trade, 3:488; 8:222 4:265–266 from Indian Territory, 6:184 factory system and, 1:158 under Jackson, 1:188 and colonists, relations with, gambling on lands of, 3:506–507, under Jefferson, 4:271, 313–314 2:290–291; 7:7 509; 8:489 Mahican, 5:203 colonization of Americas and, in California, 8:215 Nez Perces, 6:100, 102 3:285 Florida Seminoles, 7:309 process and policy for, 5:33 in Colorado, 2:297, 298–299; Ojibwe, 6:181 and religious freedom, 1:161–162 4:314–315; 8:299, 300 regulation of, 1:160; 3:509 through removal, 4:272 Sand Creek Massacre of, Supreme Court on, 3:509; 8:223 surplus land acts and, 5:34 7:243–244 gender roles of, 3:519 and Trail of Tears, 8:177 in Connecticut, 2:356–357; 5:435 genocide of, 3:536 treaties on, 4:270–272; 5:34, constitutional rights of, Supreme in Georgia, 3:554 147–148 Court on, 7:247 gold mining and, 4:314–315 land claims by, 4:273–274 copper used by, 6:115 Gold Rush and, 4:14; 8:214 land tenure among, 1:69 creation tales and myths of, 2:445; and gun control, 4:74 languages of, 4:274–275 4:279 horses of, 4:167, 324–325; 8:222, Apachean, 6:18 crude oil used by, 6:298, 305 224 classification of, 4:274–275 culture of, 3:394 and social life, 4:304, 305 and culture, 4:275 languages and, 4:275 uses for, 4:325 decline of, 4:275 National Museum of the Ameri- housing of, 4:179; 8:475 Hopi, 4:165–166 can Indian and, 5:547–548; Inuit, 4:408 Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikasa, 6:1–2 Iroquois, 4:431 5:219 Native American Graves Protec- in Idaho, 4:211 Navajo, 6:18–19 tion and Repatriation Act in Illinois, 4:214–215 Ojibwe, 6:181–182 (1990) and, 6:1–3 Indian agents and, 4:261–262 in oral literature, 4:279–280 dance, 2:500, 500–501, 501 Indian Claims Commission and, in oratory, 4:281 Ghost Dance, 4:294; 5:507 4:265–266, 273–274; 5:532 sign, 7:357–358 Wovoka’s letter on, 9:259–260 Indian Country of, 4:266–267 written, 4:275 music and, 5:498 in Indian Territory, 4:309; literature of, 2:484; 4:179 sun dance, 4:292–293; 8:18–19 6:183–185 oral, 4:279–281 displacement of in Indiana, 4:317 litigation by, 2:127–128 from Minnesota, 5:399 intermarriage among (miscegena- lobbying for from Mississippi, 5:412 tion), 4:270; 5:188, 468 by American Indian Defense economic life of, 4:267–269 in Iowa, 4:414 Association, 1:159–160 after European contact, Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor on, by Society of American Indians, 4:267–268 9:257–259 7:430–431 Industrial Revolution and, in Kansas, 4:507–508, 509 Louisiana Purchase and, 8:217, 224 4:268–269 in Kentucky, 4:518 at Louisiana Purchase Exposition, education for, 1:482; 3:112, 115, kidnapping by, 4:525 5:163, 164 129, 133–134 firsthand account of, 9:101–103 as Loyalists, 5:167–168

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Mackinac Island, 5:188, 188 in Oregon, 6:203–204, 205, 207, Mohave, 5:434 magazines, 5:192 231 music and, 5:498 in maps on Oregon Trail, 6:209 mysticism and, 5:507 colonial, 9:14–16 in Pennsylvania, 6:276 Native American Church, 6:1, 8 depiction of, 9:4, 14–16 peyote use by, 1:162; 3:374; new movements in, 4:293–294 making of, 5:231–232; 9:2 4:292–293; 6:1, 8; 7:401 peyote use in, 1:162; 4:292–293; westward expansion and, and Plymouth Colony, 6:378–379 7:401 9:47–52, 48 policies on restrictions on, 4:293; 7:401 marriage ceremony among, 8:435 Board of Indian Commissioners, revival movements and, 6:5–8 in matrilineal societies, 4:290–291 1:492 traditional, 4:292–293 medicine, 5:292–293 British, 4:283 removal of, 2:125; 4:295–297, 296; migration and, 5:371 colonial, 4:281–283 7:9, 102 (See also Trail of in military, 4:327–329 Dutch, 4:281–282 Tears) Navajo Code Talkers, 6:16, French, 4:282 Army in, 1:280 17–18, 18, 19, 69 Meriam Report, 5:323–324 courts supporting, 6:506 in Minnesota, 5:398, 399 Modoc War (1872–1873), 5:433 development of policy, 4:295 missions to (See Mission[s], domes- reform of, 2:95 and economic life, 4:268–269 tic/Indian) Spanish, 4:282–283 effects of, 4:285–286 in Missouri, 5:419 U.S., 4:284–290 to Indian Territory, 4:309; in Montana, 5:448 1775-1830, 4:284–285 6:183–184 and Mormons, 8:217, 228 1830-1900, 3:271; 4:285–287 Jackson on, 4:285, 295, 298 1900-2000, 4:287–290; 8:91–92 land cessions through, 4:272 mounds of, 4:277–279 political life of, 4:290–292 legislation on, 4:295–296 Adena, 1:20 after European contact, in maps, archival, 9:47–52 archaeological studies of, 1:239, 4:291–292 Natchez Campaign of 1813 and, 246, 247; 4:277–278 in matrilineal societies, 5:518 at Cahokia, 2:6, 6–7; 4:278; 4:290–291 in Northwest Territory, 6:137; 8:225 sachem in, 7:220 8:222 Hopewell, 4:163, 163 pottery of, 1:303 of Prairie Indians, 8:224 Mississippian, 1:246; 4:278 powwows, 5:498 Removal Act of 1830 and, Poverty Point, 6:441 prehistoric, 1:241–247 7:101–103 mountain men and, 5:468 Mesa Verde cliff dwellings, 5:325, resistance to, 4:285 museums displays and, 5:488 325–326 in South, 8:226 music of, 5:498–499 preservation of heritage of, 1:240 Supreme Court on, 4:285; 6:183 National Congress of American national park system and, 5:550 and Tecumseh’s Crusade, 8:64 Indians and, 5:531–532 recreation among, 7:63 treaties on, 4:296 National Indian Youth Council relations with, 7:8–9 republicanism of, 7:116 and, 5:532, 543–544 captivity narratives, 2:50–52, 51, reservations, 1:492; 4:297–302 in Nebraska, 6:29–30, 261 52; 3:84 in 1900, 4:299 in Nevada, 6:230–231; 8:216 religious conversion of agriculture on, 1:70 New Deal for, 1:571; 4:288, 297 forced, 6:101, 541, 542 Arapaho on, 1:235 in New Hampshire, 6:56, 57 by Franciscans, 6:67; 8:129, 227 Blackfeet on, 1:481–482 in New Mexico, 6:65, 67, 68–69, of Nez Perce, 8:222 in California, 8:215 69, 230, 540; 8:47–48 Praying Towns and, 6:448 Cheyenne escape from, 3:94 in New Netherland, 6:71–72, 79 by Puritans, 6:48, 448 Comanche on, 2:308 in New York (state), 6:86–87 in Southwest, 8:227, 238 establishment of, 1:570–571; in New York Colony, 6:83 religious freedom for, 3:374; 6:1 4:298 in North Dakota, 6:131, 132, 134 legislation on, 1:161–162 Flathead (Montana), 5:449 in Ohio, 4:278; 6:171–172, religious life of, 2:544; 4:292–294; Fort Berthold, 5:219, 220 177–178 7:85 in Great Basin, 8:217 in Ohio Valley, 6:176–177 alcohol in, 4:322 as Indian Country, 4:266 in Oklahoma, 6:183–185, 262, 444; boarding schools and, 4:262–263 Iroquois on, 4:432–433 7:308–309; 8:239 Eliot’s Dialogues on, 9:99–100 Klamath (Oregon), 5:433 oratory among, 4:281 Eliot’s Indian Bible in, 4:262 land cessions for, 4:272–273

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Native American(s), (continued) opposition to, 1:340; 4:288–289 by Stevens (Isaac), 7:547–548 legislation on, 4:298–299, 301 origins of, 4:288, 300 Supreme Court on, 4:314, 315; Meriam Report on conditions, in Texas, 8:98, 100 5:147–148 1:492; 5:323–324 and Texas Rangers, 8:104 Treaty of Fort Laramie, 1:235; Navajo on, 6:15, 17, 17, 19 theater of, 8:112 7:370; 8:402; 9:227–229 in North Dakota, 6:132 tobacco and, 4:325–326; 8:133 Treaty of Medicine Lodge, 5:148 in Northwest, 8:222, 223 tomahawks of, 8:140–141 tribal courts of, 4:265, 316–317 objectives of creating, 4:298–299 trade with, 4:309–311; 8:160 tribal governments of, constitu- Onondaga, 6:195–196 alcohol in, 4:322–323 tional rights and, 4:264–265 Peace Commission (1867) and, after American Revolution, tribal membership for, 4:264; 6:263 4:310–311 7:247 policies on, 4:298–301 Charleston (South Carolina) and, and Underground Railroad, 8:249 population of, 4:301–302 2:108 in Utah, 6:230; 8:217, 296, 299 Proclamation of 1763 and, 6:490 in colonial era, 4:267–268, 310, in Vermont, 8:311 resistance to, 4:299 322–323 in Virginia, 6:442; 8:341, 349 Seminole on, 7:308, 309 economics of, 4:267–268 in War of 1812, 4:272; 8:382, Sioux on, 7:369–370 in Great Basin, 8:216 399–400 in Southwest, 8:228 Indian agents in, 4:261 warfare of, 8:390–394 treaties on, 4:272–273 in New France, 6:51 with colonists, 8:391–393 revival movements of, 6:5–8 in New Hampshire, 6:57 indigenous, 8:390–391 Ghost Dance, 3:573; 6:7; 8:562 Panton, Leslie and Company, motivations for, 8:390–391 in Northwest, 8:223 6:244 weapons in, 8:391–392 in Rhode Island, 7:151 in trading houses (factory sys- wars with, 8:395–405 (See also running traditions of, 8:154 tem), 1:158, 281; 4:311 Frontier defense) in scouting corps, 4:328 and trading posts, 8:174, 176 in 16th century, 8:395 secret societies of, 7:295 Virginia Indian Company and, in 17th century, 8:395–397 self-determination for, 4:289, 301, 8:349 in 18th century, 8:397–399 303 wampum in, 8:369–370 in 19th century, 8:399–405, 400, Sequoyah (proposed state) for, trails of, 4:311–312 403 7:314 treaties with, 4:312–315; Apache Wars, 1:220–221 sexuality of, 7:328–329 8:206–207, 217 atrocities in, 1:353–354; 8:337 sign language of, 7:357–358 in 18th century, 4:313 Battle of Fallen Timbers, slavery and, 4:323–324 in 19th century, 4:313–315 3:310–311; 4:63 smallpox in, 5:219–220; 7:399 in 20th century, 4:315 Battle of Little Bighorn, 1:354; social life of, 4:303–306 colonial, 4:312–313, 315–316 8:404 in South Carolina, 7:453, 454 Congressional violation of, eyewitness account of, in South Dakota, 7:458, 459, 461 5:147–148 9:253–255 sovereignty of, 7:477 end of, 4:315 Sioux in, 7:370–371 Spanish explorers and, 3:296 Fort Laramie (1851), 5:220 Battle of Tippecanoe, 8:131 speeches Greenville Treaty, 4:63–64, 271; Black Hawk War, 1:473–474; by Little Crow, 9:243–244 6:172 8:300 by Logan, 9:103–104 on Indian Country, 4:266 Black Hills War, 1:474–475 by Powhatan, 9:98 Indian Treaty at Prairie du Chien Chickasaw-Creek War, by Tecumseh, 9:199–200 and, 6:447–448 2:135–136 Spirit Lake Massacre by, Iroquois League, 9:153–154 in colonial era, 8:395–399, 397 7:503–504 on land cessions, 4:270–273; 5:34 Dull Knife Campaign, 8:404 sports among, 7:63, 507 in Montana, 5:449 Dunmore’s War, 3:95 state intervention in life of, 3:271 Neah Bay, 5:213 Fox War, 3:447–448 structures built by, 1:563 Ojibwe, 6:180–181 French and Indian War (See technology of, 4:306–309 origins of, 4:312–313 French and Indian War) in Tennessee, 8:83–84 on removal, 4:296 horse cavalry in, 2:78 termination of services to, on reservations, 4:272–273 in Kansas, 4:509 4:288–289; 5:128 Seminole, 7:308 King Philip’s War, 4:526–527 legislation on, 4:300 Sioux, 4:315; 7:368, 369, 370 King William’s War, 4:527–528

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Logan’s speech on, 9:103–104 of Know-Nothing Party, 1:166; Navajo, 6:15–17, 16; 8:228 in Maine, 5:207–208 4:540 in Arizona, 1:257 Massacres in, 8:337 Maria Monk controversy, 5:238 art of, 1:315, 315 Modoc War, 5:433; 8:404 and political violence, 1:331–332 campaigns against, 2:537 Mountain Meadow Massacre, and Republican Party, 7:111 code talkers, 6:16, 17–18, 18, 19, 69 5:467–468 Nativist movements (American Indi- Fort Defiance and, 2:537 Natchez Campaign of 1813, 5:518 an revival movements), 6:5–8 language of, 6:18–19 Navajo War, 6:16, 19; 8:404 Ghost Dance, 3:573; 6:7; 8:562 in New Mexico, 6:65, 69 Ohio Wars, 6:177–178; 8:399 in Northwest, 8:223 on reservations, 8:228 Patriot War, 7:8 NATO. See North Atlantic Treaty seminomadic lifestyle of, 8:227 Pequot War, 6:289, 379 Organization as slaves, 6:15 Pontiac’s War (See Pontiac’s War) Natural gas, 3:212 Spain and, 6:15 Pueblo Revolt, 6:67, 542; 8:47 as alternative fuel, 3:480 in World War II, 2:468 Red River Indian War, 7:72 discovery of, 6:8 Navajo Community College (Diné Red River War, 8:404 future of, 3:213 College), 8:210 scalping in, 7:260–261 in petrochemical industry, 6:298 Navajo Nation, 6:15, 17, 17 Seminole Wars, 3:385, 386; in tidelands, 8:124 Navajo War, 6:16, 19, 69; 8:404 7:309–310, 484; 8:226, transportation of, 6:9 Naval Academy, 6:19 401–402 Natural Gas Act (1938), 6:9 during Civil War, 7:153 Sioux Wars, 7:370–371; 8:403 Natural gas industry, 6:8–10 establishment of, 2:530 tactics in, 8:390–394 development of, 6:8–9 Naval Appropriation Bill (1851), Tecumseh’s Crusade, 8:64 growth of, 6:9 3:383 Yakima Indian Wars, 8:402–403, regulation of, 6:9 Naval Appropriations Act (1916), 571–572 Natural history 6:450 in Washington (state), 8:415, 571 mammalogy, 5:217–218 Naval blockades, 1:487 water supply for, 1:100; 8:415 marine biology, 5:240–241 Naval oil reserves, 6:19–20; 8:63 whaling by, 8:465, 465 museums of, 5:487–488; 8:597 Naval operations, chief of (CNO), in Wisconsin, 8:488, 489 Natural language processing, 1:318 6:20 women Natural rights, 6:10–11 Naval stores, 1:523; 6:20–21 farming by, 1:68–69 Paine (Thomas) on, 7:162 Navasky, Victor, 5:522 in matrilineal societies, Natural selection, 3:269 Navassa Island, 1:189 4:290–291 Naturalism, 6:11–13 Navigation in World War I, 4:328 in literature, 5:118–120 projects aimed at improving, in World War II, 4:328–329 in sculpture, 1:306 7:168–171 in Wyoming, 8:563, 564, 566 Naturalization, 3:281; 6:13–14 See also River(s), navigation on YMCA and, 8:584 McCarran-Walter Act (1952), Navigation Act(s), 4:25; 6:21–23 See also Paleoindians; Tribes; specific 5:181 of 1660, 6:21 tribes requirements for of 1817, 6:21 Native American Church, 6:1, 8 in 18th century, 1:123 and colonial commerce, 2:282 ceremonial protocol in, 4:292 American Republican Party on, mercantilism, 5:315–316 Comanche and, 2:308 1:168 and piracy, 6:360 Ghost Dance and, 5:507 Naturalization Act (1790), 6:396 and smuggling, 6:22, 360; Native American Graves Protection Naturalization Act (1798), 1:123 7:405–406 and Repatriation Act (NAG- Naturalization Act (1870), 6:14 Navy, Confederate, 6:23, 25 PRA) (1990), 6:1–3 Nature (Emerson), 5:119; 7:194; Alabama in, 1:105–106 Native American Party, 1:168 8:180 armored ships in, 1:265 Native American Rights Fund, 6:3 Nature Conservancy, 2:372; 3:206 ironclad warships in, 4:430–431 Native American studies, 6:3–4 Nature of Geography, The rams used by, 7:47 ethnohistory in, 3:257 (Hartshorne), 3:543 Navy, Department of, 6:23–24 Native Son (Wright), 5:121, 125; 6:12 Nauman, Bruce, 1:307 and naval oil reserves, 6:19 Nativism, 6:4–5; 7:16 Nautilus (submarine), 6:14, 382 Navy, Royal of American Republican Party, 1:168 Nauvoo, Mormons at, 5:53; 6:14–15 impressment of seamen by, and immigration restriction, Mormon Trail, 5:459 4:248–249 4:232–233 Mormon War, 5:459–460 in War of 1812, 8:384

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Navy, Union, 2:214; 6:25 in World War II, 6:24, 26; NCL. See National Consumers’ armored ships in, 1:265 8:555–558 League ironclad warships in, 4:430–431 Battle of Atlantic, 1:352 NCLR. See National Council of La naval mortars, 5:460 Battle of Java Sea, 4:465–466 Raza in Vicksburg, 8:324 Battle of Leyte Gulf, 6:26; 8:557 NDAC. See National Defense Advi- Navy, U.S., 6:24–27 Battle of the Philippine Sea, sory Commission aircraft carriers of, 1:89–92 6:320–321; 8:557 NDRC. See National Defense in American Revolution, 6:24 capturing Gilbert Islands, 3:576; Research Committee armored ships of, 1:265–266 6:26 NEA. See National Education Asso- arms control in, 1:269–270 capturing Marshall Islands, ciation; National Endowment Battle Fleet Cruise Around the 3:576; 6:26 for the Arts; Newspaper Enter- World, 1:428–429, 429 Guadalcanal Campaign, 4:68; prise Association Civil War and, 6:25 6:26; 8:556 Neagle, David, 4:250 in Cold War, 6:26–27 gunboats, 4:77 Neah Bay, Treaty of (1855), 5:213 dirigibles in, 3:30 Pearl Harbor, 6:272, 272–273; Near East Relief, 8:542 early history of, 2:530 8:543–545, 555–556 Near v. Minnesota, 6:27 ensigns in, 3:223 Task Force 58, 8:53 NEAS. See New England Antislav- gunboats, 4:77 Navy and Marine Corps Medal, ery Society in imperialism, 4:243–244 2:527 Nebbia v. New York, 6:28 under Jefferson, 1:269 Navy Cross, 2:526 Nebraska, 6:28, 28–31 Liberty incident, 5:95–96 Navy Nurse Corps, 6:147 African Americans in, 6:31 liquor ration for, 3:59 agriculture in, 6:30, 31 NAWSA. See National American medicine in, 5:296 in Civil War, 6:30 Woman Suffrage Association Merrimac, sinking of, 5:325 in colonial era, 6:29 Naylor, Gloria, The Women of Brew- in Mexican-American War, 6:25 constitution of, 6:30 ster Place, 5:126 and national defense, 2:531 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Nazarene, Church of the, 6:27 and Naval Academy, 6:19 songs of, 7:533 Nazi Party, 8:543 oceanographic research by, explorations in, 6:29 Nazis, American 6:159–161, 162 Great Depression in, 6:30 ACLU on, 1:147 ordnance of, 6:202–203, 203 irrigation in, 6:30 German-American Bund and, in Persian Gulf War, 6:27 Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 3:560 pilot charts, 5:331 4:512–513; 6:30 See also Fascism, American Princeton, explosion on, 6:464–465 Native Americans in, 6:29–30, 261 Pueblo incident, 6:541 NBC. See National Baptist Conven- prehistoric, 6:28–29 in Quasi-War with France, tion slavery in, 4:512–513 6:24–25 NBC television network, 8:72 Necessary and proper clause, recruitment for, 2:364 cartoons on, 2:64 Supreme Court on, 4:247–248 under Roosevelt (Theodore), 1:270 early commercial broadcasting by, Necessity, Fort, 3:469 sexual harassment in, Tailhook 8:77 Necotowance, 6:443 incident, 7:323; 8:43–44 foundation of, 8:66 Neddermeyer, Seth H., 6:344 in Spanish-American War, 6:23, news programs on, 8:73 Needham, John, 8:85 25; 7:487–488 Today on, 8:138 “Needless War” doctrine, 4:20, 21 Special Forces of, 7:494–495 Tonight Show on, 8:142 Neel, Alice, 1:298 submarines of, 7:562–563 westerns on, 8:73 Ne’eman, Yuval, 6:338 Thresher disaster in, 8:122–123 NBCA. See National Baptist Con- Negative income tax (NIT), 6:31 underwater demolition teams vention of America Negative liberty, 5:94 (UDTs) of, 8:251 NCAA. See National Collegiate Ath- Negro American Labor Council uniforms in, 8:257 letic Association (NALC), 8:172 vessels, types of, 5:480 NCADD. See National Council on “Negro Family, The: The Case for warships of, 8:405–409 Alcoholism and Drug Depen- National Action” (Moynihan), in World War I, 6:24, 25–26; dence 6:440 8:540 NCF. See National Civic Federation Negro World (newspaper), 6:98 and North Sea mine barrage, NCJW. See National Council of NEH. See National Endowment for 6:134 Jewish Women the Humanities

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Nehru, Jawaharlal, 4:259 Networks, media. See Radio; Televi- primal therapy, 6:462–463 Neighborhood Youth Corps, 8:293, sion New Albion colony, 6:39–40 386 Neuerburg, Norman, 3:565 New American Atlas (Tanner), 5:233 Neighborhoods, preservation of, Neuharth, Allen, 6:99–100 New American Poverty, The (Harring- 8:287 Neumann, John von, 3:109, 110 ton), excerpt from, 9:500–504 Neighbors, and property law, 6:506 Neurath, Otto, 3:204 New Amsterdam, 3:289; 6:40, Neiman-Marcus, 3:8–9 Neurology, 5:313–314 40–41, 79, 87 Neisser, Ulric, 6:525 Neustadt, Richard, 6:453, 454 burghers in, 1:573 Nelson, Gaylord A., 3:100, 228 Neutra, Richard, 1:252 founding of, 2:289 hearings on pill safety, 1:468 Neutral rights, 6:33–34 Jews in, 4:476 and Teachers Corps, 8:61 Plan of 1776 and, 6:361 and Long Island, 5:149 Nelson, George, 3:499 Neutrality, 6:34–37 recaptured by Dutch, 6:82 Nelson, Lemrick, 2:466 international law and, 4:393–394 Stuyvesant and, 6:40, 72 Nelson, Ted, 7:280 Neutrality Act (1935), 5:170 New Bahama Channel, 3:388 Nelson, William, 7:156 Neutrality Act (1936), 5:170 New Castle, 6:41 Nelson, Willie, 1:441, 441 Neutrality Act (1937), 5:170 New Christian Right, 2:376 Nemours, Pierre Samuel du Pont Neutrality Proclamation, 6:491 New Classicism, in economics, de, 3:108 Neutrino, 6:339, 341 3:110 Neoclassical furniture, 3:496–497 Neutrons, 6:338, 340–341 New Criterion (magazine), 6:32 Neoconservatism, 6:31–33 Nevada, 6:37–39 New Criticism, 5:122 National Review and, 5:556 in Civil War, 6:37–38 New Deal, 4:47–48; 6:41–46 Neo-fascist communities, 8:303 Comstock Lode in, 1:497; 2:9, in action, 6:42–43 Neolin (prophet), 6:7, 411 338; 3:300 administrative agencies created Neo-Lutherans, 5:176 earthquakes in, 3:101 under, 1:21; 6:43–45 (See also Neon, 6:341 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and specific agencies) NEPA. See National Environmental songs of, 7:533 on agriculture, 1:66–67, 71; 7:474 Policy Act explorations in, 3:468; 6:37 American Federation of Labor and, NEPTEC. See Nez Perce Tribal gambling in, 6:38–39 1:150–151 Executive Committee gold mining in, 4:11 American Studies and, 1:169 Nerve gas, 2:118 Great Depression in, 6:38 and antitrust legislation, 8:235 NES. See National Election Studies military bases in, 6:39 Blue Eagle emblem in, 1:490 Nesters. See Homesteaders mining towns in, 8:347 Brain Trust of, 1:532 Nestlé Native Americans in, 6:230–231; Brookings Institution on, 8:117 boycott of, 1:529 8:216 and child care, 2:138–139 and wine industry, 8:487 nuclear testing in, 6:38 and Civilian Conservation Corps, Netanyahu, Benjamin, 4:442, 444 prehistoric, 6:37 2:220 Netherlands prostitution in, 6:513 and collective bargaining, 2:274 birth control in, 1:467 public domain in, 6:529 and commerce clause, 2:311 colonial settlements of, 4:281–282 reclamation projects in, 7:55 Communist Party on, 2:326 in European Common Market, silver industry in, 6:37, 38 conservationism during, 2:371 8:157 tourism in, 6:38 conservatism in response to, 2:374, explorations of, 4:281; 6:71 in World War II, 6:38 375 foreign investment from, 3:419, Yucca Mountain, 3:209 and domestic trade, 8:162 420, 422 Nevada (battleship), 6:273 and Federal Deposit Insurance fur trade of, 3:488–489 Nevada, Crandall v., 6:297 Corporation, creation of, immigration from, 4:221–222; 7:262 Nevada Test Site, radiation from, 1:402, 407 Native Americans and 3:209; 8:298 final phase of, 6:44–45 Iroquois, 4:281, 432 Nevelson, Louise, 1:307, 309 General Accounting Office during, policies on, 4:281–282 Neville, John, 8:469 3:523 treaties between, 4:312 Nevin, Blanche, 1:308 and government jobs, 1:572 in slave trade, 7:384 Nevin, John W., 7:76, 97; 8:264 and government regulations, 3:13 trading posts of, 8:175 New, Wilson v., 1:19 and greenbelt communities, 4:63 See also Dutch New Age movement, 6:39; 8:303 Home Owners’ Loan Corporation Netscape Communications, 2:337 alternative medicine, 5:292 in, 4:151–152

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New Deal, (continued) trade unions in, 4:391–392 maps of, archival, 9:14, 14–17, 15, Indian, 1:571; 4:288, 297 United States v. Butler and, 8:273 16, 17 industrial relations in, 4:337 and welfare system, 8:440–441 marriage in, 3:63 inflation and, 4:352 and Works Progress Administra- philanthropy in, 6:316 Keynes and, 6:44 tion, 6:43; 8:530–531 plans of union in, 6:362–363 and labor movement, 5:7–8 See also specific laws primogeniture in, 6:464 and labor violence, 8:339 New Deal Liberty League, 2:375 Puritans in, 6:46, 47, 555, 556 Labor’s Non-Partisan League and, New Deal Revenue Act (1938), 6:44 religion in, 7:83, 84, 93 5:17 New Directions, 3:418 religious liberty offered by, 8:139 and liberalism, 5:92 New Divinity, 7:96 rum trade in, 7:204 in Maine, 5:210 New England, 6:46–47 settlement and migration patterns, malaria aid, 5:214 American Revolution in, 7:142 8:459 in Maryland, 5:258 cod fisheries in, 2:261 slavery in, 5:515 in Michigan, 5:356 in domestic trade, 8:160 sumptuary laws in, 8:17 and minorities, 3:50 Dominion of, 2:110 theocracy in, 6:50, 60; 8:116 in Montana, 5:450 earthquakes in, 3:101 toll bridges in, 8:139 murals and, 5:483 Federalist Party in, 3:351 witchcraft in, 7:83; 8:494–495 and national parks, 5:552 floods in, 3:383 See also specific colonies National Union for Social Justice Hartford Convention and, 4:101 New England Company, 3:80; 6:48 challenging, 5:563 immigration to, 4:220–221 New England Confederation, The New Republic on, 6:76 isolation of, 6:46 6:48–49, 379 opposition to, by American Liberty liberal Christianity in, 5:431 New England Courant (newspaper), League, 1:163–164 local government in, 5:137–139 6:95 origin and design of, 6:41–42 lumber industry in, 5:171–172 New England Emigrant Aid Com- political cartoon on, 6:43 mackerel fisheries in, 5:187–188 pany, 6:49 political machines and, 5:187 newspapers published in, 6:95 New England Glass Company, 4:3 and Postal Service, U.S., prisons in, 6:476 New England Primer (textbook), 6:427–428 schools in, 3:111, 112 3:112; 5:127; 6:49–50, 50; in presidential campaigns, 3:162, secessionist movement in, 3:256 8:106 163 selectmen in, 7:304 New England school of composers, Progressive Party supporting, in slave trade, 8:209 5:492 6:499 and tariffs, 3:460 New England Theology, 7:96 public works programs of, 8:441 textile industry in, 8:109 New England Way, 6:50; 8:116 realignment of, 6:43–44 town government in, 8:148–149 New Era, 6:50–51 and Resettlement Administration, transcendentalism in, 8:179 New France, 2:329; 3:471, 472; 7:120 See also New England colonies; spe- 5:21; 6:51–54, 52, 53 resistance to, 6:43 cific states early settlement of, 6:51 Second, 6:43 New England Antislavery Society population of, 6:51–54 social legislation in, 7:415–416 (NEAS), 6:47 trade in, 6:51–53 Supreme Court on, 8:24 New England colonies, 2:285, with Native Americans, 6:51 definition of business affected 287–289; 6:47–48, 48 with New Mexico, 6:67–68 with public interest, 6:28 agriculture in, 1:62 New Freedom, 6:54–55, 70, 495 Federal Trade Commission, Aix-la-Chapelle Treaty and, 1:99 New Frontier, 6:55 3:348 architecture in, 1:248, 249 New Hampshire, 6:55–59, 56 interpretive shift in, 4:493, 496 assemblies in, 2:280 African Americans in, 6:58 judicial review and, 4:492–493 city planning in, 2:184 agriculture in, 6:58–59 National Industrial Recovery Act, direct royal power in, 3:77 in American Revolution, 6:57–58 1:21; 7:263–264 divine providences in, 3:63 child labor regulation in, 6:58 National Recovery Administra- education in, 6:49–50 in Civil War, 6:58 tion, 3:348 families in, 3:311–312 in colonial era, 6:56–57 and tariffs, 8:156 in foreign trade, 8:164 constitution of, 6:58 and Tennessee Valley Authority, Great Migration to, 4:55–56 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and 8:83, 88 Ipswich Protest in, 4:417 songs of, 7:533 Third, 6:45 King Philip’s War in, 4:526–527 founding of, 2:289

298 How to go to your page

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Green Mountain Boys in, 4:61; redevelopment of, 6:64 Native Americans in, 6:71–72, 79 8:311 as royal colony, 6:510 Nicolls’ Commission and, in land disputes, 8:311 silk production in, 7:361–362 6:106–107 lottery in, 5:157 suburbanization in, 6:63 origins of, 3:96–97 and Massachusetts, boundary dis- urbanization in, 6:63 Petition and Remonstrance of, pute between, 1:521–522 women’s voting rights in, 3:145; 6:296–297 Native Americans in, 6:56, 57 7:105 slavery in, 6:72 prehistoric, 6:56 New Jersey Plan, in Constitutional southern extension of, 2:541 as proprietary colony, 6:510, 511, Convention, 2:380 trade in, 6:71, 72 512 New Jewel Movement, 4:65 New Netherland Company, 6:71 provincial congresses in, 6:520 New Left, 7:18; 8:587 New Orange, 6:82 railroads in, 6:58 food protest by, 3:402 New Orleans (Louisiana), 6:73, ski resorts in, 7:122 See also Students for a Democratic 73–75, 74 slavery in, 6:57, 58 Society African Americans in, 6:74 textile industry in, 6:58 New Lights, 6:65, 515 during American Revolution, tourism in, 6:59 and Princeton University, 6:465 6:73 New Hampshire, Peirce v., 5:103 New Mexico, 6:65–70, 66 architecture in, 6:73 New Hampshire, Sweezy v., 1:10, 143 Barreiro on, 9:201–203 capture of, 6:73, 75–76 New Harmony Community (Indi- cession by Mexico of, 2:550 naval mortars and, 5:460 ana), 3:107, 113; 8:300 in Civil War, 6:69 cholera epidemics in, 2:159 New Haven (Connecticut) Cold War and, 6:69 during Civil War, 6:73–74, 75–76 city plan for, 2:184 in colonial era, 6:66–67 Butler’s Order No. 28, 1:590 founding of, 2:289 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and French colonial settlement in, New Haven Colony, 6:59, 59–60 songs of, 7:533 6:53, 73 basis of government of, 1:449 encomienda system in, 3:203 furniture manufacturing in, 3:497 Blue Laws in, 1:490 explorations of, 6:65–66 Houma and, 4:177 theocracy in, 6:60; 8:116 Farmers’ Alliance in, 3:323 immigrants in, 6:73, 74 New International Economic Order, Hispanic Americans in, 6:68, 69 jazz in, 4:467–468 call for, 8:271 under Mexican rule, 6:68 and Louisiana Purchase, 5:162 New Jersey, 6:60–65, 61 Mexican-American War and, Lower Garden District in, 8:288 in 20th century, 6:63–64 6:68–69 Mafia incident, 5:191 African Americans in, 6:63 Native Americans in, 6:65, 67, mint at, 5:403 agriculture in, 6:61 68–69, 69, 230, 540; 8:47–48 air pollution in, 6:64 reconquest of, 6:67 revolt against Spanish rule, 5:159 airports in, 1:98 Spanish colonial administration in, riots in, 5:160; 6:76 in American Revolution, 6:62 2:279 slavery in, 6:73 Battle of Monmouth, 5:443 Spanish explorations in, 3:296 Spanish colonial settlement in, in colonial era, 6:60–62 Spanish language in, 7:491 6:73 in foreign trade, 8:164 statehood of, 6:69–70 street railway service in, 7:43 freedom of religion in, 8:139 and Texas, 6:68, 69 as terminal for flatboat commerce, constitution of, 6:63 tourism in, 6:69 3:382 East Jersey incorporated in, 3:103 trade of, 6:67–68 tourism in, 6:74 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and as U.S. territory, 6:68–69 Vieux Carré in, 6:73, 73, 74; 8:336 songs of, 7:533 Utopian communities in, 8:303 World’s Industrial and Cotton Federalist Party in, 3:351 White Caps in, 8:470 Centennial Exposition in, first settlers in, 2:289; 3:188 in World War II, 6:69 8:558 gun control in, 4:75 New Nationalism, 1:566; 6:54, yellow fever epidemics in, 8:576 immigrants in, 6:60, 62–64 70–71, 495 See also Lake Pontchartrain industrialization in, 6:62–63 New Negro: An Interpretation, The New Orleans (steamboat), 3:483; in Middle Colonies, 5:362 (Locke), 5:125 6:75, 7:172 population density in, 6:60 New Netherland, 2:289; 6:40, 71, New Orleans, Battle of, 1:382; porcelain industry in, 6:418 71–72, 82, 87; 7:200 5:159; 6:25, 73, 75, 75 as proprietary colony, 6:510, 511 architecture in, 1:248 maps of, 8:385 provincial congresses in, 6:520 British conquest of, 3:93 archival, 9:42, 43, 44

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New Panama Canal Company, life insurance in, 4:370 in American Revolution, 6:79; 6:237, 238 location of, 6:86 7:137, 141, 143, 143 New Progressive Party (PNP), 6:547 Long Island, 5:149–150 amusement parks in, 1:179 New Republic, The (magazine), 6:33, maps of, archival, land holdings in, anti-Catholicism in, 1:196 76–77, 90, 326 9:37, 39 apartments in, 1:222–223; 4:181 New Right, The: We’re Ready to Lead Mohawk Valley, 5:435 architecture of, 1:252; 6:80 (Viguerie), excerpt from, Native Americans in, 6:86–87 Armory Show in (1913), 9:495–499 Oneida Colony in, 6:194–195 1:268–269 New Smyrna Colony, 6:77 Onondaga reservation in, Astor Place riot, 1:341–342 New South. See South, New 6:195–196 blizzards in, 1:486, 487; 3:42 New Sweden Colony, 2:541; polio epidemic in, 6:388 botanical gardens in, 1:517 6:77–78, 276 Polish Americans in, 6:392 Bowery in, 1:525 New Theology, 8:263 prehistoric, 6:86–87 bridges in, 1:539 New York (state), 6:86–89, 87, 88 prisons in, 6:476 Broadway in, 1:543, 543–544; in 19th century, 6:88 as proprietary colony, 6:510, 511, 8:115 in 20th century, 6:88–89 512 Brooklyn in, 1:546, 546–547 abolitionism in, 6:88 provincial congresses in, 6:520 capture of, by Dutch, 6:82 airports in, 1:98 ratification of Constitution in, Central Park in, 2:94, 94–95; Amana Community in, 1:133 2:382 6:453 American Labor Party in, 1:162 as royal colony, 6:510, 512 Menagerie in, 8:594 in American Revolution, 6:87 Saratoga Springs in, 7:251–252 cholera epidemics in, 2:159, 160 animal protection laws in, 1:186 city plan for, 2:185 Sing Sing in, 7:365–366 Anti-Rent War in, 1:206 in Civil War, 6:80, 82, 84 Son-of-Sam Law in, 7:448–449 anti-Semitism in, 1:206 plot to burn, 6:82 strikes in, 7:556 Apalachin Conference in, 1:222 colonial charter of, 2:111 toll roads in, 8:140 Attica State Prison in, 1:355–356 in colonial era, 8:289 tourism in, 6:89 canal system of, 2:31–32; Committee of Inspection in, 2:313 town government in, 8:148, 149 3:251–253 Cooper Union for the Advance- women’s rights movement in, 6:88 in Civil War, 6:88 ment of Science And Art, New York, Gitlow v., 1:453; 2:84; claims to western lands, 8:455 2:405, 405–406 3:373–374 climate of, 6:86 crime in, 2:459 New York, Graves v., 2:276 in colonial era (See New Nether- Crown Heights riots, 2:466–467 New York, Lochner v., 1:21, 580; 3:90, land; New York Colony) Crystal Palace Exhibition in, and Connecticut, boundary dispute 308; 5:14 2:468; 8:558 between, 1:521; 2:355–356 judicial review in, 4:492 elevator demonstration at, 3:186 constitution of, 7:525, 526 liberty of contract in, 5:394, 395, development of, 9:70–77 dairy industry in, 2:489 473 Dongan charter and, 3:79 Democratic Party in, Hunkers in, New York, Nebbia v., 6:28 draft riots in, 3:84; 7:164, 166; 4:195 New York and Boston Illinois Land 8:338 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Company, 5:36 embargo on British imports in, songs of, 7:533 New York Athletic Club (NYAC), 6:116 Federalist Party in, 3:351 8:154 Empire State Building in, 3:199, geography of, 6:86 New York Children’s Aid Society, 199 geological survey of, 3:548 1:27 Empowerment Zone program in, Great Depression in, 6:88 New York City, 6:78–81, 78–81 8:287 gun control in, 4:75 in 19th century, 6:79–80 Erie Canal and, 6:79, 88; 8:160 higher education in, at State Uni- in 20th century, 6:80–81 ferry system in, 3:354 versity of New York, African Americans in, 4:94 fires in, 3:37 7:535–536 air pollution in, 1:79 Frick Collection in, 3:473–474 Hudson River in, 4:187–188 Algonquin Round Table in, 1:123 furniture manufacturing in, 3:496, industrialization in, 6:88 American Museum (of P. T. Bar- 497, 498 infrastructure in, 4:355 num), 5:487 gays and lesbians in, 7:325, 326 Irish Americans in, 4:424 American Museum of Natural His- Grand Central Terminal in, in land disputes, 8:311 tory in, 1:165 4:33–34, 34; 6:453

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Greenwich Village in, 4:64–65, 65; Triangle Shirtwaist fire in, 1:12 New York Morning Herald (newspa- 8:115 tunnel system of, 8:240 per), 8:577 Guggenheim Museum in, 4:71–72, Tweed political machine, New York Morning Journal (newspa- 72 5:186–187 per), 8:577 Harlem neighborhood, 4:94 urban renewal program in, 8:286 New York Philharmonic Society, Harlem Renaissance in, 4:94, Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in, 8:38 95–97 1:539; 8:315 New York Review of Books, 6:85 housing in, 6:80; 8:81–82 Wall Street Explosion in (1920), New York Shakespeare Festival, immigrants in, 6:79, 80, 81, 88 8:366 8:115 infrastructure in, 4:355 water system of, 8:292 New York Slave Conspiracy (1741), Korean Americans in, 4:544, 544 World Trade Center in, 6:80–81, 6:85, 85–86 land speculation in, 5:37 421; 8:532–533, 533 New York State Tenement House Long Island and, 5:149–150 1993 bombing of, 6:109; 8:96, Law (1901), 8:285 Lower East Side of, 5:165–167 339, 532, 533–534 New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), Macy’s, 5:189–190, 190 2001 attack on, 6:81, 89, 108, 2:447; 7:548, 549 Madison Square Garden, 5:190, 421; 8:339, 533; 9:73–77, 76 establishment of, 3:275 190–191 (See also 9/11 attack) government regulation and, 3:276 Manhattan, 5:220–221 See also New Amsterdam New York Sun (newspaper), 1:137; maps of, archival, 9:70, 70–77, 71, New York City Ballet (NYCB), 6:96 72, 74, 75, 76 1:390; 2:498; 6:81–82, 82 New York Symphony, 8:38 maritime influence on, 9:71, 73 New York City Tenement House Act New York Times (newspaper), Metropolitan Museum of Art, (1867), 8:81 6:89–91, 90, 97, 98 5:335–338 New York Clearing House (NYCH), architecture of headquarters, Modern Art, Museum of (MoMA), 2:231 7:376–377 5:484 New York College of Veterinary Pentagon Papers published by, 6:90, paving streets in, 6:260 Surgeons, 8:319 286–287 Pearl Street Station in, 3:178 New York Colony, 6:40, 79, 82–84, personal ads in, 6:294 Pennsylvania Station in, 6:452–453 83, 84, 87 on Tammany Hall, 8:46 police forces of, 6:385 Charter of Liberties of, 2:109–110 Unabomber’s manifesto in, 8:247 polio epidemic in, 6:388 in Dominion of New England, New York Times Co. v. United States, as publishing capital, 6:536–537 6:83–84 6:287 Puerto Ricans in, 6:542; 8:291 Duke of York’s Laws in, 3:93 New York Times v. Sullivan, 3:374; race riot in, pre-Revolution, 7:166 ethnic and religious heterogeneity 5:90; 6:91, 297–298 religious life in, 9:72, 73 of, 6:82 New York Tribune (newspaper), riot of 1871, 7:164 founding of, 2:289 1:123; 3:146 sanitation in, 7:245 freedom of religion in, 8:139 New York Trilogy (Auster), 5:122 skyscrapers in, 6:80–81; 7:376–377 in Middle Colonies, 5:362 New York Weekly Journal (newspa- Chrysler Building, 7:376 Native Americans in, 6:83 per), 2:292; 6:83; 8:590 slave insurrections in, 7:379 See also New Netherland New York World (newspaper), slavery in, 6:79, 85–86 New York Council of Revision, 6:97–98 Stamp Act Riot in, 7:519 2:433 New York Yacht Club, 7:223 Statue of Liberty in, 7:540, 540 New York Evening Post, The Nation as New Yorker, The (magazine), 6:91–92 strikes in, 7:559 weekly supplement of, New Zealand by teachers (1968), 4:475 5:521–522 in ANZUS Treaty, 1:361–362 symphony orchestras in, 8:38 New York ex rel. Tipaldo, Morehead v., U.S. relations with, 1:361–362 Tammany Hall in, 6:79; 8:45–47, 5:395 in World War II, 1:361 46 New York Examiner (newspaper), Newark (New Jersey), 6:62, 63, Tammany Society museum, 5:486 6:96 92–93, 93 Times Square in, 8:128, 128 New York Herald (newspaper), 6:96 race riots in, 7:166 Tin Pan Alley in, 5:502; 8:129, 129 New York Intellectuals, 6:31, 84–85 Newberry, J. S., 4:33 trade unions in New York Journal (newspaper), Newberry, Walter Loomis, 5:37; for public sector employees, 6:97–98 6:93 1:154 New York Log Cabin (newspaper), Newberry Library, 6:93–94 for teachers, 1:156–157 3:146 Newburgh addresses, 6:94

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Newcomb, Simon, 1:343, 544; 3:108 press associations and, 6:458–459 Niagara, Fort, 6:103 Newcomen steam engines, 7:541, and Pulitzer Prizes, 6:488–489 Niagara Campaigns, 6:102–103 542 reporting and, 6:96–98 Niagara Falls (New York), 6:86, 103 Newell, Frederick Haynes, 3:218; “Ripley’s Believe It or Not” col- and Love Canal, 5:164 7:55 umn, 7:168 Niagara Falls Power Company, Newfoundland, 6:53 science in, 7:274 6:103 Viking settlement in, 3:283 social surveys in, 6:533 Niagara Falls Power project, 3:174, Newlands, Francis G., 7:55 special interest, 6:96–97 178 Newlands Act (1913), 7:25, 38 subsidies for, 7:565 Niagara movement, 6:103–104 Newlands Reclamation Act (1902), television and, 8:75 and NAACP, 5:526; 6:104 1:65; 4:435; 5:33–34; 6:30, 528 weeklies, 5:192 NIAID. See National Institute for Newman, Barnett, 1:9; 3:280 on World War I, 6:98 Allergy and Infectious Diseases Newman, Pauline, 3:53; 8:522 on World War II, 6:90, 99 Niantic, 8:220 Newmann, John von, 2:335 See also Journalism; specific newspa- Niatum, Duane, 5:128–129 Newport (Rhode Island) pers Niblo’s Garden, 6:104 French Army at, 6:94 Newspaper Enterprise Association NICAP. See National Investigations archival maps of, 9:30, 31 (NEA), 6:459 Committee on Aerial Phenome- Naval Academy at, 7:153 Newsweek (magazine), 8:127 na settlement of, 7:151 on Clinton scandals, 4:239 Nicaragua Newport, Christopher, 2:290 Newton, Huey P., 1:478, 479 in Iran-Contra Affair, 4:419–420 News agencies. See Press associa- Newton, Isaac, 1:63; 3:204 Sandinista revolution in, 2:55 tions Newton, John, 7:388 suit against U.S., in International News programming Ney, Elisabet, 1:308 Court of Justice, 4:388, 394 on radio, 5:236–237 Nez Perce, 6:100–101; 8:221 U.S. occupation of, 2:54 on television, 8:73–74 conversion of, 8:222 U.S. relations with, 5:47, 49; Newsome, A. R., 1:255–256 horses of, 8:222 6:104–105 Newson, Henry W., 6:341 Nez Perce Tribal Executive Com- Bryan-Chamorro Treaty (1914), Newspaper(s), 6:94–100 mittee (NEPTEC), 6:101 1:550–551 advertising in, 1:31, 32; 6:96, 97 Nez Perce War, 6:101–102 Contra aid and, 2:395 African American, 5:193, 194, NFTW. See National Federation of dollar diplomacy in, 3:71 199–200; 6:88, 96–97, 98 Telephone Workers Good Neighbor Policy and, 4:22 censorship of, 6:99 Ngo Dinh Diem, 3:417; 8:330–331 gunboat diplomacy and, 4:77 Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) and, canceling 1956 elections, 3:534 Nicaraguan Canal Project, 6:105 3:351 death of, 8:331 Nicaraguan Contras, 3:278 American Revolution and, 6:95 Eisenhower and, 8:330 Nichirenshu, 1:325–326 banned from mail, 6:427 U.S. aid to, 8:330 Nicholas I, Pope, 6:216 Civil War and, 6:97 Viet Minh and, 8:330 Nicholas II (tsar of Russia), and in colonial era, 2:292; 6:94–95 NGOs. See Nongovernmental orga- Hague Peace Conference, 4:82 comics in, 2:308–309 nizations Nichols, Edward L., 6:335 early influences on, 8:577 NGS. See National Genealogical Nichols, Herbert, 6:526 election, 3:146 Society Nichols, Lau v., 3:122 first opposition, 8:590 Nguyen Van Thieu, 8:333, 334 Nichols, Maria, 1:304 foreign-language, 6:95, 97, 98 Nixon’s letter to, 9:474–475 Nichols, Terry, 6:186, 188 Great Depression and, 6:99 NHA. See National Hockey Associa- Nicholson, Francis, 2:185; 8:349 industry developments, 2:321 tion and New Castle, 6:41 and Lovejoy riots, 5:165 NHL. See National Hockey League Nickel industry, 6:114 middlebrow culture and, 5:366 NHLPA. See National Hockey Nickelodeon, 3:362; 6:105–106 penny press and, 6:96 League Players Association Nicklaus, Jack, 4:20 Pentagon Papers in, 6:90, 99, NHTSA. See National Highway Nickles, Don, 8:468 286–287 Traffic Safety Administration Nicol prism, 6:300 personal ads in, 6:294 NIAAA. See National Institute on Nicolet, Jean, 3:291 political cartoons in, 6:394–395 Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism explorations of, 6:106 polls by, 6:409, 533–534 Niagara (ship), 5:21; 6:290 Lake Michigan, 4:50–51 postmasters and, 6:426 Niagara, Carrying Place of, 6:102 in Lake Superior basin, 8:489

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and Winnebago, 8:488 and financial services industry, Nitrogen oxide emissions, and acid Nicolfor, William, 6:300 3:369 rain, 1:13, 14 Nicollet, Joseph N., 3:465 media coverage of, 6:108; 8:339 Nitroglycerin, 8:240 Nicolls, Richard, 3:188; 6:79, 107 military response to, 2:532 Niverville, Joseph-Claude Boucher and boundary disputes, settlement and nationalism, 5:569; 6:109 de, 3:292 of, 3:94 and nativist movements against Nixon, E. D., 1:548 and Duke of York’s Laws, 3:93 Arab Americans, 6:5 Nixon, Richard M., 8:138 and New York City government, and pacifists, 6:228 ACTION under, 1:19 3:79 and patriotic use of flag, 3:381 AFL-CIO and, 1:152 Nicolls’ Commission, 6:106–107 on Pentagon, 6:89, 108, 286 African policies under, 1:39 Niebuhr, H. Richard, 2:165; 7:76; and Protestantism, 6:518 Alaska land claims under, 1:112 8:264 robots use in rescue efforts, 7:184 alcohol abuse research under, as public theologian, 7:98 slogan after, 8:279 1:119 Niebuhr, Reinhold, 2:165; 3:280; and tourism, 8:146 Alliance for Progress under, 1:128 7:76, 300, 414; 8:264 U.S.-Arab relations after, 1:234 Amtrak under, 1:178 as public theologian, 7:98 U.S.-Canadian relations after, 2:28 antibusing measures proposed by, Nielsen ratings, 5:246 U.S.-Egyptian relations after, 1:589 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 3:195, 279 3:141 anticommunism of, 1:197 Night Rider (Warren), 5:121 U.S.-India relations after, 4:261 antiwar movements and, 1:217 Night Shadows (Hopper), 6:471 U.S.-Pakistan relations after, 4:261 arms race under, 7:553 Night to Remember, A (Lord), 8:132 on World Trade Center, 6:81, 89, attempted assassination of, 1:330 Nightclubs, 6:107 108, 421; 8:339, 533 Checkers speech of, 2:115 Nightingale, Florence, 8:258 maps of, 9:73–77, 76 and chemical/biological weapons NIH. See National Institutes of 9 to 5, National Association of policy, 2:118, 119 Health Working Women, 6:109–110 child care policies of, 2:139 Niishiwa, Jo, 3:274 Nine-Power Treaty, 3:446; 6:250 and civil rights, 2:204–205 Niles, Hezekiah, 2:514 1919 (Dos Passos), 5:121 Council of Economic Advisors and, Nilsson, Gladys, 1:311 Nineteenth Amendment, 2:181; 2:431 NIMA. See National Imagery and 3:250, 342 Cuba policy of, 2:471 Mapping Agency effects of, 8:12 and daylight saving time, 2:507 NIMBY organizations, 3:230 and election policies, 3:171 drug law enforcement under, Nimiipuu. See Nez Perce and equality of sexes, 1:21 4:503–504; 5:511, 513 Nimitz, Chester W., 3:576; 6:26 National Woman’s Party and, and Endangered Species Act, 3:205 Midway, Battle of, 5:367–368 5:565–566 energy policy of, 3:208–209, 215; Nimmo Report, 1:124 ratification of, 8:12, 356 6:304 9/11 attack, 3:41; 6:108–109; 8:339 by Alabama, 1:103 environmental policies of, 3:100, and air defense, 1:76 women’s rights movement and, 205, 228, 231–232 air travel after, 1:86; 6:108, 109; 8:514 and Environmental Protection 8:192 Ninigret, 5:513 Agency, 3:100, 231–232; 8:423 airplanes used in, 4:133 Nintendo, 8:327 and European Community, policies and Aviation and Transportation Ninth Amendment, 1:457 toward, 3:260 Security Act (2001), 8:185 Nipissings, 6:106 executive agents appointed by, ballads inspired by, 1:388 Nipkow, Paul, 8:76 3:277 benefit concerts after, 1:441–442 Nipmuck, 8:220 executive orders of, 3:278 Bush (George W.) on, 6:108; 8:96 NIRA. See National Industrial and family assistance, 8:441 Bush’s War on Terrorism address Recovery Act on federal aid, 3:334 after, text of, 9:526–530 Nirenberg, Marshall, 3:68, 533 and Federal Mediation and Concil- and Christian Coalition, 3:485 Nisei. See Japanese Americans iation Service, 3:343 and criticism of FBI, 3:339 Nishimura, Shoji, 5:89 and Federal Trade Commission, economic indicators after, Niskanen, William, 1:573 3:349 3:106–107 NIST. See National Institute of and fiscal federalism, 1:560 effects of, 6:108; 8:96 Standards and Technology Ford’s pardon of, 8:323 electronic surveillance after, 3:186 NIT. See Negative income tax text of, 9:491–492 events of, 6:81, 89, 108; 8:96, 533 Nitrates, 6:110 foreign policy of, 3:427

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Nixon, Richard M., (continued) resignation of, 6:110–112, 111; NOAA. See National Oceanic and and gold standard, 4:17 8:427 Atmospheric Administration in gubernatorial race of 1962, 2:12 returning Blue Lake to Pueblos, Nobel, Alfred, 3:301 in Hiss case, 4:136 6:69 Nobel Prize(s), 6:487–488 in HUAC, 1:197; 4:178 revenue-sharing plan of, 7:133 for Bell Labs researchers, 1:440 HUD under, 4:183 and SALT, 1:272; 7:552–553; 8:206 for biochemical research, 1:461 impeachment hearings on, 4:235 and scandal coverage in media, for chemistry, 2:122, 123; 6:487 Indian policies of, 4:289; 7:71 7:261 for economics, 1:587; 3:110; 6:487 investigating committees on, 4:411 on silent majority, 9:467–473 for literature, 6:487 Israel and, 4:441 and social programs, 2:328 for peace, 6:487; 8:584 Job Corps under, 4:480–481 subpoena to, 6:457 for physics, 2:487; 6:335, 336, 337, and Kent State protest, 4:517 at summit conferences, 8:16 487 Latin American policies of, 5:48, and tariffs, 8:158 for physiology/medicine, 1:463; 49 and termination policy, 8:91 3:68; 6:349, 350, 388, 487–488 and minority enterprises, 1:581 trade policies of, 8:525 for Rockefeller scientists, 7:187 National Review and, 5:556 trade unions and, 7:559 Nobility, titles of, 8:132–133 and National Science Foundation, and trade with China, 8:173 Nobosuke, Kishi, 4:458 5:558 urban policies of, 8:293 Noerr Motor Freight, Eastern Railroad and National Security Council, vetoes cast by, 8:321 Conference v., 6:297 5:561 Vietnam War policies of, 1:77; Noguchi, Isamu, 1:307 and nondiscriminatory employ- 2:16, 17, 365, 528, 532; 3:27, NOI. See Nation of Islam 427; 8:333–334, 335 Noise pollution, 6:112–113 ment, 6:314 letter to Thieu, 9:474–475 Noise Pollution and Abatement Act and Nuclear Non-Proliferation speech by, 9:467–473 (1970), 6:112 Treaty, 6:138 on Vietnamization, 9:467–473 Noland, Kenneth, 1:298 Office of Economic Opportunity and Violence Commission, 8:340 Nolen, John, 5:39 under, 6:163–164 visit to China, 2:151, 269 Nominating system, 6:113–114, and Office of Management and visit to Soviet Union, 2:269; 7:212 399, 463 Budget, 3:330 and “war on cancer,” 2:34 Nonferrous metals, 6:114–116 and Okinawa, occupation of, 4:459 and War on Drugs, 3:86 Nongovernmental organizations OSHA under, 6:158 and Washington (D.C.) home rule, (NGOs), human rights work by, and Panama Canal, 6:240 8:411 4:192 and Peace Corps, 6:266 in Watergate (See Watergate scandal) Nonimportation agreements, Pentagon Papers episode and, 6:287 Watergate investigation address by, 6:116–117; 8:150 Pornography Commission text of, 9:486–489 Nonintercourse Act (1809), 3:193, appointed by, 6:420 in World War II, 8:557 425; 6:117; 8:381–382 in presidential campaign of 1952, Nixon, United States v., 3:279; 6:457 Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810) and, 2:115; 3:164 Nixon tapes, 6:111, 112; 8:427 5:189 in presidential campaign of 1956, Niza, Fray Marcos de, 1:256; 2:1, Nonintervention policy, 6:117 3:164 173, 360, 416; 3:296; 6:66 No-No Boy (Okada), 5:123 in presidential campaign of 1960, NL. See National League Nonpartisan League, National, 3:164 NLCA. See Norwegian Lutheran 3:187; 6:118, 132 in presidential campaign of 1968, Church in America Farmer-Labor party of Minnesota 2:204; 3:165–166 NLF. See National Front for the and, 3:321–322 in presidential campaign of 1972, Liberation of South Vietnam Nonprofit organizations, 3:443–445; 3:166 NLRA. See National Labor Rela- 6:315, 316–317 presidential library of, 5:99 tions Act public interest law carried out by, price and wage controls by, 6:460, NLRB. See National Labor Rela- 6:529–530 461 tions Board Nonrecognition policy. See Recogni- and prisoners of war in Vietnam, NLRB vs. Jones and Laughlin, 3:90 tion policy 6:475 NLU. See National Labor Union Nontariff barriers (NTBs), GATT “Project Independence” of, 6:304 NMAI. See National Museum of the and, 3:524 and Republican Party, 2:376; American Indian Nonviolent resistance 7:113–114 No Man’s Land, 2:173 in civil rights movement, 2:192, 202

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Congress of Racial Equality and Canada, relations with, 2:28, mountain feuds in, 3:356–357 (CORE) and, 2:354 29 New Deal programs in, 6:130 critics of, 2:204 and domestic trade, 8:163 Populist Party in, 6:129–130 See also Civil disobedience effects of, 3:142 as proprietary colony, 6:510, 511 Nootkan subgroup of Northwest and employment, 6:124 provincial congresses in, 6:520 Coast Native cultures, Makah environmental agreement accom- ratification of Constitution in, tribe, 5:213 panying, 3:230 2:382 NORAD. See North American Air establishment of, 3:309; 5:349; Reconstruction in, 6:129 Defense Command 6:124; 8:199 Regulators in, 6:127 NORC. See National Opinion GATT and, 3:524; 6:124 roads in, 6:130 Research Center and labor movement, 3:177 as royal colony, 6:510, 511 Nordin, D. Sven, 1:204 subsidies under, 7:566 schools in, 6:128–129 Norfolk (Virginia), 8:343 trade unions against, 8:172 settlement of, 2:289; 8:459–460 in colonial era, 8:289 North American Soccer League and South Carolina, boundary dis- Noriega, Manuel, 2:55; 5:49; (NASL), 7:411 pute between, 1:521 6:240–241, 242–243 North Atlantic Drift, 4:73 and state of Franklin, 3:454–455 Normal schools, 3:114, 131 North Atlantic Treaty Organization state university of, 8:279 Normalcy, 6:118 (NATO), 6:125–126 Whig Party in, 6:128–129 Norman, Marsha, 8:115 benefits of, 6:125 in World War II, 6:130 Norman, Montagu, 3:345 challenges of, 6:125–126 North Dakota, 2:493; 6:131, Normandy Invasion, 2:508, 508; establishment of, 2:268, 531; 131–134 6:118–121, 119–121; 8:549, 550 6:125; 8:202, 205 agriculture in, 6:133 See also D Day France and, 3:260, 452; 6:125–126 coal mining in, 6:133 Norofsky, Jonathan, 1:307 Germany and, 3:562–563 in colonial era, 6:131–132 Norplant, 1:469 Kosovo bombing campaign by Democratic Party in, 6:132–133 Norris, Frank (1995), 4:551 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and McTeague, 5:119–120; 6:12 Spain in, 7:485 songs of, 7:533 The Octopus, 2:10; 6:12 North Carolina, 6:126–131, 127 explorations of, 6:131 The Responsibilities of the Novelist, in American Revolution, 6:128; Fort Mandan, 5:219 6:12 7:472 Fort Union, 8:259 Norris, George W., 5:24, 78; 6:30 Cherokee in, 2:126 Great Depression in, 6:132, 133 Norris, William, 5:142 in Civil War, 6:129 Native Americans in, 6:131, 132, Norris-LaGuardia Act (1932), Union sentiment in, 8:260 134 2:274; 5:14; 6:121; 8:579 in colonial era, 6:126–128 Nonpartisan League organized in, on trade union activity, 8:171 Albemarle settlements of, 1:114 6:118, 132 Norsemen (Vikings), 6:122, 122–123 tobacco as money in, 8:133 oil production in, 6:133 exploration of America by, 3:283 constitution of, 6:128 population trends in, 6:133–134 Kensington Stone and, 4:516–517 embargo on British imports in, Populist Party in, 6:132 in Vinland, 8:337 6:127 Republican Party in, 6:132–133 North, Lord, 6:252; 7:142 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and statehood of, 6:132 North, Oliver L., 2:395; 4:419, 420, songs of, 7:533 three-party system in, 8:243 420; 6:105, 401 explorations of, 6:126 tourism in, 6:133 North African Campaign, 6:123, Federalist Party in, 3:351; 6:128 as U.S. territory, 6:132 123–124 Fundamental Constitutions in, North Korea Battle of Kasserine Pass in, 2:57 embargo against, 8:173 4:513–514; 6:124 geological survey of, 3:547–548 International Atomic Energy North American Air Defense Com- gold mining in, 4:10 Agency inspections in, 6:140 mand (NORAD), 2:27 Great Depression in, 6:130 in Korean War, 4:544–550 North American Conference of gun control in, 4:74 nuclear weapons capacity of, 6:138 Homophile Organizations hurricanes in, 4:197, 198 U.S. relations with, 4:542 (NACHO), 3:514 hydroelectric power in, 6:130 North Pacific Sealing Convention, North American Free Trade Agree- Jeffersonian Republicans in, 6:128 6:459 ment (NAFTA), 3:461; 5:49; Ku Klux Klan in, 6:129 North Polar explorations, 6:381–382 6:124–125; 8:158, 276 Lumbee in, 5:170 North Pole, 3:300

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North Sea Northwest Territory (Old North- NRC. See National Research Coun- fisheries of, 6:161 west), 6:136–137, 137; 8:92, 94, cil; Nuclear Regulatory Com- oil in, 6:179–180 455 mission North Sea mine barrage, 6:134 during American Revolution, NRDC, Chevron v., 3:333 North Star, The (newspaper), 5:199; 2:222 NSA. See National Security Agency 6:88, 97 land policy for, 5:33 NSC. See National Security Council North Vietnam Marietta settlement, 5:239 NSCDA. See National Society of the creation of, 3:534; 8:329 Michigan, 5:354 Colonial Dames of America embargo against, 8:173 settlement of, 8:461 NSCID. See National Security under Ho, 8:330 Norton, Andrews, 1:448; 7:97 Council Intelligence Directive prisoners of war in, 6:472, 473, 475 Norton, Charles Eliot, 1:55; 2:272 NSDAP. See National Socialist Ger- man Workers’ Party in Vietnam War, 8:329–334 Norton, Eleanor Holmes, 3:244 NSF. See National Science Founda- See also Vietnam Norton, John Pitkin, 7:340 tion North West Company (NWC), Norumbega et Virginia (Wytfliet), NTA. See National Teachers Associ- 1:435; 3:490–491; 6:134–135 9:8, 8–10 ation and exploration of Pacific North- Norway NTBs. See Nontariff barriers west, 8:452, 453 immigration from, 7:262 NTSB. See National Transportation and Hudson’s Bay Company, skiing in, 7:374 Safety Board 3:487; 6:134–135 whaling by, 8:466 NTSC. See National Television Sys- trading posts established by, 4:35; Norwegian Americans, 7:262, 263 tems Committee 8:175 Norwegian churches, 6:137–138 Nuclear accidents Northeast Passage, 6:381–382 Norwegian Lutheran Church in Browns Ferry fire, 6:141 Northeastern University, co-op pro- America (NLCA), 5:177 Three Mile Island, 1:12–13; 6:139, gram at, 3:122 Norwegian Synod, 6:137 141–142; 8:122 Northern Alliance (farmers’ Norwick, Ambach v., 1:126 Thresher disaster, 8:122–123 alliance), 3:323 Notch in the White Mountains (Cole), Nuclear fission, 6:341–342 Northern Alliance (in Afghanistan), 6:507 “Nuclear Freeze” campaign, 6:268 6:109 Notes Illustrative of the Wrong of Slav- Nuclear fusion, 6:342 Northern Baptist Convention, ery (Ford), excerpt from, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1:412, 413 9:269–271 (1968), 6:138, 139–140 Northern Pacific Railroad, 1:458; Notes on the State of Virginia (Jeffer- resistance to 7:35 son), 5:118; 6:374, 396 by India, 4:261 Northern Securities Company, 4:26; No-till farming, 7:445 by Pakistan, 4:261 6:135; 8:234 Notre Dame, College of, 3:132 Nuclear physics, 6:339–345 Northern Securities Company v. United Nott, Josiah Clark, 1:192; 7:13 Nuclear power, 6:138–141, 140 States, 6:135; 8:234 Notti, Emil, 1:112 for aircraft carriers, 1:91 Atomic Energy Act (1954) and, Northern Traveller, The (Dwight), Nova Scotia, 6:52 3:213 8:145 Novak, Michael, 1:338; 6:32 Department of Energy and, 3:208 Northfield Bank Robbery, 6:135 NOW. See National Organization development of, 3:175 Northrop, John H., 1:461 for Women environmentalists on, 6:139, 141 Northwest, Pacific. See Pacific NOW v. Scheidler, 5:549 vs. hydroelectric power, 6:139 Northwest Noyes, Arthur A., 2:14, 122 Reagan administration and, 3:209 Northwest Airlines, 1:83, 84 Noyes, George Rapall, 1:448 vs. renewable energy, 3:214 Northwest Angle, 6:135–136 Noyes, John Humphrey, 6:195, 410; risks of, 7:560 Northwest conspiracy, 6:136 7:94; 8:301, 304, 313 Nuclear power plant(s) Northwest Ordinance (1787), 5:33, and Guiteau, 1:328 advantages of, 6:139 36; 6:137; 8:92, 94, 279 in Oneida Colony, 6:194–195 Atomic Energy Commission and freedom of religion, 8:139 NPR. See National Public Radio designing, 6:138–139 Northwest Passage, 6:136, 381–382 NPS. See National Park Service gas-cooled, 6:139 search for, 3:297; 8:589 NRA. See National Recovery mechanism of, 6:139 Cook and, 2:404; 8:453 Administration; National Rifle in New Hampshire, 6:59 Coronado and, 8:451 Association safety of, 6:141–142

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in Tennessee, 8:88 Nude Descending a Staircase Nye, Gerald P., 5:482 water-cooled, 6:139 (Duchamp), 1:268, 269 Nylon, 6:366, 367; 8:110 Nuclear reaction Nuisance, doctrine of, 6:506 synthesis of, 2:121, 123 cold nuclear fusion, 2:266 Nullification, 6:145–146 Nyquist, Committee for Public Educa- first self-sustained, site of, 8:281 Calhoun on, 7:293, 457 tion v., 3:138 Nuclear Regulatory Commission Jackson on, 6:220 NYSE. See New York Stock (NRC), 3:215, 332; 6:140, vs. secession, 7:292–293 Exchange 141–142 South Carolina using doctrine of, Nuclear structure, 6:343–344 3:413 Nuclear submarines, 7:563 Numic Indians, 8:299 manufacturing of, 2:358 language of, 6:230; 8:216 O Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963), in Utah, 8:296 OAAU. See Organization of Afro- 3:427; 6:142–143; 8:206 Nunn, Sam, 3:78 American Unity Nuclear warships, 8:406–407 Nunn v. State, 4:74 OAI. See Old Age Insurance Nuclear weapons, 6:143–145, 144 Nuremberg Code, 1:461; 2:239 Oakes, Richard, 1:161 and Air Force, 1:76, 77 Nuremberg principle, 8:372 Oakland (California), 6:151 on aircraft carriers, 1:91 Nuremberg War Crimes Tribunal, Oakley, Ann, 3:516 in arms race and disarmament, Genocide Convention and, 3:536 Oakley, Annie, 8:476 1:271–272; 6:144–145 Nurseries, origins of, 2:138 OAS. See Organization of American arms treaties on, 8:202–203, 206 Nursing, 6:146–148 States after Cold War, 3:210 in military, 8:257, 258, 502 OASDI. See Old Age, Survivors and physician assistants and, 6:334 Department of Energy and, 3:208, Disability Insurance Nursing homes, number of seniors 209 OASI. See Old Age and Survivors in, 6:189 development of, 5:480; 6:341–342 Insurance Nutrition and vitamins, 6:148–150 Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 5:222 Oates, Titus, 6:383 awareness of, 3:400, 401 hydrogen bomb, 4:203–204 Oaths. See Loyalty oaths biochemistry research and, 1:460 in arms race, 1:271 Oats, 2:96; 6:151–152 FDA recommendations for, 2:97 of India, 4:261 in breakfast cereals, 2:98 supplements, 3:402 cultivation in Corn Belt, 2:414 of Israel, 6:138 vegetarianism and, 8:310 O’Bannon, Frank, 4:320 Manhattan Project, 5:221–222 See also Diets O’Barr, Jean Fox, 8:520 missiles, 5:407–408 Nutritional science, 3:24 Oberlin, John Frederick, 6:152 NATO and, 6:126 Nutt, Jim, 1:311 Oberlin College, 3:130; 6:152 in Nevada, 8:298 Nuttall, Thomas, 1:519; 6:183 African Americans at, 3:125 of Pakistan, 4:260–261 Nutting, Mary Adelaide, 6:147 coeducation at, 2:263 peace movements and, 6:268 NVRA. See National Voter Registra- religious studies at, 7:97 proliferation, 5:408 tion Act Oberlin movement, 6:152–153 religious protests against, 2:165 NWC. See North West Company Oberlin-Wellington rescue case, Reykjavik Summit and, 7:149–150 NWLB. See National War Labor 6:152, 153 of Soviet Union, 1:271–272; 6:138 Board Obesity, 6:153–154 strontium 90 in, 7:560 NWPC. See National Women’s Objectivism, 6:154 testing, 5:221 Political Caucus Obregon, Alvaro, 5:483 first, 3:302 NWS. See Weather Service, Nation- O’Brien, Lawrence R., 8:426 in Marshall Islands, 8:232 al O’Brien, William S., 1:497 in Nevada, 6:38 NWSA. See National Woman Suf- Obscenity radiation associated with, 3:209; frage Association censorship of, 2:84, 85 8:298 NYA. See Youth Administration, See also Censorship, press and artis- underwater, 6:144 National tic; Pornography in Utah, 8:298 Nya Elfsborg, Fort, 6:77 “Observations Concerning the in World War II, 1:494, 495; NYAC. See New York Athletic Club Increase in Mankind” 3:302; 6:143; 7:211; 8:551 NYCB. See New York City Ballet (Franklin), 3:468 See also specific weapons NYCH. See New York Clearing Observatories Nuclear-weapon states, 6:138 House astronomical, 1:343, 344, 345; Nucleus, 6:340, 341 Nye, Gerald, 1:270; 4:411 6:154–157

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Observatories, (continued) Octopus, The (Norris), 2:10; 6:12 Office of Price Stabilization (OPS), early, 6:155–156 O’Daniel, W. Lee (Pappy), 8:103 6:166 volcanic, 8:352 Odell, Jack, 8:153 Office of Public Diplomacy for Observer (newspaper), 6:97 Odell, Moses F., 2:313 Latin America and the Obstetrics, development of, Odets, Clifford, 8:115 Caribbean, 6:504 2:142–143 Waiting for Lefty, 5:121 Office of Research Integrity (ORI), Ocala Demands, 3:387 Odum, Howard, 7:297 7:278 Ocala Platform, 3:324; 6:157–158 OECD. See Organization for Eco- Office of Road Inquiry, 1:71; 3:335 Occaneechee Indians, 1:383 nomic Cooperation and Devel- Office of Scientific Research And Occom, Samson, 3:134 opment Development (OSRD), Collection of Hymns and Spiritual OECS. See Organization of Eastern 6:166–167 Songs, 5:128 Caribbean States Office of Standard Weights and A Sermon Preached at Execution of OEEC. See Organization for Euro- Measures, 5:529 Moses Paul, 5:128 pean Economic Cooperation Office of Strategic Services (OSS), Occupation, joint, of Oregon terri- OEO. See Office of Economic 6:167–168, 503, 523; 7:502 tory, 4:41, 486; 6:205 Opportunity Office of the Coordinator of Inter- Occupational medicine, 5:296–299 Oersted, Hans Christian, 1:130; American Affairs (OCIAA), Occupational Safety and Health Act 3:172; 8:68 6:503 (OSHA) (1970), 5:11, 15; Of Plymouth Plantation (Bradford), Office of War Information (OWI), 6:158–159; 8:423 6:363 6:503, 523 development of, 6:158–159 OFCC. See Office of Federal Con- Office technology, 6:168–170 effects of, 6:159 printers, 6:470 tract Compliance Occupational Safety and Health typewriter, 8:244, 244–245, 245 Off Broadway, 8:115–116 Administration (OSHA), 5:15 Officers’ Reserve Corps (ORC), Office of Administration, 3:330 establishment of, 4:364; 6:159 6:170; 7:119 Office of Construction of Weights functions of, 6:159 Official Bulletin (newspaper), 6:503 and Measures, 5:529 Occupational Safety and Health Official Theatrical Guide (Cahn), Office of Economic Opportunity Review Commission, 6:159 8:114 (OEO), 6:163–164 Ocean Drilling Program, 3:552 Offset lithography, 6:469–470 establishment of, 6:163; 8:386 Ocean Dumping Act (1972), 3:228 Offshore oil, 6:170–171, 303; 8:124 functions of, 6:163; 8:386, 387 Ocean energy, 3:214 in Alaska, 6:171, 180 Office of Education, 3:138–139 Oceanographic surveys, 6:159–161 development of, 6:170–171 Office of Faith-Based Community early, 6:159–160 in Gulf of Mexico, 6:179 technological advances in, Initiatives, 3:330 in North Sea, 6:179–180 6:160–161 Office of Federal Contract Compli- Ogallala Aquifer, 4:56, 57; 7:56; Oceanography, 6:161–163 ance (OFCC), 1:36 8:486 marine biology, 5:240–241 Office of Federal Register, 5:525 Ogden, Aaron, 3:575 Ochialini, G. P. S., 6:344 Office of Homeland Security, 2:191; Ogden, David Bayard, 6:171 Ochs, Adolph S., 6:89 3:330; 6:109 Ogden, Gibbons v., 1:549; 2:310, 405; OCIAA. See Office of the Coordina- Office of Management and Budget 3:308, 483, 575; 4:26; 7:169 tor of Inter-American Affairs (OMB), 1:555; 3:330; Ogden, Peter Skene, 6:37; 8:453 O’Connell, Dan, 1:113 6:164–165 Ogden, William Butler, 7:53 O’Connor, Basil, 6:388, 389 budget by, 1:229; 6:164 Ogden v. Saunders, 6:171 O’Connor, Carroll, 1:126, 126 establishment of, 6:164 Ogdensburg Declaration, 2:27 O’Connor, Flannery, 5:121 and fiscal policy, 2:431 Oglala firefight (1975), 1:161 O’Connor, Frank, 6:154 functions of, 6:164 Oglala Sioux. See Sioux O’Connor, Sandra Day, 7:198; 8:507 Office of National AIDS Policy, Oglesby, Richard J., 7:23 on abortion, 8:434 3:330 Oglethorpe, James Edward, 2:185; as Arizona native, 1:259 Office of National Drug Control 4:473 on line-item vetoes, 8:321 Policy (ONDCP), 5:511 and debtors’ imprisonment, 2:513 on presidential election of 2000, Office of Noise Abatement and Savannah established by, 3:554 1:579 Control, 6:112 and settlement of Georgia, 2:289 O’Connor, T. V., 4:395 Office of Price Administration in War of Jenkins’ Ear, 2:294 O’Conor, Hugo, 1:257 (OPA), 6:165–166, 460 O’Hara, John, 5:121

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Ohio, 6:171–175, 173 Indian warfare on, 7:175 geographic distribution of, in 19th century, 6:172–174 land north of, land speculation and, 6:179–180, 299–300 in 20th century, 6:174 5:36 midcontinent oil region, African Americans in, 6:174 Monongahela River (tributary), 5:361–362 in American Revolution, 6:171 5:444 in Pennsylvania, 6:179 Bank of the United States taxed by, recanalization of, 8:430 in Texas, 4:185; 6:179, 179 6:218 showboats on, 7:350–351 See also Petroleum prospecting and black laws in, 1:475 Vandalia Colony on, 8:307–308 technology Black Swamp in, 1:480 Ohio University, 8:279 Oil pipelines, 6:303 canals in, 6:172 Ohio Valley, 6:176–177 early, 6:359 capital of, 2:47, 48 French and Indian War in, Oil spills in Civil War, 6:173 3:468–471, 472 Exxon Valdez, 1:13, 111, 113; in colonial era, 6:171–172 Indian-white competition for, 3:95 3:233, 305, 305–306; 6:304 constitution of, 6:172, 173 Ohio Wars, 6:177–178; 8:399 genetic engineering and clean-up Democratic Party in, 6:172 Ohman, Olof, 4:516 of, 3:531 economy of, 6:172, 173, 174 Ohomo dance, 6:444 Oil tankers, 6:303 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and OIC. See Open-Market Investment Oil wells, 6:298, 302–303, 305 songs of, 7:533 Committee Ojibway Conquest, The (Copway), Federalist Party in, 3:351 Oil 5:128 higher education in, 6:174 kerosine, 4:522–523 Ojibwe, 6:180, 180–181, 181 industry in, 6:173–174 from Latin America, 5:44, 49 animal totem of, 8:496 maps of, archival, 9:49, 49 language of, 6:181–182 in Louisiana, 5:160–161 in Midwest, 5:368–369 in Nebraska, 6:29 Mexican nationalization of foreign- migration into, 5:371–372 in North Dakota, 6:131 owned oil, 5:348 military and civilian leaders from, O.K. Corral, 8:141, 141 in Middle East, 6:298 6:173 O.K., origins of term, 2:550; 3:146 and U.S. policies, 1:233 Morgan’s raids into, 5:458 Okada, John, No-No Boy, 5:123 in North Dakota, 6:133 Native Americans in, 6:171–172 O’Keeffe, Georgia, 1:297, 301; offshore, 6:170–171, 179 mounds of, 4:278, 278 8:475 in Oklahoma, 6:298, 303; 8:239 in Ohio Wars, 6:177–178 O’Kelly, James, 8:263 in Pennsylvania, 6:298, 301–302, New Deal in, 6:174 Okinawa 305, 360 population of, 6:173, 174 U.S. occupation of, 4:459 politics of, 6:303–304 purchase of, 4:64 in World War II, 6:182, 182–183 Republican Party in, 6:172, 173 price of, and inflation, 7:516 assaults on, 8:556 slavery in, 6:172–173 in Texas, 6:298, 302, 303, 305; invasion of, 8:547 statehood for, 6:172 8:102, 103 Oklahoma, 6:183, 183–186 trade unions in, 6:173–174 in tidelands, 8:124 African Americans in, 6:185, 186 Western Reserve in, 8:455, transportation of, 6:303, 359 Cherokee Strip in, 2:128 455–456 regulation of, 6:243 in Civil War, 6:184–185 Whig Party in, 6:172, 173 wildcat drilling, 8:477 constitution of, 6:185 in World War II, 6:174 in Wyoming, 8:564 creation of state of, 2:506 Ohio, Army of the. See Cumberland, See also Petrochemical industry; Democratic Party in, 6:185–186 Army of the Petroleum economy of, 6:186 Ohio, Brandenburg v., 3:374 Oil companies, and credit cards, emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Ohio Canal, 2:32 2:451 songs of, 7:533 Ohio Company of Associates, 5:36 Oil crises, 3:211; 6:178–179 Indian Territory in, 4:309 Ohio Company of Virginia, 6:175 and energy policies, 3:208, 213, Native Americans in, 6:183–185, Ohio Idea, 3:155; 6:175 215 262, 444; 8:239 Ohio Life Insurance Company, and speed limits, 7:500–501 Cherokee, 2:126 3:366 See also Energy crisis Miami, 5:353 Ohio River, 6:175–176, 176 Oil fields, 6:179–180 Seminole, 7:308–309 connection between Virginia and, in Alaska, 1:111, 112, 113; 6:171, oil in, 6:298, 303; 8:239 4:456 179, 180 population of, 6:186 galley boats on, 3:504 in California, 6:179 Republican Party in, 6:185–186

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Oklahoma, (continued) Olin, Laurie D., 5:540 Omnibus, 7:42–43 Spiro in, 7:506 Oliphant, Pat, 6:395 Omnibus Bill (1850), 2:331; 6:194 statehood for, 6:185 Olitski, Jules, 1:298 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act and Texas, boundary dispute Olive Branch Petition (1775), (1981), 8:286 between, 1:523 6:190–191 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act tornadoes in, 8:143 Olives, 3:478 (1993), 4:31 wheat production in, 3:390 Olleros, 1:219 Omnibus Crime Control Act (1970), Wild West shows in, 6:185 Olmstead v. United States, 3:185; 6:212 Oklahoma (battleship), 6:273 6:479 Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Oklahoma! (Rodgers and Hammer- Olmsted, Frederick Law, 1:517; Streets Act (1968), 6:212 stein), 8:115 2:94; 3:238; 5:38–39, 550 Title III of, 3:185 Oklahoma, Lyons v., 5:526 city plan for Washington (D.C.), Omnibus lines, and suburbanization, Oklahoma City, 6:186–187 8:410 7:573 1995 bombing in, 3:41, 328; 6:186, design for World’s Columbian Omsted, Denison, 3:547 187, 187–188; 8:95, 339 Exposition, 2:187 On Religious Freedom (Murray), 8:308 and FBI, 3:339 and park planning, 2:186 “On the Equality of the Sexes” militia movement and, 5:385 Olney, Richard, 1:168 (Murray), excerpt from, Oklahoma Welfare Act (1936), 6:262 Olney Corollary of, 6:191 9:325–327 Okun’s Law, 8:252 and Olney-Pauncefote Treaty, On the Law of War and Peace Old age, 6:188–190 6:191 (Grotius), 6:34 AARP and, 1:142; 6:189 in Pullman strike, 4:249 On the Road (Kerouac), 5:122 Alzheimer’s disease in, 1:131–132 Olney Corollary, 6:191 Oñate, Juan de, 2:360; 3:203, 296; diversity in population, 6:189 Olney-Pauncefote Treaty, 6:191 8:444 Gray Panthers and, 4:37–38 Olson, Brennan, 7:193 and colonial administration, 2:278 life expectancy and, 6:188 Olson, Floyd B., 3:322; 5:400 explorations and settlements of, number of people in, 6:188 Olson, Scott, 7:193 6:66, 194; 8:451 poverty in, 6:189; 7:128, 131, 418; Olympic Games, 7:510–511 ONDCP. See Office of National 8:439 of 1896, 8:154 Drug Control Policy public and private assistance in, of 1936, 8:155 One Book Entitled Ulysses, United 6:188–189; 8:440 (See also of 1948, 8:155 States v., 2:84 Medicare) of 1960, 8:155 One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest social security benefits in, 7:416, of 1980, boycott of, 1:37; 2:269; (Kesey), 5:122 417–422 6:193–194 One-Dimensional Man (Marcuse), See also Retirement during Cold War, 7:512 3:454 Old Age, Survivors and Disability ice skating in, 4:210 Oneida Colony, 6:194–195; 8:301 Insurance (OASDI), 7:419, 421 marathons, 5:234–235 complex marriage in, 7:94 Old Age and Survivors Insurance organization of, 6:191 polygamy in, 6:410 (OASI), 7:419 origins of, 6:191 Oneida Company, 6:195 Old Age Insurance (OAI), 8:440 political and economic importance Oneida Indians, 6:86 Old Dearborn Distributing Company v. of, 6:193–194 land claims by, 4:274 Seagram Distillers Corporation, protests against, 6:193–194; 7:512 Mahican and, 5:202–203 3:309 skiing in, 7:375 O’Neill, Eugene, 5:120–121; 6:519; Old Farmer’s Almanac, 1:129–130 Soviet Union in, 6:193–194 8:115 Old Glory. See Flag, U.S. swimming in, 8:36–37 O’Neill, Kevin R., 1:326 Old Hickory, 6:190 U.S. participation in, 6:191–194 O’Neill, Paul, 1:41 Old Indian Legends (Zitkala Sa), 5:128 U.S. records in, 6:191–193 O’Neill, Thomas P. (Tip), “Old Ironsides.” See Constitution in U.S. cities, 6:191 1:510–511 “Old Ironsides” (Holmes), 2:378 yacht racing in, 7:224 Onions, 6:195 Old North Church (Boston), 6:190, Omaha, 8:223 Onizuka, Ellison S., 2:102 190 O’Mahoney, John, 3:353 Onken, Oscar, 3:498 Old Northwest. See Northwest Ter- Omaq-kat-tsa (Blackfeet chief), Online booksellers, 6:539 ritory 1:483 Online information industry, Older Americans Act (1965), 6:188 OMB. See Office of Management 2:323–324 Olds, Ransom E., 1:367, 371 and Budget Onoko (ship), 4:54

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Onondaga, 6:86 Opportunity (newspaper), 5:200 initiatives and referenda in, 6:208 Onondaga reservation, 6:195–196 OPS. See Office of Price Stabiliza- joint occupation of, 4:41, 486; Ontography, 3:541 tion 6:205 O’odham. See Akimel O’odham; Optics Technology, 3:357 Ku Klux Klan in, 2:167 Tohono O’odham Options exchanges, 6:200 Lewis and Clark expedition in, OPA. See Office of Price Adminis- Oral literature, Native American, 6:204 tration 4:279–281 literature of, 6:207 OPC. See Orthodox Presbyterian Orange, Fort, 1:113; 2:289; 3:488; missionaries in, 6:205 Church 6:83 Modoc War, 5:433 OPEC. See Organization of Petrole- Oranges, 3:478 Native Americans in, 6:203–204, um Exporting Countries in California, 2:182 205, 207, 231 Opechancanough, 6:442–443 in Florida, 2:181–182 pioneers in, 6:205 Open Door policy, 2:151; Oratory, 6:200 politics in, 6:205, 206–207, 208 6:196–198 Native American, 4:281 Progressive movement in, in China, 4:243, 457; 5:462; Orbison, Roy, 1:388 6:206–207 6:196–197 ORC. See Officers’ Reserve Corps railroads in, 6:205–206 Japanese resistance to, 4:457; 6:197 Orchard, Harry, 4:111 statehood for, 6:205 and Manchuria, 5:218–219 Orchestras, symphony, 8:38–39 territorial disputes over, 6:204–205 Russian rejection of, 7:210 Ord, E. O. C., 3:271 wagon trains to, 8:363 Open Housing Act (1968), backlash Army of the James under, 1:279 Oregon (battleship), 8:407 against, 1:382 Order of American Knights. See Oregon, Muller v., 1:21; 3:54, 247, Open primary, 6:463 Knights of the Golden Circle 308; 5:394, 395 Open-Market Investment Commit- Order of Friars Minor, 3:453 Brandeis Brief in, excerpt of, tee (OIC), 6:198 Order of United Americans, 8:260 9:357–360 Open-market operations, 6:198 Ordinances of 1784, 1785, and 1787, Oregon and California Railroad, Open-pit mining, in Montana, 5:450 6:200–201 forfeiture of land grant by, 5:31 Opera, 6:198–199, 199 and Geographer’s Line, 3:540 Oregon Boundary Treaty (1846), Operation Big Switch, 6:473 Marietta settlement, 5:239 8:200 Operation Bootstrap, 6:546 Ordnance, 6:201–203 Oregon Compulsory Education Act Operation Desert Shield, 6:292 of Army, 6:201–202 (1922), 6:352 Operation Desert Storm. See Persian manufacture of, 6:201–202, 202 Oregon Employment, Smith v., 7:401 Gulf War of Navy, 6:202–203, 203 Oregon Parochial School case. See Operation Dixie, 6:199 Ordway, Nehemiah, 6:132; 7:459 Pierce v. Society of Sisters Operation Just Cause, 6:241, 242–243 Oregon, 6:203–208, 204 Oregon System, 6:208 Operation Linebacker I, 1:77 African Americans in, 6:206, 207 Oregon Trail, 3:299; 6:29, 208–209, Operation Linebacker II, 1:77 agriculture in, 6:205–206 226 Operation Little Switch, 6:473 annexation of, 1:188 challenges of, 6:208–209, 209 Operation Market Garden, 1:1 assisted suicides in, 3:262–263 emigration along, Treaty of Fort Operation Mongoose, 2:471 borders of, 6:205, 209–210 Laramie (1851) and, 5:40 Operation Overlord. See Normandy claim over, 3:358 Independence Rock on, 4:258 Invasion constitution of, 6:205 route of, 6:208–209, 209 Operation Ranch Hand, 1:54 economy of, 6:205–206 South Pass on, 7:462 Operation Rescue, 5:549; emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Oregon Trail, The (Parkman), excerpt 6:199–200, 489 songs of, 7:533 from, 9:222–224 Operation Rolling Thunder, 1:77; environmental legislation in, 6:207 Oregon Treaty (1846), 3:358; 4:41; 8:332–333 explorations of, 6:204 6:205, 209–210 Operation Torch, 1:233 flood of 1903 in, 3:383 O’Reilly, Alexander, 2:440 Operation Urgent Fury, 4:65 fur trade in, 1:114, 157, 342; 6:204; O’Reilly, Leonora, 2:392; 3:53; 8:521 Ophthalmology, 5:303–304 8:307 Organ transplantation, 8:182–184 Opium, 5:510 gun control in, 4:75 autologous, 8:182 Opium Exclusion Act (1909), 5:510 Hispanic Americans in, 6:207 heart implants, 4:121–122 Opium War (1839-1842), 2:150, 153 Hudson’s Bay Company in, 4:190 homologous, 8:182 Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 5:221–222, immigration to, 6:206, 207 xenotransplantation, 3:531, 532; 222; 6:336, 342 industry in, 6:205, 205–206 8:182

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Organic Act (1863), 1:257 and anthropology/ethnology, 1:192 O’Sullivan, Mary Kenny, 8:521 Organic Act (1878), 8:410 Original package doctrine, 6:213 O’Sullivan, Timothy, 1:299 Organic Act (1897). See Forest Man- Oriskany, Battle of, 6:213 Oswald, Lee Harvey agement Act (1897) Orleans, Territory of, 6:213 Kennedy assassinated by, 1:330 Organic Act (1916). See Jones Act Code Napoléon in, 2:262 shooting of, 1:330 Organic Act (1936), 8:341 Ornithology, 6:213–215; 8:596 media coverage of, 8:339 Revised (1954), 8:341 Orogeny, 3:552 Warren Commission on, 8:394 Organic farming, 6:210 O’Rourke, Matthew J., 8:242 Oswald, Russell G., 1:355 natural fertilizers in, 3:356 Orphan trains, 1:27 Oswego, Fort, 6:83 rise of, 4:118; 6:210 Orphanages, 1:27; 2:136, 146, Otermín, Antonio de, 6:67 Organic Foods Production Act 148–149 Other America, The (Harrington), (1990), 6:210 Orpheum circuit, 8:309 2:228; 6:436–437, 438 Organization for Economic Cooper- Orshansky, Molly, 6:436 Otis, Elisha, 3:186, 186 ation and Development Ortelius, Abraham, 5:232 Otis, Elwell S., in Philippine Insur- (OECD), 1:403; 3:260, 415; Orthodox churches, 6:215–217 rection, 6:319–320 6:210–211 membership in, 7:91 Otis, Harrison Gray, 1:249; 3:352 members of, 6:210–211 Russian, 1:121; 6:216, 216–217 Otis, James, 1:512; 7:135; 8:563 purpose of, 6:211 Orthodox Presbyterian Church Rights of the British Colonies Asserted Organization for European Eco- (OPC), 6:451 and Proved, 7:162 nomic Cooperation (OEEC), Orthophoto maps, 5:234 Oto, in Nebraska, 6:29 3:259, 415; 8:166 Ortiz, Alfonso, 1:340 Otoe-Missouria, 8:223 Organization of Afro-American Ortiz, Simon, 5:129 O’Toole, Margot, 7:279 Unity (OAAU), 6:211 Orton, Bill, 8:298 Ottawa Indians, 6:219–220 Organization of American States Osage Indian School, football team and fur trade, 3:488, 489 (OAS), 5:48–49; 6:211–212, at, 3:134 Ottawa River, 4:50 236–237 Osage Indians, 6:217, 217–218; Otto, Nikolaus, 1:371 Charter of, 6:211–212 8:223 Ouiatenons. See Miami Indians functions of, 6:211–212 in Missouri, 5:419 Ouimet, Francis, 4:19 members of, 6:211 Osage orange, 6:218 Oukrainsky, Serge, 1:390 Organization of Eastern Caribbean Osborn v. Bank of the United States, Ouma. See Houma States (OECS), 4:65 6:218–219 Our Bodies, Ourselves (health text), Organization of Petroleum Export- Osborne, Sarah, 7:229 2:143; 8:511 ing Countries (OPEC), 6:304 Oscars. See Academy Awards Latin American countries in, 5:44, Osceola (Seminole leader), 7:307, “Our Federal Union! It Must Be 49 310; 8:401, 402 Preserved!”, 6:220 and oil embargo of 1973, 3:213 Osgood, Samuel, 6:426 Our Nig (Wilson), 5:124 and U.S. inflation, 7:516 OSHA. See Occupational Safety and Our Town (Wilder), 5:121 and U.S. oil crises, 6:178 Health Act; Occupational Safety Our Young Folks, 5:127 Organized crime, 2:462–464 and Health Administration Ouray Reservation, 8:300 Apalachin Conference (1957), Oskison, John M., 5:128 Outcault, Richard, 6:98; 8:577 1:222 Oslo Accords. See Israeli-Palestinian Outdoor relief, 6:436 federal measures against, 2:377 Peace Accord Outer Continental Shelf Lands Act legislation on, 6:212–213 OSM. See Surface Mining Reclama- (1953), 6:303; 8:125 Prohibition and, 3:60 tion and Enforcement, Office of Outerbridge, A. Emilius, 8:89 Organized Crime Control Act OSRD. See Office of Scientific Outerbridge, Mary Ewing, 8:89 (1970), 6:212–213 Research And Development “Over There,” lyrics of, 9:364–365 Title Nine of (See Racketeer Influ- OSS. See Office of Strategic Services Overgrazing, 6:529 enced and Corrupt Organiza- Ossipee, 6:56 “Overhills,” 8:83 tions Act) Ostend Manifesto (1854), 1:189; Overland companies, 6:220 ORI. See Office of Research Integrity 2:469; 6:219 See also Wagon trains Oriental decorative arts, 1:287 Osteopathy, 5:291; 6:219 Overland Trail, 6:220, 220–221 Origin of Species (Darwin), 3:269 Ostfriesland (ship), 1:266 route of, 6:220–221 American Academy of Arts and Ostwald, Wilhelm, 2:122 stagecoaches on, 7:514–515 Sciences on, 1:140 O’Sullivan, John L., 2:40; 5:222 Overman, Lee, 1:198

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Overseers and drivers, slave, exploration of, Cook (James) and, Painter, Charles, 4:303 6:221–222 2:403–404 Painting(s), 1:294–299 Owasso Independent School District No. Pacific Railroad Act (1862), 8:181 abstract expressionism, 1:8–10, I-001, Falvo v., 3:316 Pacific Rim, 6:226 298 Owen, Robert, 3:107, 113; 8:300 Pacific Yuit, 8:211, 212–213 Hudson River School of, Owen, Robert Dale, 1:467; 8:530 Pacifism, 6:227–228 4:188–190 Owen-Glass Act (1913), 1:397; of Addams (Jane), 9:365–367 miniatures, 5:393–394, 394 3:344 among anarchists, 1:181 murals, 5:483 Owens, Jesse, 6:193; 7:205; 8:155, and civil disobedience, 6:227 postmodernist, 6:430 155 of conscientious objectors, theft of, 7:182 OWI. See Office of War Information 2:361–362; 6:227, 269 Pairing, 6:230 Oxen, 6:222 and pamphleteering, 6:233 Pais, 8:228 compared to mules, 5:472 and peace movement, 6:269 Paiute, 6:230–231, 231 Oxford Movement, 6:222 and “positive testimony,” and Ghost Dance, 3:573; 6:231 Oyewùmí, Oyèrónké, 3:517 6:227–228 Northern, 6:230–231; 8:216 Ozawa, Jisaburo, 5:89 Quakers and, 7:1 Southern, 6:230–231; 8:216, 228 Ozette, 6:222–223 and social reform, 6:227 in Utah, 8:298 archaeological excavations, 5:213 See also Antiwar movements Pajeau, Charles, 8:153 Ozone depletion, 1:80; 6:223, Pack animals, mules as, 5:472, 472 Tinkertoys invented by, 5:109 223–224, 384 Pack trains, 6:228–229 Pakenham, Sir Edward, 8:384 EPA on, 7:246 Packaging, 6:229 Pakistan Freon and, 7:246 Packard, Vance, The Hidden Per- creation of, 4:259 international protocol on, 2:238; suaders, 4:130 Indian relations with, 4:259–260 3:230, 233 Packenham, Sir Edward, 6:75; 9:42 nuclear weapons of, 4:260–261; Packers’ Agreement, 6:229–230 6:138 Packers and Stockyards Act (1921), in SEATO, 7:470 6:229; 7:514 U.S. relations with, 4:258–261 P Packets, sailing, 6:230 Palau, 8:232–233 “Packing effect,” 6:341 Paleoindians, 1:241, 241–247; 8:84 Paar, Jack, 8:142 “Packing fraction,” 6:341 in Maine, 5:207 Pabst Building (Milwaukee), 5:388 Packwood, Bob, 6:207 Paleontology, in Badlands of South Pacemakers, 2:53 PACs. See Political action commit- Dakota, 1:383 Pacheco Pereira, Duarte, 3:283 tees Palestine “Pachucos in the Making” Paddock Bill (1892), 6:554 Israeli negotiations with, (Sanchez), 9:407–409 Padelford, Seth, 7:153 4:442–444 Pacific Coast Hockey Association Paderewski, Ignacy Jan, 6:391 Jewish immigration to, 1:207 (PCHA), 4:143 Page, Charles G., 3:172 and terrorism, 4:443, 444 Pacific Far East Line (PFEL), 5:320 Page, R. M., 7:14 UN resolution on, 8:270 Pacific Fur Company, 3:491–492; Page, Ruth, 1:390 Palestine Liberation Front (PLF), 6:225 Paideia program, 3:124 and Achille Lauro hijacking, 1:13 Pacific Islanders, 6:225–226 Paine, Sidney B., 3:174 Palestine Liberation Organization Pacific Northeast Plan, 3:207 Paine, Thomas, 3:108 (PLO), Lebanon evacuation Pacific Northwest, 6:226 Age of Reason, 2:539 (1982), 5:242–243 British exploration in, 8:452–453 The American Crisis, 5:118 Palestinian Americans, 1:231 dry farming in, 3:88 Common Sense, 1:515; 2:318, 520; Palimony, 6:231, 506 fur trade in, 3:491–492 3:378; 5:118; 6:232, 396; Palladio, Andrea, 5:452, 453 Native Americans in 7:109, 136 Palliser, John, 9:51, 52 missions for, 4:277 excerpt from, 9:137–138 Palmeiro, Rafael, 8:322 social life of, 4:305–306 deism and, 2:539 Palmer, A. Mitchell, 3:161, 337; prehistoric, 1:242 on representative government, 6:232, 396 Vancouver explorations in, 7:109 and raids on alien radicals, 1:198; 8:306–307 The Rights of Man, 7:148–149, 162 2:325, 552; 3:12, 337; 6:232, Pacific Ocean Paint Creek Strike (1912-1913), 232, 396 cables across, 2:3–4 8:450 Palmer, Alice Freeman, 8:281

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Palmer, Arnold, 4:20 failure in, 6:237, 238 Paramilitary groups. See Militia Palmer, Bartlett Joshua, 2:157 successful, 6:238, 239 movement; Minutemen Palmer, Bertha Honoré, 1:316 early plans for, 6:237–238 Parapsychology, 6:246 Palmer, Daniel David, 5:291 and Florida, 3:387 Parasitology, 5:294 Palmer, Erastus Dow, 1:306 Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty and, Paratroops, 6:246–247 Palmer, James, 4:84 4:108–109; 6:238; 8:201, 205 Parcel post, 5:206 Palmer, John M., 3:159; 4:10 Hay-Herrán Treaty and, 4:109; Pardon. See Amnesty Palmer, Mitchell, 1:198 6:237 Parham v. JR, 2:149 Palmer, Nathaniel, 6:383 Hay-Pauncefote Treaties and, Paris, Declaration of (1856), 1:487; Palmer, Phoebe, 8:501 4:110; 6:237; 8:140, 205 6:34, 35 Palmer, Potter, 3:8 Panama Canal Treaty and, 5:49; Paris, Pact of (1928). See Kellogg- and land speculation, 5:37 6:240, 242 Briand Pact (1928) Palmer, Mrs. Potter, 2:272 Roosevelt and, 8:387–388 Paris, Treaty of (1763), 2:261, 295; Palmer, Robert R., estimate of num- Thompson Act and, 6:239 3:471; 5:162; 6:248 ber of Loyalists, 5:167 Tolls Exemption Act and, 8:140 and Proclamation of 1763, 6:490 Palmer Raids, 1:198; 2:325, 552; Panama Canal Authority, 6:241 Paris, Treaty of (1783), 1:124, 522; 6:232, 396 Panama Canal Company, 6:239 3:296; 6:248–250, 249 deportations following, 3:12 Panama Canal Treaty (1977), 5:49; archival map of, 9:35, 36 FBI and, 3:337; 6:232 6:240, 242 and control of Trans-Appalachian Palms, Francis, and land speculation, Panama Canal Zone, 6:239–240 West, 8:179 5:36 Panama Defense Forces (PDF), debt issue in, 1:540, 541 Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Com- 6:242–243 and Florida ceded by Great Britain pany, 6:232 Panama Refining Company v. Ryan, to Spain, 3:385 Pamela (Richardson), 6:536 1:21; 6:243 and Northwest Territory ceded by Pamphleteering, 6:232–233 Panama-California Exposition Great Britain to U.S., 6:136 Coin’s Financial School (Harvey), (1915), 7:237 and U.S.-Canadian border, 6:135 2:265 Pan-American Exposition, 6:236 Paris, Treaty of (1898), 3:360; Pamunkey Indians, 1:383 Pan-American Union, 6:236–237 6:250, 321; 8:201 PAN. See National Action Party Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corpora- Paris, Treaty of (1954), 8:205 Pan Am Flight 103, 6:233–234 tion, 5:320 Paris Conference(s), 6:247–248 Pan American, 1:84 Panay incident, 6:243–244 Paris Conference (1949), 6:247 Pan Presbyterian Alliance, 6:451 Pandering, 6:513 Paris Conference (1960), 6:247 Pan water closet, 6:372 Panhandle, 6:244 U-2 incident and, 8:15, 247 Pan-Africanism, 1:478; 6:234–236 Panics. See Financial panics Paris Conference (1968-1973), in 20th century, 6:235–236 Panton, Leslie and Company, 6:244 6:247–248 origins of, 6:234–235 Papacy, and anti-Catholicism, Paris Peace Conference (1919), Panama 1:195–196 8:201, 315–316 diplomatic recognition of, 2:54 Papago. See Tohono O’odham Soviet exclusion from, 7:57 revolution in, 6:238, 243 Papal states, diplomatic service to, Paris Peace Conference (1946), U.S. invasion of (1989), 1:496; 6:244–245 6:247 6:241, 242–243 Paper and pulp industry, 6:245–246 “Parity” in naval defense, 6:250–251 U.S. relations with, 5:47, 49 American Revolution and, 6:245 Park(s) Panama Canal and, 6:238–241, Civil War and, 6:245 cemetery as, 2:81, 81 242 in colonial era, 6:245 in city planning, 2:186 riots and, 6:239, 242 Great Depression and, 6:245 in Colorado, 2:299 Panama Canal, 5:47; 6:105, World War II and, 6:245 See also specific parks; specific types 237–241 Paper money standard, 4:14 Park, Edwards Amasa, 7:97 and Cape Horn, decline in impor- Paper standard, 1:459 Park, Maud Wood, 5:65 tance of, 2:39 Paperbacks, 6:537, 538 Park, Mungo, 5:394 Clayton-Bulwer Treaty and, Papp, Joseph, 8:115 Park, Robert E., 1:337; 8:291 2:229–230; 6:237 Papst, Walter, 3:499 Park, Tongsun, 4:542, 543 construction of, 2:54 Paraguay, trade agreements with, Park, William H., 5:357–358 elimination of mosquitoes for, 6:125 Parke, John G., and railroad surveys, 8:576 Paralysis, infantile. See Poliomyelitis 7:30

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Parker, Alton B., 3:159 Partisan Review (journal), 1:198; Pattee, James Monroe, 3:508 Parker, Berkman v., 3:199 6:84–85 Patten, Gilbert, 6:537 Parker, Cynthia Ann, 2:50 Party platform, 6:368–369, 399 Patten, Simon, 6:42 Parker, Dorothy, 1:123 PAs. See Physician assistants Patterns of Culture (Benedict), in Algonquin Round Table, 1:123 Pasadena (California), 2:10 6:259–260; 8:599 Parker, Ely Samuel, 4:327 Pascal, Blaise, 1:588 Patterson, Claire, 6:344 Parker, Francis W., 3:116 Paschke, Ed, 1:298 Patterson, Floyd, 6:484 Parker, James, 2:50 Pascua Yaqui Indians, 8:228–229 Patterson, Gilbert E., 2:173 Parker, Peter, 2:108 Passamaquoddy/Penobscot, Patterson, Malcolm R., 8:86 Parker, Quanah, 2:307–308; 6:1, 8; 6:252–253, 253; 8:219 Patterson, Robert, 1:567 7:72 in 20th century, 1:2 Patterson, William, 6:62 Parker, Theodore, 8:179, 180 Passes, mountain, 6:253–254 Patterson v. McLean Credit Union, Parker v. Davis, 5:76 Passports, 6:254–255 2:197 Parkes, Alexander, 6:366 Pasteur, Louis, 3:239, 406 Patton, George S., 8:550 Parkesine, 6:366 Pasteurization, 3:407–408 armored warfare under, 1:267 Parkman, Francis, 4:137–138 Patch, Alexander, 4:68 in liberation of France, 8:549 The Oregon Trail, 9:222–224 PATCO Strike. See Air traffic con- in Sicilian Campaign, 7:353–354 Parkman, George, 8:435 trollers strike on trucks, 8:231 Parks, Gordon, 1:301 Patents and U.S. Patent Office, Paul I (tsar of Russia), 7:214 Parks, Rosa, 1:51, 104, 529; 2:202, 4:375; 6:255–257 Paul III (of Russia), 1:108 202 in 19th century, 6:255–256 Paul, Alice, 5:565; 7:3; 8:514 firsthand account by, 9:445–446 in colonial era, 6:255 Paul, John R., 6:388 Parley’s Magazine, 5:127 for cotton gin, 2:428, 429 Paul, Mary, on textile mills, Parliament, British, 6:251–252 mining, 5:389 9:340–341 Parochial schools new technology and, 6:256–257 Paul, William, 1:18 Catholic, 2:68, 69; 4:474–475; reform of, 6:256 Paul Bunyan, 8:45, 288 7:268 telephone cases, 8:70 Pauli, Wolfgang, 6:341 decline of, 7:267–268 for typewriter, 8:244 Pauling, Linus, 2:122; 3:533 in North Carolina, 6:129 Paterson, William, 2:379; 5:78; Paulists, 2:69 vouchers for, 7:266 8:308 Pauncefote, Sir Julian, 4:110 Parrington, Vernon L., 1:169; 4:138, Paterson (New Jersey), silk produc- and Olney-Pauncefote Treaty, 139 tion in, 7:361–362 6:191 Parris, Betty, 7:229 Paterson Silk Strike, 6:257 Parris, Samuel, 7:229 Path Breaking (Duniway), excerpt Paving, 6:260, 260–261 Parrish, West Coast Hotel v., 3:308; from, 9:334–337 Pavley, Andreas, 1:390 5:395; 8:445 Pathfinder, The (Cooper), 5:70 Pavlov, Ivan, 6:524 Parry, William Edward, 6:382 Pathologies of Rational Choice Theory Pavlova, Anna, 1:390 Parsons, C. A., 3:174 (Green and Shapiro), 6:405 Pawnbrokers, 2:447–448 Parsons, Edith Barretto Stevens, Patients’ rights, 6:257–258 Pawnee, 6:261, 261–262; 8:218 1:308 Patman, Wright, 1:544; 3:444; in Nebraska, 6:29 Parsons, Lucy 6:318; 7:183 remains of ancestors returned to, in Industrial Workers of the Patman Veterans Bill, 1:498 6:3 World, 4:346 Patrick, Frank, 4:143, 144 Pawnee Bill’s Wild West Show, in International Labor Defense, Patrick, Lester, 4:143, 144 2:436 4:389 Patriot Air-Defense Missile, 1:75–76 Paxton Boys, 6:262 Parsons, Talcott, 1:194; 3:515; Patriot War, 7:8 Payne, Cecilia, 1:344 7:433–434, 435 Patrol gunboat motor (PGM), 4:77 Payne, Daniel, 1:53 Parsons, Theophilus, 3:256 Patronage, political, 2:22–23, 207; Payne, David L., 1:501 Parson’s Cause, 6:252; 8:243 6:258 Payne, Lewis, 1:328 Particle accelerators, 6:342–343 Customs as source of, 2:485 Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), 8:51 Particle physics. See High-energy Patrons of Husbandry, 6:259 PBS. See Public Broadcasting Ser- physics mail-order houses and, 5:206 vice Partido Revolucionario Institucional See also Granger movement PCA. See Presbyterian Church in (PRI), 5:349 Patroons, 6:259 America

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PCHA. See Pacific Coast Hockey Peale, Norman Vincent, 6:442, 517 Peña y Peña, Manuel de la, 9:218–219 Association Peale, Raphaelle, 1:295 Pender, William, in Battle of Gettys- PCIJ (Permanent Court of Interna- Peale, Titian, 5:150 burg, 6:351 tional Justice). See International Pearl, Raymond, 7:13 Pendergast, Thomas, 1:507; 6:275 Court of Justice Pearl Harbor, 6:271–273 Pendergast machine, 5:421; PCP. See Pneumocystis carinii pneu- Japanese attack on, 6:272, 6:274–275 monia 272–273; 8:543–545, 555–556 Pendleton, Charles L., 2:272 PCUSA. See Presbyterian Church in armored ships after, 1:266 Pendleton, George H., 3:155; 4:62; the United States of America Hawaii after, 4:107 6:275 PDF. See Panama Defense Forces Roosevelt’s speech after, text of, Pendleton Act (1883), 2:206, 208, PDPs. See Plasma display panels 9:396–397 421; 6:275 Peabody, Elizabeth Palmer, 7:194; Pearl Street Station (New York provisions of, 1:225–226 8:180 City), 3:178 Penguin Books, 6:538 Peabody, George Foster, 6:262 Pearlstein, Philip, 1:298 Penicillin, 2:124 and Yaddo colony, 8:570 Pearson, Karl, 7:538, 539 Peninsular Campaign (1862), 6:275 Peabody, Moyer v., 3:272 Pearson, Lester B., 2:27 Penitentiary, 6:476, 552 Peabody Fund, 6:262 Peary, Robert E., 3:300; 5:542; Penkovskiy, Oleg, 2:92 Peace, Treaty of (1783). See Paris, 6:382 Penn, John, and Pennsylvania Treaty of (1783) Peay, Austin, 8:86 assembly, 2:281 Peace and Bread in Time of War Peck, Fletcher v., 2:397; 3:382–383; Penn, Richard, 6:190 (Addams), excerpt from, 5:36; 8:576 Penn, Thomas, 7:2 9:365–367 Peck, Jedediah, 6:297 Penn, William, 7:1; 8:289 Peace Commission (1867), 6:263 Peck, John, 3:382 brewing business of, 1:536 Peace conferences, 6:263–265 Peckham, Rufus, 1:20 on capital punishment, 2:40 See also specific conferences Peculiar Institution, 6:273 and Charter of Privileges, 2:110 Peace Corps, 6:265–266 Peddlers, 6:273–274, 274; 7:124 city plan for Philadelphia, 2:184 idea for, 8:282 Lebanese Americans as, 5:71 Delaware holdings of, 2:541; 3:94 Quaker youth camps and, 7:3 Pedro II (emperor of Brazil), 2:340 and Free Society of Traders, 3:459 Peace Democrats (Butternuts), Peffer, William A., 3:324; 6:417 and Great Law of Pennsylvania, 2:218, 411 PEI. See Private Enterprise Initiative 4:55; 6:276 Peace movement(s), 6:266–270 Pei, Ieoh Ming, 5:540 on Holy Experiment, 4:151 of 1864, 6:266 Peikoff, Leonard, 6:154 and New Castle, 6:41 boundaries of, 6:269 Peiper, Joachim, 5:217 peace plans of, 6:266 characteristics of, 6:269 Peirce, Charles Sanders, 5:122; as proprietor of Pennsylvania, cyclical, 6:267–268 6:424, 444, 445 6:276 early, 6:266–267 Peirce v. New Hampshire, 5:103 Quaker colony in West Jersey success and failure of, 6:269–270 Pelby, Rosalie French, 1:308 established by, 6:60 women in, 6:267; 8:499–500 Pele (soccer player), 7:411 and religious freedom, 7:1, 2, 93 after World War II, 6:268–269 Peleliu Island, 2:58; 6:274 and settlement of Pennsylvania, See also Antiwar movements Pelham, Henry, 6:470 2:289 Peace of Paris (1763), 5:158 Pelham, Peter, 6:470 Pennacook, 6:57 Peacekeeping missions, 6:270–271 Pell, Claiborne, 5:536 in New Hampshire, 6:56 Canada and, 2:27 Pell, Ella Ferris, 1:308 Penney, James Cash, 3:8, 9 in Cold War, 6:270 Pelley, William Dudley, 3:327, 328 Pennock, Moses, 1:58 in Lebanon, 5:242–243 Pelosi, Nancy, 8:468 Pennock, Samuel, 1:58 Marine Corps in, 5:242–243 Peltier, Leonard, 1:161; 7:71; 8:561 Pennsylvania, 6:275–279, 277 in Middle East, 6:270–271 Pemberton, John C., in Vicksburg, African American colleges in, in Somalia, 6:271 8:324 3:125 United Nations and, 8:270–271 Pemberton, John S., 2:260 African Americans in, 6:278, 312 “Peacemaker” (gun), 6:464 Pembroke College, 1:548 in American Revolution, Peacock, David, 1:58 Pembroke State College (North 6:277–278 Peale, Charles Willson, 1:295; Carolina), 5:170 Amish in, 1:174; 6:279, 280 5:393, 485–486, 486, 486; Pena, Adarand Constructors v., 1:581; anthracite strike in (1902), 6:214; 8:593 7:316 1:190–191

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Battle of the Monongahela, whiskey production in, 8:78, 468 vs. bonuses, 1:498 5:443–444 Whiskey Rebellion in, 2:97, 377; GI Bill of Rights and, 3:574; 6:285 canal system of, 2:32, 33 3:59; 8:469, 469–470 Grand Army of the Republic and, charter (1681), 5:260 World War II and, 6:279 4:31 in Civil War, 6:278 Wyoming Valley, settlement of, Pension Act, arrears of (1879), Lee’s invasion of, 3:566 8:567 6:282 coal mining in, 2:251, 251 Pennsylvania (battleship), 6:273 Pentacostalism, in Assemblies of colonial assembly of, 1:333; 2:281 Pennsylvania (cruiser), 1:89 God, 1:334 in colonial era, 6:276–277, 476; Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Pentagon, 6:285–286, 286 7:93; 8:139, 164 Children v. Commonwealth of attack on, 6:89, 108, 286 (See also constitution of, 6:278, 279; 7:526; Pennsylvania, 3:34 9/11 attack) 8:308 Pennsylvania Coal v. Mahon, 3:198; Pentagon Papers, 2:85; 6:286–287; emblems, nicknames, mottos, and 6:505 8:425 songs of, 7:533 Pennsylvania Dutch (dialect), 6:277 excerpt from, 9:455–459 Federalist Party in, 3:351 “Pennsylvania Farmer’s Remedy, newspapers publishing, 6:90, 99, in foreign trade, 8:164 The” (Dickinson), 9:127–128 286–287 Free Society of Traders and, 3:459 Pennsylvania Gazette (newspaper), 1:31 Pentecostal and Charismatic geography of, 6:275 Pennsylvania Germans, 3:559; Churches of North America, geological survey of, 3:548 6:279–280 6:288 glassmaking in, 4:3 Pennsylvania Packet and Daily Adver- Pentecostal churches, 3:265; Great Law of, 4:55 tiser (newspaper), 6:96 6:287–289, 288 as Holy Experiment, 4:151 Pennsylvania Provincial Council, African Americans in, 6:288 immigration to, 4:221 3:459 Assemblies of God, 6:288 industrialization in, 6:278–279 Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, Church of God, 6:287, 288 invasion of, 6:280 6:302 Church of God in Christ, Irish Americans in, 6:278 Pennsylvania Society for the Preven- 2:172–173; 6:287 Johnstown flood in, 3:383; 4:483, tion of Tuberculosis, 8:236 Church of the Nazarene, 6:27 483–484 Pennsylvania Station, 6:452–453 and evangelical theology, 3:267 labor disputes in, 6:278–279 Pennsylvania troops, mutinies of, McPherson, Aimee Semple, 5:410 Mason-Dixon line, 5:259–260, 6:280 membership in, 7:91 260 Pennsylvania Turnpike, 6:279; Pentecostal Holiness Church, in Middle Colonies, 5:362 7:178; 8:190 6:288 Molly Maguires, 5:438 Penny press, 6:96 women in, 8:501 Native Americans in, 6:276 Penobscot. See Pentecostal Fellowship of North oil in, 6:179, 298, 301–302, 305, Passamaquoddy/Penobscot America (PFNA), 6:288 360 Penobscot, Fort, 6:281 Pentecostal Holiness Church, 6:288 oil pipelines in, 6:359 Penobscot Expedition (1779), Penutian language, 8:221 personal liberty laws of, 6:294 6:280–281, 282 Penzias, Arno, 1:344–345, 440 prehistoric, 6:276 Penobscot region, 6:281–282 Peonage, 6:289 prisons in, 6:476 Penrose, R. A. F., 1:167 People for the Ethical Treatment of as proprietary colony, 6:510, 511, Pension Act, arrears of (1879), 6:282 Animals (PETA), 1:186 512 Pension plans, 6:282–284 People Left Behind, The (report), provincial congresses in, 6:520 collective bargaining and, 2:274 6:437 Quakers in, 4:151; 6:276–277; current trends in, 6:284 People of the Abyss, The (London), 7:1–2 early, 7:128 5:119 religious liberty in, 7:93; 8:139 federal, 6:283–284 People’s Advocate, Incorporated, as royal colony, 6:511 private, 6:283 6:509 settlement of, 2:289 for railroad employees, 7:28–29 People’s Party (Populist Party), shipbuilding in, 7:347 for teachers, 2:56 6:417; 8:119 slavery in, 6:277 Townsend Plan, 8:149–150 in Georgia, 3:556 state university of, 8:282–283 See also Retirement plans; Social in North Carolina, 6:129–130 Three Mile Island nuclear accident security in North Dakota, 6:132 in, 1:12–13 Pensions, military and naval, platform of, 6:368, 417 toll roads in, 8:139 6:282–283, 284–285; 8:317 in Texas, 8:102

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People’s Temple, 2:478; 7:94; 8:303 Perry, Matthew C., expedition to U.S. Navy in, 6:27 Pepper, Beverly, 1:307, 309 Japan, 4:457; 6:291; 8:198 Vietnam syndrome and, 8:328 Pepper, William F., 4:530 Perry, Oliver H., in War of 1812, women in, 8:504 Pepsi, 7:439 8:383 Person to Person (TV show), 8:73 Pepsi-Cola, 2:261 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 3:79 Personal ads, 6:294 Pequot War, 2:357; 6:289, 379; in Battle of Lake Erie, 5:21 Personal computers, 8:245 8:459 in Battle of the Thames, 4:53; Personal liberty laws, 6:294 Narragansetts in, 5:513 8:111 Fugitive Slave Acts and, 3:482; Pequot-Mohegan, 8:220 in Perry-Elliott Controversy, 6:294 Pequots, 2:356–357; 6:289–290 6:290–291 Personal Responsibility and Work captives of, 2:51 “We Have Met the Enemy, and Opportunity Reconciliation Act Mashantucket They Are Ours,” 8:432 (PRWORA) (1996), 2:139; casino run by, 3:509 Perry, William J., 2:529 3:317, 485; 6:439; 7:222 lawsuit filed by, 6:289–290 Perry-Elliott Controversy, Personnel Administrator of Massachu- in modern era, 2:359 6:290–291 setts v. Feeney, 6:295 Mohegans and, 5:435 Perryville, Battle of, 6:291 Personnel management, 4:336, 337 Peralta, Pedro de, 6:66–67 Pershing, John J., 5:20; 8:336 Pertain, Henri Philippe, 3:451 Percier, Charles, 3:497 American Expeditionary Forces Peru Percy, Earl, 6:483 and, 1:149 commerce with, 5:44–45 Percy, Sir Hugh, 5:89 Mexico, punitive expedition into, Cuban immigrant incident (1980), Percy, Walker, 3:280 2:78; 5:346–347 5:238 Love in the Ruins, 5:123 in Somme Offensive, 7:447 Spanish conquest of, 3:294 The Thanatos Syndrome, 5:123 strategy of, 1:149 U.S. relations with, drug traffick- Peres, Shimon, 4:443, 444 and War Department, 8:379 ing and, 5:512 Peretz, Martin, 6:77 in World War I, 3:451; 8:538 Pesler, James, 7:18 Pérez, Albino, 6:68 American Expeditionary Forces Pesos. See Pieces of eight Pérez Jiménez, Marcos, 5:48 and, 5:338; 8:535 Pest Control Act (1947), 3:432 Perfectionist Society, 8:313 Persian Gulf region, Carter Doc- Pestalozzi, Heinrich, 3:116 Perils of Pauline (film), 3:362 trine on, 1:233 Pesticide Control Act (1972), 3:228 Perkins, Frances, 2:274; 6:158; Persian Gulf syndrome, 6:291–292, Pesticides. See Insecticides and her- 7:129; 8:197, 507 293 bicides women’s clubs and, 8:509 Persian Gulf War, 6:292–294 PET. See Polyethylene terephthalate Perkins, George W., 5:530 aerial bombing in, 1:496 Pet banks, 6:295 Perkins, Jacob, 7:77 air defense in, 1:75–76 PETA. See People for the Ethical Perkins, R. Marlin, 8:595 all-volunteer force in, 2:365 Treatment of Animals Perky, Henry, 2:98 armored warfare in, 1:268 Peter, Laurence J., 6:295 Perle, Richard, 6:32 biological warfare in, threat of, “Peter Principle,” 6:295 Perls, Fritz, 3:203 1:465 Peter Principle, The: Why Things Permanent Court of International Bush’s address on, text of, 9:515–517 Always Go Wrong (Peter), 6:295 Justice (PCIJ). See International Carter Doctrine and, 2:60 Peter the Great, 1:108 Court of Justice conscientious objectors during, Peterdi, Gabor, 6:471 Permanent residents, 4:60–61 2:362 Peters, Andrew, 1:513 Perot, H. Ross cost of, 6:293; 8:377 Peters’ Colony Company. See Texan and GATT, 3:524 Egypt’s support in, 3:141 Emigration and Land Company on national debt, 2:517 and electoral politics, 3:168 Petersburg, Siege of, 6:295–296, and Persian Gulf syndrome firsthand accounts of, 9:518–522 296 research, 6:292 and Great Britain, U.S. relations trenches in, 8:207, 207 politically alienated citizens and, with, 4:44 Petersen, Donald, 3:415 2:548 intelligence activities in, 4:377 Petersen, Hjalmar, 3:322 in presidential campaign of 1992, prisoners of war in, 6:472 Peterson, Esther, 3:245; 8:498 2:517; 3:169, 171; 8:118 propaganda in, 6:504 Peterson, Roger Tory, 6:215 in presidential campaign of 1996, U.S. Air Force in, 1:77; 6:293 Petition, right of, 6:297–298 3:169; 8:120 U.S. Army in, 1:277 Petition and Remonstrance of New Perrot, Nicolas, 3:503 U.S. Marine Corps in, 5:243 Netherland, 6:296–297

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Peto, John F., 1:295 Pfaff, Judy, 1:307 occupation in American Revolu- Petrochemical industry, 6:298–300, PFIAB. See President’s Foreign tion, 7:143 299 Intelligence Advisory Board philanthropy in, 6:316 decline of, 6:299 Pfizer Inc., 8:322 police forces of, 6:385 geography of, 6:299–300 PFNA. See Pentecostal Fellowship porcelain industry in, 6:418 plastics and, 6:299 of North America publishing in, 6:536 products of, 6:301 PGA. See Professional Golfers Asso- Puerto Ricans in, 6:543 rise of, 6:298–299 ciation Quakers in, 7:2 See also Oil PGM. See Patrol gunboat motor riots in, 6:315 Petrography, 6:300–301 Phagan, Mary, 3:453 strikes in, 7:556 Petroleum Pharmaceutical industry, 6:307–308 trade unions in, 8:170–171 boomtowns, 1:502 Pharmacist(s) water system of, 8:292 in California, 2:10 changing role of, 6:310–311 yellow fever epidemic in, future of, 3:213 demographics of, 6:311 3:235–236; 8:291, 576 history in U.S., 3:210–211, 212 education for, 6:309–310 Philadelphia (ship), 1:415 See also Oil Pharmacy, 6:308–311 Philadelphia and Lancaster Turn- Petroleum industry, 3:211; in 19th century, 6:308–309 pike, 7:176 6:301–305 legislation on, 6:309 Philadelphia cordwainers’ case, and chemical industry, 2:121; science and technology and, 6:309 6:313–314 3:211 soda fountain at, 6:309 Philadelphia Gas Ring, 7:162 in Dallas (Texas), 2:494 Phelan, James D., 2:369 Philadelphia Plan, 6:314–315 demand and supply and, 6:304–305 Phelps, Oliver, and land speculation, Philadelphische Zeitung, Die (newspa- early, 6:301–302 5:36 per), 6:95 geology and, 6:305–306 Phenolics, 6:366 Philanthropist, The (newspaper), 5:96 kerosine oil in, 4:522–523 Phi Beta Kappa Society, 6:311 Philanthropy, 6:315–319 in Long Beach (California), Philadelphia (Pennsylvania), American Revolution and, 6:316 5:148–149 6:311–313, 312, 313 and black colleges, 3:126 monopoly in, 6:303 African Americans in, 6:312 by Bruce (Ailsa Mellon), 5:539–540 National Recovery Act (1933), American Philosophical Society, by Carnegie (Andrew), 2:55–57, 5:362 5:66 227; 6:317 rise of, 6:302–303 botanical garden in, 1:516 vs. charity, 6:315 and wildcat oil drilling, 8:477 Centennial Exhibition in, 2:87–88, Civil War and, 6:317 See also Oil Petroleum prospecting and technol- 88 in colonial era, 6:315–316 ogy, 6:302, 305–306, 513 city plan for, 2:184, 185 by Dale (Chester), 5:539 midcontinent oil region, in colonial era, 6:277, 312; 8:289 by Folgers, 3:393 5:361–362 Continental Congress in, 6:277, foundations and, 3:443–445; Spindletop oil well, 5:361 312 6:317–319 Petry, Ann, The Street, 5:125 decline of, 6:312–313 future of, 6:319 Pettibone, George A., 4:111 embargo on British imports in, by Getty (Jean Paul), 3:565–566 Pettigrew, J. J., in Battle of Gettys- 6:116 by Mellon (Andrew W.), burg, 6:351 Empowerment Zone program, 5:538–539 Pettit, Bob, 1:424 8:287 by Mellon (Paul), 5:539–540 Petty, Sir William, 6:248 fair in, 8:558 by Peabody (George), 6:262 Pew, J. Howard, 6:306 flour milling in, 3:389, 391 Pew Memorial Trust, 6:306–307 Pew, Joseph Newton, 6:306 foundation of, 6:276, 311–312 religious, and early history of edu- Pew Memorial Trust, 6:306–307 furniture manufacturing in, 3:496, cation, 2:106 Peyote, 3:374; 6:1, 8 497 by Rockefeller (John D.), 6:317, in Native American religious life, growth of, 6:312 318; 7:187 1:162; 4:292–293; 7:401 Independence Hall in, 4:257, by Rockefeller (Nelson), 6:318 Peyote Cult, 6:1 257–258 by Rosenwald (Lessing J.), 5:539 Peyote Way, 2:163 insurance in, 4:367–368, 369 scientific, 6:317 Peyton Place (TV show), 7:409 as nation’s capital, 6:277, 278, 312 World War II and, 6:318 Pfaelzer, Mariana R., 6:509 newspapers published in, 6:95 See also specific foundations

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Philip (Wampanoag chief), 4:313, Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature World War I and, 6:336 527; 9:15–16 (Rorty), 6:327, 446 World War II and, 6:336–337 Philip Morris, 8:137 Phinney, Archie, 6:101 Physics Laboratory, 5:530 Philippine Insurrection, 3:360; Phoenix (Arizona), 6:328 Physiocrats, 5:20 6:319–320, 321–322 botanical garden in, 1:517 Physiography, 3:541 anti-imperialists and, 6:320, 321 Phonograph, 1:189, 357–358; 5:502 Physiology, 6:348–350 opposition to, 1:203 commercial use of, 6:168 Nobel Prize in, 6:349, 350, 388, U.S. imperialism and, 4:244 Photius (archbishop of Constantino- 487–488 war casualties of, 6:320, 321–322 ple), 6:216 Physique magazines, 5:197 Philippine Sea, Battle of the, Photocomposition devices, 6:469 Phytoplankton, 4:32 1:90–91; 6:320–321; 8:557 Photographic industry, 6:328–331 Piacenza, Aldo, 1:311 Philippine War. See Philippine Photography, 1:299–302; 6:330 Piankashaws. See Miami Indians Insurrection aerial, 5:234 Picasso, Pablo, 2:475; 5:120 Philippine-American War. See documentary, 1:299–300, 301 exhibitions of, 1:297 Philippine Insurrection Family of Man exhibition, 3:316, in Armory Show, 1:268 Philippines, 6:321–324 316 Piccard, Auguste, 1:391 Anti-Imperialist League on, military, 1:301; 6:331, 331–332 Piccard, Don, 1:392 9:263–264 in Civil War, 1:199, 200, 299, Pickens, Andrew, 7:145 Battle of Manila Bay, 5:225 530, 530–532; 6:329, Pickens, Fort, 6:443 immigration from, 3:360 331–332 Pickering, Edward, 1:344 independence of, 6:320, 322–323; in Mexican-American War, 6:331 Pickering, John, impeachment of, 8:244 in Spanish-American War, 6:332 4:234 Japanese invasion of, 6:322; 8:546, and mourning memorials, 2:511 Pickering, Timothy, 1:124; 3:256, 547 pictorialism in, 1:300–301 351, 352; 6:426 Jones Act (1916) on, 4:487; 6:322 Phrenology, 6:332, 332–334, 333 Picketing, 6:350–351; 8:230 Lingayen Gulf, 5:114–115 Phthisis. See Tuberculosis Pickett, Bill, 2:443 Spanish-American War and, 7:487 Phyfe, Duncan, 3:496 Pickett, George E. Taft Commission and, 8:41 Phylon (journal), 5:200 in Battle of Gettysburg, 3:568–569; Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934) and, Physical Review (journal), 6:335, 344, 6:351 6:322 347 charge of, 3:569; 6:351, 351 U.S. acquisition of, 1:189; 2:470 Physician assistants (PAs), in Siege of Petersburg, 6:296 U.S. atrocities in, 1:354 6:334–335 Pickford, Mary, 3:362, 401 U.S. control of, 3:360; 6:250, 319– Physician-assisted suicide, 3:261, Pickling, 3:405 320, 321–322; 8:41, 92, 201 262–263 Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin Project, U.S. imperialism in, 4:244 Physicians, prescribing narcotics, 6:30 in World War II, 1:427; 5:89 5:510–511 Pieces of eight, 6:351 Philips, Howard, 6:163–164 Physics, 6:335–348 Piecework, 6:351–352 Phillips, Bert, 8:48 in 19th century, 6:335 in clothing industry, 2:248 Phillips, Carl, 5:123 in 20th century, 6:335–336 Piedmont region, 6:352 Phillips, Duncan, 2:273 Big Science, 6:337–338 fall line dividing tidewater from, Phillips, Irna, 7:409 biophysics, 5:437 3:310 Phillips, Sam, 7:185 at California Institute of Technolo- settlement of, 2:108 Phillips, William, 1:282 gy, 2:14 Piegan Indians, 1:481 Phillips Curve, 8:254 and cyclotron, development of, Pierce, Franklin Phillips Petroleum Company v. Wiscon- 2:486–487, 487 and Cuba, efforts to purchase, sin, 6:9 high-energy, 6:338–339 1:188–189; 2:469 Philosophy, 6:324–328 and military, 6:336–337 as dark horse, 2:502; 3:154 deist, 2:538–540 Nobel Prizes in, 6:335, 336, 337, and Gadsden Purchase, 3:502 positivism, 6:423–425 487 New England Emigrant Aid Com- postmodernism, 6:429 nuclear, 6:339–345 pany and, 6:49 post-structuralism, 6:430–431 cold nuclear fusion, 2:266 and transcontinental railroad, pragmatism, 6:325–327, 424, solid-state, 6:345–348 1:188 444–447 microwave technology, Pierce, John D., 3:114; 5:317; 8:281 transcendentalism, 8:179–181 5:361–362 Pierce, Palmer E., 5:530

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Pierce, Samuel R., Jr., 4:183–184 and conservationism, 2:366, Pinochet, Augusto, 2:150; 4:193; 5:49 Pierce, William, 3:328 367–368; 8:422–423 Pinto (Ford), 3:415 Pierce v. Society of Sisters, 2:164, 167; dismissal of, 2:369 Piomingo (Chickasaw chief), 2:135 6:352–353 and forestry, 3:430, 433, 435 Pioneers, 6:358, 358–359 Pierpont, Francis, 8:449 and Hetch Hetchy Valley dam, in Oregon, 6:205 Pierpont, James, 8:572 2:369 women, firsthand accounts by, Pierre (South Dakota), 2:48; 7:459 in public land commission, 6:531 9:229–233, 238–239 Pierre Chouteau Jr. and Company, Taft firing, 8:43 Pioneers, The (Cooper), 3:434; 5:70, 3:494 utilitarian ethic of, 8:480 119 Pierson, Abraham, 2:357; 8:572 Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, PIP. See Pro-Independence Party Pietism, 1:533; 3:264; 6:353–354, 6:356 Pipe smoking, 4:326; 8:134 515 at Constitutional Convention, Pipelines, oil in Amana Community, 1:133 2:379 in Alaska, 1:111, 112, 113; 6:180 Pifer, Alan, 2:56 on enumerated powers, 3:225 early, 6:359 “Piggybacking,” 8:231 on export taxes, 3:302 Piper, Leonora E., 6:246 Pigot, Robert, 1:569 in presidential campaign of 1800, Pipes, plumbing, 6:372–373 Pigs. See Hog(s) 3:150 Pippen, Scottie, 1:426 Pike, Albert, 3:66 in presidential campaign of 1804, Piracy, 1:551; 6:359–360 Pike, Zebulon, 3:297, 298; 6:354; 3:151 and Barbary wars, 1:415 8:453 in presidential campaign of 1808, privateering and, 6:480 on aridity of West, 1:64 3:151 in Straits of Florida, 3:388 expeditions of, 6:354–355 and XYZ affair, 8:570 and tribute, 8:229 Colorado, 2:298 Pinckney, Eliza Lucas, on plantation See also Privateers and privateering Rocky Mountain, 7:190 life in South Carolina, Pirogue, 2:37 Spanish interference with, 7:489 9:111–112 Piroplasmosis (Texas fever), 8:319, Pike’s Peak, 6:354, 355 Pinckney, Thomas, 8:200 320 first recorded ascent of, 5:150 in presidential campaign of 1796, Piscataqua, 6:56, 57 Pikes Peak Gold Rush, 6:355 3:150; 8:322 Piscataqua River, 6:56 Pikuni Indians, 1:481 Pinckney Plan, 6:356 Piss Christ (Serrano), 5:535 Pilcher, Joshua, 5:70 Pinckney’s Treaty, and Spanish-U.S. Pit, 6:360 Pilgrims, 6:355, 355–356, 377–379, relations, 7:484 Pitcairn, Harold, 1:93 515 Pinckney’s Treaty (1795), 3:425; Pitcairn, John, 5:88 Mayflower, 5:265, 275 5:159; 6:356–357; 8:200, 204 Pitch, 6:20 Mayflower Compact of, 5:276 Pincus, Gregory, 1:468 Pitchlynn, P. P., on Choctaw in Civil text of, 9:86 Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, War, 9:302–303 merchant adventurers and, 5:317 1:383, 384 Pithole (Pennsylvania), 6:360 patents, 5:317 AIM occupation of Wounded Knee Pitkin, Henry, 2:242 See also Plymouth Colony on, 8:560–561, 561 Pitkin, James, 2:242 Pilgrim’s Progress (Bunyan), 5:127 casino run by, 3:509 Pitt, Fort, 3:95 Pill, birth control, 1:466 Wounded Knee Massacre on, See also Duquesne, Fort development of, 1:468 8:562, 562–563 Pitt, William, 1:305; 3:469–470; Pillory, 6:356 Pine tar, 6:20 9:26 Pillow, Fort, Massacre at, 6:356 Pine tree flag, 6:357 the Elder, in French and Indian Pillow, G. J., 2:105 Pine tree shilling, 6:357 War, 2:286, 295 Pillsbury, Harry Nelson, 2:130 Pineda, Alonzo Álvarez, 1:102; Pitts, Hiram A., 1:59 Pillsbury Mills, 3:390, 391 3:294–295 Pitts, John A., 1:59 Piltdown man, 7:278 Pinegar, William, 8:210 Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania), 6:360, Pima/Tohono O’odham. See Tohono Pingree, Hazen M., 3:19–20 360–361 O’odham Pinkerton, Allan, 6:357 growth of, 8:292 Pimping, 6:513, 514 Pinkerton Agency, 6:357–358; Hill District in, 8:286 Pinchot, Gifford, 3:175, 226; 5:31; 8:178–179 railroad strike of 1877, 7:29, 29 6:529 in Homestead strike, 4:157; 7:556 and westward migration, 8:461 and Ballinger-Pinchot controversy, Pinkham, Lydia E., 2:388 Whiskey Rebellion and attack on, 1:391 Pinkney, William, 5:447 8:469

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Pittsburgh Courier (newspaper), 6:98, genetic engineering and, 3:531 early perceptions of, 6:373–374 99 history of, 6:365–366 in late 19th century, 6:374–375 Pittsburgh Reduction Company, plumbing pipes from, 6:373 political, 6:376–377 5:330 in toy industry, 8:153 Pluralist Democracy in the United Pius VI, Pope, 4:474 types of, 6:366 States: Conflict and Consensus Pius VII, Pope, 4:474 uses of, 6:366–367 (Dahl), 6:376 Pius XI, Pope, 1:5 Plate glass, 4:4 Pluralistic Universe, A (James), 6:374 Piven, Frances Fox, 6:440 Plate tectonics, 3:551 Plutonium, 6:139 Pizarro, Francisco, 2:360; 3:294 Platforms, party, 6:368–369, 399 Plymouth, Virginia Company of, Placide, Alexander, 1:389 of American Party (1856), text of, 6:377, 379–380 Plains Apache, in KCA Indian coali- 9:242–243 Plymouth Colony, 2:288; 3:289; tion, 4:532 Plath, Sylvia, 5:122 6:377–379 Plains Indians Plato, 3:261 demise of, 6:379 defeat of, 7:9 Platt, Orville Hitchcock, 6:369 economy and society of, 6:378 and Ute, 8:299 Platt Amendment (1901), 2:54, 470; foundation of, 6:377–378 “Plains Woodland” culture, 6:29 4:69; 5:47; 6:369 government and politics of, 6:378 Plan of 1776, 6:361 Platte River, 3:467; 6:29, 30 growth of, 6:378 Plan of a Proposed Union between Long’s explorations of, 5:150 vs. Jamestown, 8:528 Great Britain and the Colonies Playboy, 5:197 landing and settlement, 5:265, 275 (Galloway), 6:387 Playboy Entertainment Group, United Mayflower Compact and, 5:276 Plank roads, 6:361, 362 States v., 8:68 text of, 9:86 Planned Parenthood, 1:466, 468 Playground movement, 7:65 Mount Hope, 5:464 and Griswold v. Connecticut, 4:66 Plea bargain, 6:369 Mourt’s Relation report, 5:468–469 women’s rights movement and, 1:6 Pleasant, Richard, 2:498 and Native Americans, 6:378–379 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pleasonton, Alfred, in Battle of Anti- See also Pilgrims Pennsylvania v. Casey, 1:7; etam, 1:200 Plymouth Company, Sagadahoc 4:497–498; 6:361–362; 8:434 Pledge of Allegiance, 5:169; 6:370 Colony of, 7:223 Plans of union, colonial, 6:362–363 reference to God in, 7:94 Plymouth Rock, 6:379 Albany Plan, 1:113–114; 6:363 World’s Columbian Exposition PM. See Preventive mediation Dominion of New England, 6:363 and, 8:558 PNBC. See Progressive National Plant, Henry B., 8:47 Plessy, Homer, 6:370 Baptist Convention Plant Patent Act (1930), 6:256 Plessy v. Ferguson, 1:443, 549; 2:199; Pneumatic drill, 8:240 Plant Variety Protection Act (1970), 3:14, 121, 342; 5:160, 406; Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 6:256 6:370–371 (PCP), 1:15 Plantation colonies, 2:285 Pleuropneumonia, of cattle, 8:320 PNP. See New Progressive Party Plantation system of South, PLF. See Palestine Liberation Front Pocahontas, 5:117; 6:442, 443 6:363–365 PLO. See Palestine Liberation Orga- Pocket vetoes, 6:380–381; 8:321 economics of, 7:463 nization Pocumtuck, 8:220 management in, 7:463 Plockhorst, Bernard, 1:313 Podhoretz, Norman, 6:32, 33 Pinckney (Eliza Lucas) on, Ploesti oil fields, air raids on, 6:371 Podoloff, Maurice, 1:424 9:111–112 Plott, Charles, 3:110 Poe, Edgar Allan, 5:129; 7:194–195 slavery in, 7:394–395, 463 Plowden, Sir Edmund, 6:39–40 “The Fall of the House of Usher,” Plantou, A. A., 3:3 Plows, 1:58, 60 5:119 Plants. See Botany Plumb, Glenn E., 6:371 “The Gold Bug,” 2:467 Plasencia, Landon v., 1:125 Plumb Plan, 6:371 “The Purloined Letter,” 5:119 Plasma display panels (PDPs), 8:77 “Plumbers Unit,” 6:287 “The Raven,” 5:119 Plass, Gilbert N., 2:237; 4:6 Plumbing, 1:428; 6:371–373, 372 and University of Virginia, 8:283 Plastic surgery. See Cosmetic surgery Plummer, Henry, 8:336 Poet laureate, 6:381 Plastics, 6:299, 365–368, 367 Plummer, Rachel Parker, 2:50 Poetry as building material, 1:565 Plummer, William, 3:151 African American, 4:96 characteristics of, 6:366 Plunkitt, George Washington, 2:453 poet laureate and, 6:381 disadvantages of, 6:367 Plural marriages, 6:410 Poindexter, John, 6:401 furniture from, 3:499 Pluralism, 6:373–377 in Iran-Contra Affair, 4:420 future of, 6:367–368 cultural, 1:337, 338; 6:375–376 Poinsett, Joel R., 1:166–167

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Point du Sable, Jean Baptiste, 2:132 contemporary, 6:392 Political science, 6:401–406 Point Four, 3:415–416; 6:381 immigration patterns of, 4:225; in 1990s, 6:405 Pokagon, Simon, 5:128 6:389–390, 391–392 area studies and, 6:404–405 Pokanoket, 8:220 religious and political affairs of, behaviorism and, 6:403–404 Poker Alice, 3:507 6:391 disciplinary maturity period of, Pol Pot, 2:16 Polish National Alliance, 6:391 6:403 Poland Polish Peasant in Europe and America, emergent period of, 6:402 conquest by Germany and Soviet The (Thomas and Znaniecki), formative period of, 6:401–402 Union, 2:267 6:391 general, 6:405 first partition of, 7:146 Political action committees (PACs), middle years of, 6:402–403 independence after World War I, 1:488; 2:23–24; 6:393 positive political theory, 6:403, 404 2:89 direct mail services used by, 3:29 Political Science Quarterly (journal), Polanski, Roman, 3:364 Political activism, folk revival music 6:402 Polar exploration, 6:381–384, 383 and, 5:496–497 Political subdivisions, 6:406 Greely’s Arctic expedition, Political activities Political System, The (Easton), 6:403 4:59–60 by federal employees, regulation Political theory, 6:405, 406–408 North Polar, 6:381–382 of, 4:103–104 on right of revolution, 7:148–149 Northeast Passage, 6:381–382 in hotels, 4:176 Politics Northwest Passage, 6:136, Political assessments, 2:22–23 Christianity and, 2:164–165 381–382 Political Behavior (Eulau), 6:403 Civil War, 2:218 Peary (Robert E.), 5:542; 6:382 Political cartoons, 6:393–395, 394 radicalism in, 7:16–18 South Polar, 6:382–384 Political correctness, 6:395–396 Politics (Aristotle), 6:407 Polaroid Corporation, 6:330 Political economy, 3:107–111 Politics (magazine), 6:85 Police, 6:384–386 Christian theocratic, 1:449 Polk, James K. Boston, strike of, 1:513–514; Political exiles, to U.S., 6:396–397 banking under, 1:195 7:164–165 Mayans as, 9:509–515 and Cuba, efforts to purchase, future of, 6:386 Political Liberalism (Rawls), 5:92 2:469 history of, 6:385 Political machines. See Machine, as dark horse, 2:399, 502; 3:153 issues of, 6:385–386 political executive agents appointed by, organization of, 6:384–385 Political parties, 6:397–400 3:277 statistics of, 6:385 absence of, in Confederacy, 2:341 expansionist policies of, 2:550; strikes by, 7:557 alternative, call for, 2:547–548 3:299 technology and, 6:385 and caucuses, 2:76–77 “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!” slogan Police brutality, 6:385, 386, characteristics of, 6:398–399 by, 3:358 386–387 and democracy, 2:547 as log cabin president, 5:145 Police power, 3:198; 6:387 and government jobs, 1:572, 573 Mexican-American War and, of arrest, 1:283–284 nominating conventions of (See 5:339–341; 9:219–221 Miranda v. Arizona, 5:404–405 Conventions, party nominat- Mexico and, Slidell’s mission to, prohibition and, 5:471 ing) 7:398 prostitution and, 5:225 origin and development of, 6:398 Monroe Doctrine and, 5:446 of search and seizure, 1:283, 284; and party platform, 6:368–369, and Oregon Treaty, 6:205, 210 7:289–290 399 Polk Doctrine of, 6:117, 408 Policy and bookmaking syndicates, and presidents, 6:454 in presidential campaign of 1844, 2:463 third parties, 8:118–120, 243 3:153 Poliomyelitis (polio), 6:388–389, two-party system, 8:119, 243 slavery issue and, 8:485–486 389 nominating system of, 6:113–114, and tariffs, 8:51 March of Dimes and, 5:236 399 Texas annexation under, 1:188; vaccine for, 5:236; 6:388–389, 389 after Watergate scandal, 2:553 8:100 Polish Americans, 6:389–393, 390, See also Third parties; specific parties and trading with enemy, 8:173 392 Political patronage, 6:258 and Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, in American Revolution, 6:390 Political pluralism, 6:376–377 4:68; 8:200 anticommunism among, 1:197 Political representation, 7:105–108 war powers under, 8:387 in Cleveland, 2:233 Political scandals, 6:400–401 Polk, Leonidas, 3:324; 6:157 community building by, 6:391 See also Scandals Polk, Sarah, 3:375

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Polk Doctrine, 6:408 Pontiac fever, 5:77 UFO phenomenon in, 8:255 nonintervention policy in, 6:117 Pontiac’s War, 1:543; 6:411 See also Music Poll taxes, 6:408–409 and Paxton Boys, 6:262 Popular Democratic Party (PPD), elimination of, 8:9 Proclamation of 1763 and, 6:490 6:546 in Louisiana, 5:160 tactics of Algonquians in, 8:392 Popular health movement, 5:291 in Maryland, 6:408 and Vandalia Colony, 8:308 Popular sovereignty, 2:331; in Mississippi, 5:414–415 PONY, 6:514 6:415–416; 8:485 in Virginia, 6:408; 8:344 Pony Express, 6:411–413, 412, 413, inconsistency between Dred Scott Pollard, Edward A., The Lost Cause, 427; 8:443 case and, 3:467 5:155 discontinued, 8:456 Population. See Demography and Polling, 6:409, 532–534 Southern Overland Mail and, demographic trends Pollock, Jackson, 1:9, 9, 10, 298; 5:204 Population Bomb, The (Ehrlich), 6:471 Poole, Elijah. See Muhammad, Elijah 3:228 Pollock v. Farmers’ Loan and Trust Poole, Frederick C., in Archangel Populism, 2:227; 6:416–418 Company, 6:409–410; 8:57 Campaign, 1:247 alternative medicine and, Pollution Pools, railroad, 6:413 5:291–292 and Canadian-American relations, Poor, Henry Varnum, 7:520 and Coxey’s Army, 2:445 2:27, 29 Poor Clares. See Franciscans in Gilded Age, 3:577 legislation for control of, 3:227, Poor Law (1601), 6:316 of Johnson (Lyndon), 8:323 228 Poor Richard’s Almanac (Franklin), in Oregon System, 6:208 progress in reducing, 3:231 1:129; 5:118; 6:413, 536; 8:528 and progressivism, 2:389 See also Air pollution; Noise pollu- excerpt from, 9:113–114 and Republican Party, 7:112 tion; Water pollution Poor whites, 6:414 sectionalism in, 7:296–297 Pollution Prevention Act (1990), Poore, Ben Perley, 2:271 Populist Party, 5:16 3:233 Poorhouses, 6:436; 8:439 in Alabama, 1:103 Polycarbonates, 6:367 elderly in, 7:128; 8:439 establishment of, 6:158 Polyesters, 8:110 Pop art, 6:414–415 farmers and, 2:45, 46 Polyethylene, 6:367 Popé (prophet), 6:7, 67, 541, 542 Granger movement and, 2:389 Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), Pope, Albert A., 1:450 middle-of-the-road populists, 6:367 Pope, Jacob, 1:59 5:366–367 Polygamy, 6:410–411 Pope, John, 1:501 presidential candidate of, 6:158 among Mormons, 2:163; 5:250; Army of the Potomac under, 1:279 in presidential election of 1892, 6:15, 410; 8:296, 297 Army of Virginia under, 1:279 3:158 Supreme Court on, 2:167; 7:150 and Dakota Expeditions, 2:492 in South, 7:469 in Oneida Colony, 6:410 in Island Number Ten operations, See also People’s Party Polygenism, 1:192 4:438 Porcacchi, Tomaso, 9:7, 7–8 Polymers, 6:366 and railroad surveys, 7:30 Porcelain, 6:418 Polystyrene, 6:366, 367 in Second Battle of Bull Run, Porgy and Bess (Gershwin), 3:395 Polyvinyl chloride, 6:373 1:568; 2:212 Pork barrel, 5:146; 6:418; Pomerene, Atlee, 7:62 Pope, John Russell, National 7:565–566 Pomo, 2:7 Gallery of Art designed by, Porkbusters Coalition, 7:566 Ponca Indians, 8:223, 224 5:538 Pornography, 6:418–420 in Nebraska, 6:29 Pope v. Illinois, 6:419 feminism on, 6:419; 8:517–518 removal of, 2:95 Popenoe, David, 3:317 in films, 6:419 Ponce de León, Juan, 2:1, 360; Popham, Sir John, 6:380, 380; 7:223 skin magazines, 5:197 3:284, 294 Popham Colony. See Sagadahoc Supreme Court on, 6:419 explorations of Colony women on, 6:419 Florida, 3:385 Popish Plot (1678), 5:151 Pornography Commission, 6:420 Gulf Stream, 4:73 Popovic, Mikulas, 1:15 Port(s) Ponce Massacre, 6:545 Popular culture cities and, 8:289 Pond, J. B., 5:178 ecological consciousness in, 3:227 colonial, 2:284 Pong (video game), 8:327 folklore and, 3:394, 395–397 Washington (D.C.) as, 8:409–410 Pons, B. Stanley, 2:266 foreign observers on, 1:138 See also Harbors Pontiac, 6:411 Frankfurt School criticizing, 3:454 Port authorities, 6:420–421

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Port Authority of New York and during American Revolution, Poultry industry, 2:542 New Jersey, 6:421 6:425 Pound, Ezra, 3:197; 5:120 airports operated by, 1:98 automation in, 1:365 Pound, Roscoe, 4:496 Port Hudson, Battle of, 2:212 censorship by, 2:84; 6:426–427 Poverty, 6:436–441 Port Hudson, in Civil War, 8:324 after Civil War, 6:427 in 19th century, 6:436 Port Royal, 6:421–422 establishment of, 6:425 in 20th century, 2:225 Portage Canal Company, 3:448 Federalists and, 6:426 changing views of, 6:440 Portages and water routes, 6:422 in Jacksonian Democracy, 6:426 children living in, 6:437; 7:186 Fox-Wisconsin Waterway, 3:448 Jeffersonian Republicans and, in colonial era, remedies for, 8:439 Mackinac Island and Straits, 6:426 defining levels of, 6:436 5:188–189 mail-order and, 5:206 in Detroit, 3:20 Niagara, Carrying Place of, 6:102 in New Deal, 6:427–428 among elderly, 6:189; 7:128, 131, Portal-to-Portal Act (1945), 3:308 overland mail and stagecoaches, 418; 8:439 Portal-to-Portal Act (1947), 5:395 5:203–204 measures against Porter, David, 3:256 parcel post, 5:206 Catholics and, 2:70 Porter, David Dixon, 6:25 stamps, 6:427 charity organization movement Porter, Edwin S., 3:361–362; 4:58; Postman Always Rings Twice, The and, 2:105–106 6:105 (Cain), 5:121 Great Society, 2:228 Porter, Fairchild, 1:298 Postmillennialists, 5:388, 431 Head Start, 4:112–113 Porter, Fitz-John, 1:568 Post-Modern Condition, The Job Corps, 4:480–481 in Battle of Antietam, 1:200 (Lyotard), 6:429 World Bank and, 8:532 Porter, Katherine Anne, 3:197; Postmodernism, 6:428–430 misconceptions of, 6:437 8:570 in architecture, 7:376 The New American Poverty (Har- Porter, Peter B., 5:22 and historiography, 4:141–142 rington) on, 9:500–504 Porter, William, 5:328 self in, and individualism, reasons for, 6:437–438 Porter, William Sydney, 5:119 4:333–334 rural, 6:437 Portfolio investment, vs. direct Postmodernism: or, the Cultural Logic in shanty towns, 7:335 investment, 3:419 of Late Capitalism (Jameson), statistics of, 6:436–437 Portland (Oregon), 6:422–423 6:430 and tenements, 8:81–82 Portland cement, 2:79 Post-Philosophy, 6:429 urban, 6:437, 439, 440 Portnoy’s Complaint (Roth), 5:121 Post-polio syndrome, 6:389 See also War on Poverty; Welfare Portola, Gaspar de, 2:8; 8:451 Post-structuralism, 6:429, 430–431 system “Portolan World Chart” (map), Post-traumatic stress disorder Poverty (Hunter), 6:440 5:232 (PTSD), 6:431 Poverty Point, 6:441 Portraits, miniatures, 5:393–394, Vietnam syndrome as, 8:328–329 Poverty Social Worker (Hunter), 6:436 394 Potash, 6:431–432 Povolny, Michael, 1:304 Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), 6:423 Potassium carbonate. See Potash Powderly, Terence, 1:528; 4:539, Portsmouth Colony, shipbuilding in, Potassium nitrate, 6:110; 8:243 540; 5:16 6:57, 58 Potatoes, 6:432 Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr., 2:196; Portugal Potawatomi, 6:432–433, 433; 8:224 6:441 African colonies of, 1:38 Potomac River, 6:433–434, 434; Powell, Cecil F., 6:344 exploration of America by, 3:283 7:173 Powell, Colin Positive political theory, 6:403, 404 Potsdam Conference (1945), 3:426; and AIDS, 1:18 Positivism, 6:423–425 6:434–435, 435; 8:15 alma mater of, 2:189 Positron, 6:339 Pottawatomie Massacre, 1:505, 506; on Persian Gulf War, 6:292, 293 Posse Comitatus, 5:385 4:98, 509; 5:59; 6:435–436 Powell, John Wesley, 1:192; 3:257, Post, Charles William, 2:98; 5:561 Potter, David, 4:139 300 Post, Emily, 5:226 Potter, Van Rensselaer, 1:461 and Colorado River exploration, Post, George W., 1:251 Pottery, 1:303–305 2:301 Post roads, 6:425; 7:176 art, 1:304–305 in Grand Canyon, 4:33 Postal Act (1845), 6:427 Arts and Crafts, 1:321 on irrigation, 4:435 Postal Service, U.S., 2:439; colonial, 1:285–286, 303–304 on preservation of environment, 6:425–428 Native American, 1:303 2:366 airmail by, 1:97–98; 6:427; 8:190 Poulsen, Valdemar, 1:189 in public land commission, 6:530

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Powell, John Wesley, (continued) Prairie schooner, 2:339, 441; 6:448, membership in, 7:87, 90, 91 Report on the Lands of the Arid 448 Reformed Christianity and, 7:75 Region, 3:18 Prairie Wind Casino, 3:509 revivalism and, 3:264 scientific surveys of, 8:454 Pratt, Caroline, 3:116 Second Awakening in, 1:378 and U.S. Geological Survey, 3:544, Pratt, Enoch, 5:98 upstart sects and threat to, 7:86 545 Pratt, James, 2:50 and Westminster Confession, revi- Powell, Lewis, Jr. Pratt, John H., 3:552 sion of, 3:1 on affirmative action, 1:386 Pratt, Julius, 1:189 Prescott, Samuel, 7:133 retirement of, 1:506 Pratt, Richard Henry, 3:115, 135 Prescott, William, 1:569 on sex discrimination, 3:478 and education of Native Ameri- “Don’t fire till you see the white of Powell, Ozzie, 7:286 cans, 2:55 their eyes,” 3:78 Powell case, 6:441 Pratt Free Library (Baltimore), 5:98 “Present State of the Study of Poli- Powell v. Alabama, 3:575 Pratt Graphic Arts Center, 6:471 tics, The” (Merriam), 6:402 Powell v. McCormack. See Powell case Pratte, Bernard, 1:158 Preservation, historic. See Historic Power. See Electric power; Hydro- Praxis Series, 3:139 preservation electric power Praying Towns, 6:448 Preservation (magazine), 5:550; 6:452 Power, Katherine Ann, 7:182 Preble, Edward, 1:415; 2:378 Preservation movement, 3:227; Power (Arendt), excerpt from, Precipitation. See Rain 6:452–453 9:388–390 Preemption Act (1841), 5:33, 37 vs. conservation movement, 7:355 Power Elite, The (Mills), 5:121 Preface to a Democratic Theory (Dahl), Sierra Club in, 7:355 Power of Positive Thinking, The 6:376 See also Conservation; Wildlife (Peale), 6:442 Preface to a Twenty-Volume Suicide preservation Power of Sympathy, The (Brown), Note (Baraka), 5:126 Preservationism, aesthetic, 2:368–369 5:118 Preferential voting, 6:448–449 President(s), U.S., 6:453–456 Powers, Francis Gary, 8:247 Prefrontal lobotomy, 6:522 access to, 8:471 Powers, Hiram, 1:305 Pregnancy ambassadors appointed by, 1:133, 134 Powhatan (chief) premarital amnesty granted by, 1:177 British relations with, 4:312–313 abortion for, 1:3 appointments by leadership of, 4:290–291 in adolescence, 1:26 power of, 1:225–226 speech to John Smith, text of, 9:98 rate of, 1:26 removal of, Supreme Court on, Powhatan Confederacy, 6:442–443, quickening during, 1:3–4 5:506 443 Pregnancy Discrimination Act assassination of, 1:327–331; 8:339 British relations with, 4:283 (1978), 3:525; 6:449 cabinet of, 2:2–3 in Virginia, 4:283; 8:341 Prejudice. See Discrimination candidates for, 3:148–149 Powhatan incident, 6:443 Premillennialists, 5:388 censure of, 3:303 Powley, State of Maryland v., 5:13 Prendergast, Maurice, 1:268, 297, 321 as chief executive officer, 3:341 Pownall, Thomas, 3:108 Preparedness, 6:449–450 Constitution interpreted by, 3:342 POWs. See Prisoners of war Presbyterian Church in America Council of Economic Advisors of, Powwow, 2:500; 6:444 (PCA), 6:451 2:430–432; 3:110 music of, 5:498 Presbyterian Church in the United death of, vice presidential succes- PPD. See Popular Democratic Party States of America (PCUSA), sion after, 8:322, 323 PPL Therapeutics, 3:531 6:450 election of (See also Election[s], Prabhupada, 1:326; 2:477 Presbyterianism, 6:450–452, 515 presidential) Pragmatism, 3:269; 6:325–327, 424, and Calvinism, 2:15 Constitutional Convention on, 444–447 Cambridge Platform and, 2:19 2:380 and liberalism, 5:91 and Congregationalism, 2:349 and executive agreements, Pragmatism (James), 6:445 Covenanters and Seceders, 3:277–278 Prairie, 6:447, 447 6:450–451 Executive Office of, 3:330; 6:455 buffalo trails in, 1:562 denominations in, 6:451 executive privilege of, 3:278–279 Prairie, The (Cooper), 5:70, 119 and education for African Ameri- HUAC on, 4:178 Prairie du Chien, Indian Treaty at, cans, 3:125 investigating committees and, 6:447–448 in Egypt, 3:141 4:411 Prairie Island Indian Community, influence of, 6:451–452 Supreme Court on, 4:497 revenue from gambling, 3:509 mainstream, 6:450 and federal budget, 1:557, 559

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and global issues, 6:455–456 New York Times Co. v. United Primer of Statistics for Political Scien- impeachment trials of, 2:352–353 States and, 6:287 tists, A (Key), 6:403 inauguration of, 4:250–251 New York Times v. Sullivan, 6:91 Primogeniture, 6:463–464 interment of, 6:457–458 postal service and, 6:426–427 Prince, Robert, 1:516 international law and, 4:393 Press associations, 6:458–459 Prince, William, 1:516 militia, power to call out, 5:255 Press gang, 6:459 Prince William Sound, Cook’s persuading politicians, 6:454–455 Presser v. Illinois, 4:74 exploration of, 2:404 powers of, 6:453–454 Pressing stamps, 6:466 Princeton, Battle of, 2:543; 6:464, recognition power of, 7:56 Pressure cooker, 2:36 465 removal power of, 7:100 Pressurized water reactor (PWR), Princeton, explosion on, 6:464–465 residence of, 8:470–472, 471 6:139 Franklin Institute investigating, Scotch-Irish, 7:285–286 Preston, Thomas, 1:512, 513 3:455 Secret Service protection for, Preuss, Charles, 3:465 Princeton Seminary, 7:96, 97 1:329; 7:294 Preval, René, 4:85 Princeton University, 6:465 separation of powers and, 7:312 Preventive mediation (PM), 3:343 establishment of, 3:112, 127 subpoenas to, 3:279; 6:456–457 PRI. See Partido Revolucionario Institute for Advanced Study at, in treaty negotiation and ratifica- Institucional 4:366 tion, 4:393; 8:199, 203 Pribilof Islands, 6:459 Principles of Psychology (James), 6:523 two-term tradition for, 3:151; Pribylov, Gerasim, 6:459 Principles of Scientific Management, 7:198 Price(s), 6:460–462 The (Taylor), 1:63 veto power of, 8:321–322 definition of, 6:460 excerpt from, 9:342–347 line-item, 8:320–321 setting and measuring, 6:460 Prindle, William, 1:290 pocket veto, 6:380–381 trends in American history, 6:461 Pring, Martin, 6:56 Virginia dynasty of, 8:343, Price, Charles, 2:466 Printer’s devil, 6:465–466 348–349 Price, George C., 1:439 Printing, woodblock (xylography), in war powers of, 8:373–374, Price, Sol, 7:126 mapmaking, 5:232 387–388 Price, Sterling, 6:68 Printing Act (1895), 4:24 wives of, 3:375–376 Price and wage controls, 6:460 Printing and printing industry, See also specific presidents agricultural, 1:60–61, 66 6:466–470, 467, 468 Presidential Libraries Act (1955), in Korean War, 6:166 in 19th century, 6:469 5:100 in World War II, 6:165 in 20th century, 6:469–470 Presidential Recordings and Materi- Price Club, 7:126 early history of, 6:466 als Preservation Act (1974), 5:99 Price index, 6:460 Gutenberg and, 6:467–468 Presidential Records Act (1978), Price levels, in inflation, 4:350 in North America, 6:468–469 5:100 Priceline.com, 3:183 strikes in, 7:556 Presidential Succession Act (1951), Priestley, Joseph, 2:122 See also Paper and pulp industry; 8:323 on common law, 2:316 Publishing industry President’s Commission on the Sta- Prigg, Edward, 6:462 Printing press, Cherokee, 2:127 tus of Women, 8:498–499, 516 Prigg v. Commonwealth of Pennsylva- Printmaking, 6:470–472 President’s Foreign Intelligence nia, 3:482; 6:278, 294, 462 Currier and Ives, 2:483, 483–484 Advisory Board (PFIAB), 3:330 Primal therapy, 6:462–463 wood engraving and, 8:522–523 Presidio, 6:458 Primary, white, 6:463 Print-on-demand, 6:539 Presley, Elvis, 5:308; 7:185, 185 Primary elections, 3:148 Printz, Johan, 2:541; 6:77 Press direct, 6:463 Prison(s), 6:476–479 censorship of, 2:83–84 closed, 6:463 African Americans in, 6:477, 478 freedom of (See also First Amend- in nominating system, 6:113–114, Alcatraz, 1:115–116; 6:477 ment) 463 Attica, 1:355–356; 7:165 Alien and Sedition Acts on, open, 6:463 in Civil War, Andersonville Prison, 1:123–124; 3:374 increasing importance of, 3:147 1:184 Amerasia case and, 1:134 vs. party nominating conventions, firsthand account of, 9:304–307 in colonial era, 6:95 2:400 in colonial era, 6:476, 551–552 Grosjean v. American Press Compa- Primary Geography for Children crowding in, 2:461 ny and, 4:67 (Beecher and McGuffey), 8:106 debtors’, 2:513, 514 Near v. Minnesota and, 6:27 Prime meridian, 9:3, 35, 45 Elmira, 3:189–190; 7:75

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Prison(s), (continued) Private banks, 1:406 Profit sharing, 6:492–493 juveniles in, 4:505 Private Enterprise Initiative (PEI), Profiteering, 6:493 Quakers and, 6:476, 551–552 3:418 Progress and Poverty (George), 2:10; reform of, 6:477–478 Private investigation company. See 6:493–494 vs. reformatories, 6:477; 7:74 Pinkerton Agency Progressive Era/movement, 2:375; riots in, 7:165 Private schools, 7:267–268 6:494–498 San Quentin, 7:242–243 Privateers and privateering, 6:360, in Arkansas, 1:262 separate and silent systems of, 480–481 in California, 2:10 6:476–477 Letters of Marque and Reprisal, child welfare in, 2:137 Sing Sing, 6:476; 7:365–366 5:248 and commerce clause, 2:311 supermax, 6:478 merchantmen, armed, 5:321–322 consumerism and, 2:386, 388 women in, 6:478 Yankee, 8:574–575 cult of wilderness, 5:467 Prisoners of war (POWs), Privatization, 6:481 and domestic trade, 8:159, 6:472–476 Privileges and immunities of citi- 160–161 in American Revolution, 6:472, zens, 6:481–482 and employer’s liability laws, 3:200 473, 475 Privy Council, 6:482 engineering education in, 3:251 atrocities against, 1:354 Prize Act (1941), 6:483 farmers institutes and, 3:325 in Civil War, 2:218; 6:472 Prize cases, Civil War, 2:210; in Florida, 3:387 in Andersonville Prison, 1:184 6:482–483 goals of, 6:495–496 firsthand account by, 9:304–307 Prize courts, 6:483 governmental inspection in, 4:364 exchange of prisoners, 6:473 Prizefighting, 6:483–485; and governors, 4:29 prison camps, 6:473–474 7:509–510 historians in, 4:138–139 Union, 1:567 Prizes and awards Indian policies in, 4:287–288 exchange of, 6:473 Academy Awards, 6:485–486 individualism in, 4:333 Geneva Conventions and, 3:535; Guggenheim Awards, 6:486 labor legislation in, 5:13, 14 6:472 MacArthur Foundation “Genius” legislation in, 5:84 in Korean War, 4:548, 548–549; Awards, 6:486–487 in Maryland, 5:257–258 6:472, 473 Nobel Prizes (See Nobel Prize[s]) maternal and child health issues, in Mexican-American War, 6:472, Pulitzer Prizes, 6:488–489 5:274 473 Problem of Indian Administration, The medical education in, Flexner in Persian Gulf War, 6:472 (Meriam Report), 5:323–324 report on, 5:282 firsthand account by, 9:518–520 Procedural due process of law, minimum-wage legislation in, in prison camps 3:90–91 5:394 Confederate, 6:473–474 Process of Government (Bentley), in Minnesota, 5:399 Japanese, in World War II, 1:427 6:376, 402 Mormon church in, 5:54 Union, 3:189–190; 6:474 Pro-choice movement, 6:361–362, municipal ownership and, 5:477 World War II, 6:474–475 489 municipal reform, 5:478 on prison ships, 6:475 Proclamation(s), 6:490–491 murals and, 5:483 in American Revolution, Jersey Proclamation money, 6:490 in Oregon, 6:206–207 Prison Ship, 4:473; 6:475 Proclamation of 1763, 6:490 and presidential campaign of 1912, in Spanish-American War, 6:473 Proclamation of Amnesty, 6:491 3:160 in Vietnam War, 6:472, 473, 475 Procter, Henry A., 8:111, 400 and prisons, 6:476 POW/MIA controversy, 6:475 Procter, William, 6:491 and public health work, 3:240 in War of 1812, 6:473 Procter and Gamble, 1:428; 6:491 reform coalitions in, 5:14 in World War I, 6:472, 473 in soap industry, 7:407, 408 and Republican Party, 7:112 in World War II, 1:427, 427; Producer prices, 6:460 social legislation in, 7:415 6:472, 473, 474; 8:546 Product placement, 1:34 state legislatures in, 5:79 Privacy, 6:479–480 Product tampering, 6:491–492 supporters of, 6:494, 495 on Internet, FBI and, 3:339 Production Code, 3:363 and Treasury, 8:196–197 invasion of, Aid to Dependent Productivity in Utah, 8:297 Children and, 8:440 concept of, 6:492 welfare programs in, 8:439 right to, 6:479–480; 7:192 statistics on, 3:106 Wisconsin and, 8:492 for abortion, 4:497; 6:479 Professional Golfers Association Progressive income tax, 8:55, 196 for birth control, 1:6; 4:67; 6:479 (PGA), 4:19 during Civil War, 8:56

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federal, 8:57–58 Project Apollo, 5:523–524, 524 Property qualifications, 6:508 during World War II, 8:58 Project Gemini, 5:523 for suffrage, 3:145, 250; 8:4, 6, 355 Progressive National Baptist Con- “Project Independence,” 6:304 Property Requisition Act (1941), vention (PNBC), 1:45 Project Mercury, 5:523 4:75 Progressive Party Projection televisions (PTVs), 8:77 Property tax, 8:56, 57 of 1924, 6:498–499 Projects, the, 8:286–287 Proposition 13 and, 6:508–509 of 1948, 6:499 Pro-life movement, 1:4, 6; 2:165; Property Tax Relief Act (1978), establishment of, 1:197 6:489, 489 6:509 Communist Party and, 2:327 Moral Majority in, 5:456 Prophet, Elizabeth Clare, 2:478 La Follette as candidate of, 8:119 Operation Rescue in, 5:549; Prophet, The (Gibran), 5:72 nickname for, 1:566 6:199–200 Prophet (Shawnee leader), 7:337, platform of, 6:368 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern 337 in presidential election of 1912, Pennsylvania v. Casey and, Prophet cults, 6:6 3:160 6:361–362 Proportional representation, 6:448, in presidential election of 1916, Prologue (magazine), 5:525 508 3:161 Promise Keepers, 6:518 Proposition 8, 6:509 in presidential election of 1924, Promise of American Life, The (Croly), Proposition 13, 2:12; 6:508–509 3:162 6:70, 424 Proposition 14, 7:82 in presidential election of 1948, Promontory Point, 2:94; 6:502 Proposition 187, 4:229; 6:509 3:163 Propaganda, 6:502–504 Proposition 209, 6:509–510 Roosevelt (Theodore) and, 6:496; in American Revolution, almanacs Proposition 227, 6:510 7:112; 8:119 as, 1:129 Proprietary agent, 6:510 of Wisconsin, 6:499–500 black (covert), 6:503 Proprietary colonies, 6:510, and Wisconsin Idea, 8:493 in Cold War, 6:503–504 510–512, 511; 7:201 See also Bull Moose Party controversial outcomes of, 6:504 Duke of York’s, 3:93–94 Prohibition, 1:504; 6:500–502, 501 gray, 6:503 Proprietors, 6:510–511 Anti-Saloon League for, 1:206; pamphleteering and, 6:232–233 Pro-Slavery Argument (Dew), text of, 6:501 in Persian Gulf War, 6:504 9:267–269 and brewing industry, 1:536 psychological warfare in, 6:503, Prospectors, 6:512, 512–513 and cuisine, 3:401 522–523 Prosser, Gabriel, 3:501; 7:8, 156, effects of, 1:117; 8:161 white, 6:503 379 through Eighteenth Amendment, in World War I, 6:503, 522–523; Prostitutes of New York (PONY), 1:117; 6:501 8:535 6:514 in electoral politics, 3:162 in World War II, 6:503, 523 Prostitution, 6:513–514 in Florida, 3:387 Propane, 3:481; 6:301 campaigns against, 7:64 and gun control, 4:75 Property, 6:504–508 child, 6:514 by local governments, 1:117 confiscation of, 2:346–347 Chinese immigrants and, 2:154; in Maryland, 5:258 eminent domain power and, 8:436 moonshine during, 5:455 3:198–199 female, 6:514 Mugler v. Kansas, 5:471 entail of estate, 3:223–224 male, 6:514 and nightclubs, 6:107 intellectual, 4:375–376 Mann Act on, 5:225 and organized crime, 3:60 mortgage relief legislation, in mining towns, 4:13 and Progressive movement, 6:496 5:460–462 Protectionism. See Tariff repeal of, 1:117; 6:501 neighbors and, 6:506 Protest movements of 1960s, and speakeasies during, 7:492–493 protection of, 6:506–507 Earth Day, 3:100 by state governments, 1:117; contract clause and, 2:397 Protestant Reformation, and explo- 6:500–501; 8:80–81 purposes of, changing ideas about, ration of America, 3:283, 287 Volstead Act and, 6:501; 8:352 6:507 Protestant Reformation Society, 6:4 and wine industry, 8:487 real vs. personal, 4:375 Protestantism, 6:515–518 Woman’s Christian Temperance regulatory takings of, 6:505–506 arrival of, to North America, Union and, 8:497 rights to, 6:504–505 6:515–516 Prohibition Party, 3:60; 6:502; 8:81 restrictions on, 6:505, 506 and Catholicism, conflict of, 1:447 Pro-Independence Party (PIP), Supreme Court on, 6:505 challenges to, 6:516–517 6:547 of women, 3:519 Civil War and, 6:516

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Protestantism, (continued) Providence Island Company, Psychosocial sex identity, 3:515 in colonial era, 7:95–96 6:518–519 Psywar. See Psychological warfare conservative, 6:516, 518 and colonization, 2:111 Ptolemy, 3:283 definition of, 6:515 Providence Plantations, Rhode Geographia, 5:232 denominational colleges, 3:129, Island and, 6:519 PTSD. See Post-traumatic stress dis- 130 Provincetown (Massachusetts), 2:38 order and denominationalism, 3:1, 2 Provincetown Players, 2:38; 6:519; PTVs. See Projection televisions and evangelicalism, 6:517–518 8:115 “Public be damned,” 6:526 Finney (Charles G.) and, 3:370 Provincial Congresses, 6:519–521 Public Broadcasting Act (1967), fundamentalism in, 2:164; of Massachusetts, minutemen and, 5:554 3:484–485; 6:516 5:403–404 Public Broadcasting Service (PBS), gospel music, 5:497–498 Provoost, Samuel, 3:242 8:73 Great Awakening and, 6:515–516 Provost, Étienne, 4:57 middlebrow culture and, 5:366 growth of, 7:90 Prozac, 6:521, 522 Sesame Street on, 7:315 hegemony in religious literature, Prusiner, Stanley, 5:359 Public Choice (journal), 6:404 7:95 PRWORA. See Personal Responsi- Public Contracts Act (1936), 5:11 hymn and Psalm singing, 5:491, bility and Work Opportunity Public Credit Act (1790), 6:527 494 Reconciliation Act Public debt. See Debt(s), public ideological division within, 1:448 Pryor, David, 1:263 Public domain, 2:367; 6:527, individualism in, 4:332 Psalm singing, 5:491, 494 527–529 among Irish Americans, 4:221, PSB. See Psychological Strategy Public Domain, The (Donaldson), 223, 423 Board 6:531 liberal, 6:516, 518 Psychedelic drugs, 5:169 Public health. See Epidemics and vs. fundamentalist, 2:164 Psychiatry, 6:521–522 public health and liberation theology, 5:93 mental illness, 5:312–315 Public housing, 3:539; 8:82, 293 marriage in, theology of, 5:249, modern development of, in Chicago, 2:133 250 5:314–315 debacle of 1950s, 8:286–287 in Middle Colonies, 5:362 Psychic abilities, 6:246 Public Interest (magazine), 6:32 millennialism in, 5:388 Psychoanalysis, 6:521–522, 524 Public interest law, 4:35, 36; modernists in, 5:431–433 Psychodynamic psychiatry, 6:529–530 Moral Majority, 5:455–456 6:521–522 Public land(s) and National Council of Churches, Psychological Review (journal), 6:524 in 19th century, 5:28–29 5:532–533; 6:516 Psychological Strategy Board (PSB), in Alaska, 5:30 Native American missions of, 6:503 in colonial era, 5:32 4:276 Psychological warfare, 6:503, federal ownership of, negative 9/11 attack and, 6:518 522–523 reaction in Utah, 8:298 and revivalism, 3:263–264 Psychology, 6:523–526 fencing of, 3:353; 6:532 science and, 7:271 academic, 6:524, 525 in homestead movement, social gospel movement in, of advertising, 1:33 4:155–157 7:412–414 applications of, in education, 6:524 Interior Department role in, 4:383 Sunday schools in, 8:19–20 behaviorism and, 1:437–438; land acts and, 5:25 and televangelism, 6:517–518; 6:524–525 land scrip and, 5:35 8:71–72 cognitive, 6:525 land speculation and, 5:35–38 and temperance movements, 8:78 encounter groups, 3:203 management of, 5:31 Vatican II on, 8:308–309 humanistic, 6:525 marine sanctuaries, 5:244 women’s role in, 8:500, 501 mathematical, 6:525 mineral patent law, 5:389 work ethic of, 8:526–529 phrenology and, 6:332–334 Native American sacred sites on, See also specific denominations psychoanalysis, 5:314 5:180 Protons, 6:338, 340 statistics in, 7:539 preservation of, 5:25 Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 1:180 and stock market performance, as public trust, 5:27 Prout, William, 6:148 1:476 for schools, 7:265 Providence (Rhode Island) See also Self-help movement single tax on, 7:366 in colonial era, 8:289 “Psychology as the Behaviorist Public land commissions, 5:25; settlement of, 7:151 Views It” (Watson), 6:524 6:530–532

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Public Land Strip, 2:173 McGuffey’s Readers, 5:185 PUHCA. See Public Utility Holding Public opinion, 6:409, 532–535 music printing, 5:495, 502 Company Act on divorce, 3:317 in New York City, 6:536–537 Pujo, Arsène, 6:548 interest groups and, 4:381 and textbooks, 8:105 Pujo Committee, 1:405; 6:548 Public ownership. See Government women in, 6:90, 95, 97 Pujo Money Trust (1912), 3:344 ownership Puddling, 4:426–427 Pulaski, Casimir, 6:390 Public schools Pueblo, 1:563; 6:540, 540–541, 541 Pulitzer, Joseph, 6:97–98, 488, 488 in 19th century, 3:114 agriculture of, 6:540; 8:227 circulation war with Hearst, 8:577 in 20th century, 3:117 Apaches and, 1:219, 220 Pulitzer Prizes, 6:488–489 alternatives to, 2:111 Blue Lake returned to, 6:69; 8:48 for cartoons, 6:395 compulsory, Supreme Court on, Christianity and, 2:163 for comics, 2:309 6:352–353 Franciscans converting, 6:67; Pullis, Commonwealth v., 5:13 curriculum in, 2:482–483 8:227 Pullman (Illinois), 2:185; 8:303, 438 development of, 2:106 irrigation by, 4:307 Pullman, George M., 6:549, 550; evolution taught in, North Caro- in New Mexico, 6:65, 69, 540; 8:303, 304 lina banning, 6:130 8:47–48 and Chicago, growth of, 2:132 Jefferson (Thomas) and, in Santa Fe region, 7:247 3:112–113; 8:279 and land speculation, 5:37 silversmithing, 5:328 Pullman Car Works, 6:549 in North Carolina, 6:128–129, 130 Spanish explorers and, 3:296 privatization proposals for, 6:481 Pullman cars, 6:550, 550–551; Spanish policies and, 4:282–283 8:186, 305 religion in, controversy over, Pueblo incident, 6:541 2:164, 167 Pullman strike (1894), 2:132, 227; Pueblo Lands Act (1924), 6:69 Public transportation, 4:356–357 6:549, 549–550; 7:38, 556–557; Pueblo Revolt (1680), 6:67, 542; Public utilities, 6:535–536 8:303 8:47, 599 Public utility holding companies, Cleveland’s response to, 4:249 Puerto Rican Americans 4:411–412 statements by strikers and com- military service, 5:383–384 Public Utility Holding Company pany on, 9:353–356 number of, 4:134 Act (PUHCA) (1935), 3:348; union defeat in, 7:24 violence by, 4:135 4:147; 6:535–536 Pulp Fiction (film), 3:364 Puerto Ricans, in U.S., 6:542–543 Public Works Administration Pulp industry. See Paper and pulp in Chicago, 6:543 (PWA), 2:371; 8:441 industry communities of, 6:543 Public works projects, 4:48 Pulp magazines, 5:194, 196 in New Jersey, 6:63 in Maryland, 5:257 Pulp novels, 2:390 Maysville Veto (1830), 5:277 in New York City, 6:542; 8:291 in Philadelphia, 6:543 Pump-priming, 6:551 Publications, government, 3:344; Punishment, 6:551–552 4:24–25 women, 5:531; 6:542, 543 Puerto Rico, 5:47; 6:543–547, 546 in colonial era, 6:551 by Office of Federal Register, flogging, 3:383; 6:551 5:525 annexation of, 1:189; 4:135; pillory, 6:356 Publicity, as advertising, 1:32 6:544–545; 8:92, 94 prisons, 6:476, 551–552 Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and as commonwealth, 6:546–547 stocks, 7:551 Domestick (newspaper), 6:94 Foraker Act and, 3:413; 6:544 tar and feathers, 8:49, 49 Publishing industry, 2:322–323; Jones Act and, 6:542, 544–545 ducking stool used for, 3:88 6:536–540 rights of citizens of, 4:135 nonutilitarian objectives of, 6:551 in 1920s, 6:537–538 under Spanish rule, 6:544 almanacs in, 1:129–130 Spanish-American War and, 6:542, for rape, 7:49 book reviews, 5:192 544 rehabilitation and, 6:552 in colonial era, 1:129; 6:536 Supreme Court on, 4:367 utilitarian objectives of, 6:551 consolidation in, 6:538–539 U.S. acquisition of, 2:470 See also Capital punishment digital printing and, 3:25 U.S. invasion of, 4:135 Purcell, John, 2:68 electronic, 2:323; 6:539 U.S. relations with, 2:54 Purdy, Patrick Edward, 1:324 gift books or annuals, 5:192 Puget Sound, 6:547, 548 Pure and simple unionism, Great Depression and, 6:538 ferry system in, 3:355 6:552–553 Internet and, 6:470, 539 San Juan Islands in, 7:242 in American Federation of Labor, magazine ownership, 5:192 Pugwash Conferences, 6:547–548 1:150; 6:552

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Pure Food and Drug Act (1906), religion in lives of, 2:162 and family life, 3:312 2:238, 383; 3:403–404; 5:135; and revivalism, 3:263–264 in New Jersey, 3:103 6:495, 554 The Scarlet Letter on, 7:263 pacifism of, 2:281; 6:227 alcohol in, 1:117 separatism in, 7:313–314 in Pennsylvania, 2:289; 4:151; and cleanliness, 3:400 and settlement of New England, 6:276–277 consumer protection movement 2:288 and prisons, 6:476, 551–552 and, 2:389 and theater, 8:113 in Rhode Island, 7:151 The Jungle (Sinclair) and, 4:27 vacationing and, 8:305 in Swarthmore College, 8:33–34 and role of federal government, on witchcraft, 2:162; 8:494 and theater, 8:113 3:341 work ethic of, 7:63–64 and Underground Railroad, Pure Food and Drug Movement, Purple and Rose: The Lange Leizen of 8:249–250 6:553–555 the Six Marks (Whistler), 3:537 and war relief, 8:542 Pure Land (Jodo Shinshu), 1:326 Purple Heart, Order of the, 2:527 Qualified gold-bullion standard, Puritans and Puritanism, 5:117–118; Pursh, Frederick, 1:519 4:16 6:515, 555–557, 556 Puryear, Martin, 1:307 Quality circles, 7:3–4 anti-Catholicism in, 1:195–196 Push polls, 6:534 Quantitative Classification of Igneous Bay Psalm Book of, 1:431 Putin, Vladimir, at summit confer- Rocks, The (U.S. Geological Sur- Calvinism and, 6:556 ences, 8:16 vey), 6:301 disciplining of children by, 2:136 Putnam, Brenda, 1:309 Quantrill, William Clarke, 4:509; on drunkenness, 8:78 Putnam, Frederick Ward, 1:141 7:4 emphasis on Scripture, 1:447 Putnam, George Palmer, 6:536, 537 Quantrill’s Raid, 4:509; 7:4 and existentialism, 3:280 Putnam, Herbert, 5:101 Quantum mechanics, 6:341 and family life, 3:312 Putnam, Israel, 1:569 Quantum physics, 6:338–339 and fast days, 3:328–329 “Don’t fire till you see the white of Quapaw, 8:223 funerary traditions of, 3:486 their eyes,” 3:78 Quarks, 6:338 and general court, 3:525 Putnam, Robert, 1:526 Quartering Acts, 8:150 and Great Migration, 4:55–56 PVC, 6:366 of 1774, 4:408; 7:4 hairstyles of, 4:83 PWA. See Public Works Administra- Quasi War, 2:258, 530 in Hawaii, 4:106 tion end of, 2:398 heretics, 5:270–271, 506 PWR. See Pressurized water reactor Quay, Matthew S., 3:157 hymns of, 4:206 Pyle, Ernie, 6:99, 183 Quayle, Danforth (Dan) immigration to New England, Pynchon, Thomas in presidential campaign of 1988, 2:18–19 Gravity’s Rainbow, 5:122 3:168 Magna Carta and, 5:201 Mason & Dixon, 5:122 in presidential campaign of 1992, manifest destiny, 5:223 Pynchon, William, 5:135 3:169 Massachusetts Bay Colony, 5:265, Pyramid schemes, 6:557 speech on family values, 3:317 269–271 of investment companies, 4:412 Quebec meetinghouses of, 5:306 Pyrex, 4:4 Arnold’s march to, 1:281–282; membership in, Halfway Covenant 9:34, 36 on, 4:87 British occupation of, 2:295 moral societies, 5:456 capture in French and Indian War, Native Americans and Q 7:4 conversion of, 6:48, 448 Qaddafi, Muammar, 1:496 colonial settlements in, 6:52 in King Philip’s War, 4:313 Qaeda. See Al Qaeda founding of, 2:103; 3:286, 291 missions for, 4:276–277 Quadrille, 5:495 Montreal, Capture of (1760), in New England, 6:46, 47, 555, “Quadruplex” telegraphy, 8:69 5:454 556 Quaker Oats Company, 2:98; Montreal, Capture of (1775), and New England Way, 6:50 6:151–152 5:454 in New Haven Colony, 6:59–60 Quakers, 6:515; 7:1–3 under siege (1759), 3:470–471 and philanthropy, 6:316 antislavery among, 1:208; 6:277 Quebec Act (1774), 4:408; 6:490 Praying Towns established by, and education for African Ameri- Quechan, 8:228 6:448 cans, 3:120, 125 Queen Anne’s War, 2:294 and Quakers, relations between, exemption from military service, Deerfield Massacre in, 2:527 7:1 2:361 Queen Charlotte (ship), 5:21

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Queensberry Rules, 6:483 foreign observers on, 1:138, anti-Catholicism compared to, Quids, 3:151; 7:4–5 148–149 1:195 Quill, Mike, 1:151 in Haiti, 4:84 against Asian Americans, 2:10, 157; Quilting, 7:5, 5–6 immigration and, 5:4–5 8:577–578 AIDS Quilt, 1:72–73, 73; 7:6 in Louisiana, 5:161 against Chinese Americans, 2:154; Quimby, Phineas P., 2:170 in Missouri, 5:421 5:250 Quinby, Moses, 1:436 music and, 5:499 in colonial society, 2:291 Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 1:513 NAACP and, 5:526–527 constitutionalized, Dred Scott case Quine, Willard, 6:446 political violence and, 1:332–333 and, 3:85–86 Quiner, Joanna, 1:308 suburbanization and, 5:356 at country clubs, 4:19–20 Quinlan, Karen Ann, 1:462; 3:262; Race riots, 7:9; 8:337–338 in education 7:160 in 1960s, 7:165, 166–168 American Federation of Teachers Quinn, John, 2:273 in Arkansas, 1:262 on, 1:155 Quinn, Robert Emmet, 7:153 in Chicago, 2:133, 134 higher, 1:37 Quinn, William, 4:108 in Detroit, 3:21, 22 in graduate schools, 5:526 Quinnipiac Indians, 6:59 after King’s assassination, 4:528; in employment, 1:35–37 Quintpartite Deed, 6:60 8:338 and picketing, 6:350 Quitman, John A., 2:105; 5:350 in Los Angeles, 2:12 Supreme Court on, 4:66 Quiz show scandals, 7:6 in 1965 (Watts), 2:12; in films, 3:362, 363 Quota sampling, 6:534 8:430–431, 431 against Japanese Americans, 2:11, Qwest, 1:381 in 1992 (Rodney King), 5:155, 13; 4:463 militia movement and, 5:385 155; 6:385, 386; 7:12, 165; in Mississippi, 5:412–413 8:338, 339 in museums, 5:487 in Michigan, 5:356 R National Review and, 5:556 and police, 6:385 persistence of, 2:205 R. J. Hackett (ship), 4:54 in Toledo, 8:138 police brutality and, 6:385, RA. See Resettlement Administra- in Tulsa (1921), 8:239, 239 386–387 tion during World War I, 8:537 Rabaul Campaign, 7:6–7 in prizefighting, 6:484 Racial discrimination, 3:48–51 Rabe, David, 8:115 by property owners, 6:506 benign neglect, 1:442 Rabi, I. I., 6:344 scientific, 1:192–193; 7:12–13 combating, 3:48–49 Rabies, 8:319 in sports labor and, 5:9, 9 Rabin, Yitzhak, 4:442, 442, 443, 444 football, 3:412 redlining, 7:72–73 RAC. See Russian-American Com- track and field, 8:155 reverse, claims regarding, 1:386 pany state-mandated, Supreme Court in voting, elimination of, 3:144 Race on, 5:165 See also Racism anthropological theories of, 1:192 in war industries, Roosevelt assimilation and, 1:337–338 Racial gerrymandering, 3:62, 564 (Franklin Delano) on, 1:35 equal protection cases in context Racial injustice, newspapers and, in Wyoming, 8:566 of, 3:246 5:200 See also Racial discrimination historical writings on, 4:142 Racial nationalism, 1:477–478, 479 Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt and life expectancy, 5:105–106 Racial science, 3:258; 7:12–13 Organizations Act (RICO) multiculturalism and, 5:473–474 intelligence testing in, 4:379 (1970), 2:377; 3:338; 6:212; politics of, 5:187 Racial segregation. See Desegrega- 7:157–159 shares of population by, 2:555, tion; Segregation Rackham, Jack, 1:550 555–556, 557 Racial stereotypes Radar, 7:13–15 unemployment rate by, 8:253 in The Birth of a Nation, 1:469 in air defense, 1:75 in Victorianism, 8:325 and Brownsville affair, 1:549–550 and aircraft armament, 1:88 See also Civil rights movement Racially restrictive covenant, 6:506 bomber detection by, 1:87 Race discrimination. See Discrimina- Racial-religious communities, 8:303 microwave technology and, 5:361 tion, race Racism in oceanographic surveys, 6:160 Race relations, 7:7–12, 11 affirmative action and, 1:35–37 and weather tracking, 8:433 in Atlanta, 1:348–349 African American migration and, Radar room, 7:14 in colonial era, 7:7–8 5:369–371 Radburn (New Jersey), 2:186

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Radcliffe College, 3:133; 7:319–320 Voice of America on, 8:350–351 federal government and, 7:35 establishment of, 3:131 Westerners for, 8:458 first, 8:187 minorities in, 3:132 Radio Act (1927), 3:339, 340 in Florida, 3:386–387 Radiation Radio astronomy, 1:344 and food and cuisines, 3:400 and cancer risks, 2:34 Radio Corporation of America foreign investment in, 3:420 experiments, 3:210 (RCA), 5:502; 8:65, 66 and fossil fuel development, 3:210 nuclear weapons testing and, Radio Free Europe (RFE), 6:503 freight service, 7:39 3:209; 8:298 Radio in the American Sector government ownership of, propos- Radical history, 4:140 (RIAS), 6:503 al for, 6:371 Radical Republicans, 7:15, 16, 112 Radio Liberty (RL), 6:503, 504 and hotel industry, 4:175 Lincoln and, 2:218; 7:15 Radio Shack, 7:126 in Idaho, 4:212 on loyalty oaths, 8:96–97 Radioactivity, 6:340 in Illinois, 4:215–216 opposition of, 5:563 Radiocarbon dating, 7:21–22 in industrial revolution, 4:344, 345 Radical Right, 7:15–16 Radiotelegraphy, 8:69 in Iowa, 4:414–415 anarchism and, 1:182 Radisson, Pierre, 3:291, 489 labor and, 7:37–38 (See also Rail- militia movement, 5:385–386 Radurization, 3:407–408 road strikes) Ruby Ridge, 5:385 Rafts and rafting, 7:22, 22, 171 land grants to, 2:43, 94 Waco Siege, 5:385 Raggedy Ann, 8:153 lumber industry and, 5:172 Radicals and radicalism, 7:16–18 Ragoné, Helena, 8:30 in maps, archival, 9:56, 56–59, 58 government anticommunism and, Ragsdale, Lincoln, 1:258 in Minnesota, 5:399 1:198 Ragtime, 7:22 in Missouri, 5:421 Palmer Raids and, 6:232 as African American music, 5:490 monopolies, 8:188–189 Radio, 7:18–21; 8:66 and jazz, 4:468 in Montana, 5:448 advertising on, 1:34 Rahal, Bobby, 5:72 Mussel Slough incident, for soap, 7:408 Rahman, Omar Abdel, 3:41; 8:533 5:503–504 All Things Considered on, 5:554; Rahv, Philip, 5:121 in New Hampshire, 6:58 8:44 Raich, Truax v., 1:125 operations of, computers and, and audio technology industry, “Rail Splitter,” 7:23 5:144 1:358 Railroad(s), 7:30–40; 8:187–189 in Oregon, 6:205–206 citizens band (CB), 2:179 to 1850, 7:31 passenger service, 7:38–39 and consumerism, 2:390 and agriculture, 8:165 and pension plans, 7:128 early days of, 7:19, 19 airplanes and, 8:191 pools, 6:413 in electoral politics, 3:149 in Alaska, 1:110 Grand Ole Opry on, 4:34–35; 5:515 Amtrak, 1:178, 178–179 Pullman cars, 6:550, 550–551 Howard Stern Show on, 8:45 antitrust legislation and, 6:135; regulation of, 4:26, 35, 36; 7:36–37 industry developments, 2:321–322 8:275 standardization of, 7:32 invention of, 1:440 automobiles and, 8:191 and steamboats, competition with, March of Time, 5:236–237 building of 7:173 mass media, emergence as, 5:261 Chinese coolies and, 2:156; 8:578 and steamship lines, 2:260 modern, 7:20–21 investment banks and, 1:404–405; stockyards and, 7:551 Morning Edition on, 5:554; 8:44 2:405 strikes against (See Railroad strikes) music on, 5:493, 499 vs. canals, 2:33; 3:253 Supreme Court on liability of, National Public Radio, 5:554 and city planning, 2:185 6:232 oldest operating station, 8:492 during Civil War, 1:568; 7:35, 36, surveys preceding, 3:299, 300; 7:30 propaganda on, 6:503, 504 40, 41 technological developments and, and recreation, 7:66 commuter lines, 5:373–374 2:388 regulation of, 2:84; 3:339, 340 competition among, 7:27 in Texas, 8:101 in rural life, 7:209 and consumerism, 2:387 and tourism, 8:145 science on, 7:274–275 deregulation of, 7:39–40, 517 trade unions for, 5:7 short-wave, 7:20 disasters involving, 3:41 American Railway Union, soap operas on, 7:408–409 and domestic trade, 8:160 1:167–168 symphony orchestras on, 8:39 “emigrant-cars,” 5:372 Transportation Act (1920) and, talk shows on, 8:44–45 and farmers, enslavement of, 8:185, 493 television and, 8:75 2:388, 389 trucking industry and, 8:191

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tunnels for, Hoosac Tunnel, 4:161, Rajneeshee cult, 1:465 Rankin, Jeanette, 8:499 161 Raladam, FTC v., 3:348 Ransdell Act (1930), 5:544 U.S.-Mexican network, 5:343 Råle, Sébastian, 4:474 Ransom, John, Andersonville Prison in Utah, Salt Lake City, 7:233–234 Raleigh (North Carolina), 6:130; diary of, excerpts from, and vacation trends, 8:305 7:46 9:304–307 in Vermont, 8:313, 314 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 2:285; 3:289, Ransom, John Crowe, 3:481; 5:122; in Washington (state), 8:413 576; 7:46; 8:341 7:297 and waterway transportation, com- charter to, text of, 9:82–84 Rap music, 5:490; 7:186 petition between, 8:429 and Roanoke colony, 2:287; 3:285, Rape, 7:48–51 in World War I, 8:536 288 marriage and, 5:249 See also Transcontinental railroad Raleigh colonies, 3:288; 7:46–47 Scottsboro case, 7:49 Railroad Administration, U.S., 7:23 Rall, Johann, 8:208 Rape Crisis Centers, 7:51 Railroad brotherhoods, 7:23–25, 38 “Rally effect,” 6:454 Rapid transit. See Railways, urban eight-hour day for, 1:19 Ramberg, Christina, 1:311 and rapid transit Railroad Conventions, 7:25 Ramirez, Michael, 6:395 Raskin, A. H., 1:151 Railroad Labor Board, 8:185 Ramis, Harold, 5:72 Raskob, John J., 3:199 Railroad Mediation Acts, 7:25–26 Ramos, Fidel, 6:323 Rathbone, Henry R., 1:328 Railroad Rate Law, 3:188; 7:26–27; Rampton, Calvin, 8:298 Rational choice theory, 6:404, 407 8:493 Rams, Confederate, 7:47 Ratner, Sarah, 1:460 Railroad rate wars, 7:27–28 Ramsay, John, 1:58 Rattlesnakes, 4:129–130 Railroad Retirement Acts, 7:28, 38 Ramsey, Paul, 1:462 Ratzel, Friedrich, 3:542 Railroad Retirement Board v. Alton Ranch Hand, Operation, 1:54 Rauschenberg, Robert, 6:414, 471 Railroad Company, 7:28–29 Rancherias, 8:215 Rauschenbusch, Walter, 1:413; Railroad strikes, 2:9, 224; 7:38 Ranching. See Cattle; Livestock 2:164; 5:431; 6:495; 7:413, 414 of 1877, 7:29, 29, 38 industry R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 4:67, 105 of 1886, 7:29, 29–30 Rand, Ayn, 6:154 Ravazza, Giuseppe, 8:244 of 1948 and 1950, 7:35 Rand, Sally, 1:575; 8:559 Rawlinson, Sir Henry, in Somme American Railway Union and, Rand Corporation, 3:110; 8:117 Offensive, 7:447 1:168 Randall, Benjamin, 1:412 Rawls, John Pullman strike (1894), 2:132, 227; Randall, C. H., 1:166 Political Liberalism, 5:92 7:38, 556–557; 8:303 Randall, Fort, 1:475 A Theory of Justice, 5:92 Cleveland’s response to, 4:249 Randolph, A. Philip, 1:547–548; Ray, Charlotte E., 5:75 union defeat in, 7:24 2:201; 5:9; 8:172 Ray, James Earl, 4:529–530 Railway Shopmen’s, 7:40–41 and March on Washington, threat Ray, Man, 1:301 violence in, 8:339 of, 3:49 Rayburn, Sam, 2:194 Railroad towns, 7:32, 33–34 Randolph, Edmund, 3:225; 5:78 Raymbault, Charles, 4:51 Railway Labor Act (RLA) (1926), at Annapolis Convention, 1:187 Raymond, Daniel, 3:108 7:558 at Constitutional Convention, Raymond, Henry J., 6:89, 97 Railway Shopmen’s strike, 7:40–41 2:379 Raymond, Rossiter Worthington, Railways Randolph, Edward, 5:151; 7:47 3:217 cable, 7:43 Randolph, Jennings, 7:106 Rayon, 3:421; 8:110 electric, 7:43–44 Randolph, John, 3:151; 4:241 R&B. See Rhythm-and-blues elevated, 7:44 and “doughfaces,” coining of term, RCA. See Radio Corporation of horse-powered, 7:43 3:82 America; Reformed Church of interurban, 7:41–42 duel with Clay, 3:93 America urban and rapid transit, 3:173–174; on war hawks, 8:379 RCRA. See Resource Conservation 4:356–357; 7:42–46 Randolph, Thomas Jefferson, 8:343 and Recovery Act Rain, acid, 1:13–14, 14, 80 Randolph, Vance, 3:394 rDNA. See Recombinant DNA Rainbow Coalition, 7:46 Randolph Commission, 7:47–48 REA. See Rural Electrification Raines v. Byrd, 8:320–321 Random House, 6:537, 538 Administration Rainey, Ma, 1:492 Ranger (warship), 6:57 Read, George, 2:541 Raisin in the Sun, A (Hansberry), Rangers, 7:48 Read, George W., in Somme Offen- 5:126 Rogers’ Rangers, 7:193; 8:257 sive, 7:447–448 Raitt, Bonnie, 1:441 Texas Rangers, 8:104–105 Read, Mary, 1:550

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Reader’s Digest (magazine), 7:51 and foreign aid, 3:418 presidential library of, 5:100 advertising, lack of, 5:194 foreign policy of, 3:427; 7:114 on prisoners of war in Vietnam, Readjuster movement, 7:52; 8:344 and Freedom of Information Act, 6:475 Readjustment Benefits Act (1966), 3:463 privatization by, 6:481 3:574 and gasoline tax, 3:511 public debt under, 7:367 Reagan, Nancy, 3:376; 4:43 gays and lesbians and, 7:331 and regulatory relief, 5:11–12 Reagan, Ronald, 4:43; 5:92 and Grenada invasion, 4:65 Religious Right and, 1:449 AARP and, 1:142 and Guatemala, 4:70 and Republican Party, 7:114 and abortion, 6:361 and gun control, 5:557 South African policy of, 7:452 and acid rain, 1:13 Health and Human Services on Soviet Union and ACTION, 1:19 Department under, 4:114 “Evil Empire” speech, 1:37, 272 AFL-CIO and, 1:152 hostage crises and, 4:174 invasion of Afghanistan, 1:37 African policies of, 1:39 HUD under, 4:183–184 “Star Wars” proposal of, opposi- AIDS research under, 1:15, 16–17 intelligence community under, 4:377 tion to, 7:18 and air traffic controllers strike, and Intermediate Nuclear Forces and states’ rights to set speed limit, 1:82; 8:172 Treaty, 8:206 3:336 anticommunism of, 1:199 Iran-Contra Affair and, 3:278; and Strategic Arms Limitations antitrust legislation under, 1:215 4:419, 419–420; 6:401 Talks II, 8:202 arms race under, 1:272 Iraq-gate and, 4:422 Strategic Defense Initiative of, assassination attempt against, Israel and, 4:441–442 1:75; 6:145; 7:554–555 1:330, 331, 530; 2:79; 8:339 Japanese relations under, 4:459 at summit conferences, 8:16 and AT&T divestiture, 1:347 labor policies of, 2:275; 3:244; 5:11 Supreme Court nominations by, Beirut bombing and, 1:438–439 Latin American policies of, 4:497 and bureaucracy, 1:573 3:143–144; 5:49 and tariffs, 3:461 as California governor, 2:12 and Libya, aerial bombing of, 1:496 tax cuts under, 7:132 Cold War policies of, 2:269–270; Moral Majority and, 3:485 and Teacher Corps, 8:61–62 7:212–213 NAACP and, 5:527 on territorial sea, 8:93 conservatism of, 2:376 and National Endowment for the and Thatcher, 4:44 and Contra aid, 2:395 Arts, 5:537 and Tower Commission, 8:148 Cuba policy of, 2:472 and National Endowment for the and Treasury, 8:197 defense policy of, 2:529 Humanities, 5:537; 6:33 and United States-Canada Free and deficit spending, 2:515 and national parks, 5:553 Trade Agreement, 8:276 and draft registration, 2:365 National Review and, 5:556 urban policies of, 8:293–294 drug law enforcement under, and National Security Council, and Veterans Affairs Department, 5:511, 513 3:330; 5:561 8:317 economic policies of, 2:385–386, and neoconservatives, 6:32 vetoes cast by, 8:321 517; 3:224; 5:9, 20; 8:21–22 and Nicaragua, 6:105 visit to Germany, 1:471 (See also Reaganomics) and nonprofit organizations, 6:319 and War on Poverty, 8:387 educational policies of, 3:119, 137 and nuclear arms control, and welfare system, 6:439; 8:442 and Emergency Tax Relief Act 7:149–150 Reaganomics, 2:517; 7:52; 8:229 (1981), 8:59 Office of Economic Opportunity Real estate development, shopping and Energy, Department of, 3:209 and, 6:163, 164 malls, 5:215–217 energy policy of, 6:304 and Panama Canal, 6:240–241, 242 Real estate industry, 7:52–53 and environmental backlash, and Philippines, 6:323 Ream, Vinnie, 1:308 3:228–229 Pornography Commission Reapers, 1:58 environmental policies of, 2:230 appointed by, 6:420 Reapportionment. See Apportion- and European Community, policies in presidential campaign of 1968, ment toward, 3:260 3:165 Reason, rule of, 7:203 and federal aid, 3:334 in presidential campaign of 1976, Reasonableness of Christianity, The and Federal Trade Commission, 3:167 (Locke), 5:140 3:349 in presidential campaign of 1980, Rebay, Hilla, 4:71 fiscal policies of, 1:544; 2:423 2:23; 3:167 Rebellion(s) and food stamp program, 3:409; in presidential campaign of 1984, vs. revolution, 7:148 6:150 3:167–168 slave (See Slave insurrections)

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Reber, Grote, 1:344 in Georgia, 3:555 Red Cloud (Sioux chief), 7:367, 370; Recall, 7:53–54 integration during, 4:374 8:404 Recent Social Trends (report), 6:318 Ironclad Oath in, 4:430 Red Cloud, Mitchell, 4:328 Recessions under Johnson (Andrew), Red Cloud’s War, 5:40 factors leading to, 1:585–586 4:236–237; 7:15, 58, 59–60 Red Cross, American, 7:68–70, 69 See also Business cycles Joint Committee on, 4:485–486 establishment of, 8:502 Recipe books, 3:398, 399 Ku Klux Klan during, 4:551–552 after World War I, 8:542 Reciprocal trade agreements, Lincoln (Abraham) and, 7:58 in World War II, 8:257 7:54–55 and Louisiana, 5:160 Red Cross and Red Crescent, Inter- with Hawaii, 8:156 in Maine, 5:210 national, 7:70 Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act in Maryland, 5:257 fundamental principles of, 7:70 (1934), 1:386; 3:426, 524; 8:52, in Mississippi, 5:413–414 Red Harvest (Hammett), 5:129 156, 165–166 Mississippi v. Johnson, 5:418 Red Lion Broadcasting Co. v. FCC, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act and New Orleans, 6:74 3:341 (1962), 8:157 in North Carolina, 6:129 Red Power, 7:70–71 Reciprocity treaties, U.S.-Canada, Peabody Fund and, 6:262 Red River 2:28 riots during, 8:337 Long’s explorations of, 5:150 Reclamation in Vicksburg, 8:324–325 Marcy expedition, 5:238 of arid lands, 7:55–56; 8:565 scalawags in, 7:260 Red River Campaign, 7:71 windmills and, 8:486 Slaughterhouse Cases in, 7:378 Red River cart traffic, 7:71–72 legislation on, 1:65 in South Carolina, 7:455–456 Red River Indian War, 7:72; 8:404 of wetlands, 8:464 Red Scare, 2:378; 7:17; 8:539 in Texas, 8:101 Reclamation, Bureau of (BOR), Red Shirts, 7:72 Wade-Davis Bill on, 8:359 1:65; 4:383 Red Stick War. See Creek War waning of, 7:61–62 dams built by, 4:200–201, 435 Red Summer of 1919, 2:134 in West Virginia, 8:449 functions of, 4:384 Redburn (Melville), 6:373 Reconstruction Act(s), 7:59–60 and irrigation, 4:435 “Redeemers,” 3:556 of 1867, 3:555 Reclamation Act (1902), 1:65; 4:435; Redeye, Edwin S., 6:236 Reconstruction Finance Corpora- 5:33–34; 6:30, 528 Redfield, William, 1:141; 5:331 tion (RFC), 1:402; 6:551; Reclamation Service. See Reclama- Redford, Robert, 7:6 7:62–63; 8:440 tion, Bureau of “Red-light” districts, 6:513 Gold Purchase Plan and, 4:12 Recognition policy, 7:56–57 Redlining, 7:72–73 Record industry, 1:358–359; Recognitions, The (Gaddis), 5:122 Redpath, James, 5:178 Recollects. See Franciscans 5:502–503 Redwoods, 7:314 Recombinant DNA (rDNA), 3:529 See also Music Reece Committee, 6:318 Reconstruction, 3:271; 7:57–62, 60 Record of a School (Peabody), 8:180 Reed, Charles, 4:34 African Americans during, Recreation, 7:63–66 Reed, Esther, 7:146 1:49–50; 4:374 bowling, 1:525–526, 526 Reed, Harrison, 3:386 political participation, 7:61 home-based, 7:64 Reed, Ishmael, 5:123 voting rights, 7:58, 59, 59, 62 outdoor Mumbo Jumbo, 5:126 in Alabama, 1:103 mountain climbing, 5:466–467 Reed, John, 2:325 in Arkansas, 1:261 rise of, 8:305 Reed, Ralph, 2:161; 3:485 black codes during, 1:472 See also Sports Reed, Rebecca Theresa, 8:295 carpetbaggers during, 2:59 Recreational vehicles (RVs), 8:178 Reed, Thomas B., 7:73 civil rights legislation during, Recruitment. See Conscription and Reed, Walter, 5:294; 8:576, 576 2:193, 194 recruitment and University of Virginia, 8:283 Compromise of 1890, 2:332 Recycling, 7:66–68, 67, 68; 8:420 Reed, Willis, 1:425 Congress and, 7:59–61 of aluminum, 6:116 Reed Rules, 7:73 and domestic trade, 8:159, 160 of glass, 4:4 Reed v. Reed, 2:445; 3:478; 7:73 in election politics, 3:155 of lead, 5:62–63 Reeder, A. H., 1:505 in Florida, 3:386 of packaging, 6:229 Reel, Estelle, 8:564 Freedman’s Savings Bank and, of plastics, 6:368 Reese, United States v., 8:275 3:462 Red Badge of Courage, The (Crane), Reeve, Tapping, 5:56 Freedmen’s Bureau, 3:462–463 5:119 Reeves, Joseph M., 8:555

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Reference books, 6:539 Rehnquist, William H., 8:274 diversity of (denominationalism), Referendum, 3:144; 7:73–74 on abortion, 6:361; 8:433 3:1–3 direct democracy and, 2:548 right to privacy for, 6:479 ecumenicalism in, Vatican II and, in Oregon System, 6:208 as Arizona native, 1:259 8:308 Reflections on the Revolution in France on assisted suicide, 3:263; 8:418 in electoral politics, 3:168 (Burke), 7:149, 162 on commerce clause, 2:312 and existentialism, 3:279–280 Reflexology, 6:39 Court under, 4:493–494; 8:25 and fast days, 3:328–329 Reform movements. See Progressive on doctrine of free speech, 3:374 freedom of (See Religious Era on homosexuality and Boy Scouts, liberty/freedom) Reformatories, 6:477, 552; 7:74–75 1:527 hymns in, 4:206–207 Reformed Church of America judicial review under, 4:493–494 immigration and shifts in, 7:88–89 (RCA), 7:76, 89 on line-item vetoes, 8:320, 321 millennialism, 5:388 Reformed churches, 7:75–76, 89; nomination of, 4:497 mysticism, 5:506–507 8:263, 264 on presidential election of 2000, National Council of Churches and, Reformed Presbyterian Church of 1:579 5:532–533 North America (RPCNA), on separation of church and state, of Native Americans (See under 6:450 3:374 Native American[s]) Refrigeration, 3:407, 407, 479; on sex discrimination, 3:478, 525 and pacifism, 6:227 7:76–78, 77, 78 on sexual orientation, discrimina- participation in, rise in, 7:83, 299 development of, 3:182 tion based on, 7:196 in schools, debate on, 2:164, 167, meatpacking and, 5:279 Reich, Otto J., 6:504 168–169 Refugee(s) Reich, Richard, 5:12 science and, relations of, 7:269–271 after American Revolution, 7:137 Reich, Robert, 4:481 agnosticism and, 1:55 Cuban, 2:471, 472, 473 Reid, Bill, 3:410 vs. secularization, 7:299–300 Guatemalan, 9:509–515 Reid, Harry, 8:468 suffrage based on, 1:206; 8:6 Haitian, 4:85, 85 Reid, Margaret, 3:110 sumptuary laws on, 8:17 U.S. policies regarding, 7:81 Reid, Robert, 2:413 Sunday schools, 4:206; 8:19–20 Hungarian, 2:90 Reid, Thomas, 6:402; 8:179 televangelism and, 8:71–72 Jewish, 4:226–227 Reid v. Covert, 3:272 Utopian communities based on, during World War II, 7:79, Reilly, Edward J., 5:113 8:302 79–80 Reineman, R. G., 3:499 in Victorianism, 8:325 U.S. response to, 1:444–445 Reiner, Rob, 1:126, 127 See also Christianity; Islam; from Nazi Germany, 4:226–227 Reinolds v. United States, 2:167 Judaism; specific denominations political exiles, 6:396–397 Reinventing Government Program. Religious Affections (Edwards), 6:325 from Southeast Asia, 7:470–471 See National Performance Religious Freedom Restoration Act Soviet, 7:213 Review (RFRA) (1993), 1:494; 6:1 Refugee Act (1980), 7:78–79, 80–81 Reitman v. Mulkey, 7:82 Religious Freedom Restoration Act Refugee Convention, 6:397 Relacion, La (Cabeza de Vaca), 2:1, 1 (RFRA) (1997), 1:162 Refugee Relief Act (1953), 6:397 Relational database software, Religious liberty/freedom, 7:85, Regents of the University of California, 7:441–442 93–95 Bakke v., 1:37, 386; 3:119 Relations (Jesuit reports), 4:473–474 for atheism, 1:347 Regional floods, 3:383 Relativism, cultural, 1:192–193 First Amendment and, 2:167; 7:85, Regionalism Relief. See Welfare System 93 cultural, 7:297–298 Religion, 7:82–93 as human right, 4:193 in painting, 1:297–298 in 2002, 7:85 in Maryland, 1:196; 9:89–91 Regulating the Poor: The Functions of African American, 1:41–46 for Native Americans, 3:374; 6:1 Public Welfare (Piven and Asian, 1:325–327 legislation on, 1:161–162 Cloward), 6:440 assimilation and, 1:337 Pinckney Plan and, 6:356 Regulators, 7:82 civil, 2:192–193 Quakers and, 7:1, 2 in North Carolina, 6:127 in colonial society, 2:291–292; in Rhode Island, 7:151 Regulatory takings, 6:505–506 7:83–85, 88 Supreme Court on, 2:167–168; Rehabilitation, 6:552 and conscientious objection, 2:361 7:150 Rehabilitation Act (1973), 5:15 deist, 2:538–540 Toleration Acts and, 8:139 Rehm, Diane, 7:21 discrimination based on, 3:51–53 Vatican II on, 8:308

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Religious Right, 1:449; 3:267 Reparation Commission, and civil service assessments, 2:23 Religious thought and writings, 7:104–105; 8:316 in Clinton impeachment trial, 7:95–98 Repeating rifles, 5:479 4:240–241 Religious tolerance, 3:2; 7:84 Report on Manufactures (Hamilton), conservatism of, 2:376 “Remember the Alamo,” 7:99 3:527 and consumer movement, attacks Remington, Frederic, Indian and Reporting on, 2:384–385 western images of, 7:99–100, 100 and newspapers, 6:96–98 Contract with America, 2:384, Remington typewriters, 8:244–245 See also Journalism 398; 3:485; 7:114; 8:442 Remnick, David, 6:92 Representation, 7:105–108 domination period for, 3:158 Removal Articles of Confederation and, economic strategy of, 6:494 of aliens (See Deportation) 3:170; 7:109 education policies of, 3:119 of deposits, 3:303; 7:103 in House of Representatives, electoral base of, 3:149 executive power of, 7:100–101 3:170; 7:106–108 19th-century, 3:146 Johnson’s use of, 4:234–235, in Senate, 3:170; 7:108 and emancipation of slaves, 3:190, 236–238 taxation without, 8:59–60 191 Supreme Court on, 4:194–195; Representationalism, 6:445 on family values, 3:317 5:506 Representative democracy, and federal agencies, 3:332 of Native Americans (See Native 2:546–547; 7:109–110 and federal aid, 3:334 American[s], removal of) republic as, 7:110 and foreign policy, 7:112 Removal Act (1830), 7:101–103 Representative government, founding principle of, 8:486 Indian relocation districts, 7:102 7:109–110 and Free Soil Party, 3:459–460 Remsen, Ira, 5:18 “Representative Men” (Emerson), in Georgia, 3:555–556 Remus, George, 1:504 5:119 and Grand Army of the Republic, Rendell, Edward G., 6:313 Reprisal, 7:126 4:31 Renfrow, William C., 6:185 Reproduction, 2:142–144 and homesteading, 5:33 Reno (Nevada), 6:38 surrogate motherhood, 8:29–30 in Idaho, 4:213–214 Reno, ACLU v., 3:340 Reproductive Health Services, Webster ideological roots of, 7:111 Reno, Janet v., 1:7; 8:433–434 in Illinois, 4:216 accusation of congressional con- Reproductive rights. See Birth con- in Indiana, 4:320 tempt, 2:393 trol in Iowa, 4:416 and Elián González case, 4:21 Reptiles, scientific study of, labor policies of, 5:12, 15 special prosecutors under, 7:496 4:128–130 Lincoln’s relationship with, 2:218 in Waco Siege, 8:359 Republic, 7:110–111 in Louisiana, 5:160, 161 Reno, Marcus, 3:318; 5:131–132 Republic of West Florida, 3:385 in Maine, 5:210 Reno, Shaw v., 3:62; 8:358 Republic Steel (Chicago), and in Michigan, 5:355, 356 Reno brothers, 8:178 Memorial Day Massacre, 5:1 in Mississippi during Reconstruc- Reno v. American Civil Liberties Republic Steel Company, 5:307 tion, 5:412 Union, 2:85; 3:374; 8:68 Republican family, 3:312–313 national conventions of, 2:399; Reno v. American-Arab Anti-Discrimi- Republican Party, 7:111–114 6:113–114 nation Committee, 1:125 and abolition of slavery, 2:208 of 1896, 7:365 Rensselaer, Kiliaen van, 6:71, 259 African Americans in, 8:356 of 1920, 7:404 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, anticommunism in, 1:197 National Review and, 5:556 3:216 antislavery in, 1:212; 5:110 New Right in, Viguerie on, Renwick, James, 1:250 in Arizona, 1:259 9:495–499 Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ in Arkansas, 1:263 New York Times and, 6:89 of Latter-day Saints (RLDS), birthplace of, 8:490 nominations by, 6:113–114 7:103–104 business and, 2:23 in North Dakota, 6:132–133 headquarters of, 7:104 in California, 2:9, 10, 11 in Ohio, 6:172, 173 Reparation(s) and “Chicken in Every Pot” slo- in Oklahoma, 6:185–186 by Germany, for World War I, gan, 2:136 platform of, 6:368 8:316 Christian Coalition and, 2:161; political action committees and, vs. indemnities, 4:252 3:485 6:393 for Japanese American internment, and civil rights legislation, 2:193, post-Watergate, 2:553 4:461–462, 464–465; 8:415 194 and Prohibition, 6:502

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Republican Party, (continued) Resnick, Judith A., 2:102 Retirement plans, 7:131–132 Radical faction of, 7:15, 16, 112 Resolutions, Congressional, Employment Retirement Income Lincoln and, 2:218; 7:15 7:120–121 Security Act and, 3:200–201 and Reconstruction, 7:59–61 Resorts and spas, 7:121–122 individual retirement accounts in, and Religious Right, 3:267 American plan at, 8:305 4:330 on separation of powers, 7:313 mineral springs, 5:389 profit sharing, 6:492–493 Silver, 7:364–365 rise of, 8:305 See also Pension plans and slavery, 6:416 Resource Conservation and Recov- Reuters, 6:458 in South, 2:59 ery Act (RCRA) (1976), 3:232; Reuther, Walter, 1:151, 197; 8:172, Stalwarts in, 7:517 4:111 261 in state legislatures, 5:80 Resource management, 3:226 Revelle, Roger, 4:6 steering committees in, 7:546–547 Responsibilities of the Novelist, The Revels, Hiram, 1:50 on subsidies, 7:564–565 (Norris), 6:12 Revenue, public, 7:132–133 and tariffs, 8:51, 57, 156 Reston (Virginia), 2:188 Committee on Ways and Means and taxation, 8:57, 58 Restraint of trade, 7:122–124 and, 8:432 in Tennessee, 8:86 Sherman Antitrust Act and, 7:203 federal, 1:558, 559; 7:132, 133 in Texas, 8:101, 103 Resumption Act (1875), 3:156; 4:14; state and local, 7:132–133 as third party, 8:119 7:124 Revenue Act (1767), 8:60, 150 in two-party system, 6:398; 8:243 Retailing industry, 7:124–126 Revenue Act (1950), 3:444 and Union Party, 8:259–260 chain stores, 2:100–101, 101; 3:26; Revenue Act (1978), 6:493 in Utah, 8:297, 298 5:206–207; 7:125 Revenue sharing, 7:133 in Vermont, 8:313, 314 country stores, 2:434–436, 435, Revere, Paul, 1:509; 2:314; 6:470; in Virginia, 8:344–345 436 7:133, 136 Whig Party and, 8:468 department stores, 3:6–11; metalsmithing, 5:329 and women’s suffrage, 8:356 7:124–125 trade of, 8:522, 528 Republicanism, 7:114–117 dime stores, 2:100, 101; 3:9–10, Revere’s Ride, 5:88; 7:133–134, 134 Washington’s transfer of power 10, 26–27; 7:125 Old North Church and, 6:190 and, 8:419 discount stores, 7:126 Revere’s account of, 9:141–142 Republicans, Jeffersonian. See Jeffer- distributors in, 3:61–62 Revival movement, Native Ameri- sonian Republicans e-commerce, 5:206 can. See Nativist movements Repudiation mail-order houses, 3:9; 5:204–207; (American Indian revival move- of public debt, 7:118–119 7:125 ments) of state debts, 7:119 Book-of-the-Month Club, Revivalism, 3:263–266, 265; 7:85; Resaca de la Palma, Battle of, 5:340, 1:500–501 8:263 340 vs. direct mail, 3:29 among African Americans, 1:42 Research malls, 5:215–217; 7:125–126 in Appalachian frontier, 3:44 federal government support for, marketing, 5:245–247 camp meetings, 2:21–22; 7:86 5:17–18 marketing research, 5:247–248 Great Awakening and, 4:38–39 learned societies and, 5:67 self-service stores, 7:125–126 and Quakerism, 7:2 by think tanks, 8:117–118 Retaliation, in international law, and religious liberty, 7:93–94 See also Industrial research; Labo- 7:126–127 of Second Awakening, 1:377–378 ratories; Medical research; Sci- Retirement, 7:127–131 and Yale University, 8:572–573 entific research AARP and, 1:142 See also Great Awakening Reservations. See Native activities after, 6:189 Revolution(s) American(s), reservations federal government and, 7:129 American (See Revolution, Ameri- Reserve Forces Act (1955), 5:542 Gray Panthers and, 4:37–38 can) Reserve Officers’ Training Corps income during, 7:417–418 French (See French Revolution) (ROTC), 6:170; 7:119–120 mandatory, 6:189 right of, 7:148–149 Reservoirs, in West, 7:55–56 origins of, 7:127–128 Revolution, American, 7:134–148 Resettlement Administration (RA), rates of, 7:417 1775-1778, 7:142 3:319; 4:63; 6:44; 7:120; 8:303 recreation after, 7:66 1779-1783, 7:144 Residency training, medical, scientific business management African Americans in, 1:48; 5:380; 5:282–283 and, 7:128–129 7:116, 146, 152 Resin, 6:20, 365 See also Old age aftermath of, 7:137

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INDEX agriculture during, 1:62 Cherokee in, 2:128; 6:128; 8:85 maps of, archival, 9:29–36 and Army Corps of Engineers, Clark’s Northwest Campaign in, Marine Corps in, 5:241 3:219 2:222 Maryland in, 5:256 Army in (See Army, Continental) and clothing and fashion, Massachusetts in, 9:29, 29–33 Arnold’s march to Quebec, 2:244–245 mercantilism as cause of, 5:316 1:281–282 confiscation of property during, Middle Colonies in, 7:143–144 Arnold’s raid in Virginia, 1:282 2:346–347 military history of, 7:139–146 associations in, 1:340 Connecticut during, 2:357 military uniforms in, 8:257 backwoodsmen during, 1:382 Connolly’s Plot in, 2:360 militias in, 5:386 Battle of Bennington in, Continental Congress during, minutemen, 5:403–404 1:442–443; 4:61 2:394 Montreal, capture of, 5:454 Battle of Brandywine Creek in, correspondence during munitions, 5:479 1:532; 7:143 Scammell’s love letter, 9:146–147 and nationalism, 5:566–567 Battle of Bunker Hill in, 1:509, by Washington, 9:152 Native American policies during, 511, 569–570, 570; 7:142; by Wilkinson (Eliza), 9:150–151 4:284 9:33, 33–35 cost of, 8:377 Native Americans in, 2:360; “Don’t fire till you see the white cryptology during, 2:467 4:329–330; 7:141–142, 146 of their eyes,” 3:78 debts in, 2:518–519 wars with, 8:398 Battle of Camden in, 2:19 Hamilton on, 4:87–89 and nativism, 6:4 Battle of Cowpens in, 2:444 defense system in, 2:534 Navy in, 6:24 Battle of Eutaw Springs in, 3:261 desertion in, 3:17 in New England, 7:142 Battle of Fort Moultrie in, 5:463 diplomatic aspects of, 7:146–147 New Hampshire in, 6:57–58 Battle of Guilford Courthouse in, and domestic trade, 8:159, 160 New Jersey in, 3:104; 6:62 4:72–73; 6:128; 7:145 events leading up to, 2:283–284 New Orleans during, 6:73 Battle of Harlem in, 4:94–95 financial aspects of, 1:395, 396, New York Campaign in, 7:137, Battle of King’s Mountain in, 558; 7:147–148 141, 143, 143 1:382; 7:145 Public Credit Act, 6:527 New York City in, 6:79, 84 Battle of Long Island in, 5:149, Florida in, 3:385 New York (state) in, 6:87 150 and foreign investment in U.S., Newburgh addresses in, 6:94 Battle of Monmouth in, 5:443; 3:419 newspapers and, 6:95 7:144 and foreign policy, 3:425 North Carolina in, 6:128 Battle of Oriskany in, 6:213 and foreign service, 3:428 Ohio in, 6:171 Battle of Princeton in, 6:464, 465 and foreign trade, 8:164 organizing prior to, 2:314–315 Battle of Trenton in, 8:208 France and, 3:449–450, 472–473; original documents on, 9:127–152 Battle of Valcour Island in, 4:77 6:94; 9:30 pamphleteering in, 6:232–233 Battle of White Plains in, 8:473 and freedom of religion, 8:139 and paper and pulp industry, 6:245 Battles of Lexington and Concord and “generation of 1776,” 3:528 peace agreement following, 7:147 in German mercenaries in, 1:442, Pennsylvania in, 6:277–278 American and British accounts of, 532; 3:560; 7:141 Pennsylvania troops, mutinies of, 9:143–144 “Give Me Liberty or Give Me 6:280 archival maps of, 9:30, 30 Death” speech in, 4:2 Penobscot Expedition (1779), beginning of, 1:509; 2:287 Green Mountain Boys in, 4:61 6:280–281 Boston during, 1:509, 511–512 guerrilla warfare in, 2:19, 444; 4:70 and philanthropy, 6:316 Boston Massacre, 1:458, 509, historiography of, 4:137 and pluralism, 6:373 512–513, 514 independence as goal of, Polish Americans in, 6:390 Boston Tea Party, 1:509, 514–515, 4:254–255 political history of, 7:134–139 515; 3:103 inflation in, 4:352 postal service during, 6:425 Burgoyne’s invasion, 1:573–574 and inheritance laws, 6:464 preconditions for, 1:457–458 business regulation during, internationalization of, 7:144–145, and prices, 6:461 4:25–26 147 prisoners of war in, 6:472, 473 causes of, 4:254–255 laws of war in, 8:370 on Jersey Prison Ship, 4:473; censorship during, 2:83 Loyalists and, 5:167–168 6:475 Charleston Harbor defense in, Maine in, 5:208 privateering in, 6:480 2:108 manufacturing and, 5:227 profiteering during, 6:493; 7:148

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Revolution, American, (continued) Revolutionary committees, ratification of Constitution in, provincial congresses in, 6:519–521 2:314–315; 7:149 2:382 publishing industry in, almanacs in, committees of correspondence, in slave trade, 8:210 1:129 2:314–315; 7:135, 149 Rhode Island, Fletcher v., 5:103 Rangers in, 7:48 Boston, 1:512 Rhode Island system (management vs. reconciliation, 4:255 New York (Committee of Inspec- style), 8:110–111 recruitment for, 2:363 tion), 2:313 Rhodes, Cecil J., 7:154 Rhode Island in, 9:30, 31 committees of safety, 1:512; 2:315; Rhodes, James A., 6:174 role of rivers in, 7:175 7:136, 149 Rhodes scholarships, 3:274; 7:154 Russia during, 7:210 Revolutionary Communist Party, Rhyolite signals intelligence satel- Saratoga Campaign in, 7:137, 143, 3:381 lite, 2:93 250, 250–251; 9:34, 35–36 Reykjavik Summit, 1:75; 7:149–150; Rhythm-and-blues (R&B), 5:490 Scotch-Irish in, 7:285 8:16 RIAS. See Radio in the American and secession in Civil War, Reynolds, George, 2:167; 7:150 Sector 7:292–293 Reynolds, John, 3:567 Ribault, Jean (Jan), 3:285, 291 sectionalism in, 7:295 Reynolds, Robert, 7:18 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 8:378 Siege of Savannah in (1779), 7:255 Reynolds, United States v., 3:279 Ricardo, David, 8:169 slavery and, 7:392 Reynolds Metals Company, 6:116 Rice, Abraham, 4:489 social impact of, 7:146 Reynolds v. Sims, 1:227; 3:246; 7:108; Rice, Elmer, 5:121 Sons of Liberty in, 7:449 8:357 Rice, Thomas D., 5:402 South Carolina in, 7:454–455 Reynolds v. United States, 1:494; 5:54; Rice culture and trade, 2:96, 97; 7:150 7:154–155 Wilkinson (Eliza) on, 9:150–151 RFC. See Reconstruction Finance on plantations, 6:364 South in, 7:145–146 Corporation and slavery, 7:391, 392 Southern Campaigns in, 7:472 RFD. See Rural free delivery in Southern colonies, 2:289 Spain in, 7:483 RFE. See Radio Free Europe Rich, Daniel Catton, 1:316 spies in, 7:501–502 RFRA. See Religious Freedom Rich, Lorimer, 8:285 stature of soldiers in, 3:398 Restoration Act Rich, Marc, 2:240 surrender in, correspondence lead- Rhee, Syngman, 4:546, 549 Richard, Little, 7:185 ing to, 9:152 Rhine, Joseph Banks, 6:246 Richards, Dickinson, Jr., 2:53 Sweden and, 6:78 Rhoads, Everette, 4:533 Richards, Ellen, 3:117 and tariffs, 8:50 Rhode, Paul, 6:391 Richardson, Elliot, 7:495 and taxation, 8:55 Rhode Island, 7:150, 150–154 as commerce secretary, 2:310 and theater, 8:113 in American Revolution, 7:152 as defense secretary, 2:528 Ticonderoga in, capture of, 8:124 archival maps of, 9:30, 31 Watergate scandal and, 8:427 Treaty of Paris in, 9:35, 36 boundary disputes in, over King’s Richardson, Frontiero v., 3:246, 478 trenches in, 8:207 Province, 4:528 Richardson, Graham v., 1:126 United Empire Loyalists during, colonial assembly in, 1:333; 2:280 Richardson, Henry Hobson, 1:252, 8:266 colonial charter of, 2:281 510 Valley Forge in, 8:306 Dorr’s Rebellion in, 3:80–82 Richardson, Samuel, 6:536 firsthand account of conditions early settlers of, 7:151 Richie v. People, 5:13 at, 9:147–149 economy of, 7:152 Richmond (Virginia), 7:155–156 Vermont in, 8:311–312 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and colonial, 8:343 veterans’ organizations for, 8:318 songs of, 7:533 as Confederate capital, 2:209, 340; Virginia in, 8:343 established as colony, 5:271 7:156 volunteerism during, 8:352–353 founding of, 2:288 devastation in Civil War, 7:156 in West, 7:145 freedom of religion in, 8:139 flour milling in, 3:391 westward migration during, 8:461 geography of, 7:150 State Capitol in, 2:47; 7:146 women during, 7:146; 8:505 and Massachusetts, boundary dis- White House of the Confederacy Wyoming (Pennsylvania) Mas- pute between, 1:521 in, 8:472, 472 sacre, 8:566–567 in modern era, 7:153 Richmond, Bill, 6:483 Yorktown Campaign, 7:137; Narragansett Planters in, 5:515 Richmond, Mary, 2:106 8:580–582, 581 Providence Plantations in, 6:519 Richmond (Kentucky) Campaigns, Revolution (newspaper), 6:97 Quakerism in, 7:1 7:156–157

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Richmond Enquirer (newspaper), Rijp, Jan Corneliszoon, 6:382 “Ripley’s Believe It or Not,” 7:168 7:157 Riker, William H., 6:404 Ripper legislation, 7:168 Richmond Junto, 7:157 Riley, Joseph P., Jr., 2:108 Risberg, Charles (Swede), 1:480 Richmond v. J. A. Croson Company, Rinehart, William, 1:306 Rise of Silas Lapham (Howells), 6:12 1:581; 7:157 Ringling Brothers, 2:177 Ritalin (methylphenidate), Richter, Charles, 3:100 Ringmann, Mathias, 1:135 7:568–569 Richter magnitude scale, 3:100–101 Rings, political, 7:162 Ritchey, George Willis, 1:344 Rickard, Tex, 5:191 corrupt Ritchie, Eugene Robert, 1:300 Rickenbacker, Eddie, 1:375 Tammany Hall, 8:46 Ritchie, Thomas, 7:157 Ricketts, John Bill, 2:176 Tweed Ring, 1:508; 7:162; 8:46, Rittenberg, David, 1:460 Rickey, Branch, 1:421 242 Rittenhouse, David, 1:342; 2:292 Rickover, H. G., 6:139 Tammany societies, 8:47 Rittenhouse, William, 6:245 Ricks, Willie, 1:479 Rio de Janeiro Conference (1947), Ritter, Karl, 3:541 RICO. See Racketeer Influenced and 4:8; 7:163 Ritter, William Emerson, 5:241; Corrupt Organizations Act Rio Grande, 7:163, 163 6:161 Riddle, Toby (Winema), 5:433 Rio Pact (1947), 3:464; 5:47, 447 River(s), 7:173–175 Riddleberger, H. H., 7:52 Riots, 7:163–165 cities on, 8:289 Ride, Sally K., 7:481, 483 anti-Catholic, Philadelphia, 6:315 cleanup of, 3:231 Riders, legislative, 7:159 Chicago, 2:133, 134 crossing by ferries, 3:354–355 Riders of the Purple Sage (Grey), Cincinnati, 2:175 in exploration of America, 5:129 Civil War, 2:216 7:173–174 Ridge, Cane, 7:87 Coeur d’Alene, 2:264 Gallatin’s report on, 3:503 Ridge, John Rollin, The Life and Crown Heights, 2:466–467 hydroelectric power from, 4:199 Adventures of Joaquin Murieta, Detroit, 3:21, 22; 7:166, 167 improvements of, 7:168–171; 5:128 draft, 8:338 8:430 Ridge, Tom, 6:109 Hamburg riot (1876), 4:87 interstate compacts on, 4:403 Ridgway, Matthew B., in Korean Haymarket riot (1886), 1:181; navigation on, 7:171–173, 172 War, 4:547, 548 4:109 bargemen and, 1:417 Riesman, David, The Lonely Crowd, media coverage of, 8:339 on keelboats, 4:515 5:121, 148 in Panama, 6:239, 242 maps for, archival, 9:59 Rifles, 7:159, 159–160 prison, at Attica State Prison Mississippi River, 5:416, 417 recoilless, 7:160 (1971), 1:355–356 rafts and rafting, 7:22, 22 repeating, 5:479 race (See Race riots) Riggs, Bobby, 8:90 during Reconstruction, 8:337 on Tennessee River, 8:87 Right to bear arms, 1:456, 457 in Vicksburg (1874), 8:324–325 role in warfare, 7:174–175 “Right to die” cases, 3:262; Stonewall riot, 3:513, 514, 520; as transportation routes, 7:174 7:160–161 4:65 See also specific rivers Right to privacy. See Privacy, right to urban, 7:165–166, 166; 8:337–338 River and harbor improvements Right Wing. See Radical Right of 1967, 7:166–168, 167 flood control measures in, 3:384 Rights Kerner Commission on, 4:522 Gallatin’s report on, 3:503 of aliens, 1:125–126 in Newark, 6:93 Inland Waterways Commission on, of Englishmen, 7:161–162 Astor Place riot (1849), 4:361 of individuals, 4:332 1:341–342 Rivera, Geraldo, 8:44 See also Human rights; Natural Washington (D.C.), 7:164, Rivera, Jacob Rodriguez, 8:210 rights 167–168 Rivera, Rafael, 5:41 Rights arbitration, 1:236, 237 Wilmington (North Carolina), Rivingston’s New York Gazetter (news- Rights of Man, The (Paine), 8:485 paper), 6:95 7:148–149, 162 See also Insurrections Rivington, James, 6:95 Rights of the British Colonies Asserted “Rip Van Winkle” (Irving), 5:118 Rizzo, Frank, 6:313; 7:53 and Proved (Otis), 7:162 Ripken, Cal, Jr., 1:422 R.J. Reynolds, 8:135, 137 Right-to-work laws, 2:275; 7:161 Ripley, George, 3:204; 7:194; 8:179, RJR Nabisco, takeover battle (1988), Riis, Jacob, 1:299–300; 6:80; 8:82, 181, 301 5:85 291; 9:351–353 Ripley, Robert LeRoy, 7:168 RL. See Radio Liberty How the Other Half Lives, 5:166 Ripley, Sophia Dana, 8:179, 181 RLA. See Railway Labor Act

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RLDS. See Reorganized Church of Roberts, Ed, 6:389 Rock, John, 1:468 Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints Roberts, John, 8:523 Rock and roll, 1:492; 7:185–186 RMFC. See Rocky Mountain Fur Roberts, Lawrence, 4:398 audio technology industry and, Company Roberts, Oral, 8:71 1:359 Roa Barcena, José María, 9:224–227 Roberts, Owen Josephus, on reli- Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Road Construction Project, 6:260 gious freedom, 2:167–168 Museum, 2:232; 7:186 Roads, 7:175–180 Roberts et al. v. United States Jaycees, Rock Springs Massacre (1885), 8:566 in 19th century, 7:177 7:183, 198 Rockaways, 6:79 in Allegheny Mountains, 1:127 Robertson, A. Willis, 8:344 Rockefeller, John D., 1:580; 4:26; American Automobile Association Robertson, James, 2:479, 480; 5:515 6:298, 303; 8:233 and, 1:144 Robertson, Marion (Pat), 1:449; and Chautauqua movement, 2:114 building of, chain gangs and, 2:100 2:376; 3:485; 6:288; 8:71 oil refining empire of, 2:232 in colonial era, 7:175, 175–176; and Christian Coalition, 2:161 philanthropy of, 6:317, 318; 7:187 8:186 in presidential campaign of 1988, public perception of, 7:181, 182 Cumberland Road, 2:479–480; 3:168 in Standard Oil Company, 7:520, 7:177, 181 Robertson, Oscar, 1:424, 425 521 development of, bicycling and, Robertson, William D., 3:144 and University of Chicago, 8:280, 1:451; 7:178 Robeson, Paul, alma mater of, 2:304; 281 Federal-Aid Highway Program 7:217 and Williamsburg, restoration of, and, 3:335–336 Robespierre, Maximilien, 4:456 8:484 first transcontinental, 8:564 Robineau, Adelaide Alsop, 1:304; Rockefeller, John D., Jr., 7:187 Gallatin’s report on, 3:503 6:418 and College of William and Mary, gasoline taxes and, 3:511 Robins, Margaret Dreier, 8:521 8:483 military, 7:180–181 Robins Corporation, 2:493–494 and Ludlow Massacre, 5:169–170 Burma and Ledo, 1:576–577; Robinson, Albert, 7:299 real estate transactions by, 5:37 7:180, 181 Robinson, Bill (Bojangles), 8:309 and Williamsburg, 6:452 French and Indian War and, Robinson, Charles, 3:196 Rockefeller, John D. (Jay), IV, 7:186 8:461 Robinson, Doane, 5:464 Rockefeller, Nelson, 1:355; 3:167, in North Carolina, 6:130 Robinson, Dollie Lowther, 8:498 171 paving, 6:260, 260–261 Robinson, Edward, 1:448 philanthropic work of, 6:318 plank, 6:361, 362 Robinson, Edward G., 2:189 in presidential campaign of 1964, post, 7:176 Robinson, Frank, 2:260 3:165; 7:113 rural, 7:208 Robinson, Frederick J., 4:486 in presidential campaign of 1968, speed limits on, 7:500–501 Robinson, Henry R., 4:454 3:165 toll, 8:139, 139–140, 186–187 Robinson, Jackie, 1:421, 547 and State University of New York, and trucking industry, 8:231 Robinson, John, 5:317 7:535–536 turnpikes, 8:139–140, 186–187 Robinson, Joseph, 7:183 Rockefeller, William, 6:303 Wilderness, 2:479; 8:478 Robinson, Marilyn, 5:122 Rockefeller, Winthrop, in Arkansas, See also Interstate highway system Robinson, Reid, 4:397 1:262, 263 Roane, Spencer, 7:157 Robinson, Samuel M., 8:555 Rockefeller Brothers Fund, 6:318 Roanoke (Virginia), 8:344 Robinson, Sugar Ray, 6:484 Rockefeller Commission Report, Roanoke Colony, 2:287; 3:285, 288 Robinson, Theodore, 1:296 7:186 Drake’s visit to, 7:47 Robinson-Patman Act (1936), 1:215; Rockefeller Foundation, 3:443; settlement attempts, 7:47 3:348; 7:183; 8:235 6:317, 318; 7:186–187 Robber Barons, 7:181–182; 8:233 Robotics, 7:183–185, 184 and biochemistry research, 1:460 utilities, 6:536 in assembly lines, 1:336 and corn production, 2:414 Robberies, 7:182–183 automation in, 1:365 molecular biology and, 5:437 Northfield Bank Robbery, 6:135 Robsjohn-Gibbings, Terence and nuclear research, 6:344 train robberies, 8:178–179 Harold, 1:292 oceanography centers of, 6:162 Robbins, Frederick C., 6:388 Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Dona- Rockefeller Institute for Medical Robbins, Jerome, 1:144, 390; 2:499 tien de Vimeur, Comte de, 6:94; research, 5:18 Robbins v. Taxing District, 8:192 7:145; 8:581 Rockefeller University, 7:187–188 Roberson, Lizzie, 2:172 Rochester (New York), 1:501 Rockets, 7:188, 188–190, 189 Robert brothers, 1:391 Röck, Fritz, 3:257 development of, 7:479

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Rockingham, Charles, 6:248 Rogers v. Bellei, 2:181 and National Youth Administra- Rocks, description of. See Petrogra- Rogue River War, 8:402–403 tion, 8:586 phy Rohlfs, Charles, 3:498 and peace movement, 8:499 Rockwell, George Lincoln, 3:328 Rohrabacher, Dana, and National and President’s Commission on the Rocky Mountain Fur Company Endowment for the Arts, 5:535 Status of Women, 8:498, 516 (RMFC), 1:158; 3:494; 8:176 Rolf, Ida P., 6:39 women’s clubs and, 8:509 Rocky Mountains, 7:190–191 Rolfe, John, 6:442 and Women’s Trade Union Big Horn range of, 1:452, Rolfing, 6:39 League, 8:522 452–453 Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry (Tay- Roosevelt, Franklin Delano exploration of, 3:299, 300; 5:150 lor), 5:126 agrarianism and, 1:57 mountain passes in, 6:254 Roller coasters, 1:179 agricultural reforms of, 1:66 national park in, 2:299 Rollerblading, 7:193, 193 alma mater of, 2:304 Rococo furniture, 3:496 Rolling Thunder, Operation, 1:77; ambassadors under, 1:134 Rodale, J. I., 6:210 8:332–333 on American Liberty League, Rodeos, 2:444; 7:191, 191–192 Roma, 4:78 1:164 Rodes, Bronson v., 1:545 Roman Catholicism. See Catholi- amnesty granted by, 1:177 Rodgers, Jimmie, 3:395 cism anti-Semitism and, 1:207 Rodgers, John, 1:415 Romania Arab nations and, 1:233 Rodgers, Richard, 8:115 air raids on Ploesti oil fields in, arms race under, 1:270–271 Rodia, Simon, 1:312 6:371 Atlantic Charter and, 1:353 Rodman, T. J., 1:319 during Cold War, 2:90 and atomic bomb, 8:551 Rodney, Caesar, 2:541 attempted assassination of, 1:329 Romantic fiction, pulp magazines, Rodriguez, Richard, 5:123 Bank Holiday Proclamation by, 5:194 Roe, Saenz v., 7:222 6:491 Romantic history, 4:137–138 Roe v. Wade, 1:6–7; 7:192–193; banking collapse of 1933 and, Romanticism, 7:193–195 8:517 7:62–63 anthropology/ethnology and, challenge to, 8:433–434 Brain Trust of, 1:532 1:192 decision in, 1:6 and Brownsville affair, 1:550 and Hudson River School, 4:189 Griswold v. Connecticut and, 4:67 and Buenos Aires Peace Confer- and transcendentalism, 8:179–181 judicial review in, 4:493 ence, 1:560 Romer, Christina, 8:252 Planned Parenthood of Southeastern business regulation under, 4:27 Romer v. Evans, 3:56, 247; Pennsylvania v. Casey and, at Cairo Conferences, 2:7 7:195–196 6:361–362 and Camp David, 2:19 reaction to, 1:6–7 Romero, Oscar, 3:143, 143 at Casablanca Conference, 2:65 right to privacy in, 4:497; 6:479 Rommel, Erwin, 1:267 childhood of, 6:42 Roebling, John A., 1:539, 547, 564 in Battle of Kasserine Pass, and China, relations with, 2:151 Roebling, Washington, 1:547 4:513–514 and Church of Jesus Christ of Lat- Roebuck, Alva C., 3:9 North African campaign and, ter-day Saints, 8:298 Roebuck, John A., 2:342 6:124 and Churchill, 8:543 Roethke, Theodore, 5:122 Romnichels, 4:78 civil rights and, 5:237 Rogers, H. G., 6:288 Rony, Hugo, 6:153 civil servants under, political activi- Rogers, Henry Darwin, 1:140; 3:548 Rood, Florence, 1:155 ties by, 4:103, 104 Rogers, John, 1:306 Rooney, Andy, 7:372, 373 and civil service, 2:207 Rogers, Moses, 7:254 Rooney, J. Patrick, 3:138 and Civilian Conservation Corps, Rogers, Randolph, 1:306 Rooney, Mickey, 1:575 2:220 Rogers, Robert, 7:193 Roosevelt, Adelheid Lange, 1:309 and Coast Guard, establishment of, Rogers, Will, 6:185 Roosevelt, Edith Kermit, 3:375 2:258 Rogers, William Barton, 1:140; Roosevelt, Eleanor, 3:376; 6:42; and commerce clause, 2:311 3:548; 5:272 8:499 communism and, 1:198 Rogers, William P., 2:102 and Civilian Conservation Corps, Communist Party and, 2:326, 327 Rogers Act (1924), 7:529 2:220 conservation program of, 2:371 Rogers Brothers Silverware Compa- in Junior League, 4:501 on corruption, 1:475 ny, 8:192 and League of Women Voters, Cuba policy of, 2:470 Rogers’ Rangers, 7:193; 8:257 5:66 defense policy of, 2:531

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Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, (contin- Latin American policies of, 5:47 social security under, 6:283; 7:129, ued) Lend-Lease program, 5:81–82 418 and Democratic Party, 2:552 letter on job discrimination to, socialism and, 7:427 and disability rights movement, 9:376–377 and Soviet Union, 7:57, 211 3:32 and liberalism, 5:92 Supreme Court and, 4:492–493, economic policies of, 1:386; 2:385, and Ludlow resolution, 5:170 496; 5:57 552 March of Dimes and, 5:236 court-packing plan for, on economic royalists, 3:107 on military pensions, 6:285 7:312–313; 8:24, 26–27 embassies established by, 3:193 on “monopoly press,” 6:98–99 and Tammany Hall, 8:46 and employment discrimination, Monroe Doctrine and, 5:447 and tariffs, 3:461; 8:52 6:314 and National Gallery of Art, 5:538, and taxation, 8:58 energy policies of, 3:211 539 and telecommunications industry, Executive Office of the President as national hero, 5:569 7:19 created by, 3:330 and national park system, 5:551 and Tennessee Valley Authority, executive orders of, 1:547; 3:208, and National Recovery Adminis- 8:88 278 tration, 5:555 and Thanksgiving Day, 8:112 No. 8802, 2:201; 3:49 and National War Labor Board, third term of, 2:552 No. 9066, 3:208 5:564; 8:171 on thirty-hour week, 8:120 on fascist movement, 3:328, 562 and natural resource preservation, and Treasury, 8:197 and FBI, 3:337–338 8:423 and United Nations, 6:264; Federal Security Agency under, and naval development, 8:555 8:202 4:113 establishment of, 8:268, 273 and New Deal, 2:390; 3:162, 163; fireside chats of, 7:20 vetoes cast by, 8:321 6:42–45 on bank crisis by, text of, and welfare system, 8:440 The New Republic on, 6:76 9:377–379 and Works Progress Administra- nomination acceptance speech of, fiscal policies of, 1:400, 402, 459, tion, 8:530 2:400 544; 4:12, 15–16 in World War II, 4:43; 8:249, 543, and Office of War Information, and Flying Tigers, 3:392 546 6:503 and food safety, 3:404 air war against Japan, 8:554 Ogdensburg Declaration, 2:27 foreign policy of, 1:537; 3:426; at Casablanca Conference, 8:549 and Olson (Floyd B.), 3:322 4:22; 7:118 internment under, 4:399–400, on Panay incident, 6:244 “forgotten man” term used by, 460, 463 Pearl Harbor speech by, text of, 3:438 policies of, 2:118; 8:588 funeral procession for, 3:486 9:396–397 strategic air power under, 1:81 Georgia and, 3:557 polio rehabilitation center estab- summits with Stalin and Good Neighbor Policy of, 1:560; lished by, 6:388 Churchill, 8:15 2:54 poliomyelitis in, 6:388 at Teheran Conference, 8:64 and Haiti, occupation of, 4:85 Polish Americans and, 6:391 at Yalta Conference, 8:573, 574, Hawaii under, 4:107 in presidential campaign of 1920, 574 immigration under, 4:226–227 3:161 See also New Deal quotas on, proclamation on, in presidential campaign of 1932, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, Jr., 9:390–392 1:498; 2:24; 3:162 3:244 imperialism of, 4:244 in presidential campaigns of Roosevelt, Nicholas J., 6:75 internationalism of, 4:440 1936, 1940, and 1944, Roosevelt, Quentin, diary of, on Japan, 4:458 3:163 excerpts from, 9:367–368 and Japanese American intern- presidential library of, 5:99–100 Roosevelt, Theodore, 2:369; 7:513 ment, 3:208; 4:460, 463 on racism in war industries, 1:35 Alaska coal lands under, 1:110 Junior League and, 4:501 and railroad retirement act, 7:28 and Algeciras Conference, 1:123 and labor movement, 5:7 and Republican Party, 7:113 in anthracite strike (1902), 1:190; labor policies of, 2:11, 255; 3:244, and Resettlement Administration, 6:279; 7:557 308; 5:544–546; 8:586 3:319; 7:120 antitrust laws under, 4:26–27; and Labor’s Non-Partisan League, scientific research under, 8:233, 234 5:17 6:166–167 assassination attempt against, labor’s support of, 5:16, 17 Second Bill of Rights of, 5:92 1:329, 566

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INDEX and Battle Fleet Cruise Around the presidency of, 6:494–495; 8:323 Rose, John, 8:416 World, 1:428 in presidential campaign of 1900, Rosecrans, W. S., 2:113, 135 on big business, 1:214 3:159 and Army of the Cumberland, and Bull Moose Party, 1:566 in presidential campaign of 1904, 2:479 on Chautauqua movement, 2:113 2:23; 3:159; 8:323 in Battle of Chickamauga, 2:135 and conservation, 2:366, 367, 368, in presidential campaign of 1912, Rosemeyer, Bernd, 1:375 369; 3:226, 430, 433; 2:548; 3:160; 6:54, 70, 496; Rosenbaum, Yankel, 2:466 6:528–529; 8:422–423, 480 8:43, 119 Rosenberg, Anna, 8:503 and consumer protection, 2:389 in presidential campaign of 1916, Rosenberg, Ethel, 7:197–198, 198 expansionism of, and arms race, 3:161 Rosenberg, Harold, 1:10; 3:280 1:270 public land commission appointed Rosenberg, Julius, 7:197–198, 198 and FBI, 3:337 by, 6:531 Rosenberg, United States v., 8:195 and football, 3:410 at Republican convention of 1912, Rosenberg case, 7:197–198 foreign policy of, 3:425 2:400 McCarthyism and, 5:182 Gentlemen’s Agreement by, 4:457, and Republican Party, 7:112 Rosenman, Joel, 8:523–524 463 and road construction, 7:178 Rosenquist, James, 6:414 text of, 9:264–265 Rough Riders of, 2:364; 7:199, 200 Rosenthal, Joe, 6:99 Grand Canyon preservation by, in Spanish-American War, 7:486 Rosenwald, Julius, 3:444; 7:290–291 1:205–206 Square Deal of, 7:513–514 Rosenwald, Lessing J., 5:539 on Hague Peace Conference, 4:82 State Department under, 7:528 Rosofsky, Seymour, 1:311 and Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty, vs. Taft (William H.), 1:391 Ross, Betsy, 3:378, 379 6:238; 8:201 and trade unions, 8:268 Ross, Charley, 4:525 immigration policies of, 2:84 war powers under, 8:387–388 Ross, Edward A., 1:142–143; 6:424; imperialism of, 4:244 Wells (H. G.) and, 1:138 7:412; 8:284 inland waterways under, 4:361 and wildlife preservation, 2:366, Ross, Harold, 1:123; 6:91–92, 92 and Japan, relations with, 4:457; 367 Ross, James Clark, 6:383 7:211 Winning of the West, 8:288 Ross, John, 2:125; 6:183 Labor Day speech of, 8:527 Roosevelt, Theodore, Jr., in Ameri- Ross, Lewis, 5:361 and labor movement, 5:6 can Legion, 1:162 Ross, Nellie Tayloe, 8:564 Latin American policies of, 5:47 Roosevelt Corollary, 2:54; 3:75–76, Ross, Robert, 8:417 laws of war and, 8:371 425; 6:117; 7:196 Ross Ice Shelf, 6:383 and log cabin as political icon, Roosevelt’s speeches on, 9:206–209 Rosseau, Jean-Jacques, and deism, 5:145 Root, Ed, 1:312 at Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Root, Elihu, 2:530; 7:196 2:539 5:164 agreement with Japan, 7:197 Rostker v. Goldberg, 2:365 and monopolies, dissolution of, in American Bar Association, 1:145 Rostow, Walt Whitman, 3:417 7:36 in anthracite strike (1902), 1:190 Roszak, Theodore, 1:306 on Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt arbitration agreements negotiated Rotary Club of Duarte, Rotary Interna- Corollary to, 3:425; 5:446; by, 6:263 tional v., 3:456 6:117; 9:206–209 Army under, 1:276 Rotary International v. Rotary Club of on muckrakers, 5:470 mission to Russia, 7:196–197 Duarte, 3:456; 7:198 as national hero, 5:569 as secretary of state, 7:528 Rotation in office, 7:198–199 national monuments designated by, War Department under, 8:378 ROTC. See Reserve Officers’ Train- 5:550 at Washington Naval Conference, ing Corps Navy under, 1:270; 6:25 8:418 Roth, Henry, 6:13 New Nationalism campaign of, Root Arbitration Treaties, 7:196 Roth, Philip 6:54, 70, 70–71 Root Mission, 7:196–197 Goodbye Columbus, 5:121 Open Door policy of, 6:197 Roots (Haley), 3:523; 7:197 Portnoy’s Complaint, 5:121 and Panama Canal, 2:54; 6:105, Roots (TV program), 8:75 Roth IRA. See Taxpayer Relief Act 237–238, 242; 8:387–388 Root-Takahira Agreement, 7:197 (1997) and Philippines, 6:320, 321, 322 Roper, Elmo, 6:409, 533–534 Roth v. United States, 2:85 and Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905), Rorimer, James, 5:337 Rothko, Mark, 1:9, 298; 3:280 6:423 Rorty, Richard, 5:92, 122; 6:327, Rothstein, Arnold, 1:480 and preparedness, 6:449 429, 446 Rothstein, Arthur, 1:301

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INDEX

Rouault, Georges, in Armory Show, Rugby, 3:409 Russell, Frederick F., 5:294 1:297 Ruggles, John, 6:255 Russell, H. H., 1:206 Rough Riders, 2:364; 7:199, Ruhlmann, Jacques-Émile, 3:498 Russell, Lillian, 3:401 199–200 Rule of reason, 7:203 Russell, Morgan, 2:476 eyewitness account of, 9:261–263 Rule of War (1756), 8:173 Russell, Richard B., 8:394 Roughing It (Twain), 4:13; 7:516 Rules of the House, 7:203–204 Russell, Steve, 8:327 excerpt from, 9:248–252 Rum industry, 7:504 Russell, William G., 6:355 Rountree, Martha, 8:44 Rum trade, 7:204 Russell, William H., 3:375; 5:204 Rourke, Constance, 1:169 Bermuda and, 1:446 Russell Sage Foundation, 3:444 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 1:191 Molasses Act (1733), 5:435–436 Russia, 7:210–213 Rowland, Henry A., 5:18; 6:335 molasses trade and, 5:436–437 Alaska purchased from, 8:201, 204 Rowland, Sherwood, 6:223 and slave trade, 8:164, 209–210 and education in U.S., 4:158 Rowlandson, Mary, captivity narra- Ruml, Beardsley, 6:44 explorations by, 3:286, 293, tive of, 9:101–103 Rumsey, James, 6:255 293–294; 7:215 Rowlandson, Mary White, 2:51; Rumsey, Mary Harriman, 4:501 in Alaska, 1:108 5:117–118 Rumsfeld, Donald H., 2:529 impact on Aleut, 1:120–121 Rowlandson, Thomas, 2:308 Running, 7:204, 204–205 impact on Inuit, 4:409 Rowlett, Frank B., 2:467 marathons, 5:234–235 on Northwest Coast, 8:453 Rowson, Susanna Haswell, Charlotte Running a Thousand Miles for Freedom foreign aid to, 3:418 Temple, 5:118 (Craft), excerpt from, fur trade of, 3:487, 491 Roxas, Manuel, 6:322 9:272–274 Murmansk, port of, 5:483 Roy, Bob, on Korean War, Rupertus, William H., 6:274 Revolution of 1917 in, and anti- 9:417–419 Rupp, Adolph, 1:424, 425 communism, 1:197, 198 Royal colonies, 2:281; 6:510; Rural education Root Mission to, 7:196–197 7:200–201 4-H Clubs, 3:445 in Russo-Japanese War, 4:457 New Jersey as, 2:289 free universities, 3:461–462 Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905) Royal disallowance, 6:252; 7:201; Rural Electrification Administration ending, 6:423 8:243 (REA), 1:67; 3:175, 211; 7:209 space program of, 7:481 Royal George (ship), 4:53 Rural free delivery (RFD), 6:425, in summit conferences, 8:15–17 Royce, Josiah, 6:445 427; 7:205–206, 208 territorial claims in North Ameri- Royer, Daniel, 8:562 Rural life, 7:206–210 ca, 7:214–215 Rozelle, Pete, 3:411 automobiles in, 1:368 U.S. intervention in, 7:352 Rozier, Jean-François Pilâtre, 1:391 poverty and, 6:437 U.S. relations with RPCNA. See Reformed Presbyterian Rural Post Roads Act (1916), 6:425 Manchuria and, 5:218 Church of North America Rural Telephone Service Company, Feist Open Door policy and, 6:197 Rubber, 7:201–203 Publications, Inc. v., 2:412 in World War I Rubin, Gayle, 3:516 Rusch, Herman, 1:312 Archangel Campaign, 1:247–248 Rubin, Irv, 4:475 Rush, Benjamin, 1:119; 3:113; Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 1:247; Rubin, Robert, 8:197 5:313; 6:316; 8:319 8:315 Rubincam, Milton, 3:521 on capital punishment, 2:40 See also Soviet Union Ruby, Jack, 1:330; 8:339, 394 and chemical science, 2:121–122 Russian and Soviet Americans, Ruby Ridge (Idaho), 3:339; 5:385; pamphlet on alcohol by, 8:78 7:213–214, 214 7:203 Rush, Richard, 4:486 in Communist Party, 2:327 Ruckelshaus, William D., 3:232; Rush, William, 1:305 Russian ballets, 1:389–390 7:495; 8:423 Rush-Bagot Agreement (1817), 2:26, Russian Orthodox Church, 6:216, Watergate scandal and, 8:427 29; 3:277 216–217 Rudd, Mark, 1:182 Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817), 3:425; Aleut in, 1:121 Rudolph, Paul, 1:253 4:41 Russian Revolution (1917), and Rudolph, Wilma, 7:205; 8:155 Rusk, Dean, 6:318 League of Nations, 5:64 Ruebiz, Faud, 5:72 Ruskin, John, 1:250 Russian-American Company (RAC), Ruether, Rosemary Radford, 5:93 Russell, Bertrand, 6:547 3:294, 487, 491 Ruffin, Frank G., 7:52 Russell, Bill, 1:424 Russo, Anthony J., 6:287 Ruffin, Josephine St. Pierre, 3:526; Russell, Charles Taze, 4:472 Russo-Japanese War (1904), 4:457 8:510 Russell, Daniel, 4:62 Manchuria and, 5:218

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Portsmouth, Treaty of (1905) end- Sacco-Vanzetti case, 7:219–220, 220 St. Leger Eberle, Abastenia, ing, 6:423 ACLU in, 1:146 1:308–309 Russwurm, John, 5:199; 6:96 anarchism in, 1:181; 7:220 St. Valentine’s Day Massacre, 2:133 Rust Belt, 1:561; 7:215–216 International Labor Defense in, Saint Albans (Canada), Civil War Michigan, 5:356 4:389 raid on, 7:224; 8:313 Rust v. Sullivan, 6:362; 7:216 Vanzetti’s last statement after, text Saint Augustine (Florida), 2:67; Rustin, Bayard, 6:269 of, 9:361–362 3:296; 7:224 on Vietnam War, 1:216 Sachem, 7:220 during Civil War, 3:386 Rutgers, Henry, 7:217 Sackville-West, Lord, 3:158 establishment of, 3:385 Rutgers University, 7:216–217 Sacramento (California), King (Martin Luther) visiting, economic indicators developed at, 7:220–221, 221 3:388 3:105 as capital, 2:9 New Smyrna colonists in, 6:77 establishment of, 3:112, 127 Sadat, Anwar al-, 3:141 tourism in, 8:145 Ruth, Babe, 1:421, 480 SADC. See Southern African Devel- in War of Jenkins’ Ear, 2:294 Ruthenberg, Charles, 2:325 opment Community Saint Clair Tunnel, 8:240 Rutherford, Ernest, 2:486; 6:340, Saddles, 7:221–222 Saint Domingue (West Indies), 342, 343 Saenz v. Roe, 7:222 8:446, 446 Rutherford, Griffith, 6:128 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Saint Eom, 1:312 Rutherfurd, Joseph Franklin, 4:472 (1974), 3:228, 232; 8:424 Saint Francis River Farms, 8:303 Rutherfurd, Lewis, 1:343 Safety First Movement, 7:222 Saint Ignace (Michigan), 5:188 Rutledge, John, 3:99 Safety Fund System, 1:397; 7:222 Saint John’s College, 8:281 at Constitutional Convention, Safety glass, 4:4 Saint Landry Parish (Louisiana), 2:379 Safford, Laurence F., 2:467 police regulations of, text of, RVs. See Recreational vehicles Safire, William, 3:222; 6:90 9:323 Rwanda Sagadahoc Colony, 7:223 Saint Lawrence River, 4:50; 6:86; U.S. relations with, 1:40 Sagamores, 8:219 7:174, 225, 225 war crimes in, 1:354 Sagas, Nordic, 8:337 exploration of, 3:291, 488; 4:50 Ryan, John, 2:70 Sage, Henry W., 2:415 and U.S.-Canadian relations, 2:29 Ryan, Joseph, 4:395 and land speculation, 5:36 Saint Lawrence Seaway, 2:27, 29; Ryan, Leo, 2:478; 4:488; 7:94 Sage, Margaret Olivia, 6:317 7:225–226 Ryan, Panama Refining Company v., SAGE air-defense system, 7:440 development of, 8:430 1:21; 6:243 Sage Foundation, 3:444 Saint Louis (Missouri), 7:226, Ryan, W. Carson, 3:136 Sagebrush Rebellion, 3:228–229; Rybczynski, Witold, 8:287 5:553; 6:38 226–227 Rycraft, John, 1:2 Sahaptian languages, 8:571 in archival maps, 9:58, 59 Ryerson, Martin A., 1:316; 2:272 SAI. See Society of American Indians Clark’s Museum, 5:487 Ryman, Robert, 1:298 Saigon (South Vietnam), fall of, in colonial era, 7:226 Ryswick, Peace of, 7:217 firsthand account of, 9:477–479 Eads Bridge at, 3:99, 99 Sailing and yacht racing, 7:223–224 fur trade and, 5:427, 468 America’s Cup, 1:172, 172–173; furniture manufacturing in, 3:498 7:223–224 Gateway Arch in, 3:512, 512–513 S Sailing warships, 8:405 industry in, 7:227 SAA. See Society of American Sailors, Kenny, 1:424 Louisiana Purchase Exposition in, Archivists St. Clair, Arthur, 3:279; 6:172, 178; 5:163–164 Saarinen, Eero, 1:253; 3:499, 513 8:399, 456 population of, 7:226, 227, 227 Saarinen, Eliel, 1:293 in Battle of Princeton, 6:464 Pruitt-Igloe project in, 8:286 Sabbath (Sunday) laws, 1:490–491 and Fort Ticonderoga, 8:124 slavery in, 7:226–227 Sabin, Albert, 6:389 territorial government established Saint Louis, Fort, 5:3 Sabotage, 7:219 by, 6:137 Saint Petersburg (Florida), 8:47 SAC. See Strategic Air Command St. Denis, Ruth, 2:498 Saint-Denis, Louis Juchereau de, Sac Indians. See Sauk Indians St. James, Margo, 6:514 3:292 Sacagawea, 5:86 St. John, John P., 3:157 Sainte-Claire Deville, Henri, 1:130 Sacco, Nicola. See Sacco-Vanzetti St. John, Vincent, 4:347 Saint-Gaudens, Annetta Johnson, case St. Leger, Barry, 1:573, 574; 6:213 1:308

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Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 1:306, Samoa, American, 6:225; San Jacinto, Battle of, 7:240–241; 308 7:235–236; 8:95 8:100 city plan for Washington (D.C.), Samplers, 7:236 San José (California), 7:241 8:410 Sampson, William, on common law, founding of, 2:8 Saint-Lô (France), 7:227 2:317 San Juan Hill and El Caney, Battles Saint-Mihiel (France), campaigns at, Sampson, William T., in Spanish- of, 7:241, 241–242, 242 7:227–228 American War, 7:486, 488 San Juan Islands, 7:242 Saipan (Japan), 7:228; 8:554 Sampson-Schley controversy, 7:236 San Lorenzo, Treaty of. See Pinck- invasion of Tinian and, 8:129–130 Samuelson, Paul, 3:107, 109–110 ney’s Treaty Sakata, S., 6:344 San Andreas fault, 7:240 San Miguel Mission, 1:24 Saks Fifth Avenue, 3:7 San Antonio (Texas), 7:236–237; San Quentin State Prison, Salam, Abdus, 6:338 8:103 7:242–243 Salameh, Mohammed, 8:533 San Diego (California), 7:237, San Simeon, 7:243, 243 Salaries. See Wages and salaries 237–238 Sanatorium, for tuberculosis Salem (Massachusetts), 7:228–229 in colonial era, 7:237 patients, 8:236 settlement of, 3:80 population of, 7:237 Sanborn Map and Publishing Com- Salem witch trials, 5:118; 7:228–229, San Diego Marine Biological Labo- pany, 5:233 229, 229–230; 8:495, 501 ratory (Scripps Institution), Sanchez, George I., “Pachucos in evidence used in, Mather on, 5:241 the Making,” 9:407–409 9:93–95 San Fernando Valley, earthquake of Sánchez, José, 3:453 Salerno, United States v., 1:385 1971, 3:102 Sánchez, Oscar Arias, 2:395 Sanchez, Sonia, 5:126 Salerno (Italy), 7:230 San Francisco (California), 2:9; Sanctuary (Faulkner), 5:121 Sales taxes, 7:230–231 7:238, 238–240 Sand Creek Massacre, 2:298; 4:326; Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 6:124 boom of, 1:501 7:243–244, 244 Salinger, J. D., 5:121 bridges in, 1:539 effects of, 8:404 Salinger, Pierre, 8:241 cable cars in, 7:239 Sand Hills, 6:28 Salisbury, Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, development of, 8:444–445 Sandblasting glass, 4:4 Lord, 6:191 Earth Day celebration in, 3:100 Sandburg, Carl, 5:120 Salish language, 8:221 earthquakes in, 3:37, 101–102; Sanders, George Nicholas, on Young Salk, Jonas, 2:189; 6:389 7:240, 240 Americanism, 8:583 polio vaccine, 5:236 Bank of America after, 1:394 Sanders, Gray v., 3:556 Salmon, Daniel E., 5:358; 8:319 ferry system in, 3:355 Sanders, Wesberry v., 1:227 Salmon fisheries, 7:231 fire fighting in, 3:373 Sandford, Dred Scott v. See Dred dams and, 4:202 furniture manufacturing in, 3:497 Scott case Saloons, 8:54, 81 gold rushes and, 4:13, 13; 9:59 Sandinistas, 6:105 Salt, 7:232–233 Golden Gate Bridge in, 4:18, 18 Sandino, Augusto, 6:104–105 production of, 7:232–233 Haight-Ashbury district of, 2:433, Sandler, Irving, 1:9 uses for, 7:233 433 Sandoval, Alexander v., 2:196 SALT I and II. See Strategic Arms liberalism of, 7:239 Sandys, Sir Edwin, 8:347–348 Limitation Talks maps of, archival, 9:59, 64, 65 Sanford, John F. A., 3:85 Salt Lake City (Utah), 7:233, population of, 7:239 Sangalli, Rita, 1:389 233–234 streetcar network in, 7:43 Sanger, Margaret, 1:4, 5, 466, city plan for, 2:185 tourism in, 7:239 467–468; 7:321, 330 Mormon Tabernacle in, 8:41 vigilantes in, 8:336, 338; Sanger, W. W., 6:513 Progressive Era in, 8:297 9:239–240 Sanitary Commission, United world’s fair in, 8:559 San Francisco Ballet, 1:390 States, 7:244 Salton Sea, 7:234 San Francisco Conference (1945), Sanitation Saltonstall, Dudley, 6:281, 282 2:467–468 environmental, 7:244–246 Saltonstall, Gurdon, 8:572 San Francisco State University, 1:46 in 19th century, 7:245–246 Saltpeter (potassium nitrate), 6:110 San Francisco Vigilance Committee, in 20th century, 7:246 Salvation Army, 7:234–235 8:336, 338 in colonial era, 7:245 Salyer, J. Clark, 8:481 constitution of, text of, 9:239–240 development of, 7:245–246 Sam, Alfred C., 6:236 San Idefonso, Treaty of, 5:162 and public health, 3:237–238

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Sanpoil, 8:221 Satrom, Leroy, 4:517 on presidential election of 2000, Santa Anna, Antonio López de “Saturday Club,” 8:179 1:579 at Alamo, 1:106–107; 8:100 Saturday Evening Post (magazine), on religious practices, 1:494 in Battle of San Jacinto, 7:240–241; 7:252, 252–253 on sexual orientation, discrimina- 8:100 Saturday Night Live (SNL) (TV tion based on, 7:196 centralized power of, 8:100 show), 7:253, 253 Scalping, 7:260, 260–261 and Gadsden Purchase, 3:502 Saud, Ibn (king of Saudi Arabia), 1:233 Scammell, Alexander, love letter by, in Mexican-American War, 1:560 Saudi Arabia 9:146–147 in Mexico City, capture of, 5:350 oil in, 6:298, 300 Scandals, 7:261–262 restoration to power, Polk and, U.S. relations with, 1:233 Abscam, 1:8; 3:338 5:340–341 Persian Gulf War and, 6:292 accounting, 4:27–28 Texas Navy and, 8:104 Sauer, Carl, 3:543 Baker Case, 1:385 Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, Sauer, Christopher, 3:561 baseball (Black Sox), 1:479–480 4:265; 7:247 Sauk (Sac) Indians, 7:254; 8:223 basketball, 1:424 Santa Cruz River, 1:100 in Black Hawk War, 1:473; 8:490 Belknap, 1:440 Santa Fe (New Mexico), 7:247 Sauk Prairie, 7:254 Clinton, 2:239–240; 6:400, 401 colonial settlements in, 2:67; 6:67 Saulnier, Raymond J., 2:431 extramarital affairs, 4:238–240; founding of, 8:444 Saulsbury, William, 2:542 7:496 tourism in, 6:69–70 Saunders, Clarence, 7:125 media coverage of, 7:261 trade in, 6:68; 7:248 Saunders, Ogden v., 6:171 Rose Garden statement on, Santa Fe Trail, 2:128; 6:68; 7:247, Saunders, Richard, 1:129 9:522–523 247–249, 248 Savage, L. J., 3:110 Whitewater, 4:238; 7:496 and Colorado, development of, Savannah (Georgia), 7:255 of corporate accounting practices, 2:298 city plan for, 2:185 2:419 and Comanches, 2:308 in colonial era, 8:289 Crédit Mobilier, 2:452–453 and fur trade, 3:493 Savannah, Siege of (1779), 7:255 Enron, 3:176, 223; 4:27 Santa Maria (ship), 7:249 Savannah, Siege of (1864), Iran-Contra Affair, 4:377, Santería, 7:249, 249–250 7:255–256 419–420; 6:401 Santiago, Battle of, Sampson-Schley Savannah (ship), 7:254–255, 543 and congressional oversight, controversy in, 7:236 “Save our State” initiative, 6:509 4:377 Sapir, Edward, 1:193; 5:115 Savery, William, 3:496 Report on the Iran-Contra Affair, Sapiro, Aaron, 2:408 Savimbi, Jonas, 1:39 text of, 9:504–509 SARA. See Superfund Amendments Saving, drop in, 2:452 special prosecutors in, 7:496 and Reauthorization Act Savings and loan associations Iraq-gate, 4:421–422 Saratoga (aircraft carrier), 1:89 (S&Ls), 1:399, 401, 407; ITT Affair, 4:449 Saratoga Campaign, 7:137, 143, 250, 7:256–258 Korea-gate, 4:542–543 250–251 deregulation of, 3:13 media coverage of, 7:261–262 archival maps of, 9:34, 35–36 failure of, 3:369 Mulligan letters, 5:473 Saratoga Springs (New York), Savings bank, 1:406–408; 2:447 political, 6:400–401 7:251–252 Savings bonds, 7:258–259 quiz show, 7:6 Sargent, Charles Sprague, 1:517 Thrift Stamps, 8:123 Tailhook scandal, 7:323 Sargent, John Singer, 1:296; 3:537 Sawmills, 7:259 Teamsters Union, 8:172 Sargent, Thomas, 3:110 Sawyer, Philetus, 8:491 Teapot Dome Oil, 6:19–20, 400; Sargent, Winthrop, 5:411 Saxton, Joseph, 3:173 8:63 Sarin, 2:118 Say, Jean-Baptiste, 3:108 special prosecutors on, 7:495 Sarin gas attack, 1:465 Say, Thomas, 5:150 televangelism, 8:72 Sarnoff, David, 8:77 Saybrook Platform, 2:19; 7:259 Watergate Sartre, Jean-Paul, 3:279, 280, 452 Saylor, David O., 2:79 investigating committees in, 4:411 SAT, 3:139; 7:252 SBA. See Small Business Administra- Jordan’s “Constitutional Faith” Satellite(s) tion speech on, text of, 9:489–491 communication, 2:319–320, 320 Scab, 7:259–260 media coverage of, 7:261 weather, 8:432, 433 Scalawag, 3:386; 7:260 newspapers on, 6:99 Satellite direct broadcasting services Scalia, Antonin and Nixon impeachment hear- (DBS), 2:322 on line-item vetoes, 8:321 ings, 4:235

351 How to go to your page

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Scandals, (continued) Schmitt, Friedrich A., 5:177 North Carolina banning, 6:130 Nixon’s investigation address on, Schmitz, John G., 1:166; 3:166 Scopes trial and, 8:86 text of, 9:486–489 Schmoke, Kurt, 1:393 Jefferson (Thomas) and, and resignation of Nixon, Schmucker, Samuel, 5:176 3:112–113; 8:279 6:110–112 Elements of Popular Theology, 5:176 in North Carolina, 6:128–129 significance of, 6:400–401 Schnabel, Julian, 1:307 privatization proposals for, 6:481 special prosecutors in, 7:495 Schnackenberg, Henry, 1:310 reform, 7:74–75 tape recordings in, 7:495 Schneider, David M., 1:194; 5:251 religion in, debate on, 2:164, 167, and Vietnam War, 8:334 Schneiderman, Rose, 3:53; 8:522 168–169 Whitewater, 4:238 Schoenheimer, Rudolf, 1:460 secondary (See High schools) Starr investigation of, 7:496 Schofield, J. M., in Tennessee Cam- segregation in, 3:118, 121 Scandinavian Americans, 7:262–263 paign, 4:160 for singing, 5:494; 7:366 in Chicago, 2:132 Scholarships, Rhodes, 3:274; 7:154 single-sex, 7:268–269, 303 immigration patterns of, 4:223; Scholastic Aptitude Test. See SAT suburban, 7:575 7:262 Schönbein, Christian Friedrich, summer programs in marine biolo- in Iowa, 4:415 6:366 gy, 5:240 number of, 7:262 School(s) Sunday, 2:106; 8:19–20 Scandinavian nations boarding, for Native Americans, Chautauqua movement and, exploration of America by, 3:286 2:55, 145; 3:135–136 2:113 See also specific countries charity, 2:106 violence in Scaravaglione, Concetta, 1:308 charter, 2:110–111; 3:119 Columbine school massacre, Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne), states with, 2:110 2:305 5:119; 7:263 co-ed, 3:131 and interstate commerce, 8:274 Schaefer, Jack, 5:130 community, 7:266–267 vouchers for, 3:119, 137–138; Schaefer, William, 1:393 dame, 2:138, 495–496; 3:112 7:266 Schaff, Philip, 7:76, 97; 8:264 for deaf, 2:509; 7:355–357 School and Society (Dewey), 8:106 Schechter Poultry Corporation v. Unit- desegregation of (See Desegrega- School Board of Education of Richmond ed States, 1:21; 3:348; 5:395, tion, of schools) County, Georgia, Cumming v., 555; 7:263–264 district, 7:264–265 3:115 Schecter, Arnold J., 2:538 for-profit, 7:267 School Board of New Kent County, Scheidler, Joseph, 6:489 land for, 7:265 Green v., 3:16 Scheidler, NOW v., 5:549 magnet, 5:201–202 School choice movement, 3:137–138 Schell, Jonathan, Fate of the Earth, vs. charter schools, 2:111 See also Education, parental choice 5:120 marching bands in, 5:238 in Schelling, Thomas, 3:110 medical, 5:281–284 School districts, 5:138–139 Schenck, Charles, 7:264 monitorial, 3:113 School lands, 7:265 Schenck v. United States, 7:264 normal, 3:114, 131 School of the Americas, 1:442 Scherer, Heinrich, 9:9 parochial Schoolbooks, 8:106 Scherer, James A. B., 2:14 Catholic, 2:68, 69; 4:474–475 Schoolcraft, Henry Rowe, 1:192 Scherman, Harry, 1:500 decline of, 7:267–268 Historical and Statistical information Schieffelin, Ed, 8:141 vouchers for, 7:266 Respecting the History, Condition, Schiffer, Michael, 1:240 prayer in, 7:265–266 and Prospects of the Indian Tribes Schindler, Rudolph, 1:252 Supreme Court on, 1:347; of the United States, 5:128 Schizophrenia, treatment of, 6:522 7:265–266 Schooner, 2:259; 7:269 Schlesinger, Arthur M., Jr., 1:338; private, 7:267–268 Schott, Charles A., 2:235 4:139 public Schouten, Willem, 2:39 Schlesinger, James R., 2:528–529 in 19th century, 3:114 Schreckengost, Viktor, 1:304 Schley, Winfield Scott, in Spanish- in 20th century, 3:117 Schrieffer, Robert, 6:337, 346 American War, 7:486, 488 alternatives to, 2:111 Schrödinger, Erwin, 6:345 Sampson-Schley controversy of, compulsory, Supreme Court on, Schroeder, Theodore, 2:84 7:236 6:352–353 Schuller, Robert, 8:71 Schlink, F. J., 2:390 curriculum in, 2:482–483 Schultz, Augustus, 5:69 Schmeling, Max, 6:484 development of, 2:106 Schultz, Henry, 3:110 Schmidt, Clarence, 1:312 evolution taught in Schultz, Theodore J., 6:112

352 How to go to your page

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Schumacher, Ferdinand, 2:98 Museum of Science and Industry in South Carolina, 7:453–454 Schumpeter, Joseph, 3:109; 4:45 (MSI) (Chicago), 5:484–485 and whiskey making, 8:468 Schurman, Jacob Gould, 2:415 Science Service, 7:274 Scots Highlanders, 8:257 Schurz, Carl, 3:440–441, 441; 5:90; Science–The Endless Frontier (Bush), Scott, Dred, 3:85, 85 7:181 5:19, 557 Scott, Frank J., 3:510 anti-imperialism of, 1:202 “Scientific” charity, 6:436 Scott, Howard, 8:63 and forest conservation, 3:434 Scientific fraud, 7:277–279 Scott, Joan, 3:516, 517 on Grand Army of the Republic, Scientific information retrieval, Scott, Robert C., 8:345 4:31 7:279–280 Scott, Robert Falcon, 6:383–384 Schurz, Margarethe Meyer, 3:440 Scientific management, 4:334; Scott, Walter Dill, 1:33 Schutz, Will, 3:203 7:280–283 Scott, Winfield, 1:276 Schuyler, George, Black No More, diffusion of, 7:281 Anaconda Plan of, 2:217 5:125 in industry, 7:281–282 in Aroostook War, 1:282–283 Schuyler, Philip, 1:574 mass production and, 5:264 in Battle of Chapultepec, 2:105 Schuylkill Canal, 8:239 origins of, 7:280–281 and Cherokees, 8:177 Schwarschild and Sulzberger, 5:135 Taylor on, 4:334; 7:280–282 on laws of war, 8:370 Schwartz, Anna, 3:110 excerpt of, 9:342–347 vs. McClellan, 2:211 on depression, 4:46 Scientific racism, 1:192–193 in Mexican-American War, 1:560; Schwartz, Delmore, 5:121 Scientific research 2:105; 5:341–342 Schwarz, Berthold, 3:301 by federal agencies, Allison Com- in Niagara Campaigns, 6:103 Schwarzkopf, H. Norman, in Per- mission on, 1:128 in presidential campaign of 1852, sian Gulf War, 6:292, 293 federal support for, 6:166–167 3:154 Schwarzmann, J. H., 2:87 fraud in, 7:277–279 in Seminole Wars, 8:401–402 Schwei, Barbara, 2:501 Human Genome Project, in War of 1812, 8:384 Schweiker, Richard, 4:114 4:191–192 Scottsboro case, 1:104; 7:49, 286 Schwerner, Michael, 1:332; 2:203 information retrieval of, ACLU in, 1:146 Science(s) 7:279–280 International Labor Defense and, ballooning used in, 1:391 International Geophysical Year, 4:389; 7:286 in colonial era, 2:292 4:388–389 and race relations, 1:104 in creationism vs. evolutionism oceanographic, 6:159–162 Scouting debate, 2:446 by universities, 7:272 Boy Scouts of America, 1:527 history as, 4:138 Scientific societies Camp Fire Girls, 2:21 journalism and television on, American Academy of Arts and Girl Scouts of the United States of 7:273–277 Sciences, 1:139–140 America, 1:527 National Geographic Society American Association for the in Great Plains, 7:286–287 and, 5:541–542 Advancement of Science, by Native Americans, 4:328 and religion, relations of, 7:269–271 1:140–142 Scovill Manufacturing Company, agnosticism and, 1:55 American Philosophical Society, 6:329; 8:192 fundamentalism vs. modernism, 1:166–167 Scrabble (board game), 7:287 5:432 Scientology, 7:283, 283 Scream therapy, 6:462 statistics in, 7:539 Scioto Company, 5:26, 36 Screen printing, 6:470 Science (journal), 1:141 SCLC. See Southern Christian Scribner, Charles, 6:536 Science education, 7:271–273 Leadership Conference Scripps, George, 6:459 California Institute of Technology Scobee, Francis R., 2:102 Scripps, Robert P., 6:459 (Caltech), 2:14–15; 3:217 Scofield Reference Bible, 3:484 Scripps Institution of Biological 4-H Clubs and, 3:445 Scopes, John T., 2:446 Research, 6:161 at Franklin Institute, 3:455 trial of, 2:164, 446; 3:270, 484; Scripps Institution of Oceanography marine biology, 5:240 7:283–284; 8:86 (SIO), 5:241; 6:162 at Sheffield Scientific School, 7:340 ACLU in, 1:146; 7:283–284 SCS. See Soil Conservation Service Science museums, 7:277 radio coverage of, 7:274 Scudder, Janet, 1:308 American Museum of Natural His- Scorsese, Martin, 3:364 Scully, William, 1:124 tory, 1:165 Scotch pine, 3:436 Sculpture, 1:305–309 Franklin Institute, 3:455–456 Scotch-Irish, 7:284–286 colonial, 1:305 Henry Ford Museum, 4:127 and Presbyterianism, 6:450–451 minimalism in, 1:307

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Sculpture, (continued) Sears, Richard W., 3:9; 5:206; 7:125, presidential protection by, 1:329; modernism in, 1:307 290 7:294 naturalism in, 1:306 Sears, Roebuck and Company, 3:9, Secret societies, 7:295 by women, 1:307–308 26; 7:125 freemasons, 3:465–467 Scurlock, Robert S., 1:301 and Chicago, growth of, 2:132 Molly Maguires, 5:438 Scurvy, 7:287 and Encyclopaedia Britannica, 3:204 Phi Beta Kappa Society, 6:311 on colonial ships, 2:290 expansion of, 1:405 Sons of the South, 7:449–450 SDC. See Systems Development and mail order, 1:428 Secretary of state, vs. national secu- Corporation Sears Roebuck Catalog, 5:205, 206; rity adviser, 2:3 SDI. See Strategic Defense Initiative 7:290–291, 291 Sectionalism, 7:295–299 SDS. See Students for a Democratic furniture in, 3:498 economic, 7:298 Society Sears Tower (Chicago), 7:291, Webster-Hayne debate and, SDWA. See Safe Drinking Water 291–292 8:434–435 Act Seasonal unemployment, 8:252 Sects, 2:476; 7:83 Sea as a Source of the Greatness of a gradual decline in, 8:253 Weber on, 3:1 People, The (Ratzel), 3:542 SEATO. See Southeast Asia Treaty See also Cults Sea Lion Park, 1:179 Organization Secular City, The (Cox), 5:93, 432 Sea otter trade, 7:287–288 Seattle (Washington), 7:292, 292 Secularization, 7:299–301 China and, 2:153 Century 21 Exposition in, 8:560 Securities, regulation of, 1:491 Seaborg, Glenn, 2:122–123; 6:342 ferry system in, 3:355 Securities Act (1933), 1:405; 3:345; Seabury, Samuel, 3:242 WTO protests in (1999), 2:226; 7:548 Seagram Distillers Corporation, Old 7:165 Securities and Exchange Act (1934), Dearborn Distributing Company Sea-Wolf, The (London), 6:12 3:345, 348; 7:548 v., 3:309 Sebastian, Hadacheck v., 6:505 Securities and Exchange Commis- Seal(s) Sebrell, W. Henry, 2:97 sion (SEC), 2:419; 3:275, 276 of Confederate States of America, SEC. See Securities and Exchange establishment of, 7:548 7:288 Commission functions of, 7:548 of United States, 7:288, 288 Seceders, 6:450–451 Seddon, James A., 2:341 American eagle on, 3:99 Secession, 7:292–294 Sedgwick, Ellery, 1:351 motto on, 3:99 by Alabama, 1:102 Sedimentation, 6:301 SEAL (Sea, Air, Land) teams, by Arkansas, 1:261 Sedition Act(s), 3:254; 7:301 7:494–495 definition of, 7:292 of 1798, 1:457; 2:377; 5:90; 7:301 in Vietnam War, 8:251 Fire-Eaters advocating, 3:371 of 1918, 7:301; 8:537 Sea-Land company, 5:320–321 Lower South and, 5:167 See also Alien and Sedition Acts Seale, Bobby, 1:478, 479; 2:135 precedent for, 7:292–293 See It Now (TV show), 8:73 Sealing, 7:288–289 prior to Civil War, 2:208 Seeger, Pete, 1:389; 5:496 in Alaska, 1:121, 122 by South Carolina, 7:293–294, 455 Seeger, United States v., 2:361–362 in Pribilof Islands, 6:459 Declaration of Causes, 9:292–294 Sega, 8:327 Sealing wax, 6:365 by Texas, 8:101 Segal, George, 1:306 Seaman, Barbara, 8:511 as treason, 2:505 Segregation, 7:301–304, 301–304 Seamans, Robert C., Jr., 3:215 United Confederate Veterans’ in Alabama, 1:104 Seamen’s Act (1915), 7:289 defense of, 8:265 de facto, 3:16; 4:375; 7:301–302 Search and seizure, unreasonable, Second Amendment, 1:457; 4:74 de jure, 7:301–302 7:289–290 Second Great Awakening, definition of, 7:301 arrest as, 1:283; 7:290 1:377–379; 2:163; 3:264, 265; emergence of, 4:374; 7:302 in colonial era, 8:563 6:516; 7:84, 93 by gender, 7:303 Fourth Amendment on, 1:283, and Republican Party, 7:111 in Georgia, 3:556 284; 7:289–290 Second New Deal, 6:43; 8:197 in graduate schools, 5:526 Supreme Court on, 1:283, 284 Second Sex, The (Beauvoir), 3:281 in hotels, 4:176 Searing, Laura Redden, 2:509 Second Treatise on Government in housing, 4:182; 7:302 Sears, F. R., Jr., 8:89 (Locke), 6:10 Jim Crow laws on, 4:374, 479–480 Sears, Isaac, and Committee of Secret Service, 7:294, 294–295 in Las Vegas, 5:42 Inspection, 2:313 establishment of, 7:294 in Louisiana, 5:160, 161 Sears, Richard D., 8:90 functions of, 7:294 in Missouri, 5:421

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private, exclusionary clubs and, Seller, John, 9:15, 15 system of representation in, 3:170; 2:251 Selling of Joseph, The (Sewall), 5:118 7:108 in schools, 2:144–145; 3:118, 121 Sells, Cato, 1:571; 4:288, 299 in treaty negotiation and ratifica- Berea College v. Kentucky, 1:443 Selma (Alabama), civil rights move- tion, 8:199, 203 separate-but-equal doctrine and, ment in, 1:104 United Nations Charter approved 2:199 Selvy, Frank, 1:424 by, 8:202 Supreme Court on, 3:14; 4:374; Semiconductors, 7:306–307, Versailles Treaty rejected by, 3:451; 5:425; 7:302 360–361 8:201–202, 205, 316 in Tennessee, 8:85–86 Seminaries, theological, 7:96–97 Senators, as presidential candidates, on trains and buses, 3:464 Seminole, 3:385; 7:307–309, 308; 3:149 Morgan v. Virginia and, 5:527 8:47, 225, 249 Sendak, Maurice, Where the Wild Plessy v. Ferguson and, 6:370–371 adaptation of, 8:226 Things Are, 5:128 voluntary, 7:303–304 in Everglades, 3:268; 7:9 Seneca, 6:86 Wilson (Woodrow) and, 2:552 in Florida, 7:307–308, 309–310, in American Revolution, 8:566 See also Desegregation 484; 8:401–402 Seneca Falls Convention (1848), Segundo, Juan Luis, 5:93 gambling on lands of, 7:309 6:88; 7:310–311; 8:506, Seicho-No-Le, 1:327 in Oklahoma, 7:308–309 512–513 Seitz, Collins J., 2:543 reservation of, 7:308, 309 Declaration of Rights and Senti- Seitz, Frederick, 6:345 treaties with, 7:308; 8:206 ments at, text of, 9:332–334 Seitz, Peter, 1:423 wars with, 7:8–9, 309–310, 484; and women’s suffrage, 8:10 SEIU. See Service Employees Inter- 8:401–402 Seneca Oil Company, 6:302, 305 national Union Seminole Tribe v. Florida, 1:120; Senefelder, Aloys, 6:469 Selden, Baker v., 2:412 7:309 Senex, John, 9:20, 20–21 Selden, David, 1:157 Seminole Wars, 3:385, 386; 5:22; Seniority rights, 7:311–312 Selden, George Baldwin, 1:367, 371; 7:309–310, 484; 8:226, Separate system of prisons, 7:304 401–402 6:476–477 Selden patent, 1:367, 371; 7:304 Semmes, Raphael, 1:105; 6:23 Separate-but-equal doctrine, 2:199 Seldon, George B., 1:552 Semple, Ellen, 3:542–543 Separation of powers, 7:312–313 Selective incorporation, 1:453 Senate, U.S., 2:350, 351; 3:341 Mississippi v. Johnson, 5:418 Selective serotonin reuptake in appointing power, 1:225 veto power and, 8:321–322 inhibitors (SSRI), 6:521 appropriations by, 1:229 line-item, 8:321 Selective Service Act (1917), 8:352 and Clinton impeachment trial, Separatists Selective Service System, 8:352 2:240 African American, 4:375 Selectmen, 7:304 cloture procedure used by, 2:250 Puritan, 6:378, 555; 7:313–314 Self-determination, for Native confirmation hearings by (See Con- September 11 attacks. See 9/11 Americans, 4:289, 301, 303 firmation) attack Self-help movement, 7:304–306 Constitution on, 8:243–244 Sequestration Act (1802), 4:5 areas of support in, 7:305–306 extra sessions of, 3:303 Sequins (Quinnipiacs), 2:357 How to Win Friends and Influence filibuster in, 3:358–359 Sequoia (tree), 7:314 People (Carnegie) in, 4:186 Finance Committee, 2:352 Sequoia National Park, 8:303 impact of, 7:305–306 on Gadsden Treaty, 3:502 Sequoyah, proposed state of, 7:314 origins of, 7:304–305 in impeachment, 4:234 Sequoyah (Cherokee farmer), 2:124, phrenology and, 6:333 of Chase, 4:241 125, 126 The Power of Positive Thinking of Clinton, 4:235, 240–241 Serapis (warship), 6:24 (Peale), 6:442 of Johnson, 4:237–238 Serbia. See Yugoslavia Self-naming, 5:509–510 intelligence oversight by, 4:377 Serial killings, 7:315 “Self-Reliance” (Emerson), 8:180 League of Nations rejected by, Sermon Preached at Execution of Moses Selfridge, Thomas E., 3:35 8:543 Paul, A (Occom), 5:128 Self-service stores, 7:125 majority leader of, 2:352 Serpent (lottery), 5:156 Self-taught artists, 1:309–313 McClellan Committee, 5:183 Serpent Mound, 1:246 Seligman, Edwin, 3:204 Missouri Compromise, 5:422–425 Serra, Junipero, 2:8, 67; 3:296; Selkirk, Thomas Douglas, Lord, pairing in, 6:230 8:451; 9:107–109 4:190 presidential elections decided by, Serra, Richard, 1:307 Sellars, Wilfrid, 6:327 3:171 Serrano, Andres, 5:535

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Servants as secretary of state, 7:528 abortion and, 1:4–5 domestic, and kitchen design, 4:535 and Virgin Islands, 8:340 academic study of, 7:330, 331–332 indentured (See Indentured ser- Sewing in adolescence, 1:25, 26 vants) samplers of, 7:236 of African Americans, 7:329 Service Employees International See also Quilting in Catholicism, 1:196 Union (SEIU), 1:153 Sewing machine, 7:320–321 in colonial era, 7:328–329 Service industry, employment in, and clothing industry, 2:248 history of, 7:328 5:8, 9 invention of, 2:246 and identity, 7:324, 325, 328–329, Service organizations, 3:456 Sex 330 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act. See and life expectancy, 5:105 Kinsey Report on, 4:530–531 GI Bill of Rights shares of population by, 2:557 legislation on, 7:326, 327 Sesame Street (TV show), 7:315, 316 Sex, Gender, and Society (Oakley), of Native Americans, 7:328–329 Set-asides, 7:315–316, 398 3:516 Uniform Code of Military Justice Seton, Elizabeth Ann, 2:68 Sex discrimination. See Discrimina- on, 8:256 Seton, Ernest Thompson, 1:527; tion, sex Viagra and, 8:322 2:21 Sex education, 7:321–322 Sexually transmitted diseases Settlement house movement, 2:146; and AIDS, 1:17, 18 (STDs), 7:332–333 7:316–319 Sex offenders, Megan’s Law (1996), incidence of, 7:332–333 and Lower East Side, 5:166 5:306 types of, 7:332 Settlement patterns, townships, 5:362 Sexism, civil rights movement and, See also specific types Sevareid, Eric, 7:20 8:515–516 Seymour, Horatio, 3:155 Seven Days’ Battles, 2:212; 6:275; Sexton, Anne, 5:122 Seymour, Samuel, 3:299; 5:150 7:319 Sexual abuse Seymour, William J., 2:172; 6:287 archival map of, 9:67, 68 Catholic Church scandal involving, Seyss-Inquart, Artur von, 8:378 Seven Sisters Colleges, 3:132; 2:71 Shackleton, Ernest, 6:383 7:319–320 See also Rape Shafter, William R., in Spanish- Seven Years’ War. See French and Sexual harassment, 3:54–55; American War, 7:486 Indian War 7:322–324; 8:517 Shaheen, Jeanne, 6:59 Seventeenth Amendment, 6:496 in education, 7:322–324 Shahn, Ben, 1:298, 301; 6:428 Seventh Amendment, 1:457; 2:351; Meritor Savings Bank v. Mechelle Shakers, 7:333–335, 334; 8:301 7:108 Vinson, 5:324 chairs of, 1:286, 287 Seventh-day Adventist Church, and political scandals, 6:400 establishment of, 8:501 1:30–31 Tailhook incident, 8:43–44 furniture of, 3:497 origins of, 8:501 Thomas (Clarence) hearings on, and Underground Railroad, 8:250 Severance tax, 5:160 3:198, 221; 8:121 Shaku, Soyen, 1:325 Sevier, Ambrose, 1:261 in workplace, 7:322–323 Shalala, Donna, 1:231 Sevier, John, 3:455; 5:484 Sexual orientation, 7:324–328 Shaler, Nathaniel S., 3:541; 5:59, 240 Sewage treatment, 4:356; 7:245 discrimination based on, 3:56–57; Shamans, 8:213 Sewall, Samuel, 5:118 7:196, 325–326 Shane (film), 8:458, 458 The Selling of Joseph, 5:118 emergence of concept, 7:324 Shange, Ntozake, 5:124 Seward, William H., 3:155, 191 in hate crime legislation, 7:327 Shanker, Albert, 1:156, 156–157 Alabama claims by, 1:106 and identity, 7:324, 325 Shannon, Charles, 1:310 and Alaska, 1:108, 189; 8:201, 204 military service and, 5:384–385 Shannon, Claude, 2:130, 468 anti-Masons and, 1:203 politics of, 7:326–328 Shannon, Wilson, 5:59 and Asia policies, 4:242–243 psychology of, 7:325, 327 Shanty towns, 7:335 on assassination, 1:327 See also Gays and lesbians; Homo- Shapiro, Harold, 1:462 attempted assassination of, 1:328 sexuality Shapiro, Ian, 6:405 and foreign policy, 3:425 Sexual preference, 7:324 Shapiro, Joel, 1:307 at Hampton Roads Conference, 4:91 Sexual television programming, 8:68 Shapley, Harlow, 1:344 imperialism of, 4:242–243 Sexual violence, feminism on, 8:517 Sharecroppers, 1:63; 3:325, 462; on “irrepressible conflict,” 4:433 Sexuality and sexual behavior, 7:208, 335–336, 336 and Powhatan incident, 6:443 7:328–332 and cotton plantations, 6:365 Republican convention of 1860 in 19th century, 7:329–330 in Georgia, 3:556 and, 2:400 in 20th century, 7:330–332 New Deal and, 7:474

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and peonage, 6:289 Shelby, Evan, 8:85 railroads in, 7:35 Share-the-wealth movements, Shelby, Joseph O., Mexican expedi- and burning of Columbia, 5:160–161; 7:335 tion of, 7:340–341 2:302–303 Sharon, Ariel, 4:443 Sheldon, Edward, 3:116 “forty acres and a mule” phrase by, Sharp, Granville, 6:234 Shelekhov, Grigory, 1:108 3:440 Sharpe, Bolling v., 3:245 Shell, 2:121 on logistics, 5:146 Sharpe, Cecil, 3:394 Shell model, 6:344 March to the Sea by, 2:214; 7:345, Shasta Dam, 4:201 Shell shock, 8:539 345–346 Shattuck, Lemuel, 3:238 Shellac, 6:365–366 and Navajos, 6:16 Shaughnessy, Harisiades v., 1:125 Shelley v. Kraemer, 6:506 raiding strategy of, 2:214–215, Shaw, George Bernard, 3:220; 6:537 Shenandoah Campaign, 7:341 217–218 Shaw, Henry, 1:516 Sheridan’s Ride in, 7:342 in Siege of Savannah, 7:255 Shaw, Irwin, The Young Lions, 5:121 Shenandoah Valley (Virginia), 7:341 in Tennessee Campaign, 4:160 Shaw, Leander, 3:388 Shepard, Alan, 5:523; 7:480 as Union Pacific’s chief engineer, Shaw, Lemuel, 2:319 Shepard, Matthew, 5:179; 8:566 8:181 on police power, 6:387 Shepard, Sam, 8:115 in Vicksburg, 8:324 Shaw, Louis A., 1:463 Shepherd, (Boss) Alexander, 8:410 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), 2:418; Shaw, Robert Gould, 1:510 Sheppard-Towner Maternity and 5:21; 7:342–344; 8:233–234, statue of, 1:512 Infancy Protection Act (1921), 274, 275 Shaw v. Reno, 3:62; 8:358 5:65–66; 7:342, 415; 8:297 commerce clause and, 2:310 Shawk, Able, 3:372 General Federation of Women’s common law in, 1:213–214 Shawn, Edwin Meyers (Ted), 2:498 Clubs and, 3:526 conditions leading to, 1:580 Shawn, William, 6:92 Sheraton, Thomas, 1:291; 3:496 economists’ reaction to, 3:108 Shawnee, 7:336–338 Sherbert v. Verner, 2:169 effects of, 7:343 in American Revolution, 4:329; Sheridan, Philip H., 2:215 formative period of, 7:123 7:337 and Battle of Little Bighorn, and free trade, 3:460 in colonial era, 7:336–337 5:131–132 Miller-Tydings Amendment to, in Dunmore’s War, 3:95 at Fort Hays, 4:110–111 3:309 in Pennsylvania, 6:276 in Red River Indian War, 7:72 and Northern Securities Company v. relations with white settlers, 3:84 in Shenandoah Campaign, 7:341, United States, 6:135 in Tecumseh’s Crusade, 8:64 342 opposition to, 7:343 in Tennessee, 8:85 in Siege of Petersburg, 6:296 and organized labor, 2:496 westward migration and, 8:459 Sheridan’s Ride, 7:342 passage of, 1:213; 4:26; 7:343 Shays, Daniel, 2:345; 7:338, 338 Sherman, Cindy, 1:301 provisions of, 1:213–214; 5:445; Shays’s Rebellion, 2:45, 227, 345; Sherman, Goody, 7:478 7:342 5:265–266; 7:338; 9:154–155 Sherman, James S., in presidential and Pullman strike, 4:249 debt execution and, 2:514 campaign of 1908, 3:160 and railroad pools, 6:413 Sheehan, Neil, 6:286 Sherman, John, 1:213, 484; 3:157; and restraint of trade, 7:122 Sheeler, Charles, 1:297, 301, 310; 7:342, 343, 345; 8:233 rider exempting labor unions from, 6:471 and Sherman Silver Act, 2:332 7:159 Sheen, Fulton J., 2:70; 8:71 Sherman, Roger, 1:456; 2:357–358 rule of reason in interpretation of, Sheep, 7:339 and Connecticut Compromise, 7:203 introduction of, 7:339 2:359 strikes outlawed by, 2:228 merino, 7:339; 8:312 at Constitutional Convention, 2:379 support for, 7:343 in Montana, 5:449 and Declaration of Independence, Supreme Court on, 1:20, 172, 214; in Vermont, 8:312 2:521 4:26 and wool growing, 7:339; 8:524, 525 Sherman, Sidney, 7:99 debate in, 7:343–344 Harrisburg Convention on, 4:100 Sherman, Stuart, 6:494 in International Harvester Com- Sheep wars, 7:339–340 Sherman, William Tecumseh, 2:213; pany case, 4:389 Sheerer, Mary G., 1:304 7:346 See also Monopoly(ies) Sheet glass, 4:4 in Atlanta Campaign, 1:350–351 Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890), Sheffield Scientific School, 7:340 Army of the Cumberland in, 2:479 1:459; 2:332; 3:158, 366, 458; Shehab, Fuad, 5:72 Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, 7:344–345 Shelburne, Earl of, 7:147 4:516 Sherwood, Maude, 1:308

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Sherwood, Robert E., 1:123; 5:121 Shoemaking industry, 1:502–503; Sierra Leone, African American Shigeru, Yoshida, 4:458 5:68–69 emigration to, 2:296, 297 Shi’ite Islam, 1:384 Shoes, imports of, 5:70 SIGINT. See Signals intelligence Shiloh, Battle of, 2:213; 7:346–347 Sholes, Christopher Latham, 8:244, Sigman, Morris, 4:391 Shiloh National Military Park, 2:82 244–245 Sign language Shima, Kiyohide, 5:89 Shopping malls, 5:215–217 American, 2:508, 509; 3:504; Shinn, Everett, 1:268, 297, 321 Short, Luke, 3:70 7:355–357 Shintoism, 1:327 Short, Thomas, 6:153 opposition to, 3:32 Ship(s) Short, Walter C., 6:272, 273 Indian, 7:357, 357–358 armored, 1:265–266 Short Cuts (Altman), 5:123 Signal Corps, U.S. Army, 7:358 clipper, 2:241 Shorter, Eli, and land speculation, Signals intelligence (SIGINT), colonial, 2:290 5:36 5:558–559 disasters involving, 3:39–40, 40 Shortridge, Eli, 6:132 “Significance of the Frontier in insurance on, 4:367–368 Shoshone, 2:307; 7:350, 351; 8:216 American History, The” (Turn- of the line, 7:350; 8:407 Arapaho and, 1:235 er), 3:475–476, 477; 8:559 naval vessels, 5:480 in New Mexico, 6:65 Sigsbee, Charles, 6:160 research, 3:546, 546 Show, Armory, 2:476 Sihanouk, Norodom, 2:16 Shipbuilding, 7:347–348 Showboats, 7:350–352; 8:112, 113 Sikhism, 1:326–327 blacksmithing and, 1:484 Shrank, John N., 1:329 Sikorsky, Igor, 1:94; 4:123 in colonial era, 4:349; 7:347 Shreve, Henry Miller, 7:171, 172, Siksika Indians, 1:481 dry docks used in, 3:87 543 Sildenafil citrate. See Viagra Shreveport rate case, 2:311; 7:352 Silent films, 3:362 early, 7:171 Shriver, R. Sargent, Jr., 3:100, 166; Silent majority, Nixon’s speech on, Emergency Fleet Corporation and, 6:163, 265–266; 8:386 9:467–473 3:194–195 Shultz, George, 3:343 Silent Spring (Carson), 1:67; 3:205, Great Lakes steamships, 4:53–55 Shultz, Theodore W., 3:110 227, 232; 4:362; 6:210; 7:359; in Portsmouth, 6:57, 58 Shute, Samuel, 6:57 8:285, 423 in Rhode Island, 7:153 Siad Barre, Muhammad, 1:39 Silent system of prisons, 6:476–477 tar and, 8:48 Siberian Expedition (1918), 7:352, Silhouettes, 7:359 Titanic, sinking of, 8:131–132, 132 352–353 Silicon, 7:306, 307 in World War I, 8:536 Sibley, Charles, 6:215 Silicon chip, 2:336 in World War II, 5:210; 7:347; Sibley, George C., 6:183 Silicon Valley, 2:12; 6:347; 7:306, 8:557 Sibley, Henry Hastings, 2:492; 360–361 Shipherd, John J., 6:152 5:399; 7:369 Silicone, 6:366 Shipp, J. F., 8:318 Sibley, Henry S., 2:298 Silicone breast implants, 1:533 Shippen, William, 2:142 Sibley, Hiram, 8:456 Silk culture and manufacture, Shipping Sicilian Campaign, 7:353–354, 354 7:361–362 containerization, 5:320 Sickles, Daniel, in Battle of Gettys- Lebanese Americans in, 5:71 Federal Maritime Commission, burg, 3:568 Silko, Leslie Marmon, Ceremony, 5:244–245 Sidbury, James, 7:8 5:129 mercantilism and, 5:315–316 Sidney, Algernon, 7:109; 8:193 Silliman, Benjamin, 1:141, 435; merchant marine, 5:318–321 Siegel, Benjamin (Bugsy), 5:41–42; 3:549; 5:327–328, 390–391 merchantmen, armed, 5:321–322 6:38 Silliman, Benjamin, Jr., 6:302; 7:340 Monroe-Pinkney Treaty (1806), Siegel, Jerry, 2:309 Sills, David L., 3:204 5:447 Siegfried Line, 7:354 Silver ocean, 7:348–350 Siemens, Werner, 7:43 coinage packet ships for, 6:230 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 6:391 Bland-Allison Act and, 1:484 Shipping Board, U.S., 7:350 Sierra Club, 3:206; 7:354–355; controversies over, 1:458–459 Shipstead, Henrik, 3:321–322 8:304 insufficient amount of, 2:481 Shirley, William, 5:157 and aesthetic preservationism, legislation on, 7:363–364 Shockley, William, 1:346, 440; 2:368 Sherman Silver Purchase Act, 2:335; 6:337, 346; 7:360 membership of, growth in, 3:227, 7:344–345 Shockley Semiconductor Laborato- 228, 229 collecting, 2:272 ries, 7:360 and National Park Service, 5:552 in decorative arts, 1:286–287

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prospecting and mining, 5:62, 63; social activism of, 2:10, 11 Little Crow’s speech before, 7:364 Sinclair v. United States, 2:352 9:243–244 in Arizona, 1:257; 8:141 Siney, John, 2:254 at Wounded Knee, 7:368, 368; Bonanza Kings and, 1:497 Sing Sing, 6:476; 7:365–366 8:562–563 in Colorado, 7:364 women at, 7:75 Sioux Nation, United States v., 8:275 Comstock Lode and, 2:338 Singer, Isaac Bashevis, 5:121 Sioux Wars, 5:41; 7:370–371; 8:403 in Idaho, 4:212, 213; 7:364 Singer, Isaac Merrit, 2:246 Siphon toilet, 6:372 in Montana, 5:448 Singer sewing machines, 7:320, 320, SIR. See Society for Individual in Nevada, 6:37, 38 321 Rights silversmiths, 5:327–328 Singing schools, 7:366 Sirica, John J., 6:457; 8:426 Silver City (Idaho), 3:574 Single tax, 6:493; 7:366 Sister Carrie (Dreiser), 5:119; 6:11, Silver Democrats, 7:344–345, Singleton, Bayard v., 1:431 12 362–363 Singleton, James Washington, 7:366 Sit-down strikes, 7:371, 371–372 Silver legislation, 3:458–459 Singleton Peace Plan, 7:366 Sit-ins, 6:227 Silver Republican Party, 3:158; Sinking fund, national, 7:366–367 Sitting Bull (Sioux chief), 1:475; 7:364–365 Sino-Japanese War, 7:367 3:573; 5:131 Silver Star, 2:526 U.S.-Japan relations and, 5:219 in Battle of Little Bighorn, 8:404 Silverman, Fred, 2:64 Sintering, 5:62 death of, 8:404, 562 Silvers, Phil, 8:309 SIO. See Scripps Institution of in Wild West Show, 8:476 Silviculture, 3:433 Oceanography Situation comedies (sitcoms), 2:391; Simcoe (ship), 4:53 Sioux, 5:23; 7:367–369; 8:218, 275 8:72 Simcoe, John, 1:282 at Battle of Little Bighorn, Six Nations, and Vandalia Colony, Simkin, William, 3:343 5:130–132 8:308 Simmons, Ruth J., 1:548 eyewitness account of, 9:253–255 Six-Day War (1967), Arab immigra- Simmons, William, 3:556 and Black Hills, importance of, tion after, 1:231 Simmons-Harris, Zelman v., 3:138 1:474; 8:275 Sixteenth Amendment, 3:342; 6:496; Simon, Herbert, 3:110 in Black Hills War, 1:474–475 8:196 Simon, John, 3:222 Chiwere, 8:224 Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, Simon, Théodore, 3:116 in Dakota Territory, 2:493 bombing of, 1:332 Simon and Schuster, 6:538 Dhegiha, 8:223 Sixth Amendment, 1:457 Simons, Henry, 3:109 Fort Laramie Treaty with (1851), 60 Minutes (TV show), 7:372–373; Simons, Menno, 1:174; 5:309 5:40 8:73 Simpson, George, 3:492 text of, 9:227–229 Sizer, Nelson, 6:334 Simpson, James, 7:139 Fort Laramie Treaty with (1868), Sizer, Theodore, 3:124 Simpson, Kirke E., on Tomb of the 5:40–41, 130 Skate (submarine), 6:382 Unknown Soldier, dedication and Ghost Dance, 3:573 Skateboarding, 7:373, 373 of, 9:370–373 Indian Treaty at Prairie du Chien Skating, in-line. See Rollerblading Simpson, Nicole Brown, 7:365 and, 6:447–448 Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, Gentle- Simpson, O. J., murder trials of, land claims by, 4:274 man, The (Irving), 5:118 2:12; 7:365, 365 languages of, 8:223 Skid row, 7:373, 373–374 Simpson, “Sockless Jerry,” 6:417 Lakota, 5:23–24 Skiing, 7:122, 374, 374–375 Sims, Edwin W., 5:225 in Nebraska, 6:29 Skin cancers, 2:34 Sims, Reynolds v., 1:227; 3:246; in North Dakota, 6:131, 132 Skin of Our Teeth, The (Wilder), 7:108; 8:357 schoolchildren, 3:135 5:121 Sims, William S., in Spanish-Ameri- Seven Councilfires of, 5:23 Skin transplantation, 8:183 can War, 7:488 in South Dakota, 1:383 Skinner, B. F., 1:437–438; 6:524–525 Sinatra, Frank, 8:142 Spirit Lake Massacre by, Skinner, Cortland, 2:444 Sinclair, Harry F., 8:63 7:503–504 Skinner, John S., 4:69 Sinclair, Upton Stoney, 5:23 Skinners, 2:444 and EPIC movement, 3:233, 234 treaties with, 4:315; 7:368, 369, Skolaskin (prophet), 6:7 The Jungle, 2:37, 227, 389; 4:27, 370 Skyllas, Drossos, 1:311 500–501; 5:120, 135, 277, tribes of, 7:367–368 Skyscrapers, 1:252; 7:375–377 280; 6:11, 12, 352, 554; 8:285 uprising in Minnesota, 5:399; in Boston, 1:510, 510 excerpt from, 9:360 7:369, 369–370 building materials for, 1:564

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Skyscrapers, (continued) languages of, 7:395, 396 Voyages of the Slaver St. John excerpt in Chicago, 2:132; 8:290 in Louisiana, 2:262–263 on, 9:95–96 Chrysler Building, 7:376 as Loyalists, 5:167–168 Slave trade, 7:382–389, 384, 386 in New York City, 3:199, 199; marriage among, 5:250; 8:436 abolition of, 7:387 6:80–81 Navajo as, 6:15 enforcement of, 7:406–407 plumbing in, 6:373 overseers of, 6:221–222 advertising flier, 5:365 Sears Tower, 7:291, 291–292 as property, 6:505 African tribes involved in, SLA. See Symbionese Liberation quality of life for, 7:393–394, 464 7:384–385 Army religious life of, 1:41–43; 7:396, Amistad case and, 1:176–177 Slang, 7:377–378 465–466 Antelope case and, 1:190 in dictionaries, 3:23 rights of, 7:389 in Caribbean, 7:387, 387 Slater, Don, 2:390 smuggling of, 7:406–407 character of, 7:386–387, 388 Slater, Samuel, 2:245; 7:152 social life of, 7:465 decline of, 7:385–386, 388 and Amoskeag Manufacturing social standing of, 7:389 firsthand account of, 9:112–113 Company, 6:58 stature of, 3:398, 399 as forced migration, 5:368 and Rhode Island system, women, 7:207–208 illegal (after 1808), 1:48; 7:387 8:110–111 institutionalized rape of, 7:49 smuggling in, 7:406–407 and Slater mill, 8:108–109 vs. working class, 2:224 internal (domestic), 7:387, 394 Slaton, John M., 3:453 “Slave in the Dismal Swamp, The” Mediterranean, 7:389 Slaughter, Alanson, 2:490 (Longfellow), 3:57–58 Middle Passage, 5:362–365, 363, Slaughter, Groves v., 3:90 Slave insurrections, 7:8, 378–380, 364, 365 Slaughterhouse 5 (Vonnegut), 5:121 molasses trade and, 5:436 379, 380 Slaughterhouse cases, 3:90; 6:482; origins of, 5:363; 7:383–385 on Amistad, 1:176–177 7:62, 378 size of, 1:47; 7:386 and antislavery movement, Slave(s) Supreme Court on, 1:190 7:387–388 in agriculture, 3:325 transatlantic, 7:383, 383–388, Brown (John) and, 4:97–100 American Revolution and, 7:152, 389–390 Christianity among slaves and, 392 triangular trade in, 8:164, 209–210 1:42 and Christianity, 2:163 Slavery, 7:389–397 Creole, 2:457 during Civil War, 2:209, 343, in 1860, 7:391 Fugitive Slave Acts and, 3:482 395–396 abolition of, 2:193, 218 Gabriel’s Insurrection, 3:501; 7:8, in colonial society, 2:291 after American Revolution, 7:137 156 compensation for, 3:440 Republican Party and, 2:208 as contraband of war, 2:395–396 Nat Turner’s Rebellion, within Africa, 7:386–387, 389–390 Butler’s report on, 9:294–296 5:516–517, 517; 7:10, 380; African American literature about, and cotton production, 2:425, 429 8:343 5:124 courtship among, 8:436 historical assessment of, agriculture and, 7:383–384, 385 culture of, 7:395–396 9:287–288 in Alabama, 1:102 drivers of, 6:221–222 New York Slave Conspiracy American Revolution and, 7:392 education for, 3:120 (1741), 6:85, 85–86 arguments in favor of, 1:192; emancipation of, 3:190–192 number of, 7:379 7:386, 392, 466 escape by (See also Underground Vesey Rebellion, 6:235; 7:380, 455; in original documents, Railroad) 8:316–317 9:267–269, 276–280 firsthand accounts of, 9:272–276 Slave rescue cases, 3:482; 7:380–382 in Arkansas, 1:260, 261 family life of, 3:313; 7:394, 465 Oberlin-Wellington, 6:152, 153 in Bermuda, 1:445 freed See also Underground Railroad in Brazil, 2:340 discrimination of, 1:472, 475 Slave ships, 7:382, 382 in California, ban on, 2:9 emigration of, 3:197 Amistad, 1:176–177 capitalist economy and, 2:44 fugitive (See Fugitive Slave Act) Antelope, 1:190 and child care, 2:138 and gender roles, 3:518–519 Bance-Island, 5:365 Christiana fugitive affair, and gun control, 4:74 Brookes, 5:364 2:161–162 vs. indentured servants, Beverly conditions on, 5:363–364, 364; Christianity on, 1:41–42 (Robert) on, 1:191; 9:109–111 7:382, 388; 9:95–96 and Civil War, 2:208 industrial work by, 7:463–464 slave resistance on, 7:388 Clayton Compromise on, 2:229

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INDEX cotton and, 1:48; 6:364; 7:393 in New Orleans, 6:73 Slocum, John, 4:293; 6:7, 8 crime and, 2:458 in New York City, 6:79, 85–86 Slogans, advertising, 1:33 debate on in Ohio, 6:172–173 Sloo, A. G., 3:501–502 Bible’s influence on, 1:447–448 opposition to (See Antislavery) Sloss, James, 1:103 and Compromise of 1850, 2:331 origins of, 1:47–48; 7:389 Sloughter, Henry, 6:84 decline of, in North, 7:393 as peculiar institution, 6:273 Slovak Republic, creation of, 2:91 definitions of, 7:389 in Pennsylvania, 6:277 Slovaks, in Cleveland, 2:233 dehumanization in, 7:389 plantation system and, 6:364 Slovenes, in Cleveland, 2:233 in Delaware, 2:542 on plantations, 7:394–395, 462 SLP. See Socialist Labor Party Democratic Party and, 2:551; Quaker opposition to, 7:2 S&Ls. See Savings and loan associa- 6:415–416 religious groups’ positions on, tions Douglas on, 5:110–111 3:44–45 Slums. See Tenements ecclesiastical opponents to, 2:349 Republican Party and, 6:416 Small, Albion, 6:424; 7:432 economy of, 7:394–395 rice culture and, 7:155, 391, 392 Small, Mary J., 1:44 and electoral politics, 3:154 scientific racism and, 1:192 Small Business Administration extension of, Wilmot Proviso and, slave resistance to, 1:48, 49; 7:378, (SBA), 7:398 8:485–486 464 (See also Slave insurrec- Small claims courts, 2:339 in Florida, 3:385 tions) Smallpox, 3:235; 7:398–400 foreign commentaries on, vs. slave society, 7:391–392 in colonial era, 5:300 1:136–137 slaveholders in elimination of, 2:88 in Georgia, 3:554–555 culture of, 7:396–397 in Native Americans, 5:219–220; historical reenactment of, 8:484 on plantations, 7:463 7:399; 8:488 historical writings on, 4:140 slaves’ accounts of, 5:124 pandemic of 1836-1837, 1:481 in Illinois, 4:215, 216 in South Carolina, 7:454 resistance to quarantining of indentured servants and, decline of, state bans on, 5:230 patients, 3:235 1:47–48 sugar industry and, 7:383–384, vaccine for, 5:300; 7:399, 399–400 in independence debate, 7:136–137 389–390, 392; 8:13 Smelser, Neil J., 7:436 integration during, 4:373–374 task system of, 7:155 Smelters, 6:114–115; 7:400–401 Jews and, 4:476 in Tennessee, 8:83, 85 Smet, Pierre-Jean De, 4:474; 8:412 in Kansas, 4:508–509, 512–513 in Texas, 8:101 Smibert, John, 3:318 in Kentucky, 4:519–520 tobacco and, 6:364; 7:391, 392; Smirnov, E. S., 8:596 Knights of the Golden Circle and, 8:134, 341 Smith, Adam, 1:228; 3:108; 5:20; 4:540 transcendentalism on, 8:181 6:387, 481 Lincoln on, 5:110–111 United Confederate Veterans’ on mercantilism, 5:316 in his second inaugural address, defense of, 8:265 Wealth of Nations, 3:107 5:112 in Virginia, 8:341, 342–343 Smith, Al, 2:164; 7:113 in “House Divided” speech, in Washington (D.C.), 8:410 and Democratic Party, 2:552 9:284–286 westward expansion of, 7:392–393; Smith, Alfred, in Smith v. Oregon in Louisiana, 5:159, 160 8:461–462 Employment, 7:401 magazines and newspapers, on, Whig Party on, 2:361 Smith, Alfred E., 1:196; 3:161, 162; 5:192, 199 White Slave Traffic Act (1910), 8:46 in Maryland, 5:256, 257 5:225 and Empire State Building, 3:199 Methodism and, 5:333 Wilmot Proviso and, 6:415 Port Authority of New York and in Missouri, 5:420 Slee, J. Noah, 1:468 New Jersey created by, 6:421 Saint Louis, 7:226–227 Sleepy Hollow (New York), 7:397 in presidential campaign of 1928, Tallmadge Amendment and, 8:45 Slichter, Sumner, 2:273 6:5 Missouri Compromise, 5:422–425 Slick, Sam, 6:274 Smith, Amanda Berry, 8:501 Native Americans and, 4:323–324; Slidell, John, 2:342; 8:208 Smith, Andrew Jackson, in Red 8:249 and land speculation, 5:36 River Campaign, 7:71 natural rights and, 6:10 mission to Mexico by, 5:340; Smith, Anna Deavere, 8:115 in Nebraska, 4:512–513 7:397–398 Smith, Bessie, 1:492 in New England, 5:515 Sloan, Alfred P., Jr., 1:373; 3:526 Smith, Billy, 6:302 in New Hampshire, 6:57, 58 Sloan, John, 1:268, 297, 321; 6:471 Smith, Charles Shaler, 1:538 in New Netherland, 6:72 Sloat, John Drake, 2:8; 7:551 Smith, Cheryl K., 3:262

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Smith, Coyle v., 3:202 murder of, 7:94 Smithsonian Institution, 3:257; Smith, David, 1:306, 307 at Nauvoo, 6:14–15 7:402–403; 8:597 Smith, Dean, 1:425 on polygamy, 6:15, 410 collections of, 5:487 Smith, Edward, 6:148 in Vermont, 8:313 establishment of, 1:192; 6:317; Smith, Edwin Burritt, anti-imperial- Smith, Joseph, Jr., 7:103 7:402 ism of, 1:202 Smith, Joseph, III, 7:103, 104 functions of, 7:402–403 Smith, Elias, 8:264 Smith, Kirby, 2:479 mammal specimens, 5:217 Smith, Employment Division v., 1:162, Smith, Mamie, 1:492 meteorological project, 5:331 494; 2:170; 3:374; 6:1 Smith, Margaret Chase, 8:507 and meteorological research, 2:235 Smith, Francis (Borax), 1:505 Smith, Marvin, 1:301 museums under, 7:403 Smith, Fred, 1:312 Smith, McDonald v., 6:297 National Gallery of Art, Smith, Frederick M., 7:104 Smith, Melancton, antifederalism of, 5:538–541 Smith, Frederick W., 2:439 1:201; 9:160–164 National Museum of the American Smith, George Otis, 3:546 Smith, Michael J., 2:102 Indian, 5:547–548; 6:1–2 Smith, George T., 3:390 Smith, Morgan, 1:301 and National Zoological Park, Smith, Gerald L. K., 1:198; 3:327, Smith, Neil, 3:543 8:594 328 Smith, O. P., 2:160 organizational structure of, 7:402 Smith, Gerrit, 1:209, 211; 3:154; Smith, Peter, and land speculation, publications of, 7:403 6:502 5:36 research centers under, 7:403 and Davis (Jefferson), bond for, Smith, Robert Angus, 1:13 returning Native American 2:505 Smith, Robert H., 1:118, 119 remains, 6:2 and Liberty Party, 5:96, 97 U.S. National Museum, biology Smith, Samuel Francis, 5:505 Smith, Harry, 3:396 collection, 5:217 Smith, Samuel Stanhope, 7:12 Smith, Henry Boynton, 7:97 Smog. See Air pollution Smith, Theobold, 5:358; 8:320 Smith, Henry Nash, 1:169, 170 Smohalla (prophet), 6:7 Smith, Sir Thomas, 8:347 Smith, Howard W., 8:344 Smoke Signals (Alexie), 5:129 Smith, Tommie, 6:193, 193 Smith, Hulett Carlson, 8:450 Smoke-filled room, 7:404 Smith, Vernon, 3:110 Smith, Jacob, 1:354 Smokey Bear, 3:432, 436 Smith, Wallace B., 7:104 Smith, James, 2:52 Smoking (food preservation Smith, William, 6:219, 382 Smith, Jedediah Strong, 2:301; method), 3:405 Smith, William, Jr., 5:167 3:299; 7:190; 8:454 Smoking (tobacco), 7:404–405 Smith, William Kennedy, 7:50 trapping in Great Valley, 4:58 advertising for, 1:34; 7:404, 405; Smith, William W., 7:104 trapping in Rocky Mountains, 8:136 3:493 Smith, Willoughby, 8:76 anti-tobacco campaigns and, 7:404, Smith, John, 4:137 Smith Act (1940), 3:207, 208, 338; 404–405 Cape Cod exploration by, 2:38 6:99; 7:401 health hazards of, 7:404–405; captivity narrative by, 2:51 convictions under, 8:1 8:133, 135–137 fishing ventures of, 2:261 as sedition act, 7:301, 401 history of, 8:134–135 The General History of Virginia, New Supreme Court on, 8:1 rates of, 7:404, 405 England, and the Summer Isles, Smith College, 3:131; 7:319–320 second-hand, 8:136 5:117 athletic program at, 2:277 “Smoking gun” tape, 6:111, 112 New Hampshire mapped by, 6:56 botanical garden at, 1:517 Smoky Mountain Boys (Crazy Ten- Pocahontas and, 6:442, 443 Smith Paper Company, 6:245 nesseans), 5:491 Potomac River mapped by, 6:433 Smith v. Allwright, 3:147; 5:526; Smoot, Reed, 5:54; 8:297 Powhatan’s speech to, text of, 9:98 6:463 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930), river exploration by, 7:173 Smith v. Oregon Employment, 7:401 1:386; 3:460; 4:49; 8:52, 165 on Starving Time, 9:84–86 Smith-Hughes Act (1917), duties under, 3:97 A True Relation of Virginia, 5:117 7:401–402 Smuggling Smith, Joseph, 2:163; 5:53; 8:296 Smith-Lever Act (1914), 1:71; 3:325, colonial, 3:103; 7:405–406; 8:12 The Book of Mormon and, 1:447; 432; 7:402 and burning of Gaspée, 3:512 2:163; 5:53 and 4-H Clubs, 3:445 Navigation Acts and, 6:22, 360 as freemason, 3:466 Smith-Mundt Act (1948), 8:351 tea, 8:61 and Grahamites, 3:24 Smithson, James, 6:317; 7:402 of slaves, 7:406–407 in Illinois, 5:459 Smithson, Robert, 1:307 See also Drug trafficking

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Smuts, Jan Christian, 5:63 Social Science Research Council, in Industrial Workers of the Smyth, Alexander, 8:383 5:67 World, 4:346–347; 7:424 Smyth, John, 1:411 Social sciences internal divisions in, 7:426–427 Smyth, William Henry, 8:63 encyclopedia of, 3:204 legacy of, 7:428 Snake(s), 4:129–130 and historical writing, 4:139–140 May Day, 5:275 Snake River, 7:407 Social security, 7:129–130, 131, origins of, 7:424 Snap the Whip (Homer), 3:537 417–422; 8:440 peak of, 7:424–426 SNCC. See Student Nonviolent administration of, 4:114; 7:419 publications of, 7:426 Coordinating Committee for elderly, 7:416, 417 repression of, 7:427 Snelling, Fort, 7:407 establishment of, 4:48; 6:43, 283; in Social Democratic Party, 7:412 SNL. See Saturday Night Live 7:416, 417, 418–419; 8:58 trade unions associated with, 3:176 Snorkel truck, 3:373 finding funding needed for, 8:197 utopias of, 7:424; 8:303 Snow, Elisha, 8:574 expansion of, 7:419, 419–420, 420 Socialist feminism, and abortion, 1:5 Snow, Samuel, 1:30 growth of, 8:441 Socialist Labor Party (SLP), 5:16; Snuff, 8:134 number of beneficiaries of, 7:419, 7:423–424 Snyder, Gary, 1:433 419 decline of, 7:423–424 Snyder, John W., Jr., 8:44 operating procedures of, origins of, 7:423 Snyder, Ralph, 2:450, 451 7:420–421 in presidential elections, 2:227; Soap and detergent industry, plans predating, 2:11 3:159, 160, 161 7:407–408 problems with, 7:421–422 in Socialist Party of America, 7:429 borax in, 1:505 purposes of, 7:417 in Wisconsin, 8:492 rates of return from, 7:420–421, Socialist movement. See Socialism Procter and Gamble, 6:491 421 Socialist Party of America (SP), Soap operas, 6:491; 7:408–410 reform of, 7:421–422 1:467; 2:325; 7:429; 8:119 Sobell, Morton, 7:197 and sex discrimination, 3:54 anticommunism of, 1:197–198 Sobrero, Ascanio, 3:301 Social Security Act (1935), 6:283; antiwar sentiment in, 7:426–427 Sobrino, Jon, 5:93 8:440 Debs in, 7:425 Soccer, 3:409, 412; 7:410–411 Aid to Dependent Children, 2:146 establishment of, 7:17, 425, 429 Social class. See Class(es) amendment to (1939), 2:207 internal divisions in, 7:426–427, Social Control (Ross), 6:424 and family values, 3:317 429 Social darwinism, 1:192–193; 2:227; League of Women Voters support and labor, 5:16 3:269; 7:411–412 for, 5:66 members of, 7:425–426 Social Democratic Party, 7:412 provisions of, 7:416, 417 and peace movements, 6:267 in Socialist Party of America, 7:429 and state employment services, political candidates from, 7:425, Social deviancy, 5:313 3:201 426, 427, 429 Social evolutionism, 1:192–193 Supreme Court on, 7:416, 419 repression of, 7:427 Social gospel, 1:413; 3:265; unemployment insurance under, Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance 7:412–414; 8:263 8:253–254 (STLA), 4:346 and Congregationalism, 2:349 Social settlements. See Settlement Social-reform pacifists, 6:227 creation of, 2:164 house movement La Société des Nations (Bourgeois), Methodism and, 5:333 Social surveys, 6:533 5:63 Protestant modernism and, Social work, 7:422–423 Society for Christian Union and 5:431–432 in adoption, 1:28–29 Progress, 8:179 Social Gospel, The, 8:302 predecessor of, 2:106 Society for Establishing Useful Social Justice (magazine), 5:563 Socialism, 3:107; 7:424–429 Manufactures, 5:227 Social legislation, 7:415–417 adherents to, 7:425–426 Society for Ethical Culture, 1:55; in 19th century, 7:415 anarchism and, 1:180 3:256–257 in New Deal, 7:415–416 anticommunism in, 1:197–198 Society for Individual Rights (SIR), in Progressive Era, 7:415 decline of, 7:427–428 3:514 See also Welfare system definition of, 7:424 Society for the Establishment of Social mobility exclusion policy for individuals Useful Manufactures, 6:62 frontier and, 2:226 supporting, 3:207 Society for the Prevention of Cruel- upward, faith in, 2:227 in Great Depression, 7:427 ty to Animals (SPCA), 1:185, Social Register, 7:417 ideology of, 7:424, 426 186; 7:429–430

363 How to go to your page

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Society for the Prevention of Cruel- conservation of, 7:445 Boston’s, 7:149 ty to Children, 7:430 erosion of, 7:445 founding of, 2:357 Society for the Propagation of the fertility of, 7:444 in Civil War, 7:449 Gospel in Foreign Parts (SPG), management of, 7:444–445 Copperhead Order of, 2:411 3:112; 7:430 mapping of, 7:444 in Northwest conspiracy, 6:136 Society for the Propagation of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS), liberty poles of, 5:97 Gospel in New England. See 7:445 Sons of Temperance, 8:79 New England Company Soja, Edward, 3:543 Sons of the South, 7:449–450 Society for Women’s Health Soka Gakkai International, 1:326 Sontag, Susan, 5:122 Research, 7:430 Solar eclipse, of 1831, 9:45, 47 Sony Society of American Archivists Solar power, 3:209, 214, 216 Betamax by, 8:327 (SAA), 1:255–256 Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Additional video games by, 8:327 Society of American Indians (SAI), Homestead Act of 1872, 5:35 Sooners, 1:501; 7:450 7:430–431 Soldiers’ homes, 7:445–446; 8:317 Sorby, Henry C., 6:300 Society of Associated Teachers, 8:62 Soldier’s Medal, 2:527 Sorghum, 7:450 Society of Friends. See Quakers Soliah, Kathleen, 8:38 Sororities, 3:456 Society of Sisters, Pierce v., 2:164, 167; Solid South, 7:446 Soros, George, Lindesmith Center 6:352–353 Solid waste disposal, 4:356 established by, 5:513 Sociology, 7:431–437 Solidarity Day (1981), 1:152 Sosa, Sammy, 1:422 The Lonely Crowd, 5:148 Solid-state physics, 6:345–348 Soto, Gary, 5:123 urban, 8:291 Solomon, Isaac, 2:36; 3:406 Soto, Hernando de, 2:360; 3:295; Sociology for the South (Fitzhugh), Solow, Robert, 3:110 5:158 7:431–432 Somalia, 7:447 and Choctaw Indians, 2:158 excerpt from, 9:276–280 Marines killed in, 1:39–40; 7:447 explorations of, 7:450, 450–451 Sod house, 3:93 peacekeeping mission in, 6:271; in Alabama, 1:102 Soda fountains, 6:309; 7:437, 438, 8:271 on Arkansas River, 1:264 438 U.S. relations with, 1:39–40; in Florida, 3:385; 7:450; 8:47 Soddy, Frederick, 2:486; 6:341 7:446–447 in Mississippi, 5:411 Sodium carbonate, 6:431 Sombart, Werner, 3:400 in Tennessee, 8:84 Sodium nitrate, 8:243 Some Thoughts Concerning Education Soul music, 5:490 Sodomy laws, 7:326, 327 (Locke), 5:140 Soule, George, 6:76 So¯ en, Shaku, 1:552 Somers, Sir George, 1:445; 8:347 Soule, John Babsone Lane, 4:9 SOF. See Special Operations Forces Somervell, Brehon B., 3:219; 6:285 Soule, Michael, 2:373 Soft drink industry, 2:388; 7:437–439 Somit, Albert, 6:401 Soulé, Pierre, 1:188–189; 2:469 Coca-Cola in, 2:260–261; Somme Offensive, 7:447–448, 448 Ostend Manifesto and, 6:219 7:438–439 Sommerville, Chris, 3:531 Souls of Black Folk, The (Du Bois), soda fountains in, 7:437, 438, 438 Somoza, Anastasio, 2:54, 395 3:556; 5:124; 6:375; 7:451 Soft money, 2:23; 3:147; 7:439 Somoza Debayle, Anastasio, 5:49 Sound. See Audio technology indus- policy of, 7:439 Somoza García, Anastasio, 6:104–105 try in political campaigns, 7:439 Son of the Forest, A (Apess), 5:128; Sousa, John Philip, 5:237–238 Software industry, 7:439–443 7:448 Souter, David companies in, 7:441 Sonar, in oceanographic surveys, on presidential election of 2000, enterprise software in, 7:441–442 6:160 1:579 Internet and, 7:443 Song(s) on state sovereignty, 1:120 personal computers and, cowboy, 2:442–443 South, the, 7:462–469 7:442–443 in Puritan religious life, 1:431 African American emigration from, programming services in, 7:440, See also Music; specific songs 5:369–371 440–441 Sonneborn, Harry, 5:184 agriculture in, 2:413 sectors of, 7:439–440 Sonnenshein, Hugo F., 8:281 in 19th century, 1:63 shrink-wrapped software in, Son-of-Sam Law, 7:448–449 antebellum, 7:463–464 7:442–443 Sons of Confederate Veterans, 8:265 in Civil War, 1:63 video games in, 8:327 Sons of Liberty in colonial era, 1:62 Soil, 7:443–445 in American Revolution, 1:514, cotton, 2:424–426, 426, 429; classification of, 7:444 528; 7:135, 449 3:555; 7:463

364 How to go to your page

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plantation system, 6:363–365 sectionalism in, 7:296, 297, 298 plantation life in, Pinckney (Eliza sugar, 8:13 social life in, 7:464 Lucas) on, 9:111–112 during American Revolution, Solid, 7:446 politics in, 7:454 7:145–146 southern rights movement in, as proprietary colony, 6:510, 511 antebellum, 7:462–467 7:473–474 provincial congresses in, 6:520 and Nat Turner’s Rebellion, sports in, 7:507–508 ratification of Constitution in, 5:516–517 state flags in, 3:381 2:381 black codes in, 1:472 states’ rights in, 7:536–537 Reconstruction in, 7:455–456 during Civil War (See also Confed- in Sun Belt, 8:18 rice plantations in, 6:364 erate States of America) temperance movements in, 8:79 as royal colony, 6:510, 511 Union sentiment in, 8:260 textile industry in, 7:467, 468 secession by, 7:293–294, 455 after Civil War (See Reconstruction) third parties in, 8:119 Declaration of Causes, 9:292–294 class divisions in, 7:464 women of, 7:464 settlement of, 2:289 cultural regionalism in, 7:297 work ethic in, 8:528 slave insurrections in, 7:379, 380, Democratic Party in, 2:551; 7:446 South Africa 455; 8:316–317 disfranchisement in, 3:57, 146, 147 apartheid in, 1:38, 39; 7:452–453 slavery in, 7:454 in domestic trade, 8:160 student activism against, 8:587 State Bank of, 1:408 dueling in, 3:92–93 in Cold War, 7:452 state university of, 8:279 economic development in, U.S. relations with, 1:39; textile industry in, 7:456 7:467–468, 473 7:451–453 South Carolina Coastal Council, Lucas economy of South America. See Latin America v., 2:318; 3:198 in antebellum South, 7:463–464 South Carolina, 7:453–457, 454 South Carolina Exposition and Protest in New South, 7:467–468 African Americans in, 7:456–457 (Calhoun), 7:457 education in, 3:115, 120, 121, 126 agriculture in, 7:454 South Carolina Gazette (newspaper), Fugitive-Agrarians on, 3:481 in American Revolution, 6:95 geographic borders of, 7:462–463 7:454–455, 472 South Carolina v. Katzenbach, 8:357 Gone with the Wind portraying, Wilkinson (Eliza) on, 9:150–151 South Dakota, 2:493; 7:457–462, 4:20–21 Battle of Fort Moultrie, 5:463 458 honor code in, 7:464 Cherokee war with, 2:128 agriculture in, 7:460 immigration to, 4:220; 7:464 civil rights movement in, Badlands in, 1:383–384, 384 industry in, 7:467, 468 7:456–457 banking industry in, 7:460–461 intellectual life in, 7:465–466 in Civil War, 7:455 Black Hills in, 1:474; 8:275 Lower, 5:167 in colonial era, 7:453–454 constitution of, 7:525 Mason-Dixon line, 5:259–260, 260 Confederate flag in, 3:381 economy of, 7:460–461 Middle, 5:167 constitution of, 7:527 education in, 7:461 Nashville Convention and, 5:516 economy of, 7:454, 456 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Native Americans in, removal of, emblems, nicknames, mottos, and songs of, 7:533 8:226 songs of, 7:533 gold mining in, 4:11 New, 1:50; 7:467–469 Federalist Party in, 3:351 health care industry in, 7:461 opposition of tariffs in, 3:460; Force Act (1833) and, 3:413 immigration to, 7:458 6:145; 8:50 4-H Clubs in, 3:445 livestock industry in, 7:460 Force Acts and, 3:413–414; Fundamental Constitutions in, 2:57 Mount Rushmore, 5:464–465, 465 6:145–146 geological survey of, 3:548 Native Americans in, 7:458, 459, peonage in, 6:289 gun control in, 4:75 461 plantations in, 7:462 Hamburg Riot in (1876), 4:87 politics in, 7:460 slavery on, 7:394–395, 462 hurricanes in, 4:198 population of, 7:458 politics in, 7:465 immigration to, 4:220; 7:453–454 statehood for, 7:459 poor whites in, 6:414 industry in, 7:456 tourism in, 7:460 population of, 7:464 Native Americans in, 7:453, 454 South Florida Task Force, 5:511 Populist Party in, 7:469 and North Carolina, boundary dis- South Korea prisons in, 6:477 pute between, 1:521 foreign aid to, 3:416 Progressive Party in, 6:499 nullification of federal tariff by, in Korean War, 4:544–550 on property taxation, 8:56 6:145; 8:50 U.S. relations with, 4:542 religion in, 7:465–466 Force Acts and, 3:413; 6:145–146 and Korea-gate, 4:542–543

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South Pass, 7:462, 462 Southern Tenant Farmers’ Union at Dumbarton Oaks Conference, South Polar explorations, 6:382–384 (STFU), 7:474 3:94 South Vietnam Southern Unionists, 7:474–475 and Eastern/Central Europe, con- creation of, 3:534; 8:329 Southwell, Sir Robert, 5:151 trol over, 2:89–90, 268, 269; under Diem, 8:330–331 Southwest, 7:475–476 8:574 foreign aid to, 3:417 boundaries of, 1:242–243; 7:475 imperialism of U.S. and, 4:245 under Thieu, 8:333, 334 Catholic presence in, 2:67 Indian relations with, 4:259, 260 in Vietnam War, 8:329–334 culture of, 7:476 Iran occupied by, 4:418 See also Vietnam economic history of, 7:475–476 Iron Curtain of, 4:429–430 Southampton, earl of, 8:347 Mesa, 5:325 and Korea, 8:120 Southard, E. E., 6:521 Mesa Verde, prehistoric ruins of, in Korean Airlines flight 007 crash, Southdale Mall (Edina, Minnesota), 5:325, 325–326 4:543 5:216 Mesquite, 5:327 in Korean War, 4:544–549 Southeast Asia Native Americans in Lend-Lease aid to, 5:82 foreign aid to, 3:416 missions of, 4:276 and Middle Eastern policies of immigration from, 7:470–471 social life of, 4:305 U.S., 1:233 Southeast Asia Treaty Organization treaties with, 4:314–315 missile development in, 5:407 (SEATO), 7:469–470; 8:202 political influence of, 7:475, 476 missile gap with U.S., 5:406–407 establishment of, 7:469 prehistoric, 1:242–243 and Nazi Germany, pact with, internal divisions in, 7:470 silversmithing, 5:328 2:327 members of, 7:469 in Sun Belt, 8:18 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Southeast Asian Americans, Southwest Fur Company, 1:158 with, 6:138 7:470–472, 471 Southwest Territory, 7:476 nuclear power plants in, 6:139 geographic distribution of, 7:471 Southwestern Cable Co., United States Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with, number of, 7:471 v., 3:340 6:143 professional activities of, 7:471 Sovereign immunity, 7:477, 534–535 nuclear weapons of, 1:271–272; Southern African Development Sovereigns of Industry, 7:476 6:138 Community (SADC), 1:40 Sovereignty in Olympics, 6:193–194 Southern Agrarianism, 3:481 doctrine of, 7:476–477 origins of, 2:267 Southern Alliance, 3:323; 6:416–417 popular, 2:331; 8:485 at Paris conferences, 6:247 Southern Arizona Water Rights Set- state (See State sovereignty) at Reykjavik Summit, 1:75 tlement Act (1982), 1:100 Soviet Union satellite launched by, 2:319 Southern Baptist Convention, 1:412, Afghanistan invaded by, 1:37–38, serial killings in, 7:315 413; 3:485 38 smallpox in, 7:398–399, 400 boycott of Disneyland by, 1:529 and U.S. relations with Pakistan space program of, 7:479–480 membership in, 7:91 and India, 4:260 in Suez Crisis, 8:3 Southern Campaigns, 7:472 and African policies of U.S., 1:38, in summit conferences, 8:15–17 Southern Christian Leadership 39 and United Nations, 8:270 Conference (SCLC), 3:557; Ames’ espionage for, 1:173–174 U.S. relations with, 7:211–213 (See 7:18, 472–473 arms race and disarmament in, also Cold War) Southern Commercial Conventions, 1:271–272 containment policy in, Kennan 7:473 SALT and, 7:552–554 on, 9:411–413 Southern Exposition, 8:558 SDI and, 7:554–555 and Internet development, 4:397, Southern Homestead Act (1866), atomic bomb in, 1:271 398 1:63 and Berlin blockade, 1:443 Nixon’s visit, 2:269; 7:212 Southern Overland Mail Company, CIA operations in, 2:92, 93 telephone hotline, 2:320, 475 5:204 and Communist Party, U.S., 2:326, trade, 7:211 Southern Pacific Company, Mussel 327–328 U-2 incident and, 8:247 Slough incident, 5:503–504 and Cuba, 1:430; 2:470, 474 during World War II, 2:267; Southern Pacific Railroad, 2:10; decline of, 2:270 3:426; 7:211 7:35 diplomatic recognition of, 7:57, “X” article and, 8:569 Southern rights movement, 211 Yalta Conference and, 2:267; 7:473–474 dissolution of, 2:270 8:573–574

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U.S. relief in, after World War I, wedding rituals in, 8:436 Pinckney’s Treaty with, 8:541–542 convoy system used by, 2:402 6:356–357; 8:200, 204 in World War II, 2:89, 267; 3:144; and Cuba, 2:469–470 power in North America, decrease 7:211 and Dominican Republic, 3:75 in, 3:298 and prisoners of war, 6:474 explorations of, 3:283–285, in slave trade, 5:363; 7:383–384, See also Cold War; Russia 294–296, 295; 7:206, 488–489 387 Sow case, 7:478 by Cabeza de Vaca, 2:1–2, 2; Treaty of Paris (1763) with, 6:248 Soybeans, 2:414; 7:478–479 3:284, 295 Treaty of Paris (1898) with, 3:360; SP. See Socialist Party of America in New Mexico, 6:65 6:250, 321; 8:201 S&P. See Standard & Poor’s in Texas, 8:99 U.S. relations with, 7:483–485 Spa(s). See Resorts and spas on Colorado River, 2:301 Bowles’s filibustering expeditions Space Needle, 8:560 by Columbus, 7:249 and, 1:525 Space program, 5:523–524; conquistadores in, 2:360 Pinckney’s Treaty and, 7:484 7:479–482 by Coronado, 1:256; 2:416, Spanish Conspiracy and, 7:490 in Alabama, 1:105 416–417; 4:508 territorial disputes in, 7:484, Moon landing (Apollo 11), 5:454, in Great Plains, 4:56 489–490 454–455 in New Mexico, 6:66 U.S. imperialism and, 4:244; Space shuttle(s), 5:524; 7:190, 481, in Texas, 8:99 7:489–490 482, 483 in Florida, 3:385; 8:47 war with (See Spanish-American Challenger disaster, 2:101–102, in Grand Canyon, 4:33 War) 102; 3:41 in Great Plains, 4:56 in World War II, 7:485 Discovery, 2:102; 3:46 Gulf Stream, 4:73 Spalding, Eliza, 6:100, 205; 8:412 robotics in, 7:184 and Hispanic Americans, 4:134 Spalding, Henry, 6:100; 8:412 Spacewar (computer game), 8:327 in Kansas, 4:508 Spander, Murray, 3:182 Spain in New Mexico, 6:65–66 Spanish Borderlands, 7:488–490, Adams-Onís Treaty with, 1:188; on Northwest Coast, 8:453 491 3:386, 425; 8:204 by Oñate, 6:194 Franciscans in, 3:453 American Revolution and, 7:147, in New Mexico, 6:66 Spanish Conspiracy, 3:270; 7:490 483 in Oregon, 6:204 Spanish dollars. See Pieces of eight Catholic missions of, in California, on Potomac River, 6:433 Spanish language, 7:490–492, 491 9:107–109 by Soto, 1:102, 264; 7:450–451 Spanish Trail, 6:254 Civil War in (1936) in Florida, 3:385; 8:47 Spanish-American War, 2:470, 530; Abraham Lincoln Brigade in, in Tennessee, 8:84 5:47; 7:485–487, 486, 487 1:7–8 in Southwest, 8:451 African Americans in, 5:380–381 and relations with U.S., 7:485 in Texas, 8:98–99 Battle of Manila Bay in, 5:225 colonial settlements of, 7:489–490 in Washington, 8:412 Battle of San Jacinto in, 7:240–241 administration of, 2:278–279 foreign investment from, 3:419 Battles of San Juan Hill and El in Alabama, 1:102 fur trade of, 3:486 Caney in, 7:241–242 architecture in, 1:248–249 Jay-Gardoqui negotiations with, causes of, 7:484, 485 in Arizona, 1:256–257 4:466 censorship during, 2:83 borderlands of, 7:488–490 in Jenkins’ Ear, War of, 4:473 close of, 3:360 in California, 2:8 Louisiana Purchase and, 7:484 Cuba in, 6:369; 7:484, 485–486 and city planning, 2:185 Mississippi River and, 5:416 demobilization after, 2:546 and encomienda system, Native Americans and desertion in, 3:17 3:202–203 Hopi, 4:165 enlistment for, 2:364 in Florida, 3:385 missions for, 4:276 eyewitness account of, 9:261–263 independence of, 5:50–52 Navajo, 6:15 and Guam, 4:68 in Kansas, 4:508 policies on, 4:282–283 Hispanic Americans in, 5:383 in Louisiana, 6:73 relations with, 2:135, 136 Maine, sinking of, 5:211, 212 in New Mexico, 6:66–67 treaties between, 4:312 military uniforms in, 8:258 in North Dakota, 6:132 wars between, 6:67 mobilization for, 5:429 Oñate in, 6:194 Apache Wars, 1:220 munitions in, 5:479 rural life in, 7:206–207 and Paris, Treaty of (1783), 6:248, new imperialism and, 1:189 in South Carolina, 7:453 250 peace treaty in, 7:486–487

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Spanish-American War, (continued) Alien and Sedition Acts on, Spirit of St. Louis, 5:113–114, 114 and Philippines, 3:360; 6:319–320, 1:123–124; 3:374 Spirits industry, 7:504–505 321–322; 8:41 Espionage Act and, 7:264 Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes (Cot- photography in, 6:332 for high school students, 1:26 ton), 5:127 prisoners of war in, 6:473 on Internet, 8:68 Spiritualism, 7:505–506 and Puerto Rico, 6:542, 544 Supreme Court on, 1:26; 3:374; African American folklore and, Rough Riders in, 2:364; 7:199, 7:264 3:395 199–200 Speech codes. See Group libel laws New Age movement, 6:39 Sampson-Schley controversy in, Speeches. See Oratory parapsychology, 6:246 7:236 Speed, John, 9:13, 13 women’s rights advocates and, State Department in, 7:528 Speed limits, 7:500, 500–501 8:513 Teller Amendment and, 8:78 national, 3:335–336 Spiro, 7:506 Treaty of Paris (1898) ending, Speed skating, 4:209, 210 Splicing Life: The Social and Ethical 6:250 Speedwell (ship), 5:275; 6:378 Issues of Genetic Engineering with U.S. Army in, 1:276; 7:486 Speer, Robert, 3:5–6 Human Beings (report), 3:530 U.S. Navy in, 6:23, 25; 7:487–488 Spelling bee, 7:501 Spock, Benjamin, 2:144; 6:268, 268 warships in, 8:406, 407 Spencer, Herbert, 2:227; 3:269; alma mater of, 2:304 women in, 8:502 6:424 Common Sense Book of Baby and yellow journalism and, 8:577 Spender, John Alfred, 1:138 Child Care, 2:318–319 Sparks, William A. J., 5:31 Spener, Philipp Jakob, 6:353, 353 Spock, Jane Cheney, Common Sense SPCA. See Society for the Preven- Sperry, Charles S., 1:428 Book of Baby and Child Care, Sperry, Elmer A., 3:173 2:318–319 tion of Cruelty to Animals SPG. See Society for the Propaga- Spofford, Ainsworth Rand, 5:100 Speakeasy, 1:504; 7:492–493, 493 tion of the Gospel in Foreign Spoils system, 2:22, 206; 7:506–507 Speaker of the House of Representa- Parts in Democratic Party, 4:453 tives, 2:351, 352; 7:493 Spiegler, Caesar, 3:30 under Jackson, 4:453; 6:426; Mulligan letters scandal, 5:473 Spielberg, Steven, 3:364 7:198–199, 507 Special districts, 6:406 Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Pendleton Act (1883) and, 6:275 Special education, 3:34 1:446 Spokane (ship), 4:54 Special effects in films, 3:364 Spies, 7:501–503 Spooner, Lysander, 5:96 Special interest groups. See Interest in American Revolution, Spooner Act (1902), 6:237 groups 7:501–502 Sports, 7:507–512 Special Operations Forces (SOF), in Civil War, 7:502 in 19th century, 7:508–509 7:494–495 in Cold War, 2:92; 7:503 African Americans in, 7:510, 511 Special prosecutors, 7:495–497 in intelligence organizations, football, 3:412 and Tower Commission, 8:148 7:502–503 prizefighting, 6:483, 484, 485 Special Weapons and Tactics motivations of, 7:503 track and field, 8:154–156 (SWAT), 3:338 in World War I, 7:502; 8:538 arenas, Madison Square Garden, Specie circular, 7:497 in World War II, 3:338; 7:502 5:190, 190–191 Specie payments, 1:396, 458, 484 See also Espionage; specific people baseball, 1:419–422 suspension and resumption of, Spies, August, and Haymarket riot, in 19th century, 7:508 7:124, 497–499 4:109 in 20th century, 7:509 See also Currency and coinage Spillane, Mickey, I, the Jury, 5:130 salaries in, 8:361 Species Spilsbury, John, 1:411 basketball, 1:423–426 endangered, 2:373; 3:205–207, Spindletop, 6:302–303, 305 bicycle racing, 1:451, 451 206 Spindletop oil well (Beaumont, bowling, 7:508 wolf as, 8:496 Texas), 5:361 college, 2:276–278; 7:511 introduced, 7:499, 499–500 Spinelli, Altiero, 3:259 football, Ivy League, 4:449 invasive, 8:437 Spingarn, Arthur B., 5:526 in colonial era, 7:507–508 Specific duties, vs. ad valorem duties, Spinks, Leon, 6:485 football, 3:409–413, 411 8:50 Spinning Jenny, 8:109 at college, 3:409–410, 412–413; Speck, Frank, 6:443 Spira, Henry, 1:186 5:530–531 Specter, Arlen, 2:197 Spirit Lake Massacre (1857), development of, 3:409–410 Speech, freedom of 7:503–504 at high schools, 3:410

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Ivy League, 4:449 and capture of Gilbert Islands, 3:576 newspapers on, 6:95 professional, 3:410, 411 Spurzheim, Johann Christoph, 6:332 and nonimportation agreements, after World War I, 3:410–411 Sputnik, 7:479; 8:560 6:116 after World War II, 3:411–412 impact on astronomy, 1:345 North Carolina protesting, 6:127 golf, 4:19, 19–20 impact on education, 4:158 opposition to, 4:254; 7:518 hockey, 4:143, 143–145, 209–210 impact on space program, 7:479 by Stamp Act Congress, horseracing, 4:168, 169–171; Squanto, 1:69 7:518–519 7:510 Mayflower Pilgrims and, 5:265 Stamp Act Riot in, 7:519 ice skating, 4:209–211 Square Deal, 7:513–514 Virginia Resolves on, 8:349 in Indiana, 4:320 Squash, Indian cultivation of, 1:68 provisions of, 8:349 magazines, 5:196 Squatters, 6:527 purposes of, 7:517–518 marathons, 5:234–235 land policy and, 5:33 text of, 9:117–119 media coverage of, 7:508–509 SQUID. See Superconducting Stamp Act Congress, 2:286; mountain climbing, 5:466–467 Quantum Interference Device 7:518–519 Native American, 7:63, 507 SRC. See Survey Research Center Stamp Act Riot, 7:519, 519 prizefighting, 6:483–485; 7:509–510 SSC. See Superconducting Super Stampedes, 7:519–520 professional, rise of, 7:509–510 Collider Stampp, Kenneth M., 4:140 as recreation, 7:65 SSI. See Supplemental Security Stamps, 6:427 “Ripley’s Believe It or Not” col- Income Standard & Poor’s (S&P), 3:106; umn, 7:168 SSRI. See Selective serotonin reup- 7:520 rollerblading, 7:193, 193 take inhibitors Standard Oil Co. v. United States, rugby, 3:409 SST. See Supersonic transport 6:303; 8:235 running, 7:204, 204–205 St. See Saint Standard Oil Company, 3:366; 4:26; sailing and yacht racing, Stack v. Boyle, 1:385 6:298, 303; 7:520–521; 8:233 7:223–224 Stafford v. Wallace, 7:514 antitrust litigation against, 2:418; America’s Cup, 1:172–173; Stag at Sharkey’s (Bellows), 3:538 7:521 7:223–224 Stagecoach travel, 7:177, 514–516, breakup of, 7:521 skateboarding, 7:373, 373 515; 8:186 establishment of, 7:520 skiing, 7:374, 374–375 and mail delivery, 6:425 growth of, 7:520–521 soccer, 3:409, 412; 7:410–411 overland mail, 5:203–204 muckraking and, 5:471 surfing, 8:27–28 and taverns, 6:425; 8:53–54 stock held by, 7:520–521 swimming, 8:36–37 Stagflation, 3:13; 7:516–517 Standard Oil Company of New Jersey on television, 8:74 Staggers Rail Act (1980), 7:39, 517; v. United States, 7:203, 521 tennis, 8:89–91, 90 8:231 Standards of living, 2:385, 422; track and field, 8:154–156, 155 Stahl, Franklin William, 3:533 7:521–522 trade unions in, 7:511 Stained glass windows, 1:313–314, definition of, 7:521 baseball, 1:422–423 320 measurement of, 7:521–522 strikes by, 7:559 Stalin, Joseph, 2:267 productivity and, 6:492 women in, 7:509, 510, 511–512 arms race and, 1:271 Standing Bear, Luther, Land of the golf, 4:19 discrediting of, 2:327 Spotted Eagle, excerpt from, swimming, 8:37 in Korean War, 4:545, 546 9:379–384 tennis, 8:90 at Potsdam Conference, 6:434 Standing Bear (chief), 8:224 track and field, 8:155 at summit conferences, 8:15 Stanford, Jane, 1:143; 7:523 See also Olympic Games at Teheran Conference, 8:64 Stanford, Leland, 2:9; 6:502; 7:37, Spotsylvania Courthouse, Battle of, and Tito, 8:588 522, 523; 8:181, 188 2:214; 7:512 United Nations and, 8:272 Stanford Linear Accelerator, 6:339 Sprague, Frank J., 3:173–174; 7:41 and U.S. Communist Party, 2:326 Stanford University, 7:522–523; Sprague, William, 7:153 World War II and, 7:211; 8:249 8:280 Spray drying, 3:407 at Yalta Conference, 8:573, 574, 574 academic freedom at, 1:142–143 Springer v. United States, 4:251; Stalwarts, 7:517 establishment of, 7:522–523 7:512–513 Stamp Act (1765), 2:286; 4:25; 5:97; founder of, 7:37 Springs. See Mineral springs 7:134, 517, 517–518; 8:55 research at, 7:523 Spruance, Raymond A., 5:367; 8:557 denunciation of, 8:483 science education at, 7:272 in Battle of the Philippine Sea, 6:320 Muntiny Act (1765) and, 5:505 Silicon Valley and, 7:360

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Stankiewicz, Richard, 1:307 Starving Time, 7:525 human rights reports by, Stanley, Ann Lee, 8:301 Smith on, 9:84–86 4:192–193 Stanley, Wendell M., 1:461 Stassen, Harold E., 3:322; 8:272 organizational structure of, 7:528, Stanley Steamer (automobile), 3:480 State(s) 529, 530 Stanley v. Georgia, 6:479 boundary disputes between, secretaries of, 7:527–528 Stansbury, Howard, 3:299; 4:57; 1:521–523, 522; 2:355–356 in Spanish-American War, 7:528 9:233–237 and business regulation, 4:26 women in, 7:530–531 Stanton, Charles E., 5:20 capitals of, 2:47–48 in World War I, 7:528–529 Stanton, Edwin M., 2:220, 420; and church, separation of, State, Nunn v., 4:74 3:559 2:167–170, 168; 7:82, 93 State banks, 1:406, 408–409 Johnson’s removal of, 4:234–235, civil service reform in, 2:207 and check currency, 2:114 236–238 debt of, 2:519–520 State constitutions, 7:525–527 suspension of, 7:60, 100 under Hamilton, 4:88–89 after American Revolution, 7:138 Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 3:248; dependent on federal aid, 3:334 bills of rights in, 1:453–454; 7:525 6:88, 97; 7:310, 311, 311; 8:10, emblems, nicknames, mottos, and civil rights under, 7:525–526 11 songs of, 7:531, 532–533 after Civil War, 7:527 and bloomers, 1:488–489 flags of, 3:381 line-item veto in, 8:320 critique of churches, 8:501 governors of, 4:28–30 in Revolutionary era, 7:526 Declaration of Rights and Senti- grants-in-aid for, 4:37 specificity of provisions of, 7:525 ments by, 2:524 in interstate compacts, 4:403 vs. state laws, litigation on, 8:308 text of, 9:332–334 litigation against, Supreme Court See also under specific states on divorce, 3:65, 66 on, 3:342–343 State fairs. See County and state fairs on Scriptures, 1:449 maps of, archival, 9:3, 37, 40 State judiciary and Seneca Falls Convention, and ownership of tidelands, on civil justice reform, 4:498 8:506, 512 8:124–125 vs. U.S. Supreme Court and voluntary motherhood, 1:467 power of, vs. federal power, Ableman v. Booth on, 1:2 and women’s suffrage, 7:106; 8:513 Supreme Court on, 7:378; Gelpcké v. Dubuque on, 3:514–515 Stanton, Georgia v., 3:559 8:23 State laws Stapleton, Jean, 1:126, 126–127 production by, 2:44, 45 antitrust, 1:213; 7:343 Star of the West (ship), 7:523 prohibition by, 6:500–501; 8:80–81 vs. federal law, Supreme Court on, Star Route frauds, 7:524 recall of officials in, 7:53–54 4:250; 8:390 “The Star Spangled Banner,” 5:185 regulating private industries, 4:35, judicial review of, 4:250, 492, 495 Star Wars. See Strategic Defense Ini- tiative 36 vs. state constitutions, litigation on, Star Wars (film), 7:524, 524 revenue of, 7:132–133 8:308 and toys, 8:153 speed limits set by, 7:501 uniform, 7:531–534 Stare decisis, 7:525 suffrage determined by, 8:4, 6–7, 9 State of Maryland v. Baltimore and Stark, John, 1:442, 569, 574; taxation by Ohio Railroad, 2:438 6:57–58; 8:312 of Bank of the United States, State of Maryland v. Powley, 5:13 Starr, C., 1:6 4:247; 6:218 State of Missouri, Craig v., 1:540; Starr, Ellen Gates, 8:114 capitation, 2:48 2:446 Starr, Kenneth W., 2:240; 7:496 sales, 7:230–231 State parks, vacationing in, after Clinton investigation by, 4:235, trade among (See Interstate com- World War II, 8:305 238, 239, 240 merce) State sovereignty, 7:477, 534–535 Starr Report on, 4:240; 7:496 State, Department of, 7:527–531 vs. federal sovereignty, 7:477, 534 Stars and Stripes. See Flag, U.S. African Americans in, 7:530 and state immunity, 1:120 Stars and Stripes (newspaper), 6:91 Amerasia Case and, 1:134 Supreme Court on, 1:120; 7:534 “Star-Spangled Banner,” 3:378, 379; in Cold War, 7:529–530 State universities, 3:127; 8:279–280 7:524 communists in, 4:136; 7:530 State University of New York Hendrix (Jimi) rendition of, 8:524 establishment of, 7:527 (SUNY), 7:535–536 inspiration for, 7:188 expansion of, 7:528, 529 States’ rights, 7:536–537 Ripley (Robert LeRoy) on, 7:168 and foreign policy, 3:28 and Civil War, 2:208 START. See Strategic Arms Reduc- functions of, 7:527 commerce clause and, 2:310–312 tion Talks head of, 2:2 in Confederacy, 7:537

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at Constitutional Convention, merchant marine and, 5:318–319 Stengrum, Henry, 3:182 2:379 on Mississippi River, 5:416 Stephens, Alexander H. implied powers of Congress and, on Missouri River, 5:426 in Confederacy, 2:208, 340, 341 4:247 monopolies in, Supreme Court on, election to U.S. Congress, 7:58–59 Jackson on, 6:220 3:483, 575 at Hampton Roads Conference, and state sovereignty, 7:534 New Orleans, 5:416 4:91 Webster-Hayne debate and, 8:435 and packet ships, 6:230 Stephens, Anne S. W., 6:537 States’ Rights Democratic Party, railroad competition and, 7:173 Stephens, Uriah, 4:539 3:164; 8:119 and river transportation, 7:174 Stephenson, Benjamin F., 8:318 State-War-Navy Coordinating routes of, archival maps of, 9:58, Stephenson, Jean, 3:521, 522 Committee (SWNCC), 5:560 59 Sterilization laws, 1:469; 3:32; 8:511 Statistics, 7:537–540 Savannah, 7:254–255, 543 Sterling, George, 1:320 Census Bureau and, 2:87 and tourism, 8:145 Sterling, Lindsey Morris, 1:308 early use of, 7:537–538 Steam-pump fire engine, 3:372 Stern, David, 1:425 in political science, 6:403 Stearns, J. B., 8:69 Stern, Howard, 7:21 in polling, 6:409, 533 Stearns, Shubael, 1:412 Stern, Robert A. M., 1:253 professionalization of, 7:538 Stebbins, Emma, 1:308 Stern, Wilhelm, 4:378 in psychology, 6:525 Steel, as building material, 1:564; Sternberg, George M., 5:294 tools and strategies of, 7:538–539 2:388 Sternberg, Robert, 4:379–380 Statler, E. M., 4:176 Steel industry. See Iron and steel Stethoscope, invention of, 2:53 Statue of Liberty, 3:188, 451; 7:540, industry Stettinius, Edward R., 5:82 540 Steel strikes, 7:544–546; 8:277 Steuben, Friedrich Wilhelm von, Status of Forces Agreements Homestead strike (1892), 4:157; 2:174, 403; 7:141, 144; 8:306, (SOFA), 5:379 7:545, 556; 8:339 447 Statutes at Large, United States, Little Steel strike (1937), 7:545, Steuben Glass, 4:4 7:540–541 545–546 Steunenberg, Frank, 2:264 Statutes of limitations, 7:541 in Pennsylvania, 6:279 Stevens, Ernest L., 1:572 Statutory law, 7:541 Steelworkers Organizing Commit- Stevens, Isaac, 8:571 Staudinger, Hermann, 6:366 tee (SWOC), 4:428; 7:545–546; mission by, 7:547–548 Staunton, Howard, 2:130 8:277 as Washington governor, 8:413, 415 Staupers, Mabel Keaton, 6:147 Memorial Day Massacre (1937), Stevens, J. P., mills of, 8:278 Stazione Zoologica (Naples), 5:240 5:307 Stevens, John (railroad magnate), STDs. See Sexually transmitted dis- Steeplechase Park, 1:179 4:344; 5:142 eases Steering committees, 7:546–547 Stevens, John C., 7:508 Stead, Eugene A., 6:334 Steffens, Joseph Lincoln, 5:470, 470; Stevens, John F., 6:238 Stead, W. T., 8:291 6:360 Stevens, John Paul Steam power and engines, Stegner, Wallace, 5:549 on Civil Rights Act of 1991, 2:197 7:541–543 Steichen, Edward, 1:300; 3:316, 316 on line-item vetoes, 8:320, 321 in agriculture, 1:59 Steiger, William, 6:158 on presidential election of 2000, vs. electric power, 3:172, 174–175 Stein, Clarence, 2:186 1:579 elevators powered by, 3:186 Stein, Gertrude, 3:197; 5:157 on welfare system, residency and manufacturing, 5:4 Tender Buttons, 5:120 requirements in, 7:222 in suburbanization, 7:573 Stein, Herbert, 2:431 Stevens, Lillian M., 8:497 Steam warships, 8:405–406 Steinbeck, John, The Grapes of Stevens, Nettie, 3:532 Steamboats and steamships, 2:258, Wrath, 2:10–11; 5:120 Stevens, Thaddeus, 1:57 259; 7:543–544; 8:187, 429 Steinberger, Albert, 7:235 in Joint Committee on Recon- coastwise voyages of, 2:260 Steinem, Gloria, 5:469, 469–470 struction, 4:485 development of, 7:541–542, 543 Steinman, David B., 3:218 as Radical Republican, 7:15, 112 disasters involving, 3:39–40 Steinmetz, Charles P., 3:174, 211 Stevens, Thomas, 1:451 and domestic trade, 8:160 Stella, Frank, 1:298 Stevens, Wallace, 5:120 explosion on, 7:172–173 Stella, Joseph, 1:297, 298; 2:476 Stevenson, Adlai E. first, 7:171, 172 Stem, Alan, 4:34 Cuban missile crisis and, 2:475 gambling on, 3:507, 508 Stem cell transplantation, 8:183 in presidential campaign of 1892, and market shipping, 2:387 Stempel, Herb, 7:6 3:158

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Stevenson, Adlai E., (continued) and U.S.–Nicaraguan relations, Stoekl, Eduard von, 7:210 in presidential campaign of 1952, 4:22; 6:104 Stoessel, Walter, ambassadorship of, 3:164 War Department under, 8:378, 1:134 in presidential campaign of 1956, 379, 543 Stokes, Carl, 1:52 3:164 Stimson Doctrine, 3:426 Stokoe, William C., 7:356 Stevenson, Noel, 3:521 Stine, Anne, 8:337 Stoller, Robert, 3:515 Stevenson, Robert Louis, Treasure Stites, Benjamin, 5:353 Stömer, Horst, 1:440 Island, 1:550 STLA. See Socialist Trade and Stone, Barton W., 3:44; 7:87; 8:263 Stevenson, William E., 8:449 Labor Alliance Stone, Edward Durell, 1:253 Stewart, Alexander, 3:261 Stock car racing, 1:375–376 Stone, Harlan Fiske, 3:337 Stewart, Alexander Turney, 3:7 Stock market, 7:548–550 on freedom of contract, 5:395 Stewart, Alvan, 1:211; 5:96 AMEX in, 7:548–549 Stone, Linda, 3:518, 519, 520 Stewart, Archibald, 5:41 blue sky laws and, 1:491 Stone, Lucy, 6:97; 8:506 Stewart, Dugald, 8:179 contractionary impact of crashes Stone, Ralph, 4:478 Stewart, Ellen, 8:115–116 in, 1:585 Stone, Thomas, at Alexandria Con- Stewart, George E., in Archangel crash of 1929 in, 7:548 ference, 1:122 Campaign, 1:247 government regulation following, Stoneman, George, 5:244 Stewart, Helen, 5:41 3:275 Stonewall riot, 3:513, 514, 520; Stewart, Maria W., 8:506 and Great Depression, 1:585 4:65; 7:165 on women’s rights, 9:331–332 and Reconstruction Finance Cor- Stoney Creek, Battle of, 7:552 Stewart, Philo P., 6:152 poration, 7:62 Stoney Sioux, 5:23 crash of 1987 in (Black Monday), Stono Rebellion, 7:379 Stewart, Potter 1:476–477, 563, 585 Storm warning system, 2:235 on abortion under Medicaid, 4:100 economic indicators and behavior Storms on right to privacy for birth con- of, 3:106 meteorology, 5:330–332 trol, 4:67 growth of, 7:549–550 See also Blizzards; Hurricanes on sex discrimination, 3:478, 525 insider trading in, 4:362–363 Storm-surge floods, 3:383 Stewart, Robert, 7:483 investment companies in, Story, Joseph, 2:316; 3:89 Stewart J. Cort (ship), 4:55 4:411–413 on fugitive slaves, 3:482; 6:294, 462 STFU. See Southern Tenant Farm- junk bonds in, 4:501–502 judicial review by, 4:495 ers’ Union Moody’s ratings, 5:454 Story, William Wetmore, 1:306 Stickley, Gustav, 1:287, 293, 320; NASDAQ in, 7:549 Stotz, Carl, 5:132 3:497–498 after 9/11 attack, closed, 6:108 Stout, Rex, 5:130 Stickley, John George, 3:497 NYSE in, 7:548, 549 Stowe, Calvin, 3:114 Stickley, Leopold, 3:497 origins of, 7:548 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 3:180; Stickney, Josiah H., 8:319 Standard & Poor’s and, 7:520 8:106, 113, 506 Sticks and Bones (Rabe), 8:115 Wall Street Journal on, 8:366–367 Congregationalism and, 2:349 Stiegel, Henry William, 4:3 Stock Raising Homestead Act Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 2:163; 5:119; Stieglitz, Alfred, 1:297, 300, 300, (1916), 1:65 7:195, 381; 8:248–249 301; 5:336 Stockbridge Indian settlement, Strachey, William, 1:445 Stigler, George, 3:109 7:550 Straight, Dorothy, 6:76 Still, Andrew Taylor, 5:291, 302 Stockbridge-Munsee. See Mahican Straight, Willard, 3:71; 6:76 Still, William Grant, 4:96 Indians Strand, Paul, 1:300 Stillman, Charles, 1:155 Stocking, George W., Jr., 1:194 Strassmann, Fritz, 6:342 Stillman’s Run, Battle of, 8:401 Stocks, 6:356; 7:551 Strategic Air Command (SAC), 1:77, Stilwell, Joseph, 5:324 Stockton, Robert F., 2:297; 4:515; 81–82 in China-Burma-India Theater, 7:551 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 1:576; 2:152 on flogging, 3:383 (SALT), 7:552–554 Stimson, Henry L., 2:151, 467; “Peacemaker” (gun) devised by, SALT I, 1:272, 272; 7:553; 8:202, 5:482 6:464 206 and Japanese American incarcera- Stockton-Kearny Quarrel, 7:551 ABM Treaty in, 1:75; 7:553 tion, 4:460 Stockyards, 7:551–552 Interim Agreement in, 7:553 and U.S.–Japanese relations, Stoddard, Solomon, 4:38 shortcomings of, 7:553 4:457–458; 6:197 Stoddert, Benjamin, 6:23 SALT II, 1:272; 7:553; 8:202, 206

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Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty, economic, 7:555 by teachers, 1:156–157 2:269 by electrical workers, 3:176 in New York City (1968), 4:475 Strategic Arms Reduction Talks by farm workers, 8:266, 267 by teamsters, 4:386, 386 (START), 1:272; 7:553–554; by garment workers, 1:132; 2:247; by textile workers, 4:347; 8:278 8:203 3:512; 4:390, 391; 8:111, Truax v. Corrigan and, 8:230 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 521–522 violence in, 7:556; 8:339 1:75; 5:43; 6:145, 337; 7:149, in Gilded Age, 3:577 whipsaw, 5:141 554–555 goals of, 7:555 after World War I, 8:536 opposition to, 7:18 government neutrality in, 7:557 after World War II, 7:558 Strategic Hamlet Program, 3:417 in Great Depression, 5:17 See also Labor disputes; Railroad Strategy, in warfare, 5:145–146 grievance, 7:555 strikes; Steel strikes Stratton, Mary Perry, 1:304 arbitration for, 1:237 Strikebreakers, African Americans Stratton, W. S., 2:464 Homestead strike (1892), 4:157; as, 3:49 Strauch, Adolph, 2:81 8:339 Stringfellow, B. F., 1:505 Strauder v. West Virginia, 4:503; industrial employment and, 5:6 Strip joints, 6:514 7:555 by Industrial Workers of the Strip mining, 2:251, 252 Straus, Lazarus, 5:190 World, 4:347 Striptease artists, 1:575 Strauss, Levi, 2:245; 4:14 injunctions against, 4:360–361 Stroke, 5:105 Strauss, Nathan, 2:490 interest arbitration for, 1:236 Strong, Benjamin, 3:345 Straw poll, 6:533 by Knights of Labor, 4:540; 5:7 Strong, Caleb, and War of 1812, Strawbridge, Robert, 2:175 La Follette Civil Liberties Com- 4:101 Street, Sidney, 3:380–381 mittee hearings on, 5:1 Strong, George Templeton, 5:568 Street, The (Petry), 5:125 in Lawrence (Massachusetts), Strong, Josiah, 2:349; 8:263 Street railways. See Railways, urban 5:59–61, 60, 61 Strong, William, 1:146 and rapid transit legislation on, 7:557–558 Strontium 90, 7:560 Streetcar Named Desire, A (Williams), lockouts and, 5:141 Structural integration, 6:39 8:115 by longshoremen, 4:395, 396 Structural unemployment, 8:252 Streetcars and Ludlow Massacre, 5:169–170 Structuralism, 6:430 electric, 8:188 by meatpacking workers, 5:280 Structure of Scientific Revolutions horse-drawn, 8:188 Memorial Day Massacre (1937), (Kuhn), 3:543; 6:327, 404, 446 Streeter, Alson J., 3:158; 8:259 5:307 Strunk, William, 3:222 Streetwalkers, 6:514 by mine workers, 2:255, 264, 299; Struthers, Sally, 1:126, 127 Streisand, Barbra, 1:546 4:397; 8:268 Strutt, Jedediah, 8:108 Streptomycin, 8:237 Coeur d’Alene, 2:264; 8:454 Stryker, Roy Emerson, 1:301; 3:320 Stresemann, Gustav, 3:562 Colorado coal, 2:300–301 Stuart, Gilbert, 1:295 Strickland, William, 1:250; 2:32 Cripple Creek, 2:464–465; 8:454 Stuart, J. E. B., 4:99; 5:462; 7:560 Strike(s), 7:555–560 Leadville (Colorado), 8:454 and invasion of Pennsylvania, by air traffic controllers, 1:82; national, 1:181; 4:109 6:280 2:275; 5:11; 7:559; 8:172 number of, 7:556 in Peninsular Campaign, 6:275 and antistrike decrees, 6:121 organizing, 7:555–556 Stuart, Moses, 1:448 by athletes, 7:559 outlawed, 2:228 Stuart, Robert, 1:342; 3:492; 6:29 by automobile workers, 7:372; Paterson Silk Strike, 6:257 Stuart’s Ride, 4:99; 7:560 8:261, 261, 262 Philadelphia cordwainers’ case, Student activism, 8:586–587 newspaper account of, 9:385–387 6:313–314 Student Education Employment by baseball players, 1:422 Pinkerton Agency and, 6:357 Program, 3:122 by Boston police, 1:513–514 by police, 7:557 Student Nonviolent Coordinating Burlington, 1:576, 576 by public sector employees, Committee (SNCC), 2:202; child participation in, 2:140 7:558–559 3:557; 7:561; 8:587 by coal miners, anthracite strike Pullman, 6:549, 549–550; 8:303 and Black Panthers, 1:478 (1902), 1:190–191; 5:6; 6:279; by railroad workers, 2:9, 224 and Black Power, 1:479 7:557 scabs and, 7:259–260 dissolution of, 2:204 collective bargaining and, 2:274 sit-down, 7:371, 371–372 establishment of, 7:18, 561 by communication and media by steelworkers, 4:429; 8:277 founding statement of, text of, workers, 2:324, 325 Taft-Hartley Act on, 8:171 9:446

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Student Nonviolent Coordinating Subsistence homesteads, 7:566–567 resistance to, 3:146, 147; 7:58; Committee (SNCC), (continued) Substance abuse, 7:567–571 8:8–9, 273, 275 Freedom Summer drive of, 2:203 during Civil War, 5:510 almost universal, 3:250 resistance to draft, 2:364–365 forms of, 7:568–569 in colonial era, 3:145; 8:4, 6, 355 separatism of, 4:375 prevention of, 7:570–571 definition of, 8:4 women in, 8:516 treatments for, 7:569–570 democracy and, 2:547 Students for a Democratic Society See also Alcoholism exclusion from, 8:4–6 (SDS), 7:18, 561–562; 8:587 Substitutes, Civil War, 7:571 property requirements for, 6:508; in civil rights movement, Subtreasuries, 7:571 8:4, 6, 355 7:561–562 Suburbanization, 7:571–576 religious requirements for, 1:206; establishment of, 7:561 automobiles in, 7:573–574 8:6 Vietnam War opposition by, and city planning, 2:185–187 and representation, 7:105–106 7:561–562 commuter railroads, 5:373–374 residency requirements for, 8:355 and Weathermen, 1:182 highways and, 7:179 as test of political equality, 3:250 Stumpf, William, 3:499 and housing, 4:181, 182; 7:574 white primaries and, 6:463 Sturgeon, William, 3:180 Levittown as example of, 5:85–86 for women, 3:145, 147, 519; 7:106; Sturges v. Crowninshield, 7:562 in Maryland, 5:257, 258 8:9–12, 10, 356 Sturtevant, Alfred Henry, 3:532 and metropolitan districts, 8:290 Equal Rights Party and, 3:248 Stuyvesant, Peter, 1:206; 4:476 metropolitan government, freedom of contract and, New Amsterdam government led 5:334–335 5:394–395 by, 6:40, 296 in Michigan, 5:356 in Kansas, 4:509–510 New Castle captured by, 6:41 magazine publications, 5:192 as migration, 5:373–374 New Netherland led by, 6:72, 87 Minor v. Happerset, 5:401–402 municipal government and, New Sweden captured by, 6:276 National Woman’s Party and, 5:475–476 portrait of, 1:294; 6:72 5:565–566 in New Jersey, 6:63 Styrofoam, 6:367 in New Jersey, 3:145; 7:105 problems with, 7:574–576 Styron, William, 5:122 newspapers and, 6:97 real estate industry and, 7:53 Sublette, William L., 3:493; 8:176, Nineteenth Amendment on, shopping malls and, 5:215, 216; 363 2:181 7:125 Submarines, 7:562–564 organizations on, 8:11–12 transportation advances in, aircraft carriers and, 1:91 original documents on, 7:572–574 in Civil War, 7:562 9:332–337 urban redevelopment and, 8:286 in Cold War, 7:563 Supreme Court on, 8:11 vs. convoy systems, 2:403, 403 Subversion, Communist, 8:1–2 Woman’s Christian Temperance destroyed by North Sea mine bar- Subways, 7:44, 44 Union and, 8:497 rage, 6:134 tunnels for, 8:240 women activists and, 7:106; development of, 5:480 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 8:513–514 Nautilus, 6:14 (SIDS), 8:2 in Wyoming, 8:564 and naval blockades, 1:487 Suess, Hans E., 4:6; 6:344 See also League of Women Voters in North Polar exploration, 6:382 Suez Crisis, 3:141; 4:43; 8:2–3, 270 Sugar Acts, 2:283, 286; 7:134; nuclear, 7:563 U.S. response to, 1:445 8:12–13 manufacturing of, 2:358 and U.S. electoral politics, 3:164 and cod fishing trade, 2:261 Thresher disaster, 8:122–123 Suffixes, 5:509 and Rhode Island economy, 7:152 in torpedo warfare, 8:144 Suffolk Banking System, 1:397; 8:3 Sugar industry, 8:13–15 in World War I, 2:3; 7:562–563; Suffolk Resolves, 8:3–4 in colonial era, 8:12–13 8:33, 540, 590 Suffrage, 8:4–12 in Hawaii, 4:106–107, 108 in World War II, 7:563; 8:556–557 for African Americans, 1:542; importation from Latin America, Submerged Lands Act (1953), 6:303; 3:145; 7:106; 8:6–9, 355, 356 5:45 8:125 in 20th century, 8:9 maple sugar, 5:231 Subpoenas, to presidents, 3:279; after Civil War, 7:58, 59, 59 Molasses Act (1733), 5:435–436 6:456–457 Federal Elections Bill (1890) and, and slavery, 7:383–384, 389–390, Subsidies, 3:309–310; 7:564–566 2:332 392; 8:13 vs. federal aid, 3:333–334 Mississippi Plan and, 5:414–415 sorghum in, 7:450 shipping, 5:319–320, 321 in Reconstruction, 8:7–9 Sugar plantations, 6:364–365

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“Sugar Trust Case, T he,” 4:26 Sun Belt, 8:18, 291 reactions to, 1:6–7 Sugarman v. Dougall, 1:126 migration to, 5:374 restricted access to, 1:7, 45–46; Suicide Sun dance, 4:292–293; 8:18–19, 19, 6:361–362; 8:433–434 assisted (See Assisted suicide) 223 right to privacy and, 4:497 laws on, 1:339 Sun Microsystems, 2:337 on academic freedom, 1:10, 143 mass, People’s Temple and, 2:478; Sunday, Billy, 3:265–266 on administrative adjudication, 7:94; 8:303 Sunday laws, 1:490–491 1:22 Sulfur dioxide emissions, and acid Sunday schools, 2:106; 8:19–20 on admiralty law, 1:23 rain, 1:13, 14 Chautauqua movement and, 2:113 on affirmative action, 1:36–37, Sullivan, Ed, 8:72 hymns in, 4:206 386; 4:66; 7:157 Sullivan, John, 1:532; 8:208; 9:30 Sunrise Community, 8:303 on African Americans Sullivan, John L., 6:484, 484 Sununu, John, 1:231 on juries, 7:555 Sullivan, L. B., 6:91 SUNY. See State University of New during Reconstruction, 8:23 Sullivan, Louis, 1:293; 7:375 York on alien landholding, 1:124; 4:464 Sullivan, New York Times v., 3:374; Super Bowl, 3:411 on alien rights, 1:125–126 5:90; 6:91, 297–298 “Super Tuesday,” 6:114 on Amistad case, 1:176 Sullivan, Rust v., 6:362; 7:216 Superconducting Quantum Interfer- on antimiscegenation laws, 5:165 Sullivan, Timothy, 4:75 ence Device (SQUID), 6:347 on antitrust legislation, 1:436; Sullivan Law (1911), 4:75 Superconducting Super Collider 2:418–419; 8:274 Sully, Alfred, 2:492–493; 3:377 (SSC), 6:339; 8:20 and International Harvester Sully, Thomas, 1:295 Superconductivity, 6:337, 347 Company, 4:389 Sulzberger, Arthur Hays, 6:89 Superfund, 3:39, 231; 8:20–21, 424 and interstate commerce, 4:26; Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs, Jr., 6:89 functions of, 8:21 6:135; 8:234 Sulzberger, Arthur Ochs (Punch), funding for, 4:112 Sherman Antitrust Act, 1:20, 172, 6:89 legislation authorizing, 4:111–112; 214; 4:26 Sulzberger, Iphigene, 6:90 8:20–21 debate over, 7:343–344 Summary View of the Rights of British limitations of, 4:112; 8:21 and Standard Oil Company, America, A (Jefferson), 7:136 and Times Beach, 8:127 6:303; 7:521; 8:235 Summerlin, William A., 7:278 Superfund Act (1980), 3:228, 232 on appointments, presidential, Summit conferences, U.S. and Russ- Superfund Amendments and Reau- 5:506 ian, 8:15–17 thorization Act (SARA) (1986), on apportionment, 1:227; 8:357 Sumner, Charles, 2:194; 5:90 4:111–112; 8:21 on arrest, 1:283, 284; 7:290 on Alabama claims, 1:106 Supermarkets, 2:100; 7:125 on Asian Americans, discrimina- Brooks’ caning of, 1:332 Supermax prisons, 6:478 tion against, 1:324 “Crime Against Kansas” speech by, Supersonic transport (SST), 8:21 on assisted suicide, 3:263; 8:418 excerpt from, 9:288–292 Superstore book retailing, on bail, 1:385 and Democratic Party, 2:551 6:538–539 on Bank of the United States, state in Free Soil Party, 2:361; 3:459 Supplemental Security Income taxation of, 4:247; 5:184; as Radical Republican, 7:15, 112 (SSI), 6:438; 8:441 6:218 Sumner, Edwin, in Battle of Anti- Supply-side economics, 2:517; on Bible reading, 1:449 etam, 1:200 8:21–22, 29, 229 on bigamy, 5:54 Sumner, Fort, 6:16, 19 in monetary theory, 5:441 on Bill of Rights, 1:453, 457; 2:198 Sumner, James B., 1:461 “Supra-Constitutional principles,” on bills of credit, 2:446 Sumner, William Graham, 2:227; 6:10 on birth control, 1:6; 4:66–67; 3:109, 438; 6:424; 7:412, 432 Supremacy clause, in Constitution, 6:479 and laissez-faire conservatism, 2:380 on book banning, 1:500 2:375 Supreme Court, U.S., 3:341; 8:22–26 on boundary disputes, 1:521, Sumptuary laws and taxes, colonial, on abortion 522–523 8:17 discussion of, 7:216 on Buckley Amendment, 3:316 Sumter, Fort, 2:209; 6:443, 482; legalization of, 1:6–7; 7:192–193; under Burger, 4:497; 8:25 8:17–18 8:517 on doctrine of free speech, 3:374 Sumter, Thomas, 7:145 as litmus test for Court nominees, on business regulation, 5:482–483 Sun Also Rises, The (Hemingway), 1:7 on capital punishment, 2:40–41; 5:120 under Medicaid, 4:100 6:552

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Supreme Court, U.S., (continued) on economic regulations, on freedom of speech, 3:374 on censorship, 2:84, 85; 3:374; 8:484–485 Espionage Act and, 7:264 6:419 on education in high schools, 1:26 on Cherokee Nation cases, parental choice in, 6:352–353 on Internet, 8:68 2:127–128 policies, 3:115, 118, 119, 121, on fugitive slaves, 1:2–3; 3:482; on child abuse, 2:137 122, 138 4:487; 6:278, 294, 462 on child labor, 2:140, 142, 149 on electronic surveillance, 3:185 on General Welfare clause, on children’s rights, 2:149; 4:250 on eminent domain, 3:198; 8:274 3:527–528 on Chinese Exclusion Act, 8:276 on employment discrimination, on genetic engineering, 3:530; on Christian symbols, public dis- 2:196 6:256 play of, 2:166, 170 gender-based, 1:377 on gerrymandering, 3:62; 5:79 on church-state separation, pregnancy and, 3:525; 6:449 on Gold Clause cases, 7:118 2:168–170 standards for evaluating, on grandfather clauses, 4:35, 73; on civil rights, 2:194, 195, 197, 8:389–390 5:526 198, 199; 7:62; 8:24–25, 273, on enumerated powers, 3:225 on grievance arbitration, 1:237 274 on environmental policies, 3:206 on Guffey Coal Acts, 4:71 on civil servants, political activities on equal family benefits for women on gun control, 4:74 of, 4:104 and men, 3:478 on habeas corpus, 1:284; 3:270, on Clayton Act, 6:121 on equal protection, 3:245–247 271, 272; 4:81–82 on clear and present danger, 7:264 on Espionage and Sedition Acts, on hate crimes, 4:105 on commerce clause, 2:310–312, 3:254 against women, 4:104 405; 3:575; 4:26; 8:274–275 establishment of, 2:380, 381 on hours of labor, 5:14, 139–140 on common law, 2:317, 318 on executive privilege, 3:279; 4:497 on implied powers, 4:247–248 Congress and, relationship on fairness doctrine, 3:341 on income tax, 4:251–252; between, 8:22 on fair-trade laws, 3:309 6:409–410; 7:512–513; 8:57 on congressional administrative on Federal Communications Com- on inherent powers, 4:358 discretion, 1:21 mission, 3:340, 341 on Insular cases, 4:367 on congressional authority over on federal estate tax, 8:57 on interstate comity, 1:395 monetary policy, 4:10 on Federal Power Commission, 6:9 on interstate commerce, 2:60; on congressional contempt, 2:393 on Federal Trade Commission, 4:401, 402 on congressional districts, 7:108 3:348 barriers to, 4:406 on congressional violation of Indi- on Fifth Amendment, 5:404–405 federal control over, 7:352, 514 an treaties, 5:147–148 on First Amendment, 3:373–374; original package doctrine of, on conspiracy, 2:377 6:1, 91; 8:68 6:213 Constitution interpreted by, 3:342 on flag on Interstate Commerce Commis- on constitutional facts, 5:473 burning of, 3:381 sion, 4:401 on contract clause, 2:107, 397 mandatory daily salute to, 3:380 on investigating committees, 4:411 on contracts, 3:382 on food labels, 6:554 on investigative powers of Con- liberty of, 3:308; 5:394, 472–473 on Fourteenth Amendment, 7:62, gress, 2:352 on copyright, 2:412 378 on Japanese American internment, on county government, 2:438 Loving v. Virginia, 5:251 3:272; 4:461, 464 on county-unit system in Georgia, Minor v. Happerset, 5:401–402 on judicial review, 2:7 3:556 Munn v. Illinois, 5:482–483 judicial review by, 4:491–494, 495; on Debs (Eugene V.), 4:249 under Warren, 4:496 6:10 on deportation, 3:11 on Fourth Amendment, 1:283; on jurors, 4:503; 7:555 on desegregation, 3:14–15 7:289–290 women as, 8:60 on disabilities, 1:172 on freedom of press on juvenile justice, 4:505 distinction between attorneys and Grosjean v. American Press Compa- on labor issues, 1:580; 2:228, 229, counselors at law, 5:73 ny and, 4:67 275, 408, 496; 8:578–579 on diversity-of-citizenship cases, Near v. Minnesota and, 6:27 industrial court, 8:495 3:254 New York Times Co. v. United on legal-tender, 4:500; 5:76 on domestic violence, 3:74 States and, 6:287 on libel, 3:374; 4:67; 5:90; 6:91 on due process of law, 2:134; New York Times v. Sullivan, 6:91, on license cases, 5:103 3:89–91; 4:198 297–298 on line-item veto, 8:320–321

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INDEX on literacy tests, 5:116 nullifying treaties, 8:199 on doctrine of free speech, 3:374 on lockouts, 5:141 number of justices in, 8:26–27 on separation of church and state, on loyalty oaths, 2:480; 8:62, on oil shipments, 6:243 3:374 96–97 on one-person-one-vote, 5:79 on religion in schools, 2:164 on marriage, interracial (misce- original package doctrine of, 6:213 on religious freedom, 2:167–168; genation), 5:251, 406 packing bills, 8:24, 26–27 7:150 under Marshall, 8:23 separation of powers in, for Native Americans, 1:161–162; on martial law, 5:254 7:312–313 5:180; 7:401 on military law jurisdiction, 5:379 on patents, 6:256 on religious practices, 1:494 on Military Reconstruction Acts on picketing, 6:350; 8:230 on restraint of trade, 7:123 (1867), 3:559 on Pledge of Allegiance, 6:370 reversing previous rulings, 3:342 on military trials of civilians, 3:271, on police power, 6:387 on right to counsel, 3:575–576 272 on poll taxes, 2:48; 5:415 and “right to die” cases, 3:262; on minimum wage, 1:21; 8:360, on popular sovereignty, 3:82 7:160–161 445 on pornography, 6:419 on right to petition, 6:297–298 on Minnesota moratorium case, on pregnant women, benefits to, on right to privacy, 6:479–480 5:401 3:525; 6:449 role of, 8:22 on miscegenation, 5:251, 406 on presidential election of 2000, evolution of, 4:495–498 and Mormons, 5:54 4:494; 7:527 Roosevelt (Franklin Delano) and, on national authority over states, candidates’ responses to, 4:492–493, 496; 5:57 2:265 9:523–526 court-packing plan for, on Native Americans, 1:474; 3:271 presidential elections decided by, 7:312–313; 8:24, 26–27 children, 4:263 1:578–579; 3:148, 170, 171 on school desegregation, constitutional rights of, 4:264, on president’s power to call out 1:589–590; 2:108–109, 202; 265; 7:247 militia, 5:255 3:16, 341; 4:374; 5:526, 527 gambling on lands of, 3:509; on president’s removal power, in public schools, 5:425 7:309; 8:223 7:100–101 speed of, 1:122 lands of, compensation for, 8:275 on private-corporation charters, and state sovereignty, 7:534 peyote use by, 1:162; 7:401 2:503 on school prayer, 1:347; 7:265–266 religious freedom for, 1:161–162; on privileges and immunities of on school vouchers, 7:266 5:180; 7:401 citizens, 6:482 on Scottsboro case, 7:286 removal of, 4:285; 6:183; 8:224 Prize Cases of, 2:210 on search and seizure, 1:283, 284 and sacred sites on public lands, on prohibition, 5:471 on sedition acts, 7:301, 401; 8:1 5:180 on property rights, 6:505 on seniority rights, 7:311–312 treaties with, 4:314 on public health, 3:239 on separation of church and state, on necessary and proper clause, on Public Interest Doctrine, 4:35, 3:374 4:247–248 36 separation of powers and, on New Deal, 8:24 on racial discrimination 7:312–313 agricultural, 8:273 in employment, 4:66 on set-asides, 7:316, 398 definition of business affected in Jim Crow laws, 4:479–480 on sex discrimination, 2:206, with public interest, 6:28 on racial segregation, 1:443, 549; 445–446; 3:478, 525; 6:295; Federal Trade Commission, 2:199; 3:341; 4:374; 5:406, 7:73, 183; 8:275–276 3:348 425; 6:370–371; 7:302 on sexual harassment, 3:54–55; interpretive shift in, 4:493, 496 on racially restrictive covenant, 5:324; 7:323–324 judicial review and, 4:492–493 6:506 on sexual orientation, discrimina- National Industrial Recovery Act, on Racketeer Influenced and Cor- tion based on, 3:56; 7:196 1:21; 7:263–264 rupt Organization Act on sexual television programming, National Recovery Administra- (RICO), 7:158 8:68 tion, 3:348 on railroad liability, 6:232 on sit-down strikes, 7:372 nominations to on railroad rates, 7:26; 8:493 on Slaughterhouse cases, 3:90; 7:62 abortion issue and, 1:7 on Reconstruction, 5:418; 7:61–62 on slave trade, 1:190 judicial activism and, 4:497 on regulatory takings, 6:505–506 on slavery, 3:85–86 Senate confirmation of, 2:353 on rehabilitation, 6:552 on social security program, 7:416, on nonprofit organizations, 6:316 under Rehnquist, 4:493–494; 8:25 419

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Supreme Court, U.S., (continued) on West Virginia’s debt, 8:350 on zoning, 6:505 on special prosecutors, 7:313, 496 on white primaries, 6:463 Sutter, Johann, 2:8, 9 on state admittance procedures, on wildlife Sutter, John, 4:12–13, 14; 8:33 3:202 preservation of, federal authority Sutter’s Fort, 8:33, 33 on states in, 8:481 Suttle, Charles F., 1:577 bankruptcy laws of, 6:171; 7:562 state ownership of, 8:479 Sutton, May, 8:90 constitutions of, 7:527 on women Sutton, Walter S., 3:532 vs. federal law, 4:250; 8:390 labor laws for, 5:394, 472–473 Suzuki Ro¯ shi, Shunryu, 1:552 vs. federal power, 7:378; 8:23 minimum wage and, 5:394–395 Swaine, Charles, 3:286 power of courts of, 1:2–3; protective legislation for, 3:247 Swamp, Dismal, 3:57–58 3:514–515; 5:255 segregation of, 7:303 Swan v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board regulation of private industry, suffrage for, 8:11 of Education, 1:589; 2:108–109, 4:35, 36 women justices in, 5:566; 8:507 199; 3:118 sovereignty of, 1:120; 2:158; on workers’ right to demonstrate, Swanson, Claude A., 8:344 7:534–535 5:546 Swanton, John, 4:177 suits against, 3:342–343 on Yazoo fraud, 5:36; 8:576 Swanwick, Helena, “The War in Its on steamboat monopolies, 3:483, on zoning ordinances, 8:593 Effect Upon Women,” excerpt 575 Surface Mining Reclamation and from, 9:363–364 on steel industry, 7:546 Enforcement, Office of (OSM), Swarthmore College, 8:33–34 on subpoenas to presidents, 4:383, 384 Swartout, Samuel, 2:485 6:456–457 Surfing, 8:27, 27–28 Swartwout, Samuel, 3:270 under Taney, 8:23 Surnames, 5:509 SWAT. See Special Weapons and on tariffs, 3:358 Surplus, federal, 8:28–29 Tactics on taxation, by Congress, 5:184 and Deposit Act of 1836, 3:12 Swayne, Noah H., on power of state on Tenth Amendment, and treaty- Surplus Property Act (1944), 3:483 courts, 3:515 making power, 5:428 Surratt, Mary, 1:328 Swearer, Howard R., 1:548 on territories of U.S., 3:413; 8:92, Surrogate motherhood, 8:29–30 Sweatshops, 6:289; 8:34–35, 35 94 Surrounded, The (McNickle), 5:128; bowling alleys as, 1:526 on tidelands, 8:124–125 8:30 child labor in, 2:140 on tort case, 6:232 Surveillance, by FBI, 3:337, 338–339 clothing industry and, 2:247, on trade unions, 4:82–83; 5:546 Survey Act (1824), 8:30–31 248–249 seniority systems of, 4:387 Survey Research Center (SRC), shoemaking industry and, 1:503 strikes by, 7:559 6:534 student protests against, 8:587 on trademark, 8:173 Surveying, 8:31, 31–33, 32 Sweden on treason, 3:270; 8:194 and cartography, 2:62 and American Revolution, 6:78 on Vallandigham incident, 8:306 Coast and Geodetic Survey and, colonial settlements of, 6:77–78 on voting practices and rights, 2:256–257 in Delaware, 2:541 1:385; 3:144, 147; 8:273, 275 in exploration of American West, foreign observers from, 1:138, discrimination in, 8:9 3:297, 299, 300 148–149 election districts in, 8:357 under Jefferson, 6:201 immigration from, 7:262 poll taxes in, 8:9, 344 legislation on, 8:30 Swedenborg, Emanuel, 8:35–36 property requirements for, 6:508 Mason-Dixon line, 5:259–260 Swedenborgian Churches, 8:35–36 residency requirements in, 8:355 oceanographic, 6:159–161 Swedish Americans, 7:262 Voting Rights Act, 8:9, 357 railroad, 7:30 Swedish West India Company, 3:286 on wages and hours, regulation of, state geological, 3:547–549, 550 Sweeney, John, 1:153 1:19, 21; 3:308; 5:394–395; tools for, 8:31–33 Sweeney, Peter B. (Brains), 7:162 7:303; 8:360 See also Polling Sweet, Ossian, 4:75 on war powers, 8:373–374, 388 Suspending Act, 8:150 Sweet potatoes, 6:432 under Warren, 4:493, 496–497; Susquehannock, 6:276 Sweezy v. New Hampshire, 1:10, 143 8:24–25 Sussex case, 8:33 Swidler, Ann, 1:338 on separation of church and state, Sustainable development, goal of, Swift, Gustavus, 5:135 3:374 3:231 Swift, Louis, 1:258 on welfare system, residency Sutherland, George, 2:60 Swift and Company v. United States, requirements in, 7:222 on minimum-wage legislation, 1:21 1:436; 2:311

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Swift v. Tyson, 3:254; 8:36 and Labor Department, 3:331; Talk shows, 2:78, 78; 8:44–45 Swilling, Jack, 1:256 5:10 vs. soap operas, 7:409 Swimming, 8:36–37, 37 Latin American policies of, 5:47 Talking films, 3:362–363 Swing music, big-band, 4:468–469 on minimum-wage legislation, Tall stories, 8:45 Swink, George Washington, 1:64 1:21 Tallchief, Maria, 2:501 Swinnerton, James Guilford, 2:309 and naval oil reserves, 6:19 Tallchief, Marjorie, 2:501 Swinton, Ernest D., 1:266 and Philippines, 6:320, 322 Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Mau- Swisshelm, Jane, Half a Century, in presidential campaign of 1908, rice de, 2:398 excerpt from, 9:255–257 3:160 Tallmadge, James, 3:82; 8:45 Switzerland, foreign investment in presidential campaign of 1912, Tallmadge Amendment (1819), from, 3:422 3:160; 6:70, 496; 8:43, 119 5:423, 424; 8:45 SWNCC. See State-War-Navy and Progressives, 6:496 Talmadge, Eugene, 3:556 Coordinating Committee at Republican convention of 1912, Talon, Jean, 6:51 SWOC. See Steelworkers Organiz- 2:400 Tamarind Workshop, 6:471 ing Committee vs. Roosevelt (Theodore), 1:391 Tammany Hall, 1:507; 6:79; Swope, Gerard, 5:555 State Department under, 7:528 8:45–47, 46 Sylvester, J. J., 5:18 War Department under, 8:378 draft held by, 3:84 Sylvis, William, 5:546 Taft Commission, 8:41 political machine predating, 3:150 Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA), Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 2:43, 275; in presidential campaign of 1884, 8:38, 95 3:176; 5:11, 15; 7:558; 8:41–43 3:157 Symington, Fife, 1:259 on checkoff, 2:116 Tammany societies, 8:47 Symmes, John Cleves, 5:36, 353 closed shop banned by, 2:243; museum of (New York), 5:486 Symphony orchestras, 8:38–39 7:161 Tampa-St. Petersburg (Florida), Synchrotron, 6:338 and Federal Mediation and Concil- 8:47 Syndicalism, 8:39–40 iation Service, 3:343 Tampons, and toxic shock syndrome, Syntroleum, 3:480 National Association of Manufac- 8:150–151 turers and, 5:528 TAN. See Temporary Assistance for Syphilis, 6:513; 7:332, 333, 333 and National Labor Relations Needy Families Syrian Americans, 1:230, 230–231 Board, 8:42–43 Tan, Amy System of Mineralogy (Dana), 5:390 provisions of, 5:141; 7:558 The Bonesetter’s Daughter, 5:123 Systems Development Corporation on trade union activity, 8:42–43, The Joy Luck Club, 5:123 (SDC), 7:440 171–172 Tanainas, 8:213 Truman’s veto of, 8:321, 322 Tandy, Charles, 7:126 and workers’ rights, 5:545 Tanenhaus, Joseph, 6:401 T Taft-Katsura Memorandum (1905), Taney, Roger B., 3:272; 8:196 8:43 and Bank of the United States, Taber, John, 6:44 Taft-Roosevelt Split, 6:70, 496; campaign against, 7:103 Tabernacle, Mormon, 8:41 8:43, 119 on commerce clause, 2:310 Tactics, in warfare, 5:145–146 TAG. See American Genealogist, The on contract clause, 2:107 Taft, Lorado, 1:316 Tagliacozzi, Gasparo, 2:422 Court under, 8:23 Taft, William Howard, 5:63 Tailhook incident, 7:323; 8:43–44 on Dred Scott case, 4:74, 492, 495; in American Bar Association, 1:145 Tainter, Charles, 1:357 6:10 antitrust legislation under, 8:234 Taiwan on Fugitive Slave Acts, 1:2; 6:462 and appearance of flag, 3:378 capitalist development in, 2:44 on habeas corpus, suspension of, and Arizona statehood, 1:258 foreign aid to, 3:416 1:284 and baseball tradition, 1:420 immigration from, 2:155 on judicial review, 4:492, 495 on child labor tax, 2:142 U.S. relations with, 2:152 and Luther v. Borden, 5:175 and Children’s Bureau, 2:147 Takagi, T., 4:466 on Missouri Compromise, 5:425 on Clayton Act, 2:228, 229 Takahashi v. Fish and Game Commis- on popular sovereignty, 3:82 and conservation legislation, 8:437, sion, 1:125–126 on slavery, 3:85–86 480 Talbot, Marion, 8:281 on wildlife, state ownership of, and dollar diplomacy, 3:70, 71 Talbot, Silas, 2:378 8:479 and FBI, 3:337 Talese, Gay, 5:122; 6:90 TANF. See Temporary Assistance for and government pensions, 6:283 Taliban, 6:109 Needy Families

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Tanguy, Yves, 1:298 National Association of Manufac- British colonial, 2:286; 7:134 Tanks. See Armored vehicles turers and, 5:528 protests against, 1:514–515 Tanner, Henry Schenk, 5:233 National Tariff Act (1789) and, and budget surplus, 8:28–29 Tanner, John, 2:51 8:50 Bush (George, H. W.) and, 8:59 Tanning and tanneries, for leather New Deal and, 8:156 Bush (George, W.) and, 8:59 products, 5:68–69 North American Free Trade capitation, 2:48 Taoism, 1:327 Agreement and, 3:309; 6:124 child labor, 2:142 Taos (New Mexico), 6:68, 69; Payne-Aldrich Tariff (1909), 8:51 during Civil War, 2:215, 216; 8:47–48, 48 Republican Party and, 8:51, 57, 7:132; 8:56–57 Taos Fair, 8:47 156 Confederacy and, 2:342–343 Taos Society of Artists, 6:69; 8:48 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act (1930) Clinton and, 8:59 Tap dance, 2:497 and, 1:386; 4:49; 8:52, 165 colonial, 8:55 Tappan, Henry Philip, 3:274; 8:282 South opposing, 3:460; 6:145; 8:50 Ipswich Protest against, 4:417 Tappan, Lewis, 1:210 Force Acts and, 3:413; 6:145–146 Massachusetts Circular Letter on, and Navajos, 6:16 specific duties, 8:50 5:272; 8:349 Tar, 6:20; 8:48–49 as subsidies, 7:565 text of, 9:122–123 Tar and feathers, 8:49, 49 Tariff Act (1816), 8:50 Mutiny Act as, 5:505 Taraki, Noor Mohammed, 1:37 Tariff Act (1824), 8:50 under Stamp Act, 7:517–518; Tarantino, Quentin, 3:364 Harrisburg Convention on, 4:100 8:55, 349 Tarawa, 3:576; 8:49 Tariff Act (1828), 8:50 under Townshend Acts, 8:49–50, Tarbell, Edmund Charles, 1:297 Tariff Act (1832), 8:50 55, 150, 349 Tarbell, Ida, 5:471; 7:521 Tariff Act (1842), 6:419; 8:51 Virginia Resolves on, 8:349 Target (discount store), 7:126 Tariff Act (1909), 3:460 by Congress, Supreme Court on, Tariff(s), 5:21; 8:49–52 Tariff Act (1930), 8:156 5:184 ad valorem duties, 8:50 Tariff of Abominations (1828), Constitution on, 8:55 American Revolution and, 8:50 5:228 definition of, 8:54 in American System, 1:171 trade agreements and, 8:156–158 as economic regulation, 5:184 Calhoun (John C.) and, 3:460; Underwood-Simmons Act (1913) as election issue, 3:168 6:145 and, 6:497; 8:51, 57, 156 excess profits, 3:273; 8:57 Civil War and, 8:51, 156 Walker Tariff (1846), 8:51 excise, 8:56 Clay (Henry) and, 7:111 Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894) export taxes, 3:302–303 during Cold War, 3:461 and, 8:51, 156 gasoline, 3:511–512 in colonial era, 8:49–50 World War II and, 8:157 Great Depression and, 8:58 Compromise Tariff (1833), Tarleton, Banastre, in Battle of in Hamilton’s economic policies, 8:50–51 Cowpens, 2:444 4:89 Democratic Party and, 8:51, 57, Task Force 58, 8:53 of inheritance, 4:359; 8:57 156 Task plantation system, 6:363, 364 intergovernmental exemption Dingley Act (1897) and, 8:51 Tate, Allen, 3:481 from, 2:275–276 in electoral politics, 3:157, 158, Tatum, Edward Lawrie, 3:533 as interstate trade barrier, 162 Taub, Edward, 1:186 4:405–406 Emergency Tariff (1921), 8:51 Taussig, Frank, 3:109 legislation on, judicial review of, fair-trade laws and, 3:309–310 Taverns and saloons, 6:425; 8:53, 4:206 Friends of Domestic Industry and, 53–54 Proposition 13 and, 6:508–509 3:474 Fraunces Tavern, 3:456–457, 457 Reagan and, 8:59 GATT and, 3:524; 8:52, 157, Tawney, Lenore, 1:309 sales, 7:230–231 198–199 Tax in Kind, Confederate. See single tax, 7:366 Great Depression and, 8:52 Tithes, Southern Agricultural in social security program, 7:420 Horizontal Tariff Bill (1872) and, Tax Reform Act (1969), 3:444 of spirits, 7:504, 505 4:166 Tax Reform Act (1986), 8:59 of state bank notes, 8:310 McKinley Tariff Act (1890) and, Taxation, 8:54–59 vs. state investment, 1:408 3:358; 8:51, 156 American Revolution and, 8:55 in supply-side economics, 8:21–22 Molasses Act (1733), 5:435–436 of Bank of the United States, by tobacco, 8:136 “Mongrel Tariff” (1883), 8:51 states, 4:247; 6:218 undistributed profits, 8:58 Morrill Tariff (1861), 8:51 of banks, Supreme Court on, 5:184 on whiskey, 6:278

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World War I and, 8:57 TCU. See Tribal College and Uni- compact discs (CDs), 2:328–329 World War II and, 8:58 versity educational, 3:139 See also Income tax; Poll taxes TDIU. See Team Drivers Interna- electrical appliances, 3:179–183, “Taxation without representation,” tional Union 182 7:135; 8:59–60 Tea electronics, 3:178–179 and independence, struggle for, duty on, 3:103; 8:60 law enforcement, 3:185–186 4:254 prerevolutionary trade, 8:61 in lead industry, 5:62 Virginia Resolves on, 8:349 Tea Act (1773), 8:61, 150 and lumber industry, 5:174 Tax-exempt status of endowed foun- TEA-21. See Transportation Equity in military intelligence, 4:376 dations, 3:444 Act for the 21st Century Native American, 4:306–309 Taxing District, Robbins v., 8:192 Teach, Edward (Blackbeard), 1:550, Tecumseh (Shawnee chief), 2:456; Taxonomy, mammals, 5:217–218 550 4:284; 6:7; 7:337 Taxpayer Relief Act (1997), 4:330 Teach for America, 8:62 in Battle of Tippecanoe, 8:131, Taylor, Andrew, 6:219 Teacher Corps, 8:61–62 382, 392, 399 Taylor, Edward, 5:118 Teachers death of, 8:392, 400 Taylor, Elizabeth, 1:17 academic freedom for, 1:10–11, speech by, text of, 9:199–200 Taylor, Frederick W., 4:334; 5:264; 142–143 on Treaty of Fort Wayne, 4:314 7:280–282; 8:529 loyalty oath for, 8:62–63 in War of 1812, 8:131, 382, 399, The Principles of Scientific Manage- Native American, 3:133 400 ment, 1:63 pension plans for, 2:56 Tecumseh’s Crusade, 8:64 excerpt from, 9:342–347 strikes by, 1:156–157 Teddy bear (toy), 8:153 in New York City (1968), 4:475 Teed, Cyrus, 8:302 Taylor, Glen, 3:163; 6:499 trade unions for, 1:154–157 Teenagers. See Adolescence Taylor, Graham, 7:317 training for, 8:62 Teepee. See Tipi Taylor, John women as, 3:112, 114, 131 Teeth. See Dentistry and Arkansas, 1:260 Teachers Insurance and Annuity Teflon, 6:366 and Virginia Resolves, 8:349 Association College Retirement Tehachapi Pass, 6:254 Taylor, John W., 5:423–424 Equities Fund (TIAA-CREF), Teheran Conference (1943), 7:211; Taylor, Major, 1:451 6:282 8:64–65 Taylor, Mildred, Roll of Thunder, Teachers Insurance Annuity Associa- Tekumtha. See Tecumseh Hear My Cry, 5:126 tion (TIAA), 2:56 Telecommunications, 8:65–67 Taylor, Myron, 8:277 Team Drivers International Union access to, 8:67 Taylor, Nathaniel William, 1:377, (TDIU), 4:385 Baby Bells, 1:381 378; 7:97 Teamsters. See International Broth- digital technology and, 3:24–25 Taylor, Richard, 8:87 erhood of Teamsters fiber optics and, 3:357–358 in Red River Campaign, 7:71 Teamsters v. Vogt, 6:350 foreign investment in, 3:423 Taylor, Roger E., 1:240 Teapot Dome oil scandal, 6:19–20, government regulation of, 1:381; Taylor, Sidney, 5:324 400; 7:113; 8:63 7:19 Taylor, Zachary special prosecutors on, 7:495 microwave technology, 5:361 and Compromise of 1850, 2:331 Technical Cooperation Administra- Telecommunications Act (1996), on Madison (Dolley), 3:375 tion, 6:381 1:381; 3:339, 340; 7:21; in Mexican-American War, 1:560; Technocracy Movement, 8:63 8:67–68, 75 5:339, 340, 341 Technologies of Gender (Lauretis), Telegraph, 8:65, 68–69, 69 and Omnibus Bill, 6:194 3:516 commercial use of, 6:169 in presidential campaign of 1848, Technology and electronic commerce, 3:183 3:154 advances in, and structural unem- transoceanic cables and, 2:3–4 in Seminole Indian Wars, 5:22 ployment, 8:252 See also Western Union Telegraph in Texas, 1:188 business machines, 1:588–589 Company Whig Party and, 8:467 and changing character of work, Telegraphone, 1:189 Taylor Grazing Act (1934), 2:371; 5:4 Telemaque. See Vesey, Denmark 5:31, 34 communication satellites, Telephone(s), 8:65–66, 69–70, 70 Taylor v. Louisiana, 8:60 2:319–320, 320 answering machines for, TCP. See Transmission Control Pro- and consumerism, 2:388, 392 1:189–190 tocol digital, 3:24–25 AT&T and, 1:346; 8:65

381 How to go to your page

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Telephone(s), (continued) science on, 7:275–276 Temporary Assistance for Needy cellular, 6:169 situation comedies on, 8:72 Families (TANF), 6:439; 7:222; at Centennial Exhibition, 2:87 soap operas on, 7:408–410 8:442 commercial use of, 6:169 sports on, 1:421; 7:511; 8:74 Temporary National Economic and electronic commerce, 3:183 football, 3:411; 8:74 Committee (TNEC), 6:44 growth of industry, 8:456 symphony orchestras on, 8:39 Ten Bears, Yamparika, 2:307 Telephone cases, 8:70–71 talk shows on, 8:44 Ten Nights in a Bar-Room, and What I Telephone company cooperatives, technology of, 8:76–78 Saw There (Arthur), 8:80 2:406 televangelism on, 6:517–518; Tender Buttons (Stein), 5:120 Telephone sex, 6:514 8:71–72 Tender offers, 5:322 Telepresence systems, 8:350 and toys, 8:153 Tenement Act (1901), 8:82 Telescopes variety shows on, 8:72 Tenement House Law (1867), 8:82 Hooker Telescope, 6:156 VCRs and, 8:327–328 Tenements, 8:81–83, 82, 285 Hubble Space Telescope, 1:345; violence on, 3:340; 8:339 demolition of, 8:285 4:186–187, 187; 6:157; 8:350 Westerners for, 8:458 firsthand account of, 9:351–353 in observatories, 6:156–157 westerns on, 8:73 in New York City, 6:80; 8:81–82 production of, 1:343–344, 345 See also Media reputation of, 1:222, 222 technological improvements in, Television programs, 8:72–76 Ten-forties, 8:81 6:156 All in the Family, 1:126–127 Tennent, Gilbert, 4:38; 6:65 Televangelism, 6:517–518; 8:71–72 Good Morning America, 8:73, 138 Tennent, William, 4:38 Television, 8:66, 72–78 The Hour of Power, 8:71 Tennessee, 8:83–87, 84 advertising on, 1:34; 8:72, 73, I Love Lucy, 4:209; 8:72 African Americans in, 8:85–86 75–76 The Jack Paar Show, 8:142 civil rights movement in, 8:86 infomercials, 4:354–355 Jerry Springer Show, 8:44 in Civil War, 8:85 cable, 1:381; 2:322; 8:74 Marty, 8:72 Hood’s Campaign in, 4:160 advertising on, 8:76 Meet the Press, 8:44 Union sentiment in, 8:260 MTV, 5:503 Morning Show, 8:44, 138 constitution of, 7:527 and cartoons, 2:64 Morton Downey, Jr. Show, 8:44 Democratic Party in, 8:86 and celebrity culture, 2:78 Person to Person, 8:73 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and censorship of, 2:85 Roots, 8:75 songs of, 7:533 children’s, marketing and, 5:246 Saturday Night Live, 7:253, 253 geography of, 8:83 and civil rights movement, 2:201 See It Now, 8:73 geological survey of, 3:548 color, 8:77 Sesame Street, 7:315, 316 Ku Klux Klan in, 8:85 consumerism in, 2:391 60 Minutes, 7:372–373; 8:73–74 mountain feuds in, 3:356–357 documentaries on, 8:73 Today, 8:44, 73, 138, 138 Native Americans in, 8:83–84 dramas on, 8:72 Tonight Show, 8:44, 142, 142 mounds of, 4:278 in electoral politics, 3:147, 149 Tell Me How Long the Train’s Been New Deal and, 6:43 and film industry, 3:364; 8:75 Gone (Baldwin), 5:126 power production in, 8:87, 88 Hollywood in industry, 4:209 Teller, Edward, 6:342, 344 prehistoric, 8:83–85 home shopping networks on, 4:154 Teller, Henry M., 8:78 reapportionment in, 1:385 impacts of, 8:75–76 Teller Amendment (1898), 8:78 Republican Party in, 8:86 industry developments, 2:321–322 Temperance movements, 3:60; 7:64; school desegregation in, 8:86 invention of, 1:440 8:78–81, 79 Scopes trial in, 8:86 and language standards, 3:221 early, 1:116; 8:78 sections of, 8:83 music on, 5:493 growth of, 8:78–80 slavery in, 8:83, 85 news on, 8:73–74 moral persuasion vs. coercion in, in Southwest Territory, 7:476 and newspapers, 8:75 1:116–117 state university of, 8:279 Nielsen ratings, 5:246 Native Americans in, 4:323 Utopian communities in, 8:303 propaganda on, 6:504 and saloons, 8:54, 81 whiskey production in, 8:78 and quiz show scandals, 7:6 Union Colony, 8:259 in World War I, 8:86 rating system for, 8:68 in Vermont, 8:313 Tennessee (battleship), 6:273 reality shows, 5:503 women in, 1:117; 8:80, 81, 512 Tennessee, Army of, 8:87 and recreation, 7:66 See also Prohibition Tennessee River, 8:83, 87 regulation of, 8:68 Temple University, 1:47 dam on, 4:200

382 How to go to your page

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Muscle Shoals speculation, Florida as, 3:386–387 Testing, standardized 5:483–484 Guam, 4:68–69; 8:92, 94, 232 development of, 3:116 Tennessee Valley Authority (T VA), Hawaii as, 8:94 Educational Testing Service (ET S) 3:175, 211; 8:83, 88, 88–89, 89 incorporated, 8:92, 94 and, 3:139–140 establishment of, 2:371; 4:200 New Mexico as, 6:68–69 Tet Offensive, 1:77; 2:447, 532; functions of, 4:200 North Dakota as, 6:132 3:427; 8:97, 97–98, 98, 333 League of Women Voters support Northwest Ordinance and, 6:137; Tetzel, Johannes, 6:515 for, 5:66 8:92, 94 Tevis, Lloyd, 1:180 and Nashville, 5:515 Philippines, 8:92 Texan Emigration and Land Com- and natural resources, 8:423 Puerto Rico, 8:92, 94 pany, 8:98 Power (play) on, 9:388–390 Supreme Court on, in insular cases, Texas, 8:98–103, 102 and rural electrification, 1:67 4:367 African Americans in, 8:101 Tellico Dam project of, 3:206 unincorporated, 8:92, 94 agriculture in, 8:101–102 Tennessee Valley Authority Act Virgin Islands, 8:94 annexation of, 1:188; 2:550; 8:98, (1933), 6:43 Territory of Orleans, 5:159 100–101, 104, 204 Tennis, 8:89–91, 90 Terrorism, 3:41; 8:95, 95–96, 339 and land claims, 5:26 Tennis Educational Association, 8:90 Achille Lauro hijacking, 1:13 astronomical observatories in, Tennis rackets, 8:91 airplane hijacking, 4:132–133 6:157 Tenrikyo, 1:327 bioterrorism, 1:464–465 cattle drives in, 2:74, 75 Tenskatawa (Shawnee leader), 1:116; CDC activities aimed to prevent, cattle in, 1:64; 8:101 6:7; 8:64, 382 2:88 in Civil War, 8:101 Tenth Amendment, 1:457 and conservation of resources, Democratic Party in, 8:101, 102, and limits on Congressional power, 8:424 103 2:350 history of, 8:95 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and sovereignty in, 7:477 imperialism of U.S. and, 4:246 songs of, 7:533 states’ rights in, 7:536 Iran hostage crisis, 3:194; expeditions of, 8:98–99 treaty-making power in, 5:428 4:420–421; 8:96 Farmers’ Alliance in, 3:323, 324; Tenure of Office Act (1867), 7:100; Justice Department and, 4:504 6:416; 8:102 8:91 labor unrest Ferguson removed from governor- and impeachment trial of Johnson, Molly Maguires, 5:438 ship of, 3:354 4:234–235, 236–238 Mooney case, 5:455 flood of 1900 in, 3:384 Terman, F. E., 7:14 in Libya, 1:40 geography of, 8:98 Terman, Lewis, 3:116; 4:378; 6:524 and Gulf of Sidra shootdown, Grand Prairie in, 4:35 Termination policy, 4:288–289; 4:73 Hispanic Americans in, 8:103 8:91–92 as organized crime, 2:463 honky-tonk girls in, 4:159 legislation on, 4:300 by Palestinians, 4:443, 444 independence from Mexico for, opposition to, 4:288–289 Pan Am Flight 103, 6:233–234 1:106; 8:99–100, 104, 204 by Association on American Indi- by Symbionese Liberation Army, manifest destiny and, 5:223 an Affairs, 1:340 8:38 maps of, 8:102 origins of, 4:288, 300 TWA Flight 800, 8:241, 241–242 archival, 9:52–56, 53 Termination Resolution (1953), war on (See War on Terrorism) under Mexican rule, 8:99 5:128 See also Bombing(s); 9/11 attack Mexican-American War and, Terminus (Georgia), 7:32 Terry, Alfred H., 3:318 5:339, 340 Terrell, Mary Church, 2:138; 3:125; and Battle of Little Bighorn, 5:131 Native Americans in, 8:98, 100 8:510 Terry, David S., 4:250 and Texas Rangers, 8:104 Terrestrial magnetism, 3:551 Terry, Eli, 2:241; 6:274 and New Mexico, 6:68, 69 Territorial expansion. See Expan- Terry, Mary Sue, 8:345 oil in, 4:185; 6:179, 179, 298, 302, sionism; Westward migration Terry, Peggy, on working women in 303, 305; 8:102, 103 Territorial governments, 8:92–93 World War II, 9:397–398 Spindletop gusher, 5:361 Territorial sea, 8:93 Terry, Randall, 6:199, 489 and Oklahoma, boundary dispute tidelands, 8:124–125 Tesla, Nikola, 3:174, 178, 181, 211 between, 1:523 Territories, U.S., 8:94, 94–95 Test laws, 8:96–97 Polish Americans in, 6:391 Alaska as, 8:94 Test of English as a Foreign Lan- Populist Party in, 8:102 American Samoa, 8:95 guage (TOEFL), 3:139, 140 railroads in, 8:101

383 How to go to your page

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Texas, (continued) piecework in, 6:352 Theatre Owners Booking Associa- Reconstruction in, 8:101 products and services of, 8:107 tion (TOBA), 8:309 Red River land dispute, 5:238 silk in, 7:361–362 Theatrical Trust (Syndicate), 8:114 Republic of, 8:100, 100–101 in South, 7:467, 468 theglobe.com, 3:184 Republican Party in, 8:101, 103 in South Carolina, 7:456 Their Eyes Were Watching God settlement of, 3:202 statistics of, 8:110 (Hurston), 5:125 slavery in, 8:101 strikes by, 4:347 Theme parks, 1:179–180 Spanish explorations in, 3:296 trade unions in, 8:278 Theocracy under Spanish rule, 8:99 in Vermont, 8:312 in New England, 6:50, 60; 8:116 statehood of, 8:101 See also Clothing industry in Utah, 8:295 tidelands in, ownership of, 8:125 Textron Incorporated, 2:347–348 Theology, 6:324–325; 7:95–98 tornadoes in, 8:143 Thalidomide, 1:6; 3:405 See also Religion U.S. settlements in, 1:188 Thames, Battle of the, 8:64, Theology of Liberation: History, Politics, wheat production in, 3:390 111–112 and Salvation, A (Gutiérrez), white primaries in, 6:463 Thanatos Syndrome, The (Percy), 5:93 in World War II, 8:103 5:123 Theory of Justice, A (Rawls), 5:92 Texas, Hopwood v., 1:37 Thanksgiving Day, 3:328–329; Theory of the Leisure Class, The Texas Centennial Exposition, 4:148; 8:112 (Veblen), excerpt from, 2:494–495 Delaware Indians and, 2:544 9:347–351 Texas Exchange, 3:324 Thanksgiving Day Proclamation, Theosophy, 8:116–117 Texas fever. See Piroplasmosis 6:490 as mysticism, 5:506–507 Texas Navy, 8:104 Theravada Buddhism, 1:326, 553 Tharp, Twyla, 1:144; 2:499 Texas public lands, 8:104 Thérèse Raquin (Zola), 6:11 Thatcher, Harvey D., 2:490 Texas Rangers, 2:363; 8:104–105 Thermoplastics, 6:365, 366–367 Thatcher, Margaret, 4:43, 44 Texas Revolution, 8:99–100, 104 Thermoset plastics, 6:365, 366–367 Thayer, Eli, 3:195–196, 196; 6:49 Texas v. White, 8:97, 105 TheStreet.com, 3:183 Thayer, Sylvanus, 3:216; 5:374 Textbooks, 8:105–106 Thieu, Nguyen Van, 8:333, 334 Theater, 8:112–116 vs. CD-ROMs, 3:139 Nixon’s letter to, 9:474–475 African Americans in, 8:113 early, 8:106, 106–107 Think tanks, 8:117–118 American Revolution and, 8:113 McGuffey’s Readers, 8:106, 106 Brookings Institution, 1:545–546 Broadway, 1:543, 544; 8:115, 128, New England Primer, 6:49–50, 50; Carnegie Institution of Washing- 129 8:106 ton, 2:57 burlesque, 1:575 Textile Workers v. Lincoln Mills, 1:237 Third Amendment, 1:457, 458 Textiles and textile industry, 4:343; in colonial era, 8:112–113 Third New Deal, 6:45 8:107, 107–111 Death of a Salesman, The (Miller), Third parties, 8:118–120, 243 in 19th century, 2:42 2:512–513 in 20th century, 8:119–120 conditions in, firsthand account of Gilded Age, 8:113–114 after Civil War, 8:119 of, 9:340–341 Great Depression and, 8:115 See also specific parties in 20th century, 2:45 “high,” 8:112 Thirteenth Amendment, 2:193, 523; British, Civil War and, 2:342 “Little Theaters,” 8:114 3:341; 6:10 in Charlotte (North Carolina), “low,” 8:112 and civil rights, 2:198 2:108 minstrel shows, 5:402, 489–490, Lincoln and, 2:218; 3:192 in colonial era, 4:350; 8:108 496; 8:113 and Underground Railroad, dis- cotton in, 2:427–428 music for, 5:499, 500–501 banding of, 8:250 development of, 8:108–110 musical, 5:499, 500 Thirty-eighth parallel, 8:120 fiber production in, 8:107–108 Native American, 8:112 Thirty-hour week, 8:120–121 foreign trade and, 8:167 Off Broadway, 8:115–116 Thomas, Adele, 1:6 growth of, 5:227–228 political, 8:115 Thomas, Benjamin, 2:260 interchangeable parts in, 2:387 Provincetown Players, 6:519; Thomas, Clarence, 8:274 labor practices in, 8:110–111 8:115 confirmation hearings for, Lebanese Americans in, 5:71 on showboats, 7:350–352 8:121–122 linen production in, 5:114 “Tom Shows,” 8:113 CORE support for, 2:355 in Massachusetts, 5:266 vaudeville, 8:113 Equal Employment Opportunity in New Hampshire, 6:58 Wild West shows, 8:113 Commission under, 3:244

384 How to go to your page

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hearings on sexual harassment, Thomson, Samuel, 5:291, 301 Through English Eyes (Spender), 3:198, 221 Thomson, Virgil, 6:199 1:138 on line-item vetoes, 8:321 Thomson, William, 3:552 Thurlow v. Massachusetts, 5:103 nomination of, 7:323; 8:121 Thong Popham. See Tohono O’od- Thurman, Allen G., 3:156, 158 on presidential election of 2000, ham Thurman, Arthur, 1:375 1:579 Thoreau, Henry David, 1:509; Thurman, Wallace, 5:125 on sexual orientation, discrimina- 7:194; 8:180 Thurmond, J. Strom, 3:358 tion based on, 7:196 on American Philosophical Society, and flag protection, 3:381 Thomas, Cyrus, 1:239 1:167 in presidential campaign of 1948, Thomas, Elbert D., 5:1 on birds, 6:215 3:164, 171 Thomas, George H. at Brook Farm, 8:301 as States’ Rights Democratic Party and Army of the Cumberland, cabin at Walden Pond, 7:66 candidate, 8:119 2:479 Cape Cod, 2:38 Thurston, Robert, 3:217 in Battle of Chickamauga, 2:135 “Civil Disobedience,” 5:119; Thwaites, Reuben G., 4:474 in Battle of Nashville, 2:214; 5:516 7:194; 9:339–340 TIAA-CREF. See Teachers Insur- in Chattanooga Campaign, 2:113 civil disobedience by, 2:191–192 ance and Annuity Association in Tennessee Campaign, 4:160 and deep ecology, 8:479 College Retirement Equities Thomas, Helen, 1:231 and Grahamites, 3:24 Fund Thomas, Isaiah, 1:129; 6:426 and Hudson River School, 4:189 Tiananmen Square protest, 8:123, Thomas, Jesse B., 5:424, 425 and peace movements, 6:267 123–124 Thomas, Marlo, 5:72 on preservation of environment, Tibetan Buddhism, 1:326, 553 Thomas, Norman 2:366 Ticknor, George, 5:98 and ACLU, 1:146 Walden, 5:119; 8:366 Ticonderoga, Fort, 5:21; 8:124 anticommunism of, 1:197–198 Thorn, Jonathan, 1:342 in American Revolution, socialism of, 7:427 Thornburgh, Richard L., 8:122 8:311–312 Thomas, R. J., 8:261 Thorndike, Edward, 3:116 capture of, 8:124 Thomas, Robert Bailey, 1:130 Thorndike, Israel, 3:256 Tidal energy, 3:214 Thomas, Ross, 5:130 Thornhill v. Alabama, 6:350 Tidal wave, 3:102 Thomas, Seth, 2:241 Thornton, Charles (Tex), 2:348 Tidelands, 8:124–125 Thomas, William I., 6:391 Thornton, Sir Edward, 8:416 Tidewater, 8:125–126 Thomas Amendment to Agricultural Thornton, William, 2:49 fall line dividing Piedmont from, Adjustment Act (1933), 4:15 Thornwell, James, 2:374 3:310 Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 3:261 Thoroughgood, Adam, 1:248 wheat growing in, 8:466 Thomas v. Collins, 6:297 Thorpe, Jack, 2:442 Tiegan, Henry, 3:322 Thomas Viaduct, 5:52–53 Thorpe, Jim, 2:55; 8:154 Tiffany, Louis Comfort, 1:288, 289, Thompson, Ben, 5:552 Thoughts on African Colonization 313; 4:4 Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rum- (Garrison), 6:47 Tiffany glass, 1:288, 289, 289–290, ford), 1:140 Thoughts on Government (Adams), 313 Thompson, David, 1:481; 7:136 Tiffin, Edward, 6:172 8:452–453 Three Affiliated Tribes of Fort Tifft, Susan E., 6:90 and Columbia River exploration, Berthold Indian Reservation, Tijerina, Reies Lopes, 6:69 2:303 5:219–220 Tilden, Bill, 8:90 Thompson, Dorothy, 8:506 Three dimension (3-D) films, 3:364 Tilden, Samuel J., 8:242 Thompson, Hunter S., 4:125; 5:122 Three Mile Island nuclear accident, in presidential campaign of 1876, Thompson, Jacob, 6:266 1:12–13; 3:175, 233; 6:139, 139, 2:420, 467, 551; 3:148, 156, Thompson, John (Snowshoe), 1:58; 141–142; 8:122, 122, 122 171 7:374 Three Years in Europe; Or, Places I Till, Emmett, lynching of, 8:126, Thompson, Lydia, 1:575 Have Seen and People I Have Met 126 Thompson Act (1950), 6:239 (Brown), 5:124 Tillamook, 8:221 Thomson, Charles, 3:99; 4:488; Thresher disaster, 3:40; 8:122–123 Tillich, Paul, 2:165; 5:121 7:288, 288 Threshing machines, 1:59 Tillman, Benjamin R. (Pitchfork), Thomson, David, 6:56–57 Thrift Stamps, 8:123 7:456; 8:126 Thomson, Elihu, 3:173 Throckmorton, James, 8:101 Tillman Act (1907), 2:421; 3:144 Thomson, J. J., 6:340, 341 Throop, Amos Gager, 2:14 Tillmanism, 8:126

385 How to go to your page

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Tilsdale, Elkanah, 6:394 Tobacco cooperatives, 2:408 Today (TV show), 8:44, 73, 138, 138 Tilton, James, 2:235 Tobacco industry and use, Todd, John B. S., 7:459 Timber and Stone Act (1878), 5:37; 8:133–137, 134, 136 Todd, T. Wingate, 7:13 6:528, 531 in 20th century, 8:133, 135–137 TOEFL (Test of English as a For- Timber Culture Act (1873), 1:65; antitrust litigation against, 1:172; eign Language), 3:139, 140 5:25, 37; 6:528; 8:126 8:135 Toffler, Alvin, 6:429 Timberlake, John B., 3:104 and cancer risks, 2:34, 35 Tohono O’odham, 1:100–101, 101; Timberlake, Margaret, 3:104 in Chesapeake colonies, 2:129, 287 8:227, 238 Time, Inc., 8:127 chewing, 8:134, 135 gambling by, 3:507 Time (magazine), 8:126–127 in colonial era, 1:62; 7:404; 8:133 language of, 1:100 March of Time (radio program), early production and consumption water rights for, 1:100–101 5:236–237 of, 8:133–134 Toilets, 6:372, 373 Time Warner, 8:127 geographic distribution of, 4:325 Tojo, Hideki, 8:378 Time zones, 2:507 health risks of, 5:105; 7:567, 568; Tokamak, 6:337 Times Beach (Missouri), 3:233; 8:133, 135–137 Tokyo Round, 3:524; 8:52 8:127–128 industrialization and, 8:134–135 Toledo (Ohio), 8:138–139 Times Square, 8:128, 128 limits on production of, 1:396 founding of, 4:52 Timmons, Bill, 6:111 in Maryland, 5:256 Toleration Acts, 8:139 Timoshenko, Stephon, 3:217 as money, 8:133 Toll bridges and roads, 7:180; 8:139, Timothy, Elizabeth, 6:95 Native Americans and, 4:325–326; 139–140, 186–187 Timucua, 8:128–129, 225 8:133 Toll canals, 8:140 Tin industry, 6:114 origins of, 4:325–326 Tolliver, Mose, 1:311 Tin Pan Alley, 5:502; 8:129, 129 on plantations, 6:363–364 Tolls Exemption Act (1912), 8:140 Tin soldiers, 8:153 salaries of clergy fixed in terms of, Tolman, Richard, 6:336 Tindal, Matthew, 2:539 6:252; 8:243 Tom Sawyer (Twain), 5:127; 8:325 Ting, Samuel C. C., 6:338 and slavery, 6:364; 7:391, 392; “Tom Shows,” 8:113 Tinian, 8:129–130 8:134, 341 Tom T humb locomotive, 7:30 Tinker v. Des Moines Independent as substance abuse, 7:567, 568 Tomahawk, 8:140–141 Community School District, 1:26; types of tobacco, 4:325 Tombstone (Arizona), 1:502; 8:141, 2:149; 3:119 in Virginia, 1:62, 122; 8:134, 341, 141 Tinkertoys, 5:109; 8:153 342 Tomlinson, Ray, 3:184, 185 Tintype, 6:329 See also Smoking Tomomi, Iwakura, 4:457 Tipi, 1:254; 8:130, 130–131 Tobacco Institute, 8:136 Tompkins, D. A., 2:108 Tippecanoe, Battle of, 8:131, 382, Tobey, Mark, 1:298 Tompkins, Daniel D., 3:151 392, 399 Tobin, Daniel J., 4:385; 5:17 Tompkins, Erie Railroad Company v., “Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!”, 2:24; Tobin, J. Austin, 6:421 3:253–254 3:153; 8:131 Tobin, James, 3:109; 5:441 Tompkins, Jane, 8:248 Tipton, John, 3:455 Tocqueville, Alexis de Tonight! America After Dark (TV Titan, The (Dreiser), 6:12 on American uniqueness, 1:169 show), 8:142 Titanic, sinking of, 8:131–132, 132 Democracy in America, 1:137; Tonight Show (TV show), 8:44, 142, Titanic (film), 8:132 2:548–549; 3:249, 450; 4:331; 142, 142 Titanium, 6:114 7:82 Tonka trucks, 8:153 Tithes, Southern agricultural, 8:132 on democracy’s reign, 4:454–455 Tonkin Gulf Resolution, 3:165; Title IX of Education Amendments, on “democratic” corruption, 2:420 8:142–143, 332 2:277 on gambling spirit, 8:529 Tonti, Henri de, 1:260, 264 Titles of nobility, 8:132–133 on generations, 3:528 Toombs, Robert, 2:341 Tito, Josip Broz, 8:588 on individualism, 4:331 Toomer, Jean, 8:410 Tituba (slave), 7:229 and Jacksonian Democracy, 4:453 Cane, 5:125 Tlingit, 8:211, 213, 221 on judiciary, 4:494 Topeka Constitution, 8:143 TNEC. See Temporary National on philanthropy, 6:316 Topographical Engineers, Corps of, Economic Committee on representative government, 3:544 TNT (trinitrotoluene), 3:302 7:110 Torch, Operation, 1:233 TOBA. See Theatre Owners Book- on social sciences, 6:407 Tordesillas, Treaty of (1494), 3:284 ing Association on U.S. Congress, 2:351 Tories. See Loyalists

386 How to go to your page

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Tornadoes, 3:41–42, 43; 8:143–144, Tower, John, 8:148 chess, 2:130, 130–131 144 Tower Commission, 8:148 erector sets, 3:251; 8:153 and trailer parks, 8:178 Town(s) G.I. Joe, 3:574–575; 8:153 Torpedo warfare, 8:144–145 colonial, 1:507 history of, 8:151–152 in Battle of Mobile Bay, 5:428–429 company, 2:387; 8:437–438 mass production of, 8:153 destroyers in, 8:408 cow, 2:442 Monopoly, 5:445; 8:152–153 Nautilus, 6:14 railroad, 7:32, 33–34 proliferation of, 2:145 Torresola, Griselio, 1:329 See also Cities Scrabble, 7:287 Torrey, John, 1:516, 519 Town government, 8:148–149 video games, 8:153, 327 Torrijos, Omar, 6:240, 242 See also Metropolitan government; Trace elements, 6:149 Tort cases, 6:232 Municipal government Trachtenberg, Allen, 1:169 Torture, 4:194 Town meetings, in New England, Track and field, 7:204–205; in prison, 6:477 5:137–139 8:154–156, 155 “Total Victory” speech, Truman’s, Townes, Charles H., 6:337 in college athletics, 2:276 text of, 9:401–402 Townley, Arthur C., 6:132 Tractors, 1:59, 65 “Totally administered society,” 3:454 and Nonpartisan League, 6:118 Tracy, Destutt de, 3:108 Tour de France, 1:452 Townsend, Francis E., 2:11; 8:149, Tracy, Nathaniel, 3:256 Tourgee, Albion W., 6:370 149 Trade Tourism, 8:145, 145–147, 146 Townsend Plan (1934), 7:129; balance of, 1:386–387; 2:517 in 19th century, 8:145–146 8:149–150 with Japan, 4:459 in 20th century, 8:146 National Union for Social Justice chambers of commerce and, automobile and, 8:146 supporting, 5:563 2:102–103 in Bermuda, 1:446 Townshend, Charles, 2:286 and colonization, 2:111 in Colorado, 2:300 Townshend Acts (1767), 2:286; 4:25; domestic, 8:159–163, 161, 162 and excursion ferries, 3:355 7:134; 8:49, 55, 150 (See also Interstate commerce) in Florida, 3:386–387, 388; Massachusetts Circular Letter on, American Revolution and, 8:159, 8:145–146 5:272; 8:349 160 Miami, 5:351 text of, 9:122–123 Civil War and, 8:159, 160 in Hawaii, 4:108 and nonimportation agreements, in colonial era, 8:159–160 historic preservation and, 8:146 6:116; 8:150 Alexandria Conference on, in Louisiana, New Orleans, 6:74 North Carolina protesting, 6:127 1:122 in Maine, 5:210 opposition to, 4:254 fair-trade laws and, 3:309 in Massachusetts, Nantucket, 5:510 Virginia Resolves on, 8:349 GATT and, 8:163 in Montana, 5:450 provisions of, 8:349 Great Depression and, 8:159, in national parks, 5:551, 552 repeal of, 4:254 161–162 in Nevada, 6:38 resistance to, 3:320; 8:49–50 NAFTA and, 8:163 in New Hampshire, 6:59 and tea trade, 8:61, 150 with Native Americans, 8:160 in New Jersey, Atlantic City, 1:353 and writs of assistance, 8:563 in Great Basin, 8:216 in New Mexico, 6:69 Townshend Revenue Act (1767), text in New France, 6:51 in New York (state), 6:89 of, 9:121–122 in New Hampshire, 6:57 Niagara Falls and, 6:103 Township settlement type, in Middle Panton, Leslie and Company, 9/11 attack and, 8:146 Colonies, 5:362 6:244 in North Dakota, 6:133 Townsley, James, 6:435 and trading posts, 8:174, 176 and powwows, 6:444 Toxic shock syndrome (T SS), 2:88, present, 8:159, 163 in South Dakota, 7:460 384; 8:150–151 in Progressive Era, 8:159, in Vermont, 8:314 Toxic Substance Control Act 160–161 in Virginia, 8:346 (TSCA) (1976), 1:463; 3:232; Reconstruction and, 8:159, 160 in West, 8:146 8:151, 424 regulation of, 8:160 in Wyoming, 8:565 Toy Story (film), 8:153 Santa Fe Trail in, 7:247–249 See also Vacation and Leisure Toynbee Hall, 7:317 World War I and, 8:159, 161 Toussaint L’Ouverture, François Toyota, assembly lines at, 1:336 World War II and, 8:159, Dominique, 5:163 Toys and games, 8:151–154 162–163 Tovar, Pedro de, 2:416; 3:296 in 20th century, 8:152–153 drogher, 3:86 Towboats and barges, 8:147, 147–148 Barbie doll, 1:417; 8:153 electronic, 3:183–184

387 How to go to your page

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Trade, (continued) National Association of Manufac- for agricultural workers, 3:326 Embargo Act (1807), 3:192–193 turers and, 5:528 in arbitration, 1:236–237 enumerated commodities in, and public debt, 8:168 for athletes, 7:511, 559 3:224–225 with Soviet Union, 7:211 automation and, 1:364 export-import banks and, transpacific, 6:226 for automobile workers, 1:373; 1:402–404 U.S. interventions for, 4:406 5:356; 8:172, 260–262 foreign, 8:163–170, 165 (See also with Vietnam, 8:328 sit-down strikes by, 7:372 Slave trade; Tariff[s]; Treaties, World War I and, 8:165 blacklisting as weapon against, commercial) World War II and, 8:166 1:483 American Revolution and, 8:164 WTO and, 8:169 boycotts used by, 1:528–529 with Canada, 2:27–28; 6:124 free, 3:309–310, 460–461 and business unionism, 1:589 with Caribbean territories, 2:54 barriers to, 3:460 (See also “buy American” phrase by, 8:169 with China, 2:150, 153; 6:226 Tariff[s]) in California, 2:10, 11 Cushing’s Treaty on, 4:515 Treasury and, 8:197–198 for carpenters and joiners, Hawaii in, 4:105–106 licensing of, 5:103 8:262–263 Wangxia Treaty (1844), 5:462 merchant marine, 5:318–321 checkoff provisions and, Civil War and, 8:165 with Native Americans, 4:309–311 2:115–116 during Cold War, 8:166–168 alcohol in, 4:322–323 for child workers, 2:140 in colonial era, 4:25; 6:20, 21–22; Charleston (South Carolina) and, and closed shop arrangement, 8:163–164 (See also Colonial 2:108 2:242–244 commerce) in colonial era, 4:267–268, 310, for clothing workers, 1:132–133 Trade with Enemy Acts and, 322–323 for coal miners, 2:253–256 8:173 economics of, 4:267–268 establishment of, 1:190 and domestic industries, 8:167, 168 Indian agents in, 4:261 Cold War and, 5:545 with European Union, 3:259 after Revolution, 4:310–311 and collective bargaining, fair-trade laws and, 3:309–310 in trading houses (factory sys- 2:273–275 with France, 8:198 tem), 1:158, 281; 4:311 communications and media, GATT and, 3:524; 8:169 Virginia Indian Company and, 2:324–325 with Great Britain 8:349 company, 8:277 in 19th century, 8:164 wampum in, 8:369–370 corruption of, 8:172 after American Revolution, reciprocal agreements, 7:54–55 and cost-of-living adjustment 4:40–41 restraint of, 7:122–124 clauses, 2:424 in colonial era, 8:163–164 triangular, 2:282; 7:204 Danbury Hatters’ case and, 2:228, naval stores, 6:20 See also Colonial commerce 496 Navigation Acts and, 4:25; Trade Acts, 6:22 decline of, 2:275 6:21–22 Trade agreements, 8:156–158 definition of, 8:170 tea, 8:60, 61, 150 reciprocal, 7:54–55 Democratic Party and, 8:172 textiles, 8:108 with Hawaii, 8:156 for electrical, radio, and machine tobacco, 8:134 Townshend Acts and ( See See also General Agreement on workers, 3:176–177 Townshend Acts) Tariffs and Trade espionage against, 3:255 Trade with Enemy Acts and, Trade Agreements Act (1934), 3:461; exclusionary policies of, 2:243 8:173 8:156 for farm workers, 2:77; 3:326; potash, 6:431 Trade Agreements Extension Act 8:172, 266–267 Great Depression and, 8:165–166 (1945), 8:157 federal government and, 2:43, 274 with Haiti, 4:84 Trade dollar, 8:158 Filipino Americans in, 8:172 with Japan, 4:458–459 Trade Expansion Act (1962), 3:461; for garment workers, 1:132; 2:247, electronics industry in, 7:54; 8:52, 156, 157, 166 249–250; 4:390–393, 478 7:360–361 Trade secrets, 4:376 globalization and, 2:226 with Korea, 4:541, 542 Trade union(s), 8:170–172 for government employees, 1:154, Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810), 5:189 in 18th century, 5:13 154, 156; 7:558–559 with Mexico, 6:124 in 19th century, 5:6–7, 13 growth of, 2:224–225 with Morocco, Algeciras Confer- in 20th century, 5:7–8 in Haywood-Moyer-Pettibone ence on, 1:123 African Americans in, 2:301–302; case, 4:111 NAFTA and, 5:349; 8:169 3:49–50; 8:172, 263 Hispanic Americans in, 8:172

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INDEX immigrants in right-to-work laws and, 7:161 “Traffic in Women, T he: Notes on in American Federation of Labor, sabotage by, 7:219 the Political Economy of Sex” 1:150 seniority systems of, discrimination (Rubin), 3:516 in clothing industry, 1:132 in, 4:387 Traffic jams, 6:81 industrial big business and, 5:228 for shoe workers, 1:503; 5:69 Trafficking, human, 4:193 industrial relations and, 4:335–338 Social Democratic Party and, Trail(s), Native American, for industrial workers, 4:345–349; 7:412 4:311–312 7:424, 426; 8:414 Socialist Labor Party and, Trail drivers, 8:176 as interest groups, 4:380–381 7:423–424 “Trail of Broken Treaties,” 8:177 Jews in, 4:390–392, 478 for steel workers, 4:427–429; Trail of Tears, 2:125, 127, 128; La Follette Civil Liberties Com- 7:545–546; 8:277–278 6:183; 8:177 mittee hearings on, 5:1 Supreme Court on, 4:82–83, 387; Trailer parks, 8:178, 178 Landrum-Griffin Act (1959) and, 5:546 Train robberies, 8:178–179 5:545; 8:172 tactics used against, “yellow-dog” Trainbands, 5:81 in leather industry, 5:69 contract, 8:578–579 Trans World Airlines. See TWA legislation on, 5:14–15; 8:171 Taft-Hartley Act and, 5:11; Trans-Appalachian West, 8:179 lockouts and, 5:141 8:42–43, 171–172 “Transcendental Club,” 8:179 for longshoremen, 4:395–396 for teachers, 1:154–157 Transcendentalism, 7:194; Ludlow Massacre and, 5:169–170 for teamsters, 1:151; 4:385–387 8:179–181 McClellan Committee hearings, for textile workers, 6:58; 8:111, Emerson and, 3:195; 8:300, 301 5:183 278 and literature, 5:119 McNamara bombing case, 5:189 and violence, 8:339 and Utopian movements, for meatpackers, 5:135 walking delegates in, 8:366 8:300–301 membership in, decline in 1990s, in Washington (state), 8:414 Transcontinental and Western Air. 1:580 women in, 2:256; 8:521–522 See TWA for mine workers, 1:190; in World War I, 1:155; 8:536 Transcontinental railroad, 2:9; 7:33, 4:346–347, 397; 5:6; 7:557; in World War II, 1:237; 7:558; 34–35 8:171, 267–268, 454 8:171 building of, 5:30, 33; 6:502; and Guffey Coal Acts, 4:71 See also American Federation of 8:181–182, 182, 187–188 in Minnesota, 5:399–400 Labor–Congress of Industrial Chinese coolies and, 2:156 against NAFTA, 8:172 Organizations; Collective bar- and cattle drives, 5:149 National Civic Federation and, gaining choice of route for, 7:30 5:530 National Labor Relations Act and, Trade Union Educational League and consumerism, 2:387 5:544–545; 8:42 (TUEL), 8:170 Golden Spike Ceremony, 7:34 National Labor Union (NLU), Trade Union Unity League “Hell on Wheels” and, 4:124–125 5:546; 8:171 (TUUL), 8:170 Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 4:512 National Trades’ and Workers’ Trade with the Enemy Acts, 8:173 land for, 1:188; 4:512; 5:28, 33 Association against, 5:561 Trademarks, 1:33; 6:256; 8:173–174 in maps, archival, 9:56, 56–58 National Trades’ Union, 5:561 functions of, 4:376 and tourism, 8:305 Negro American Labor Council, Trading companies, 8:174 Transgenic foods, 3:531 8:172 Baynton, Wharton, and Morgan, Transistor, 6:337, 346 in Ohio, 6:173–174 1:431–432 invention of, 2:335–336 origins of, 8:170–171 See also specific companies Transmission Control Protocol for packinghouse workers, 5:280 Trading houses, Native American, (TCP), 8:66 political action committees formed 4:311 Trans-Missouri Freight Association, by, 2:24; 6:393 Trading posts, frontier, 1:537; 7:124; United States v., 8:275 and pure and simple unionism, 8:174–175, 175 Transplants and organ donation, 6:552–553 Trading stamps. See Thrift stamps 8:182–184 and racial discrimination, 3:49 Trading with the Enemy Act (1917), autologous, 8:182 for railroad workers, 1:167–168, 8:173 heart implants, 4:121–122 547, 547–548; 7:23–25, 38; Trading with the Enemy Act (1950), homologous, 8:182 8:172 8:173 xenotransplantation, 3:531, 532; recognition of, 7:555–556 Traffic congestion, 7:180 8:182

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Transportation, Department of Pullman cars, 6:550, 550–551 Treasures of Tutankhamun (exhibi- (DOT), 3:331; 8:184–185 recreational vehicles, 8:178 tion), 5:540 establishment of, 8:185, 190 Red River cart traffic, 7:71–72 Treasury, Department of, 3:331; Federal Highway Administration regional transit, 5:477 8:195–198 in, 3:335 speed of, 8:187, 188 Assay Offices of, 1:333 head of, 2:2 by stagecoach, 7:514–516 Civil War and, 8:196 mission of, 8:184 subsidies for, 7:564 and fiscal policy, 2:431 structure of, 8:184 suburbanization and, 5:373–374; on foreign investment, 3:422 Transportation Act (1920), 7:26, 37; 7:572–573 and gold standard, 4:16, 17 8:185, 493 technological advances in, and head of, 2:2 and Inland Waterways Commis- westward migration, 8:461 implementing Harrison Narcotics sion, 8:147 toll bridges and roads, 8:139, Act (1914), 5:510–511 and Railroad Labor Board, 7:38 139–140 Morgan-Belmont Agreement and railroad pools, 6:413 urban streetcar lines, 5:476–477 (1895), 5:457–458 Transportation Act (1958), 7:45 in Vermont, 8:313, 314 in Progressive Era, 8:196–197 Transportation Agency of Santa Clara water, 8:429–430 and public lands management, 5:31 County, Johnson v., 1:36–37 canals and, 2:29 responsibilities of, 8:195 Transportation and travel, rivers and, 7:174 specialized police agencies of, 8:185–192, 186–191 in Wyoming, 8:564 6:384–385 in 19th century, 8:186–189 See also Migration; Railroad(s) T-bills, 5:440 in 20th century, 8:189–192 Transportation Equity Act for the Thrift Stamps of, 8:123 of agricultural products, 1:63; and uniform weights and measures, 21st Century (TEA-21), 3:336; 3:390 5:529 8:191 in colonial era, 8:186 Treasury system, independent, Transportation Security Administra- Congress regulating, 4:26 4:258 tion (TSA), 8:185 and consumerism, 2:387 Treaties Transylvania Company, 2:480 desegregation of, Montgomery bus commercial, 8:198–199 Trappers, 3:488–495 boycott and, 1:529, 548; vs. executive agreements, 3:277 “Trash T V,” 8:44 2:202; 3:15 with foreign nations, 8:199–203 Trask, James D., 6:388 and domestic trade, 8:160 (See also Foreign policy) Trask, Katrina (Kate) Nichols, 8:570 by ferries, 3:354–355 early Republic and, 7:56–57 Trask, Spencer, 8:570 Great Lakes steamships, 4:53–55 international law in, 4:393 Trask, T homas, 1:334 by horse, 4:167 mixed commissions and, 5:428 and hotel industry, 4:175–176 Traumatic Neuroses of War, The (Kar- negotiation and ratification of, in industrial revolution, 4:344, 345 diner), 6:431 8:199, 203–206 interstate Trautmann, T homas, 1:194 with Native Americans (See Native ICC in, 4:400–401 Travel Industry Association of American[s], treaties with) laws on, 4:401–402 America, 8:145 negotiation and ratification of, land-grant support of, 5:28 Traveling salesmen, 8:192–193 Supreme Court on, 5:428 maps and mapmaking, 5:231–234 See also Peddlers See also specific treaties archival, 9:56–59 Travis, Maurice, 4:397 Treatise on the Theory and Practice of in Massachusetts, 5:267–268 Travis, William Barret, 1:106–107 Landscape Gardening, A (Down- meatpacking industry and, 5:279 Trawler Racer, Mitchell v., 1:23 ing), 3:510; 5:38 merchant marine, 5:318–321 Traylor, Bill, 1:310 Treatment Action Group, 1:16 Mississippi River, 5:416, 417 Treason, 8:193–195 Treatment and Data Subcommittee, Missouri River, 5:426 by Arnold (Benedict), 1:282 1:16 motels, 5:462, 462–463 capital punishment for, 2:40 Treaty councils (Indian treatymak- in New Jersey, 6:62 conspiracy to commit, 2:377 ing), 8:206–207, 217 of oil, 6:303, 359 secession as, question of, 2:505 Treaty War (1855), 8:571 overland mail and stagecoaches, Supreme Court on, 3:270 Tree(s) 5:203–204 Treasure Houses of Britain, The: 500 Osage orange, 6:218 port authorities and, 6:420–421 Years of Patronage and Collecting sequoias, 7:314 prairie schooner, 6:448, 448 (exhibition), 5:540 Trench method of tunneling, 8:240 public, 4:356–357 Treasure Island (Stevenson), 1:550 Trenchard, Sir Hugh, 1:76, 81, 495

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Trenchard, John, 7:148 Trinity College, 3:132 and domino theory, 3:78 Trenches, in American warfare, Tripartite Agreement (1936), 8:230 and Employment Act (1946), 3:200 8:207 8:167, 538 Tripoli, 8:229 and European integration, 3:259, Trent, William, 8:308 in Barbary Wars, 4:408 260 Trent Affair, 3:464; 8:207–208 war with, 1:415; 2:378 and European Recovery Act Trenton, Battle of, 8:208 Tripp, Linda, 4:239 (1948), 8:166 and Battle of Princeton, 6:464 Trippe, Juan, 1:83 Executive order No. 9980, 2:201; Tresaguet, Pierre-Marie, 8:140 Trist, Nicholas P., 3:277; 4:68; 3:49 Trescott, William, 2:374 5:341–342 Executive order No. 9981, 1:548; Trevett v. Weeden, 8:208 Troeltsch, Ernst, 3:1 2:201; 3:49 Triangle Shirtwaist fire (1911), 1:12; Trolleys, 7:43 extra sessions convened by, 3:303 2:247, 249; 3:38; 5:14; trackless, 7:44 Fair Deal of, 1:533; 2:274; 3:307 8:208–209, 209 Trollope, Frances, 1:136; 3:2 and Federal Mediation and Concil- investigating committee for, 8:522 Troops of Teachers program, 8:62 iation Service, 3:343 Triangular trade, 2:282; 7:204; Tropical cyclones, 4:197 Federal Security Agency under, 8:209–210, 210 Trotsky, Leon, 2:326; 7:57 4:113 Middle Passage, 5:362–365, 363, Trotter, William Monroe, foreign policy of, 2:553 364, 365 6:103–104 and Genocide Convention, 3:536 molasses trade, 5:436–437 Truax, Robert, 7:189 health insurance under, 4:119 Spanish official’s account of, Truax v. Corrigan, 8:230 and hydrogen bomb, 6:144 9:112–113 Truax v. Raich, 1:125 in Independence (Missouri), 4:255, sugar in, 8:13 Truck Drivers Local 449, NLRB v., 256 See also Molasses trade; Rum trade; 5:141 and Indochina War, 8:329 Slave trade Trucking industry, 8:230–231 and intelligence services, 2:91 Tribal College and University CB radio use in, 2:179 Iranian relations under, 4:418 (TCU), 8:210 deregulation of, 5:463 and Israel, relations with, 8:592 Tribal colleges, 8:210–211 interstate highways and, 7:178–179 Israel recognized by, 1:207; 4:440 Tribally Controlled Community and railroads, 8:191 and Japanese Americans, College Assistance Act (1978), Trudeau, Edward Livingston, 8:236 4:461–462 3:136; 8:211 Trudeau, Garry, 2:309; 6:395 in Korean War, 4:545, 547–548 Tribes Trudeau, Pierre, 2:27 price controls during, 6:166 Alaskan, 8:211–214, 212 Trudell, John, 1:161 labor policies of, 2:95; 3:244 California, 8:214, 214–216 Trudgen, J. Arthur, 8:36 Latin American policies of, Great Basin, 8:216, 216–218 True: The Man’s Magazine, 5:196 5:47–48 Great Plains, 2:131; 8:218, “True Art Speaks Plainly” (Dreiser), loyalty security program of (Execu- 218–219 6:12 tive Order 9835), 5:168 resistance to white settlement, True Relation of Virginia, A (Smith), Manual for Courts-Martial, 8:256 8:462–463 5:117 Marshall Plan of, 3:259 Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851) Trugpa, Rinpoche Chogyam, 1:326 and National Security Agency, and, 5:40 Truitte, James, 1:131 5:558 Northeastern, 8:219–221, 220 Trujillo Molina, Rafael Leónidas, and National Security Council, Northwestern, 8:221–223, 222 2:54; 3:76, 76; 5:47 3:330; 5:560 Prairie, 8:223–225, 224 Truman, Harry S., 1:448; 5:82 and national security system, 2:528 Southeastern, 8:225, 225–227 amnesty granted by, 1:177 The New Republic on, 6:77 Southwestern, 8:227, 227–229 anticommunism and, 1:197, 198; Office of War Information elimi- See also specific tribes 2:327; 7:17 nated by, 6:503 Trickle-down economics, 6:551; arms race under, 1:271 and Pendergast machine, 6:274 8:197, 229 and atomic bomb, 7:211; 8:551 Point Four program of, 3:415–416; Tri-County Pact (1935), 6:30 attempted assassination of, 1:329; 6:381 Trilling, Diana, 5:121 4:135 at Potsdam Conference, 6:434; Trilling, Lionel, 5:121 and Berlin Airlift, 1:443 8:15 alma mater of, 2:304 Council of Economic Advisors and, presidency of, 8:323 Trinitrotoluene (TNT), 3:302 2:431 in presidential campaign of 1944, Trinity, Fort, 6:41 and Democratic Party, 2:552 1:507; 3:163

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Truman, Harry S., ( continued) TSCA. See Toxic Substance Control Turbogenerators, 3:174 in presidential campaign of 1948, Act Turé, Kwame. See Carmichael, 3:163, 164; 6:409, 499; 8:323 Tshombe, Moise, 8:271 Stokely presidential library of, 5:100 Tsiolkowsky, Konstantin, 7:479 Turing, Alan, 1:318; 2:334 on racism in war industries, 1:35 TSS. See Toxic shock syndrome Turk (slave), 6:66 and reciprocal trade agreements, Tsui, Daniel, 1:440 Turkey 7:54 Tsunami, 3:102 capitalist development in, 2:44 and Republican Party, 7:113 Tubbs, Alice, 3:507 foreign aid to, 3:415, 426; at Rio de Janeiro Conference, Tuberculin skin test, 8:237 8:231–232 7:163 Tuberculosis, 8:235–238, 237 Nixon pressuring to destroy poppy segregation under, 4:374 in 19th century, 8:236 crops, 5:511, 512 on territorial sea, 8:93 cause of, 8:236 U.S. relations with, Cairo Confer- “Total Victory” speech by, text of, diagnosis of, 8:236, 237 ence and, 2:7 9:401–402 disease control efforts against, U.S. right of extraterritoriality in, and trade union relations, 8:262 3:239 3:304 and Transportation, Department treatment of, 8:236–237 Turn of the Screw, The (James), 5:119 of, 8:184 after World War II, 8:237 Turnbull, Andrew, 6:77 vetoes cast by, 8:321, 322 Tubman, Harriet, 8:250, 506 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 1:169; war powers and, 8:374, 388 in African Methodist Episcopal 4:138–139; 8:284 Truman Doctrine, 3:415, 426; 4:59; Zion Church, 1:44, 53 and Kennedy’s New Frontier, 6:55 8:231–232 Tubman, William V. S., 5:94 on sectionalism, 7:297 and Cold War, 2:268 Tucker, Benjamin R., 1:181 “The Significance of the Frontier Trumbull, John, 1:295; 2:272; 5:393 Tucker, George, 8:292 in American History,” Trumbull, Lyman, 2:346; 7:59 Tucker, Henry St. George, 8:283 3:475–476; 8:288, 463, 559 Trumka, Richard L., 5:12 Tucker, Jim Guy, 1:263 Turner, James, 8:522 Truong, Hung, 1:324 Tucker, Nathan Beverly, 6:507 Turner, James E., 1:46 Truscott, Lucian, Jr., in Anzio cam- Tucson (Arizona), 8:238, 238–239 Turner, Jonathan Baldwin, campaign paign, 1:218 Tudor, William, 5:379 for land grants for education, Trust(s), 8:233–235 Tuekakas (Nez Perce leader), 6:101, 5:29 Married Women’s Property Act, 101, 102 Turner, Nat, 3:120; 7:10 New York State, 5:251–252 TUEL. See Trade Union Education- insurrection led by, 5:516–517; problems with, 7:342–343 al League 7:380; 8:343 Pujo Committee on, 6:548 Tugwell, Rexford, 6:555; 7:120 Turner, Richmond K., 4:68 railroad, 7:36 in Brain Trust, 6:42 Turner, Ted, Cartoon Network of, regulation of, 8:160, 233–235 and Farm Security Administration, 2:65 rise of, 1:213; 4:26; 7:342; 8:233 3:320 Turner Diaries, The (Pierce), 3:328 See also Antitrust legislation; and National Recovery Adminis- Turner T hesis, 8:463 Monopoly(ies) tration, 5:555 Turners, 3:440 Trust, The (Jones and Tifft), 6:90 and Resettlement Administration, Turnpikes, 7:176, 177; 8:139–140, Trust Territory of the Pacific, 6:225; 3:319 186–187 8:95, 232–233 Tulsa (Oklahoma), 8:239 Turpentine, 6:20 Marshall Islands, 5:252 Tulsa Race Riot (1921), 8:239, 239 Tuscaroras, and Underground Rail- “Trust-busting,” 4:26; 8:233, Tungsten, 3:179 road, 8:249 234–235 Tungsten filament, ductile, 5:18, 24, Tuskegee Airmen, 5:382, 382 Trustees of Dartmouth College v. 108 Tuskegee syphilis study, 1:462; 2:88 William H. Woodward. See Dart- Tunica, 5:518 Tuskegee University (Institute), mouth College Case Tunisia, in World War II, 1:233 3:126; 8:241 Truteau, Jean Baptiste, 2:493 Battle of Kasserine Pass, establishment of, 1:50 Truth, Sojourner, 8:506, 512 4:513–514; 6:124 veterinary medicine at, 8:319 on women’s rights, 9:329–330 Tunnel-driving shield, 8:240 Tustenugge, Halleck, 8:402 Truxtun, T homas, 8:405 Tunnels, 8:239–241 Tuttle, Julia, 3:387 Tryon, William, 6:127 Hoosac Tunnel, 4:161, 161; 8:240 Tutwiler, Julia S., 1:104 TSA. See Transportation Security methods of building, 8:240 TUUL. See Trade Union Unity Administration Tupac Amaru Rebellion, 5:50 League

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Tuve, Merle A., 6:342 Two Years Before the Mast (Dana), UDTs. See Underwater Demolition TVA. See Tennessee Valley Authority 3:86, 383 Teams TVA v. Hill, 3:206 Two-party system, 8:119, 243 UE. See United Electrical, Radio, and TWA, 1:83 challenges to, 3:149 Machine Workers of America TWA Flight 800, 3:36; 8:241, nominating system of, 6:113–114, Uemura, Naomi, 6:382 241–242 399 UFCO. See United Fruit Company Twain, Mark, 3:220 Two-thirds rule, 8:243–244 UFOs. See Unidentified Flying in anti-imperialist movement, Tydings-McDuffie Act (1934), Objects 6:320, 321 6:322; 8:244 UFW. See United Farm Workers of Huckleberry Finn, 4:187; 5:119, Tylenol incident, 6:491 America 120, 127; 8:325 Tyler, John UGW. See United Garment Workers popularity of, 8:325 and Border Slave State Conven- Uintah Valley Reservation, 8:300 Roughing It, 4:13; 7:516 tion, 1:505 Ukraine, foreign aid to, 3:418 excerpt from, 9:248–252 Dorr’s Rebellion and, 3:82; 5:175 Ulbricht, Walter, 1:444 Tom Sawyer, 5:127 presidency of, 8:322 Uloa, Francisco de, 2:301 Tweed, William Marcy (Boss), in presidential campaign of 1840, Ulysses (Joyce), 6:419, 427 1:507; 5:186–187; 6:79, 89; 8:131 obscenity suit against, 2:84 7:162; 8:242 and tariffs, 8:51 serialized in Little Review, 5:194 draft held by, 3:84 Texas annexation and, 1:188; Umialik, 8:212 “Tweed Days in St. Louis” (Stef- 8:100, 204 UMWA. See United Mine Workers fens), 5:470 and Whig Party, 8:467 of America Tweed Ring, 1:508; 5:186–187; Tyler, Julia, 3:375 UN. See United Nations 7:162; 8:46, 242 Tyler, Royall, 8:113 Unbending Gender (Williams), Twelfth Amendment, 3:171 Tyler, Scott, 5:535 3:517–518 presidential campaign of 1800 and, Tylor, Edward Burnett, 1:192 Uncas (Mohegan leader), 5:435 3:150 Tyndall, John, 3:239 Uncle Remus (Harris), 3:395; 5:119 Twentieth Amendment, 3:303 Uncle Sam, 1:277; 5:567; 8:248, 248 Typesetting, 6:469 as lame-duck amendment, 5:24 Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 2:163; Typewriter, 6:168; 8:244, 244–245, Twenty-Eight Hour Law (1873), 5:119; 7:195, 381; 8:113, 245 1:185 248–249 invention of, 1:588 Twenty-Eighth Congregational Uncle Tom’s Children (Wright), 5:125 Tyson, Don, 1:263 Society, 8:179 Unconditional surrender, 2:65; 8:249 Tyson, John, 1:263 Twenty-fifth Amendment, 3:342 Underground Railroad, 8:249–251, Tyson, Mike, 6:485; 7:50 and election policies, 3:171 250 Tyson, Swift v., 8:36 on extra sessions, 3:303 firsthand account of, 9:274–276 Twenty-first Amendment, 6:501 in Wisconsin, 8:490 Twenty-fourth Amendment, 6:508 Underwater Demolition Teams Twenty-one gun salute, 8:243 U (UDTs), 7:494; 8:251 Twenty-second Amendment, 3:342 Underwood, John C., 2:505 Twenty-seventh Amendment, 1:457 U-2 incident, 7:212; 8:15, 247 Underwood, Oscar W., at Washing- Twenty-sixth Amendment, 3:342 UAW. See United Automobile ton Naval Conference, 8:418 and election policies, 3:171 Workers of America Underwood Constitution, of Vir- Twenty-third Amendment, and elec- U-boats ginia, 8:344 tion policies, 3:171 in Battle of Atlantic, 1:352 Underwood Tariff, 3:161 Twining, Alexander C., 7:77 vs. convoy systems, 2:403, 403 Underwood-Simmons Act (1913), Twining, Nathan F., 6:371 UCC. See Uniform Commercial 6:497; 8:51, 57, 156 “Two Dogmas of Empiricism” Code; United Church of Christ Underworld (DeLillo), 5:122 (Quine), 6:446 UCMJ. See Uniform Code of Mili- Undistributed profits tax, 8:58 Two Moon (Cheyenne chief), on tary Justice UNEF. See United Nations Emer- Battle of Little Bighorn, UCV. See United Confederate Vet- gency Force 9:253–255 erans Unemployment, 8:251–254 Two Penny Act (1755), 8:243 Udall, Steward, and Alaska Native decadal estimates of, 8:251 Two Treatises of Government (Locke), land claims, 1:111, 112 in Great Depression, 4:44, 45, 47; 5:140, 140; 7:161 Udin, Sala, 8:286 8:251, 440

393 How to go to your page

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Unemployment, (continued) and taxation, 8:56 United Brotherhood of Carpenters among African Americans, 4:47; veterans’ organizations, 8:265 and Joiners, 8:262–263 5:563 See also Army, Union; Navy, Union United Church of Christ (UCC), Ford (Henry) on, 9:375–376 Union Canal, 8:239 2:349; 8:263–264 among women, 4:47 Union Carbide, 2:121 membership in, 7:91 inflation and, 4:351–352 Union Colony, 8:259 United Colonies of New England. after 9/11 Attack, 3:106–107 Union Labor Party, 5:16; 8:259 See New England Confedera- and psychological problems, 4:47 Union League, Metropolitan Muse- tion reduction in, mandatory retire- um of Art, proposal for, 5:335 United Confederate Veterans ment and, 7:128 Union League Club, 2:251 (UCV), 8:264–265, 318 in stagflation, 7:516 Union of American Republics, United Copper Company, 3:366 Unemployment insurance, 6:236–237 United Daughters of the Confedera- 8:253–254 Union of Needletrades, Industrial cy (UDC), 8:265–266 American Federation of Labor on, and Textile Employees, 2:250 United Electrical, Radio, and 2:227 Union Pacific Railroad, 2:9; 8:181, Machine Workers of America Social Security Act and, 8:440 188 (UE), 3:176–177 UNHCR. See United Nations High exploration along, 3:300 Commissioner for Refugees financing of, and political corrup- United Empire Loyalists, 8:266 UNIA. See Universal Negro tion, 2:452–453 United Farm Workers of America Improvement Association route to southern California, 7:35 (UFW), 2:77; 3:326, 479; 8:172, Unicameralism, 5:78 and transcontinental roadway, 7:34 266–267 Unidentified flying objects (UFOs), Golden Spike Ceremony, 7:34 boycotts by, 1:529; 5:3 8:255, 255–256 race with Central Pacific Rail- and grape strike, 5:3; 8:267 Bermuda Triangle and, 1:445, 446 road, 2:94 minorities in, 3:50 in Nevada, 6:39 in Wyoming, 8:564 United Fruit Company (UFCO), Unification Church, 2:477; 8:303 Union Party, 8:259–260 2:54; 3:479; 4:69–70; 5:46, 48 Uniform Anatomical Gift Act Union Seminary, 7:97 United Garment Workers (UGW), (1968), 8:183 Union sentiment, in South, 1:132 Uniform Code of Military Justice 7:474–475 United House of Prayer for All Peo- (UCMJ), 2:440; 8:256 Unions. See Labor; Trade union(s) ple, 2:477 Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), Union-shop agreement, 2:243 United Jewish Organization of 7:531 Unit rule, 6:113; 8:260 Williamsburg, Inc. v. Hugh L. Uniform Determination of Death Unitarianism, 5:431 Carey, 5:79 Act (1981), 1:339 split with Congregationalism, United Kingdom. See Great Britain Uniform state laws, 7:531–534 2:349, 350 United Lutheran Church in America Uniforms, military, 2:246; 8:256, and transcendentalism, 7:194–195; (ULCA), 5:177 256–259, 258 8:179–180 United Mine Workers of America for women, 8:257, 258, 502 Unitas Fratum. See Moravian (UMWA), 1:190; 2:254–255; Unincorporated territories, U.S., Brethren 5:6, 17; 8:171, 267–268 8:92, 94 United Airlines, 1:83 Centralia Mine disaster and, 2:95 Union, Fort, 2:493; 8:259 United Americans, Order of, 8:260 and dues checkoff, 2:115 Union (Civil War) United Artists, 3:362 and Guffey Coal Acts, 4:71 comparative advantages of, 2:209 United Automobile Workers of 5: conscription by, 2:211 America (UAW), 5:8, 356; and Ludlow Massacre, 169–170 foreign policy of, 3:425 8:172, 260–262 strike by, 7:557 military strategy and administra- Ford Motor Company and, clash and United Steelworkers of Ameri- tion of, 2:217–218 between, newspaper account ca, 8:277 politics in, 2:218 of, 9:385–387 in Utah, 8:297 prison camps of, 3:189–190; 6:474 Polish Americans in, 6:391 in West Virginia, 8:450 sentiment, in South, 7:474–475 relations with other unions, 3:176; United Nations (UN), 8:268–272 support for 8:266 Charter of, 8:268, 272 in border states, 8:260 sit-down strikes by, 7:372 on children’s rights, 2:149–150 in North, 8:313 strike against General Motors, during Cold War, 8:269–270 in South, 8:260 7:166; 8:261, 261 after Cold War, 8:271–272

394 How to go to your page

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Convention on the Elimination of United Organization of Taxpayers, United States v. Carolene Products Co., All Forms of Discrimination 6:508 3:246 Against Women, 2:398–399 United Packinghouse Workers of United States v. Cooper, 6:456 creation of, 1:271; 2:11, 467–468; America, 5:280 United States v. Cruikshank, 6:297; 3:94; 6:264; 7:212; 8:202, United Parcel Service (UPS), 1:97; 8:273 268–269 2:439 United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export decolonization and, 8:270–271 strike at (1997), 2:226 Corporation, 8:198, 388 General Assembly of, 5:64; 8:269, United Presbyterian Church of United States v. Darby Lumber Com- 272 North America (UPCNA), pany, 3:308 on genocide, 3:536 6:451 United States v. Dennis, 2:377 in Haiti, 4:85–86 United Press Association (UP), United States v. E. C. Knight Compa- and human rights, 4:192, 193 6:459 ny, 1:20; 2:310, 311, 418; 4:26; International Court of Justice in, United Press International (UPI), 7:343, 344; 8:234, 274 4:387–388, 394 6:458, 459 United States v. Harris, 8:274 International Labor Organization United Spanish War Veterans United States v. Jefferson Davis, 8:194 in, 4:390 (USWV), 8:318 United States v. Johnson, 6:554 and Korean War, 4:545–549, 546 United States and Foreign Securities United States v. Lee, 8:274 and laws of war, 8:372 Company (US&FS), 4:412 United States v. Lopez, 2:311–312; League of Nations and, 5:64, 65 United States Civil Service Retire- 8:274–275 limitations of, 1:271 ment Association (USCSRA), judicial review in, 4:493 membership in, 8:268 6:283 United States v. McWilliams, 3:328 on neutrality, 6:34, 36 United States v. Morgan, 1:405 United States ex rel. Standing Bear v. and nonintervention policy, 6:117 United States v. Morrison, 2:312; Crook, 8:224 and Nuclear Non-Proliferation 3:74; 8:274 United States Exploring Expedition Treaty (1968), 6:138 United States v. Nixon, 3:279; 6:457 (1840), 6:383 origins of, 8:268–269 United States v. One Book Entitled United States Flour Milling Compa- peacekeeping missions of, Ulysses, 2:84 ny, 3:390 6:270–271 United States v. Playboy Entertainment United States Geological Survey and Refugee Convention, 7:80 Group, 8:68 (USGS). See Geological Survey, in Rwanda, 1:40 United States v. Reese, 8:275 U.S. Security Council of, 8:269, 269, United States v. Reynolds, 3:279 United States Golf Association 272 United States v. Rosenberg, 8:195 (USGA), 4:19 international criminal tribunals United States v. Salerno, 1:385 under, 8:372 United States Government Manual, United States v. Seeger, 2:361–362 in Somalia, 1:39 3:329, 332 United States v. Sioux Nation, 8:275 on territorial sea, 8:93 United States Information Agency United States v. Southwestern Cable and Third World, 8:271 (USIA), 6:504 Co., 3:340 and Trust Territory of the Pacific, abstract expressionism exhibited United States v. Trans-Missouri 8:95, 232 by, 1:10 Freight Association, 8:275 war crimes trials by, 8:378 Voice of America under, 8:350, 351 United States v. Virginia, 8:275–276 United Nations Charter, 6:264; United States Jaycees, Roberts et al. v., United States v. Washington, 8:415 8:202, 205 7:183, 198 United States v. Wong Kim Ark, United Nations Conference (1945), United States Statutes at Large, 2:155; 8:276 8:272 7:540–541 United States v. Zenith Radio Corp. et. United Nations Conference on United States Steel Corporation, al., 3:340 Environment and Development 8:277 United States-Canada Free Trade (Earth Summit) (1992), 2:238 United States v. American Tobacco Agreement, 2:28; 8:276–277 United Nations Declaration, 8:273 Company, 1:172 United Steelworkers of America United Nations Emergency Force United States v. AT&T, 1:347 (USWA), 5:8; 8:277–278 (UNEF), 8:270 United States v. Burr, 3:279; 6:456; relations with other unions, 3:176 United Nations High Commissioner 8:194 strikes by, 4:429; 7:546 for Refugees (UNHCR), 7:80 United States v. Butler, 1:396; 3:527; in World War II, 4:428 United Network for Organ Sharing 8:273 United Steelworkers of America v. (UNOS), 8:183 United States v. California, 8:124 Weber, 1:36

395 How to go to your page

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United Textile Workers (UT W), University of Minnesota, American 20th-century, 8:293 6:58; 8:111, 278 Studies at, 1:169 and American society, 8:294 “United We Stand, Divided We University of North Carolina, 6:130 in Confederate States of America, Fall,” 8:278–279 University of Pennsylvania 2:343 Unity of Brethren. See Moravian establishment of, 3:112, 127 critics of, 8:291–292 Brethren museum of, 5:486 in Gilded Age, 3:577 Universal Automatic Computer veterinary medicine at, 8:319 government policies and, 8:292–294 (UNIVAC), 2:335 University of Virginia, 8:283 and housing, 4:180–181 Universal Declaration of Human Jefferson (Thomas) and, 8:279, 283 migration and, 8:285, 290–291 Rights, 4:192 University of Wisconsin, 8:279, in New Jersey, 6:63 Universal Limited Art Editions, 6:471 284, 492 and newspapers, 6:97 Universal Military Training and Ser- and Wisconsin Idea, 8:493 shopping malls and, 5:215 vice Act (1951), 5:430 University of Wyoming, 8:565 stages of, 8:289–291 Universal Negro Improvement, 6:236 Black 14 incident at, 8:566 supporters of, 8:292 Universal Negro Improvement Unknown Soldier, Tomb of the, of Virginia, 8:346 Association (UNIA), 1:477, 478 8:284, 284–285 and waste disposal, 8:419 Universal Peace Movement, 6:267 dedication of, firsthand account of, U’Ren, William S., 6:206, 208 Universal Peace Union (UPU), 1:216 9:370–373 Urey, Harold C., 6:341 “Universalis Cosmographic” (map), UNOS. See United Network for Ursuline Convent, burning of, 5:232 Organ Sharing 1:196; 8:295 Universalist church, 2:350 Unsafe at Any Speed (Nader), 2:384, Uruguay Universities, 3:127–129 391; 5:561; 8:285 commerce with, 5:44 economics at, 3:108 Untouchables, The (film), 1:504 trade agreements with, 6:125 exchange students in, 3:274 UP. See United Press Association Uruguay Round, 3:524; 8:52 industrial research at, 4:340 Up From Slavery: An Autobiography Ury, John, 6:85 Ivy League, 4:449–450 (Washington), 5:124 U.S. Special Forces (USSF), 7:494 in Massachusetts, 5:267 UPCNA. See United Presbyterian U.S. Steel, 8:295 Morrill Act (1862) and, 5:460 Church of North America creation of, 4:428 religious learning in, 7:98 Updike, John, 5:121 decline of, 4:429 scientific research at, 7:272 Upham, James P., 6:370 foreign investment in, 3:420 segregation in, 5:425 UPI. See United Press International as monopoly, 4:428 state, 3:127; 8:279–280 Upjohn, Richard, 1:250 trade unions and, 7:545 See also Education, higher; specific UPS. See United Parcel Service U.S. Veterinary Medical Association universities Upshur, Abel P., 6:465 (USVMA), 8:319 University of Alabama, 1:104 UPU. See Universal Peace Union U.S.A. (Dos Passos), 6:12 University of California, 2:13–14; Upward Bound program, 8:293, 441 USA Patriot Act (2001), 3:369; 3:127 Uranium, 6:138–139, 341–342 6:109 affirmative action in, court case Manhattan Project and, 5:221 USA Today (newspaper), 6:99–100 addressing, 1:386 See also Nuclear weapons USAF. See Air Force, U.S. botanical garden of, 1:517 Urban areas. See Cities USAID. See Agency for Internation- free university movement at, 3:462 Urban homesteading, 8:287 al Development University of Chicago, 8:280–281 Urban League. See National Urban USAirways, 2:109 athletic program at, 2:277 League USCSRA. See United States Civil economics department of, 3:109 Urban mass transit, 3:173–174; Service Retirement Association and Encyclopaedia Britannica, 3:204 7:42–46 USDA. See Agriculture, Department financial support for, 7:187 decline of, 7:44–45 of Laboratory School at, 3:116 patronage of, 7:45 Use tax, 7:230 pragmatism at, 6:444, 445 Urban planning. See City planning Usery, W. J., 3:343 University of Delaware Urban redevelopment, 2:188; 3:538– USES. See Employment Service, desegregation of, 2:543 539; 6:438; 8:285–288, 293 U.S. and Winterthur Museum, 8:489 eminent domain for, 6:505 US&FS. See United States and For- University of Florida, 3:387, 388 and historic preservation, 6:453 eign Securities Company University of Michigan, 8:279, Urbanization, 2:388; 8:288–294 USGA. See United States Golf Asso- 281–282 19th-century, 8:290 ciation

396 How to go to your page

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USGS. See Geological Survey, U.S. Utopian communities, 2:476; Vallejo, Mariano Guadalupe, 1:433; Ushijima, Mitsuru, 6:182–183 8:300–304 2:9; 9:62 USI Film Products, Landgraf v., 2:197 Amana Community, 1:133 Valley Forge, 7:144; 8:306 USIA. See United States Informa- antebellum, 8:302 conditions at, firsthand account of, tion Agency Brook Farm, 1:545; 8:301 9:147–149 USIS. See Information Service, U.S. city planning for, 2:185 Value America, 3:184 USNLTA. See National Lawn Ten- pacifism and, 6:228 Values, Native American, 1:482 nis Association, U.S. religious, 8:302 Van Buren, Martin Usselinx, William, 6:77 secular, 8:302–303 in Albany Regency, 1:114 USSF. See U.S. Special Forces socialist, 7:424 banking under, 1:195 Ussher, James, 1:30 technology-based, 8:304 Caroline affair and, 2:58 Usury. See Interest Laws transcendentalism and, 8:179, 181 on congressional elections of 1838, USVMA. See U.S. Veterinary Med- Union Colony, 8:259 2:23 ical Association UTW. See United Textile Workers and Democratic Party, 2:551 USWA. See United Steelworkers of Eaton affair and, 3:105 America Free Soil Party and, 7:111; 8:119 USWV. See United Spanish War on hours of labor, 8:360 Veterans V on Maysville veto, 5:277 nickname of, 2:550; 3:146 USX Corporation, 8:295 VA. See Veterans Administration; party nomination of, 2:399 Utah, 8:295–299 Veterans Affairs, Department of and presidential campaign of 1812, Ballet West of, 1:390 Vacation and leisure, 8:305 3:151 capital punishment in, 2:40 in antebellum period, 8:305 in presidential campaign of 1832, constitution of, 8:297 in colonial era, 2:292; 8:305 3:152 copper mining in, 6:115 commercialization of, 7:65 in presidential campaign of 1836, culture of, 8:297, 299 Hobbes (Thomas) on, 8:526 3:153 earthquakes in, 3:101 motels in, 5:462, 462–463 in presidential campaign of 1840, economy of, 8:296–297, 298 privatization of, 7:66 3:146, 153 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and See also Tourism in presidential campaign of 1848, songs of, 7:533 Vaccination, 3:235, 239, 241; 5:105 1:417; 3:154 during Great Depression, 8:297–298 Centers for Disease Control and, and slavery, 5:97 minorities in, 8:298 2:88 Van Dam, Rip, 8:589–590 modern, 8:298–299 development of, 2:144 Van de Graaff, Robert J., 6:342 Mormon migration to Vaccines Van Der Zee, James, 1:301 Mormon handcart companies, attenuated, 6:389 Van Doren, Charles, 7:6, 6 5:458–459 Bacillus-Calmette-Guérin (BCG), Van Hise, Charles R., 6:42 Mormon trail, 5:459, 459 8:237 and University of Wisconsin, 8:284 Mountain Meadows Massacre, polio, 5:236; 6:388–389, 389 Van Leewenhoek, Anton, 1:3 5:467–468 smallpox, 5:300; 7:399, 399–400 Van Rensselaer, Stephen, 8:383 Mormons in, 5:53–54; 8:296 yellow fever, 8:576 Van Schaick, William, 3:40 Native Americans in, 6:230; 8:217, Vacuum cleaners, development of, Van Slyke, D., 1:460 296, 299, 300 3:182–183 Van Syckle, Samuel, 6:359 Progressive Era in, 8:297 Vail, Alfred, 8:68 Van Tyne, Claude H., 1:255 Stansbury’s expedition to, excerpt Vail, Theodore, 1:346; 8:67 Van Vechten, Carl, 1:300 from account of, 9:233–237 Valcour Island, Battle of, 4:77 Van Voorhis, Westbrook, 5:236 during World War I, 8:297 Valentine, Allan, 6:166 Van Wyck, Robert A., 8:46 during World War II, 8:298 Valentine, Robert G., 1:571 Van Zandt, Jones v., 3:482; 4:487 Utah (battleship), 6:273 Valentino, Rudolph, 3:401 Vance, Cyrus, 6:239–240 Ute, 8:216, 299, 299–300 Vallandigham, Clement L., 2:218, and Cuba policy, 2:471 in Colorado, 2:299 411; 8:305–306 Vance, Zebulon B., 6:129 Mormons and, 8:296 banishment of, 3:527 Vancouver, Fort, 8:176 Utility companies, municipal owner- as Sons of Liberty leader, 6:136 Vancouver, George, 3:297; 8:453 ship and, 5:476 Vallandigham incident, 3:527; explorations by, 8:306–307, 307 Utopia (More), 5:116–117 8:305–306 in Aleutian Islands, 1:121

397 How to go to your page

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Vancouver, George, (continued) Veazie Bank v. Fenno, 8:310 industry in, 8:313, 314 of Columbia River, 2:303 Veblen, 3:109 in land disputes, 8:311 in Oregon, 6:204 Veblen, Thorstein, The Theory of the legislature of, 8:313, 314 Vandalia Colony, 8:307–308 Leisure Class, excerpt from, maple sugar in, 5:231 Vandegrift, Alexander A., 1:520; 9:347–351 Native Americans in, 1:2; 8:311 4:68 Vegetarian Resource Group, 8:310 personal liberty laws of, 6:294 Vanden Heuvel, Katrina, 5:522 Vegetarianism, 8:310 polio epidemic in, 6:388 Vandenberg, Arthur, 7:106; 8:272 in Seventh-day Adventist Church, population of, 8:312, 314 and Republican Party, 7:113 1:31 Republican Party in, 8:313, 314 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 1:580; 3:360 Veksler, Vladimir I., 6:338, 343 same-sex unions in, 3:514 and Davis (Jefferson), bond for, Velocity of money, 5:440 ski resorts in, 7:122 2:505 Venable, James, 1:184 state university of, 8:279 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, Jr., 1:258 Venerable Society. See Society for statehood for, 8:312 Vanderbilt, W. H., 6:526 the Propagation of the Gospel tourism in, 8:314 Vanderbilt, William K., 1:375 in Foreign Parts town government in, 8:148 Vanderhorst, Richard H., 1:44 Venereal disease transportation in, 8:313, 314 Vanderlyn, John, 1:295 prostitution and, 6:513, 514 Utopian communities in, 8:303 Vane, Henry, 1:205 See also Sexually transmitted dis- World War II and, 8:314 Vanhorne’s Lessee v. Dorrance, 8:308 eases Vernam, Gilbert S., 2:468 Vann, Robert L., 6:98 Venezuela Verner, Sherbert v., 2:169 Vanuxem, Lardner, 3:548 commerce with, 5:44–45 Vernon, Edward, 4:473 Vanzetti, Bartolomeo Great Britain and, 4:42 Vernon, Lillian, 3:29 last statement by, text of, Olney Corollary on, 6:191 Verrazano, Giovanni da, 1:11; 2:38; 9:361–362 independence of, 5:50 3:285, 291; 8:315 See also Sacco-Vanzetti case U.S. relations with, 5:47, 48, 49 explorations of Vardaman, James K., 5:413 Monroe Doctrine and, 5:446 Narrows, 5:515 Vargas, don Diego de, 6:67 Venture capital, in industrial New France, 6:51 Varick, James, 1:44, 53 research, 4:340, 341–342 New York, 6:87 Varieties of Religious Experience Venturi, Robert, 1:253; 6:430 Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, 1:539; (James), 5:118 Veracruz incident, 1:1; 8:311 8:315 Variety programs, 8:72 Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 1:394; Variety stores. See Dime stores de, 3:472, 473; 6:250; 8:315–316 Varner, Robert, 6:477 7:146–147, 210 financial provisions of, 8:316 Vasquez, Louis, 1:537 Verhulst, Willem, 6:71 Hitler’s claim regarding, 8:249 Vassar College, 3:131, 132, 133; Verizon, 1:381 International Labor Organization 7:319–320 Vermont, 8:311–315, 312 in, 4:390 Vatican II, 2:70; 3:267; 8:308–309 in 19th century, 8:312–314 League of Nations in, 8:315–316 goals of, 8:308 in 20th century, 8:314 and Poland, 6:391 impact of, 8:308–309 agriculture in, 8:313, 314 territorial provisions of, 8:316 on religious freedom, 4:475; 8:308 in American Revolution, 1:442; U.S. rejection of, 3:451; Vaudeville, 1:575; 8:113, 309–310 8:311–312 8:201–202, 205, 316 African Americans in, 8:309 committee of safety in, 7:149 war guilt clause of, 3:562 decline of, 8:309 in Civil War, 8:313 and Yap Mandate, 8:575 Vaughan, Thomas Wayland, 6:162 Saint Albans Raid, 7:224; 8:313 VerticalNet, 3:184 Vaughn, George, 6:57 in colonial era, 8:311 Vesey, Denmark, 2:107; 6:235; Vaugondy, Didier Robert de, 9:11, 24 Democratic Party in, 8:314 7:380; 8:317 Vaux, Calvert, 1:250; 2:94; 5:38–39 economy of, 8:312–313 Vesey, Joseph, 8:317 Vauxcelles, Louis, 2:475 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Vesey Rebellion, 6:235; 7:380, 455; VAWA. See Violence Against songs of, 7:533 8:316–317 Women Act governors of, 8:312, 314 Vespucci, Amerigo, 1:135; 3:284 VC. See Viet Cong Great Depression in, 8:314 Vestal, David, 1:301 V-chip technology, 3:340 in Haldimand Negotiations, 8:312 Veterans VCR. See Videocassette recorder independence of, Green Mountain bonuses for, 1:498–499 Veatch, John A., 1:504–505 Boys and, 4:61–62 in civil service, 6:295

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Civil War by Bush (George H. W.), 8:321 Video games, 8:153, 327, 327 bonuses for, 1:499 by Carter, 8:321 Videocassette recorder (VCR), organizations for, 8:264–265 by Clinton, 1:7, 229; 8:321 2:392; 8:77, 327–328 pensions for, 7:127 Congressional overriding of, 8:321 and advertising, 1:34 GI Bill for, 3:574; 6:285; 8:317 Constitution on, 8:321 Viet Cong (VC), 8:330–334 health care for, 8:317 in divided government, 8:321 and Tet Offensive, 8:97–98 homes for, 8:317 by Ford, 8:321 Viet Minh, 3:534; 8:329, 330 Mexican-American War, land by Johnson (Andrew), 9:317–318 Vietnam grants to, 1:498 line-item, 8:320–321 division of, by Geneva Accords, organizations for, 8:318 Maysville, 5:277 3:534; 8:329 American Legion, 1:162–163 by Nixon, 8:321 immigration from, 7:470–471 Grand Army of the Republic, pocket, 6:380–381; 8:321 in Indochina War, 3:416–417; 4:31–32 presidential defense of, 8:322 8:329 Society of Cincinnati, 2:173, 174 by Reagan, 8:321 road-building in, 7:181 United Confederate Veterans, by Roosevelt (Franklin Delano), in SEATO, 7:469–470 8:264–265 8:321 U.S. relations with, after Vietnam pension plans for, 4:109; by Truman, 8:321, 322 War, 8:328 6:282–283, 284–285; 8:317 by Wilson, 8:352 U.S. shipping in, 5:320 Persian Gulf syndrome in, Viacom, Inc., 6:538 U.S. trade with, 8:328 6:291–292, 293 Viagra, 8:322 Vietnam syndrome, 8:328–329 post-traumatic stress disorder in, Viburnum Trend, 5:62 Vietnam Veterans of America, 6:475; 6:431 Vice president, U.S., 8:322–324 8:318 soldiers’ homes for, 7:445–446; in 18th century, 8:322 Vietnam War, 8:329–335, 330 8:317 in 19th century, 8:322–323 adolescents and, 1:26 substance abuse in, 5:510 in 20th century, 8:323 aerial bombing in, 1:496, 496 Vietnam War functions of, 8:322 African Americans in, 5:382; 8:333 benefits to, 1:499 presidency after serving as Agent Orange in, 1:54–55 health problems of, 2:538 through death of president, air war in, 8:331 Vietnam syndrome in, 8:328–329 8:322, 323 aircraft carriers in, 1:91–92 War of 1812, land grants to, 1:498 through election, 8:322 aircraft industry in, 1:96 World War I, Bonus Army of, resignation of, 8:323 anarchism in, 1:182 1:498, 499 Vickery, William, 3:110 antiwar movement in, 1:216–217, World War II, compensation for, Vicksburg (Mississippi) 217; 6:268 1:499 in Civil War, 2:213; 5:412, 460; atrocities by U.S. troops in, 1:354; Veterans Administration (VA), 6:25; 8:324, 324 8:333 6:285; 8:317 riots in (1874), 8:324–325 ballads inspired by, 1:388 Veterans Affairs, Department of Victor Emmanuel III (king of Italy), biological warfare in, 2:119 (VA), 3:332; 8:317–318 1:329 booby traps used in, 1:500 establishment of, 8:317 Victor Talking Machine Company, Cambodia operations in, 2:16–17 head of, 2:2 5:502 campus protests during, 8:587 Veterans Benefits Administration, Victoria (queen of Great Britain), casualties in, 2:537; 8:329, 332, 8:317 8:325 333, 334, 376 Veterans of Foreign Wars of the on Civil War, 1:106 Christmas bombing of Hanoi in, United States, 8:318 Victorianism, 8:325–326 Kissinger on, 9:475–477 Veterans Health Services and 20th-century interpretations of, Cold War and, 2:269 Research Administration, 8:317 8:326 conscientious objectors during, Veterans of Vietnam War (organiza- characteristics of, 8:325–326 2:362 tion), 8:318 and gardening, 3:510 costs of, 8:334 Veterinary College of London, 8:319 and gender roles, 3:518–519 and counterculture, 2:433 Veterinary medicine, 8:318–320 Victorio (Apache leader), 1:472, 475; and defense policy, 2:536 disease treatment in, 8:318–320 8:404 defoliation used in, 2:537–538 educational system for, 8:318–319 “Victory garden” campaigns, 3:510 desertion in, 3:17 microbiology in, 5:358 Victory Loan of 1919, 8:326–327 draft during, 2:364–365; 5:430; Veto(es), 8:321–322 Video cameras, 6:331 8:352

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Vietnam War, (continued) Tet Offensive in, 1:77; 2:447, 532; Vincent, John, 7:552 amnesty for evasion of, 1:177 3:427; 8:97, 97–98, 98, 333 Vincent, John Heyl, 2:113 Carter’s proclamation on, and theater, 8:115 Vinegar, 3:405 9:479–480 Time on, 8:127 Viner, Jacob, 3:109 resistance to, 1:278 Tonkin Gulf incident and, Vinland, 6:122–123; 8:337 Easter Offensive in, 8:334, 335 8:142–143, 332 Vinson, Carl, 8:555 Eisenhower and, 8:330 troop withdrawal from, 8:333–334 Vinson, Mechelle, 3:54–55; 5:324 emigration during, 3:197 U.S. Air Cavalry in, 1:73 Vinyl, 6:366 escalation of, 8:332–333 U.S. Air Force in, 1:77 Violence, 8:337–339, 338 fall of Saigon in, firsthand account U.S. Army in, 1:277 against African Americans, of, 9:477–479 U.S. Coast Guard in, 2:259 1:332–333; 8:337–338 federal expenditures during, 3:282 U.S. Marine Corps in, 5:242 lynching of Till (Emmett), 8:126 guerrilla warfare in, 4:70 U.S.-Vietnam relations after, 8:328 NAACP and, 5:526 gunboats in, 4:77 and U.S. electoral politics, 3:165, in antislavery movement, 1:211 helicopters in, 1:73; 4:124, 124 166 against Asian immigrants, 2:154; Ho Chi Minh Trail in, 8:329, 330, veterans of 8:578 332, 333 benefits to, 1:499 in Chicago, 2:133 and immigration to U.S., 7:470 health problems of, 2:538 against Chinese Americans, 2:154 imperialism in, 4:245 memorial to, 8:335, 335 against civil rights activists, Indochina War and, 8:329 organizations for, 8:318 2:203–204 Johnson and, 1:77; 3:427; post-traumatic stress disorder in, domestic, 3:72–75 8:331–333 6:431 activism targeting, Coalition of Kennedy and, 8:330–331 Vietnam syndrome in, 8:328–329 Labor Union Women and, laws of war in, 8:372 Vietnamization in, 8:333, 335–336 2:256 letters from soldiers in, 9:473–474 Nixon’s speech on, 9:467–473 child abuse, 2:136–138 munitions in, 5:479, 480 war powers in, 8:374, 388, 389 farmer/frontier, 8:338 My Lai incident in, 1:354; 2:440; women in, 8:504 gambling and, 3:508 5:505, 506 Vietnam War Memorial, 8:335, 335 against gays and lesbians, 3:514 Native Americans in, 4:329 Vietnamese Americans, 7:471 in Kansas Territory, 1:505, 506; Nixon and, 1:77; 3:427; Vietnamization, 3:427; 8:333, 3:196 8:333–334, 335 335–336 in Kentucky, 4:520 letter to Thieu by, 9:474–475 Nixon’s speech on, 9:467–473 labor, 8:338–339 speech by, 9:467–473 Vieux Carré, 6:73, 73, 74; 8:336 mass, 8:339 Operation Linebacker I in, 1:77 Vigilantes, 8:336, 338 media portrayal of, 5:261; 8:339 Operation Linebacker II in, 1:77 and bank robbers, 8:179 in mining towns, 4:13; 8:54 Operation Ranch Hand in, 1:54 Regulators, 7:82 against Native Americans, 8:337 Operation Rolling Thunder in, in San Francisco, 8:336, 338; objection to, 6:227 1:77; 8:332–333 9:239–240 political, 1:331–333; 8:339 opposition to, 8:333 White Caps, 8:470 rise in 20th century, 2:459–460 Kent State protest, 4:517–518 Vigils, 6:227 school, Columbine school mas- by Students for a Democratic Vignali, Carlos, 2:240 sacre, 2:305 Society, 7:561–562 Viguerie, Richard A., 3:29 serial killings, 7:315 original documents from, The New Right: We’re Ready to Lead, sexual, feminism on, 8:517 9:455–480 excerpt from, 9:495–499 in strikes, 7:556; 8:339 paratroops in, 6:247 Vikings, 6:381 on television, 8:339 peace negotiations in, 8:333, 334 exploration of America by, 3:283 public outcry against, 2:64 at Paris Conference, 6:247–248 Vilaboa, Napoleón, 5:239 urban, 8:337–338 Pentagon Papers on, 6:286–287 Villa, Francisco (Pancho), raid on in video games, 8:327 excerpt from, 9:455–459 Columbus by, 5:346; 8:336–337 See also Assassination(s); Domestic press releases during, 2:83 Village Voice (newspaper), personal violence; Hate crimes; Riots; prisoners of war in, 6:472, 473, 475 ads in, 6:294 Terrorism population of, 6:477 Villard, Oswald Garrison, 5:521–522 Violence Against Women Act SEALs in, 8:251 Villasur, Pedro de, 6:29 (VAWA) (1994), 3:74, 317; support for, public, 9:459–462 Villegas, Daniel Cosío, 1:137–138 5:548; 8:274, 339–340

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commerce clause and, 2:312 “Give Me Liberty or Give Me Virginia, Loving v., 5:165, 251, 406 Violence Commission, 8:340 Death” speech and, 4:2 Virginia, Morgan v., 5:527 Violent Crime Control and Law government employment in, 8:346 Virginia, United States v., 8:275–276 Enforcement Act (1994), 8:339 governors of, 8:344, 345 Virginia Association, 1:340 Violet-le-Duc, Eugène-Emmanuel, Hampton Roads Conference in, Virginia Beach (Virginia), 1:250 4:91 8:346–347 Virgil, Moretum, 3:99 immigration to, 4:220 Virginia Board of Elections, Harper v., Virgin Islands, 8:340–341 Indiana Company in, 4:320 5:415; 6:508 annexation of, 1:189; 8:94, Kentucky Conventions and, 4:522 Virginia City (Nevada), 1:497; 340–341 legislature of, 8:343, 344–345 2:338; 4:11; 6:37; 8:347 economy of, 8:341 General Assembly, 8:342, 343 Virginia Company of London, Virgin Land (Smith), 1:170 House of Burgesses, 1:333; 2:111; 3:289; 8:347–348 Virginia, 8:341–346 4:179; 8:342, 348, 349 charter issued to, 2:285 in 19th century, 8:343–344 reapportionment in, 8:344 and colonial settlements, 2:287 in 20th century, 8:344–346 maps of, 8:342, 345 dissolution of, 8:348 African Americans in archival, 9:12, 12–14, 13 establishment of, 8:347 education for, 8:344, 346 Mason-Dixon line in, 5:260 as foreign investment, 3:419 number of, 8:346 Monticello in, 5:452–453 management of, 8:347 in politics, 8:345 Mount Vernon in, 5:465–466, 467 Pilgrims and, 5:317 white flight from, 8:347 mountain feuds in, 3:356–357 Plymouth branch of, 2:430 agriculture in, 8:341–342, 343, 346 Native Americans in, 6:442; 8:341, Virginia Company of Plymouth, 349 6:377, 379–380; 8:347 tobacco, 1:62, 122; 8:133, 134, Ohio River and, connection Virginia Declaration of Rights, 341, 342 between, 4:456 1:454; 2:521; 8:348 in Alexandria Conference, 1:122 origins of, 7:46 text of, 9:135–136 in American Revolution, 8:343 poll taxes in, 6:408 Virginia dynasty, 3:151; 8:343, Arnold’s raid in, 1:282 population of, 8:343, 346 348–349 antimiscegenation laws of, 5:165 presidential dynasty of, 8:343, Democratic party during, 2:549 Bacon’s Rebellion in, 1:382–383 348–349 Virginia Indian Company, 8:349 Blue Laws in, 1:490 provincial congresses in, 6:520 Virginia Military Institute, 8:276 British convicts in, 2:401 ratification of Constitution in, Virginia Plan, in Constitutional in Civil War, 8:344 2:381 Convention, 2:379 Battle at Marion, 5:244 readjuster movement in, 7:52; Virginia Resolves, 8:349–350 Capture of Harpers Ferry, 4:97 8:344 on Alien and Sedition Acts, 1:124; Union sentiment in, 8:260 Republican Party in, 8:344–345 8:349 claims to western lands, 8:454–455 school desegregation in, 8:344 passage of, 8:349 in colonial era, 2:129; 8:341–343 Shenandoah Valley in, 7:341 in southern rights movement, Beverly (Robert) on, 1:191; slave insurrections in, 7:379, 380; 7:473 9:109–111 8:343 on Stamp Act, 8:349 charter of, 2:281 slavery in, 8:341, 342–343 text of, 9:120 House of Burgesses in, 2:280, 314 theater in, 8:113 on Townshend Acts, 8:349 slaves in, 7:8 toll roads in, 8:139 Virginia v. West Virginia, 8:350 constitution of, 8:343, 344, 348 tourism in, 8:346 Virginian, The (Wister), 5:129 Declaration of Rights by, 8:348 urbanization of, 8:346 Virology. See Microbiology text of, 9:135–136 Virginia Company of London in, Virtual reality, 8:350 Democratic Party in, 8:344–345 8:347–348 applications for, 8:350 economy of, 8:346 Virginia Indian Company in, 8:349 critics of, 8:350 education in, higher, 8:345–346 Virginia Resolves and, 1:124; Virtues, Franklin’s (Benjamin) list of, emblems, nicknames, mottos, and 8:349–350 8:528 songs of, 7:533 women in Viruses, hantavirus, 4:92–93 Federalist Party in, 3:351 education for, 8:346 Visa (credit card), 2:450, 451 in foreign trade, 8:164 in political office, 8:345 VisiCalc, 7:442 founding of, 3:289 Virginia (warship), 6:25 VISTA. See Volunteers in Service to geological survey of, 3:548 Virginia, Cohens v., 2:265, 381 America

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Vitale, Engle v., 3:374 Volunteers. See Conscription and civil rights movement and, 2:204 Vitamines, The (Funk), 6:148 recruitment; Enlistment effects of, 7:106; 8:9 Vitamins, 6:148–150 Volunteers in Service to America and Georgia politics, 3:557–558 biochemistry research and, 1:460 (VISTA), 1:19, 173; 8:386 provisions of, 8:9, 357 and nutritional science, 3:24 Von Braun, Wernher, 7:189 purpose of, 8:357 vitamin C deficiency, 7:287 Von Karman, Theodore, 7:189 resistance to, 8:357 Vivekananda, 1:326; 4:133 Von Pufendorf, Samuel, 5:91 and role of federal government, Vivisection. See Medical research, on Von Raasloff, General, 8:340 3:341 animals Vonnegut, Kurt, 1:364 Supreme Court on, 8:9, 357 Vizcaíno, Sebastián, 8:451 Cat’s Cradle, 5:121 Voting Rights Act (1970), 2:200 Vizenor, Gerald Slaughterhouse 5, 5:121 Vouchers, school, 3:119, 137–138; Darkness in Saint Louis BearHeart, Vonnoh, Bessie Potter, 1:308 7:266 5:129 Voter Education Project, 2:354 Voulkos, Peter, 1:305 Griever: An American Monkey King Voter registration, 8:353–355 Voyage of Discovery (Vancouver), in China, 5:129 in 19th century, 8:354 8:306–307 Winter in the Blood, 5:129 by African Americans, 8:354, 357 Voyages (Hakluyt), 4:86, 86 Vlaminck, Maurice de, in Armory Student Nonviolent Coordinat- Voyages of the Slaver St. John Show, 1:297 ing Committee in, 7:561 (O’Callaghan), 9:95–96 VOA. See Voice of America laws on, disfranchisement through, Voyageurs, 3:490, 491; 4:35; 8:358 Vocational education, legislation on, 8:354 VRA. See Voting Rights Act 7:401–402 Voting, 8:355–357 Vubu, Kasa, 8:271 by African Americans Voelter, Heinrich, 6:245 Vulcanite, invention of, 3:3 constraints on, 8:356 Vogt, Teamsters v., 6:350 Vulcanization, discovery of, 7:202 in Georgia, 3:555–556, 557–558 Voice of America (VOA), 6:503–504; grandfather clause used to pre- 8:350–351 vent, 4:35, 73; 5:526 Volcanoes, 8:351–352 NAACP and, 5:526–527 disasters involving, 3:37 W in Alabama, 1:103 Mount St. Helens (Washington by ballot (See Ballot) Wabanakis, in Maine, 5:207–208 state), 5:465, 466 in colonial era, 8:355 Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Volk, Leonard W., 1:316 and democracy, 2:547–548 Company v. Illinois, 2:310; 7:26, Vollard, Ambroise, 2:272 poll tax as prerequisite for, 2:48; 37 Volleyball, invention of, 8:584 6:408; 8:9 WAC. See Women’s Army Corps Volstead, Andrew J., 8:352 Supreme Court on, 8:9, 344 Waco Siege, 3:339; 5:385; 8:359, Volstead Act (1919), 2:458; 6:501; in Virginia, 8:344 359 8:352 preferential, 6:448–449 and Oklahoma City bombing, Volta, Alessandro, 3:172, 177; 8:68 property qualifications for, 3:145, 6:187 Voltaire, and deism, 2:539 250 Wadd, William, 6:153 Voluntarism. See Pure and simple rates of participation in, Wade, Benjamin F., 2:313; 8:359 unionism 2:547–548; 8:4, 5, 353, 355 Wade, Roe v. See Roe v. Wade Volunteer Army, 8:352 regulation of, 3:144–145; 8:356 Wade-Davis Bill (1864), 7:58; 8:359 See also Conscription and recruit- religious requirements for, 1:206; Wadsworth, James S., and land spec- ment; Enlistment 8:6 ulation, 5:36 Volunteer firefighters, 3:371 residency requirements for, 8:355 Wadsworth, Joseph, 2:281 Volunteer Hospital Corps, 6:147 right to (See Suffrage) Wage Stabilization Board (WSB), Volunteerism, 8:352–353 by women, 8:356–357 6:166 in ACTION, 1:19 See also Disfranchisement; Suffrage Wages in AmeriCorps, 1:173 Voting Rights Act (VRA) (1965), collective bargaining and, 2:274 Big Brother movement, 1:452 1:385; 2:200; 3:57, 144; 5:116; comparable worth principles and, Big Sisters, 1:453 8:357–358 2:329–330 March of Dimes, 5:236 1970 amendment to, 8:9, 354, 355 Equal Pay Act (1963) and, 2:330; nursing, 6:147 1975 amendment to, 8:9 3:54, 245 Peace Corps, 6:265–266 1982 amendment to, 8:9, 357–358 stagnation of, in 1990s, 1:580; during World War I, 3:72 backlash against, 1:382 2:225

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“stickiness” of, and unemployment, of overland companies, 6:220 Wallace, Dewitt, 7:51, 51 8:252 oxen in, 6:222 Wallace, George C., 8:119 trade unions and, 2:325; 3:176; prairie schooner, 6:448, 448 American Independent Party of, 8:261, 268 routes of, 8:363, 363–364 8:119 See also Minimum wage Wagoners of the Alleghenies, 8:365 assassination attempt against, Wages and Hours Act. See Fair Wainwright, Gideon v., 3:575–576 3:166 Labor Standards Act Wainwright, Jonathan M., 1:427 career of, 1:104 Wages and hours of labor Waite, Davis, 6:417 and conservative movement, 2:376 in industrial revolution, 4:343 Waite, Morrison, 7:150; 8:275 fundraising for, 3:29 piecework and, 6:351–352 Waiting for Lefty (Odets), 5:121; presidential candidacy of, 1:382; regulation of, 5:11, 13, 14–15; 8:115 2:204; 3:165, 166, 171 8:359–361 Wakarusa War, 1:506 in presidential election of 1968, under Adamson Act, 1:19; 8:360 Wakashan, 8:221 1:159 under Fair Labor Standards Act, Wake, Defense of, 8:365–366 right-wing forces and, 7:16 3:307–308; 8:360 Wakefield, Sarah F., 2:51 on school desegregation, 1:104; Lochner v. New York and, Waksman, Selman, 7:217; 8:237 4:29 5:139–140 Walcott, Charles D., 3:545–546 Wallace, Henry A. under National War Labor Wald, Abraham, 3:109, 110 as agriculture secretary, 1:71 Board, 5:564–565 Wald, Lillian D., 2:147; 8:521 as commerce secretary, 2:310 Supreme Court on, 1:19, 21; Walden (Thoreau), 5:119; 8:180, 366 Communist Party and, 2:327 5:14; 8:360 Waldenbooks, 6:538 as editor of The New Republic, 6:77 for women, 1:21; 5:5; 7:303; Waldo, Albigence, on life at Valley in presidential campaign of 1940, 8:360 Forge, 9:147–149 3:163 Brandeis Brief on, 9:357–360 Waldseemüller, Martin, 1:135; in presidential campaign of 1948, Wages and salaries, 8:361–362 3:284; 5:232 3:163, 164; 6:499 control of, 6:460 Walker, Alice, 2:205; 5:123, 124, 126 in presidential election of 1948, productivity and, 6:492 Walker, Amasa, 3:108 1:197 in standard of living, 7:521–522 Walker, David, 6:235 Wallace, Irving, 6:539 Wagner, Fort, Battle of, 2:212 Walker, Edwin A., 1:330 Wallace, Lew, 7:157 Wagner, Honus, 1:420 Walker, Francis A., 3:108 in Battle of Shiloh, 7:346 Wagner, Richard, 6:198 Walker, Frank, 3:208 in Shenandoah Campaign, 7:341 Wagner, Robert, 1:154; 2:274; 6:43; Walker, James Dent, 3:522 Wallace, Mike, 5:520 8:46 Walker, James J., 8:46 Wallace, Neil, 3:110 on Factory Investigating Commis- Walker, John H., 3:320 Wallace, Stafford v., 7:514 sion, 8:209 Walker, Joseph, 3:299; 8:582 Wallerstein, Immanuel, 2:44 Wagner Act (1935) Walker, Leroy P., 2:341 Walloons, 8:368 and AFL growth, 1:151 Walker, Mort, 2:308 Wal-Mart, 3:10; 7:126; 8:368 See also National Labor Relations Walker, Nellie Verne, 1:308 and Arkansas economy, 1:263 Act Walker, Quok, 1:48 Walpole, Sir Robert, 6:252 Wagner-Peyser Act (1933), 3:201; Walker, Robert J., 8:51 Walpole Company. See Grand Ohio 5:11 Walker, Thomas, 2:479 Company Wagon(s), 8:186 Walker, William (filibuster), Walsh, John, 3:565 Conestoga, 2:339, 441; 7:177; 3:359–360; 5:46; 6:104 Walsh, Lawrence, 6:401; 7:496 8:462 Walker, William H. (camera maker), Walsh, Thomas J., 8:63 covered, 2:441, 441; 8:463 6:329 Walsh-Healey Act (1936), 3:308; Dearborn, 2:510 Walker Tariff (1846), 8:51 8:368 Wagon manufacture, 8:362 Walker War (1853-1854), 8:296, 300 Walter, Thomas U., 2:49 Wagon trains, 2:441; 8:363–365, Walking delegate, 8:366 Walters, Alexander, 6:235 364 Walk-in-the-Water (ship), 4:53–54 Walters, Barbara, 2:78 decline of, 8:365 Wall Street. See Stock market Waltham (Massachusetts), 2:387 firsthand account of, 9:229–233 Wall Street explosion (1920), 8:366 Waltham Mills, 5:4 number of, 8:364 Wall Street Journal (newspaper), Walther, C. F. W., 5:177 on Oregon Trail, 6:209 8:366–367 Walton, Bill, 1:425 organization of, 8:364 Walla Walla settlements, 8:367–368 Walton, E. T. S., 6:342–343

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Walton, G., Faint the Trumpet number of, by conflict, 8:375 Battle of Stoney Creek in, 7:552 Sounds, 5:132 of Philippine Insurrection, 6:320, Battle of the Thames in, 8:64, Walton, Holmes v., 4:150 321–322 111–112 Walton, John, 6:186 in Vietnam War, 8:329, 332, 333, Battle of Tippecanoe in, 8:399 Walton, Sam, 1:263; 3:10, 26; 7:126; 334, 376 bounties in, 1:524 8:368 in World War II, 8:551 British blockade in, 8:384 Walworth, Ellen Hardin, 2:504 on D Day, 6:120 Canadian invasion in, 8:383–384 Walzer, Michael, 5:92 War crimes trials, 1:354; 8:378 Capitol damage in, 2:48, 49 Wambaugh, Joseph, 5:122 in Civil War, 1:184 causes of, 8:381–383 Wampanoag Indians, 6:378; for ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia, declaration of war in, 8:383 8:368–369, 369 1:354–355 desertion in, 3:17 Mount Hope, 5:464 Genocide Convention and, 3:536 Detroit surrender in, 3:21 Puritan settlements and, 2:288 My Lai incident (Vietnam), 5:505 disease in, 2:235 in Rhode Island, 7:151 after World War II, 8:378 Essex during, 3:256 treaties with, 4:313 See also Atrocities in war; Interna- events leading to, 2:129 Wampum, 6:86; 8:369–370 tional Criminal Court Fort McHenry, 5:185 Wanamaker, John, 3:7; 5:206; 7:205 War dance, 6:444 Great Lakes Naval Campaigns of Wanghia, Treaty of. See Cushing’s War Democrats, 2:551; 8:378 1812, 4:53 Treaty and Union Party, 8:259 guerrilla warfare in, 4:70 War War Department, 8:378–379 gunboats in, 4:77 archival maps of, 9:3 air defense systems by, 1:75 Madison’s speech on, 9:183–185 atrocities in (See Atrocities in war) War Finance Corporation, 8:379 Maine in, 5:208 casualties of (See War casualties) War guilt clause of Versailles Treaty, maps of civil liberties during, 8:374–375 3:562 archival, 9:42, 43, 44 conscientious objection to, War hawks, 3:82; 8:379–380 battles from 1812-1813, 8:381 2:361–362 and presidential campaign of 1812, battles from 1814-1815, 8:382 Constitution on, 8:373–375 3:151 Niagara Frontier, 8:382 costs of, 3:282; 8:376–377, 377 and Uncle Sam nickname, 8:248 Marine Corps in, 5:241 Civil War, 2:219 in War of 1812, 8:379, 382–383 in Maryland, 5:256–257 in Vietnam War, 8:334 “War in Its Effect Upon Women, Monroe-Pinkney Treaty and, debts, in World War I, 8:542–543 The” (Swanwick), excerpt from, 5:447 and Dawes Plan, 3:562 9:363–364 munitions manufacture and, 5:481 and German-American Debt War industries, racism in, 1:35 and nationalism, 5:568 Agreement, 3:560, 562 War Industries Board (WIB), 2:552; Native Americans in, 4:272; 8:382, and Young Plan, 3:562 5:377; 8:380, 536, 539 399–400 declarations of, 5:378; 8:373 and appliance industry, 3:181 New England opposition to, 4:101 defoliation used in, 2:537–538 and National Recovery Board, Niagara Campaigns, 6:102–103 laws of, 8:370–373 5:554 peace negotiations in, 8:384–385 mobilization for, 5:429–430 War Labor Board. See National War Perry-Elliott Controversy, and post-traumatic stress disorder, Labor Board 6:290–291 6:431 War Labor Disputes Act (1943), 5:564 piracy in, 6:359 role of rivers in, 7:174–175 War memorials, 8:380, 380–381 press gangs and, 6:459 War and Ordnance, Board of, 8:373 Vietnam War Memorial, 8:335, prisoners of war in, 6:473 War bonds, 1:397–398 335 privateering in, 5:248; 6:480 See also Savings bonds War of 1812, 2:530; 4:41; rockets used in, 7:188 War Brides Act (1945), 2:155 8:381–385 and tariffs, 8:50 War casualties, 8:375–376 and antiwar movements, 1:216 Tecumseh in, 8:131 in Civil War and ban on trading with enemy, Treaty of Ghent ending, at Battle of Antietam, 1:199, 199, 8:173 3:571–573; 4:41; 6:263; 8:200 200 Battle of Lake Erie in, 4:51; 5:21 and Uncle Sam nickname, 8:248 at Battle of Fredericksburg, 3:457 Battle of New Orleans in, 5:159; U.S. Army in, 1:275–276 at Battle of Gettysburg, 6:73, 75, 75 and Vermont, 8:312 3:569–570 maps of, 8:385 veterans of, land grants to, 1:498; definition of, 8:375 archival, 9:42, 43, 44 5:28–29

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war hawks in, 8:379, 382–383 Warfield, Benjamin Breckinridge, Warships, 8:405–409 warships in, 8:405 1:449 armored, 1:265–266 Washington burning in, 8:417 Warfield, Edward, 1:550 battleships, 8:407 women in, 8:383 Warhol, Andy, 1:301; 6:330, 414, British, 8:406 Yankee (privateer brig) in, 8:574 415, 415 cruisers, 8:407–408 War of Austrian Succession. See Warley, Buchanan v., 5:526 destroyers, 8:408 King George’s War Warm Springs Reservation, 8:223 Dreadnought, 3:84–85 War of Jenkins’ Ear, 2:294 Warner, Elizabeth Stewart, letters frigates, 8:405, 408 War of Spanish Succession. See of, 9:238–239 ironclad, 4:430–431 Queen Anne’s War Warner, Glenn Scobie (Pop), 3:410 nuclear, 8:406–407 War of the League of Augsburg. See Warner, Mark R., 8:344 radar on, 7:14 King William’s War Warner, Olin L., 1:306 rams, 7:47 War on Drugs, 3:86 Warner, Sam Bass, Jr., 8:294 sailing, 8:405 War on Poverty, 1:571–572; 6:438, Warner, Seth, 1:442, 574; 4:61; 8:312 steam, 8:405–406 551; 8:293, 385–387, 441 Warner Brothers, cartoons of, 2:63, in torpedo warfare, 8:144 Community Action Program in, 64 types of, 5:480 2:328 Warnerke, Leon, 6:329 “White Squadron,” 8:473 Head Start in, 4:112–113; 8:386 Warr, Lord de la, 2:540 See also specific ships Job Corps in, 4:480; 8:386 Warren, Earl, 1:457; 3:164 Wasatch Mountains, 8:295 Office of Economic Opportunity as California governor, 2:11 Wascoe, 8:221 in, 6:163; 8:386 on censorship, 2:85 Washburn, Cadwallader, 8:491 programs in, 7:416; 8:386–387 on citizenship, 2:198 Washing machines, development of, War on Terrorism, 8:96 Court under, 4:493, 496–497; 3:181–182 Bush’s address on, text of, 8:24–25 Washington (D.C.), 8:409, 409–412 9:526–530 on natural rights, 6:10 African Americans in, 8:410 Egypt’s support in, 3:141 on separation of church and state, Bonus Army in, 1:498, 499; 7:166 and Labor Department, 5:12 3:374 botanical garden in, 1:516 War powers, 8:387–388 crafting doctrine of speech, 3:374 burning of, in War of 1812, 8:417 Constitution on, 8:373–375, 387 critics of, 2:169 capitol at, 2:48–50, 49 War Powers Act (1973), 5:378; judicial review under, 4:493 choice as capital, 2:519 8:388–389 in Loving v. Virginia, 5:165 city plan for, 2:49, 185, 187; 7:52; loopholes in, 8:388 on segregation, 1:549 8:409, 410 presidential resistance to, 8:321, in Warren Commission, 8:394 in Civil War, 8:410 374, 388, 389 Warren, Edward, 1:391 Compromise of 1790 and, 2:330 provisions of, 8:373–374, 389 Warren, Fiske, 8:303, 304 demonstrations in, 8:411 War Relocation Authority (WRA), Warren, George F., 1:544 early history of, 8:409–410 4:460–461, 463 Warren, Gouverneur K., in Battle of in electoral college, 3:171 War Savings Stamps, 8:123 Gettysburg, 3:568 Folger Shakespeare Library in, War Settlements Act (1928), 3:560 Warren, John Collins, 1:184–185 3:393 “War Story” (Kim), 9:419–424 Warren, Joseph, 8:3 founding of, 8:409 War Trade Board, 8:389 Warren, Josiah, 8:303 home rule in, 4:153; 8:411–412 Ward, Aaron Montgomery, 3:9; Warren, Mercy Otis, 4:137; 8:505 Knickerbocker storm (1922) in, 7:125 Warren, Robert Penn, 3:481; 4:520; 1:486 Ward, Clara, 1:441 5:102, 122 Lincoln Memorial in, 8:410 Ward, Elsie, 1:308 All the King’s Men, 5:121 local government of, 8:410, Ward, John Quincy Adams, 1:306 Night Rider, 5:121 411–412 Ward, John William, 1:169 Warren, Samuel D., on right to pri- March for the Animals in (1990), Ward, Lester Frank, 6:424; 7:412, vacy, 6:479 1:186 432 Warren, Whitney, 4:34 March on Washington (1963), Ward, S. A., 1:139 Warren Bridge, 2:107 1:152; 5:237, 237, 563 Ward’s Cove Packing Co., Inc., v. Ato- Warren Commission, 8:394–395 National Gallery of Art in, nio, 2:196, 197; 8:389–390 Warren Plan. See Gold Purchase Plan 5:538–541 Ware, Caroline, 8:498 Warsaw Pact, 2:89, 268; 6:125 National Museum of the American Ware v. Hylton, 8:390 disintegration of, 2:90 Indian in, 5:547–548

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Washington (D.C.), (continued) in Allegheny Mountains, 1:127 and Jay’s Treaty, 4:41, 467; 8:200, population of, 8:410, 411–412 in American Academy of Arts and 204 as port city, 8:409–410 Sciences, 1:139 and land companies, 5:26, 35, 36 riots in, 7:164, 167–168 in American Revolution, 1:509, and liquor ration for Army, 3:59 slavery in, 8:410 511, 532; 7:136, 137, 140–141, on militias, 5:386 Vietnam War Memorial in, 8:335, 142–146; 8:581 Mount Vernon, 5:465–466, 467 335 amnesty granted by, 1:177 mules and, 5:472 in War of 1812, burning of, 8:417 appointments by, 1:225 and national census, 2:86 White House in, 8:470–472, 471 and Arnold’s march to Quebec, as national hero, 5:567 Washington (state), 8:412–416, 413 1:281 and national identity, 7:141 agriculture in, 8:413 Aurora on, 1:360 and neutral rights of U.S., 6:33, 34 in colonial era, 8:412 and Bank of the United States, neutrality order of, 3:278 economy of, 8:414 1:395 Neutrality Proclamation by, 6:491 emblems, nicknames, mottoes, and in Battle of Bunker Hill, 8:207 in New York City, 1:544 songs of, 7:533 in Battle of Harlem, 4:94–95 and Newburgh addresses, 6:94 environmental issues in, 8:415 in Battle of Long Island, 5:150 and Order of the Purple Heart, Friday Harbor Laboratories, in Battle of Princeton, 6:464 2:527 5:240, 241 in Battle of Trenton, 8:208 and pine tree flag, 6:357 Great Depression in, 8:414 in Battle of White Plains, 8:473 and political patronage, 2:22 health care in, 8:415 cabinet of, 2:2 presidency of, 7:138 immigration to, 8:413 and Capitol building, 2:48 in presidential campaign of 1789, industry in, 8:414–416 3:150, 171 and civil service, 2:206 Japanese Americans in, 8:415 in presidential campaign of 1792, as commander in chief, appoint- missionaries in, 8:412 3:150 ment of, 2:394; 7:139 Mount St. Helens in, 5:465, 466 and presidential open house, 8:471 Connolly’s Plot and, 2:360 Native Americans in, 8:415, 571 against prison ships, 6:473 at Constitutional Convention, population of, 8:416 in Quasi-War, 3:449 2:379 railroads in, 8:413 spies used by, 7:501–502 and Continental Congress, 7:140 San Juan Islands in, 7:242 teeth of, 3:3 Conway Cabal and, 2:403 statehood for, 8:413 in treaty negotiation and ratifica- correspondence with Cornwallis, trade unions in, 8:414 tion, 8:199 9:152 water resources in, 8:415 trip to Barbados, 1:414 Delaware River crossing, in World War I, 8:414 and two-term tradition for presi- in World War II, 8:414–415 2:543–544, 544; 8:208 dency, 7:198 Washington, Booker T., 3:117, 126; distillery opened by, 3:60 on uniform system of measures, 5:119 on enumerated powers, 3:225 5:528–529 “Atlanta Compromise” speech by, executive agents appointed by, at Valley Forge, 8:306 3:556 3:277 in Virginia dynasty, 8:343, 348 and Du Bois, 6:103 on executive privilege, 3:279 and Virginia Resolves, 8:349 and newspapers, African American, farewell address of, 8:418–419 and Washington (D.C.) founding, 5:199–200 on foreign policy, 3:425 8:409 as principal of Tuskegee Universi- text of, 9:179–183 on waterways, 7:168 ty, 8:241 and Federalist cause, 2:381 and West Point, 8:447 Up From Slavery: An Autobiography, and France, 3:472–473 Whiskey Rebellion and, 2:97; 5:124 in French and Indian War, 3:469; 8:469 Washington, Bushrod, 2:297 4:55 martial law in, 5:254 and African colonization, 1:148 and gardening, 1:516; 3:509–510 and White House, site for, 8:470 on privileges and immunities of Great Union Flag by, 3:379 Washington, Harold, 2:133 citizens, 6:482 inauguration of, 4:250–251 Washington, Henry S., 6:300–301 Washington, Eugenia, 2:504 Indian policies of, 4:313; Washington, Madison, 2:457 Washington, Fort, 7:143 6:177–178 Washington, Martha, 3:375 Washington, George internment of, 6:457 Washington, Treaty of (1871), and Agriculture Department, 1:71 on isolationism, 4:439 1:106; 2:26; 6:263; 8:416–417 at Alexandria Conference, 1:122 in James River Company, 4:456 Washington, United States v., 8:415

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Washington Conference (1922), for Native Americans, 1:100–101; towboats and, 8:147–148 3:304 8:415 See also River(s) and China policy, 2:151 Water supply and conservation, Watie, Stand, 6:184 and national defense, 2:531 2:368; 8:422–425 Watkins, Arthur V., 1:537; 4:288; Washington Crossing the Delaware urbanization and, 8:292 8:298 (Leutze), 2:543–544, 544 in Washington (state), 8:415 Watkins, Carleton, 1:299; 8:583 Washington Monument, 8:417, 417 See also Irrigation Watkins v. United States, 2:352 Washington Naval Conference, Water-cooled nuclear reactors, Watson, Ella (Cattle Kate), 2:75 8:417–418, 575 6:139 Watson, James, 3:67–68, 68, 529, arms control at, 1:270; 6:264; Watergate scandal, 2:23, 421; 3:279; 533 8:555 8:425, 425–428 Watson, John, 5:393 and Five-Power Naval Treaty, campaign finance reform attempts Watson, John B., 1:437, 437, 438; 3:377 after, 3:147 6:524 and Four-Power Treaty, 3:446 investigating committees in, 4:411; Watson, Lloyd R., 1:436 “parity” in naval defense and, 8:426 Watson, Philip, 6:509 6:250 Jordan’s “Constitutional Faith” Watson, Thomas Augustus, 8:69 Washington Post (newspaper) speech on, text of, 9:489–491 Watson, Thomas E., 3:556; 5:366; publishing Pentagon Papers, 6:99, media coverage of, 7:261 6:417; 7:205 287 newspapers on, 6:99 Watson, Thomas J., Jr., 2:335 Unabomber’s manifesto in, 8:247 and Nixon impeachment hearings, Watson, Thomas J., Sr., 2:335 Washington v. Davis, 3:247 4:235 Watson-Watt, Robert, 7:14 Washington v. Glucksberg, 3:263; Nixon’s investigation address on, Watt, James, 3:229; 7:541, 542, 543 7:160; 8:418 text of, 9:486–489 Watts riots (1965), 2:12; 5:153; Washingtonian movement, 8:79 and presidential campaign of 1972, 8:430–431, 431 Washoe, 8:216 3:166 Wax engraving (cerography), 5:233 Waste disposal, 8:419–420 and president’s removal power, Wax portraits, 8:431 genetic engineering and, 3:531 7:101 Waxman, Harry, 2:230 hazardous, 4:111–112; 8:21 and resignation of Nixon, Waxman, Henry A., 1:15 plastics and, 6:367–368 6:110–112 Wayland, Francis, 1:548; 3:108, 115 recycling, 7:66–68, 67, 68; 8:420 significance of, 6:400–401 Wayland, Julius A., 8:303 sanitation systems for, 7:245–246 special prosecutors in, 7:495 Wayne, (Mad) Anthony sewage, 4:356; 7:245 and subpoena to Nixon, 6:457 in Battle of Fallen Timbers, solid, 4:356 tape recordings in, 7:495 3:310–311 Waste Land, The (Eliot), 5:120 and Vietnam War, 8:334 and Fort Defiance, 2:537 Wataugans, 3:454–455 Waterhouse, Benjamin, 5:390 and Fort Wayne, 8:431 Watchmaking, 2:241–242 Waterpower, 8:428–429 and Greenville Treaty, 2:509; Water, sanitation systems for, Ballinger-Pinchot controversy on, 4:63–64, 271; 6:172 7:245–246 1:391 in Ohio, 2:537; 6:172, 178; 8:399 Water closet, 6:372 and manufacturing, 5:4 Wayne, Fort, 8:431–432 Water law, 8:420–421 windmills and, 8:486 Wayne, Fort, Treaty of (1809), 4:314 Water outlets, cities on, 8:289 Waters, Ethel, 8:309 Wayne, John, 3:363; 8:288, 458 Water pollution, 8:421–422 Waters, Muddy, 1:492 Ways and Means, Committee on, Exxon Valdez oil spill and, 3:233, Waterways 2:352; 8:432 305, 305–306 Canadian-American, 2:29 WCAR. See Women’s Central Asso- in Hudson River, 4:188 improvements of, 7:168–171 ciation for Relief legislation for control of (See Clean inland, 8:187, 192, 429–430 (See WCIW. See World Community of Water Act) also Canal[s]; River[s]) Islam in the West Manhattan Company and, 5:476 and domestic trade, 8:160 WCTU. See Woman’s Christian in Mississippi River, 5:417 Fox-Wisconsin Waterway, 3:448 Temperance Union non-point sources of, 3:233 Inland Waterways Commission “We have met the enemy, and they sewage disposal and, 4:356 on, 4:361 are ours,” 5:21; 8:432 Water rights insurance for, 4:368 WEAL. See Women’s Equity Action arguments over, in Colorado, Muscle Shoals region (Alabama), League 2:299 5:483–484 “Wealth” (Carnegie), 6:317

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Wealth of Nations (Smith), 1:228; on dichotomy between church and Weinberg, Steven, 6:338 3:107; 6:481 sect, 3:1 Weinberger, Caspar, 2:529 Weapons Weber, United Steelworkers of America in Iran-Contra Affair, 4:419, 420 in Civil War, 5:479 v., 1:36 Vietnam syndrome and, 8:328 in Indian warfare, 8:391–392 Web-fed newspaper press, 6:469 Weinberger v. Wisenfeld, 3:54 manufacture of, 5:480–481 Webster, Daniel Weisskopf, Victor F., 6:344 of merchantmen, armed, and Compromise of 1850, 2:331 Weissman, Julia, 1:310 5:321–322 conservatism of, 2:374 Weissmuller, Johnny, 2:98; 8:37 prehistoric, 1:242, 242 Creole slave case and, 2:457 Weitzel, Godfrey, 8:472 in Revolution, 5:479 and Dartmouth College Case, Welch, James, 5:129 See also Arms race and disarma- 2:503 Weld, Theodore Dwight, 1:209; ment; Artillery; Military- debate with Hayne, 8:434–435 6:152 industrial complex; Munitions; on due process of law, 3:89 Weld, Thomas, 6:153 Nuclear weapons; Ordnance; and land speculation, 5:36 Welde, Thomas, 1:431 specific types and lyceum movement, 5:178 Welfare and Pension Plans Disclo- Weas. See Miami Indians Webster, John White, 8:435 sure Act (1958), 5:11 Weather Bureau, U.S., 1:71 Webster, Noah, 3:22–23, 113, 204, Welfare capitalism, 2:43; 5:5; history of, 5:331–332 220; 8:106 8:437–438 Weather satellites, 8:432, 433 on Bill of Rights, 9:167–169 Welfare Reform Act (1996), 3:409 Weather Service, National (NWS), Elementary Spelling Book, 8:434 Welfare system, 6:438–439; 8:432–433 and medical meteorology, 2:235 8:438–443 Coast Guard and, 2:259 Webster’s American Spelling Book, aliens in, 1:126 establishment of, 2:235; 5:331, 332 5:127 and children, 2:137 See also Meteorology Webster v. Reproductive Health Ser- Clinton and, 6:439 Weatherford, William, 8:400 vices, 1:7; 6:361; 8:433–434 conservative backlash against, Weathermen (anarchist group), Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842), 2:228; 8:442 1:182; 4:65; 7:166; 8:95 2:26; 8:200, 434 food stamp program in, 3:408–409; Weather-related disasters, 3:41–43 Aroostook War and, 1:283 6:150, 438 Weaver, Buck, 1:480 Webster-Hayne debate, 8:434–435 foster care in, 3:442–443 Weaver, James B., 6:417; 8:119 Webster-Parkman Murder Case, legislation on, 7:415 presidential bid of, 2:227; 3:158 8:435 privately negotiated, 2:274 in presidential campaign of 1892, Webster’s American Spelling Book, Reagan and, 6:439 6:158 5:127 Weaver, Randy, 7:203 Webster’s blue-backed speller, 8:434 reform of, and child care, 2:139 Weaver, Richard, and conservative Wechsler, David, 4:379 residency requirements in, 7:222 movement, 2:375 Wedding traditions, 8:435–436 See also Federal aid Weaver, Sylvester, 8:138, 142 Weddington, Sarah, 7:192 Well of Loneliness, The (Hall), 7:325 Today developed by, 8:138 Wedemeyer, Albert C., in China- Wellek, René, 5:122 Tonight Show developed by, 8:142 Burma-India Theater, 2:152 Weller, Thomas H., 6:388 Weaver, Vicky, 7:203 Wedgwood pottery, 1:286 Welles, Gideon, 3:191; 8:208 Weaver, Warren, 1:460; 5:437; 6:315 Weed, Thurlow, 2:23; 3:466 Welles, Orson, 3:363 Weavers, the, 1:441 Weeden, Trevett v., 8:208 Citizen Kane, 2:178, 178–179 Webb, Alexander, 2:189 Weeds, 8:436–437 radio dramatization by, 7:19 Webb, Beatrice, 2:273 Weegee, 1:301 Wellesley College, 3:131, 132, 133; Webb, Electra Havemeyer, 1:310 Weekend, origins of, 7:65 7:319–320 Webb, Frank J., Garies and Their Weeks, Edward A., 1:351 minorities in, 3:132 Friends, 5:124 Weeks, John W., 8:437 Wells, Edward, 9:16 Webb, James, 5:523 Weeks Act (1911), 3:432; 8:423, 437 Wells, Fargo and Company, 8:443 Webb, Joseph, 8:572 Weems, Ward Lane, 1:308 Wells, Henry, 8:443 Webb, Sidney, 2:273 Wefald, Knud, 3:322 Wells, Herbert George (H. G.), Webb, Walter Prescott, 3:475 Wegener, Alfred, 3:551 1:138 Webb-Kenyon Act (1913), 1:117 Weidenbaum, Murray, 2:431 Wells, Horace, 1:184, 185 Weber, Max, 1:572; 2:41; 6:471 Weigle, Luther A., 1:448 Wells, Ida B., 2:201; 5:199 and cubism, 2:475–476 Weimar Republic, 3:562 anti-lynching crusade by, 5:180

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and World’s Columbian Exposi- sheep in, 7:339 West Virginia State Board of Education tion, 8:558 sheep wars in, 7:339–340 v. Barnette, 3:374; 6:370 Wells, Robert W., 3:85 stagecoach travel in, 7:514–515 Westergaard, Harald, 3:217 Welsh, Herbert, 4:302–303 survey and management of, Land Westermann, H. C., 1:311 Welsh v. United States, 2:362 Office in, 5:31 Western Apaches, 1:219, 220 Welter, Barbara, 3:518 tourism in, 8:146, 305 Western Associated Press, 6:458 Wendt, Julia Bracken, 1:308 vigilantes in, 8:336, 338 Western Electric, 1:440 Wentworth, Benning, 4:61; 6:57; West, Benjamin, 1:129; 3:197 Western exploration, 8:451–454, 8:311 West, Candace, 3:516 452 Wentworth, John (Long John), West, Cornel, 1:47 Fisk expeditions, 3:377 2:502; 6:57 West, Jerry, 1:424, 425 Frémont explorations, 3:467–468 Wentworth, John (The Elder), 6:57 West, Nathanael by Great Britain, 8:306–307 Werden, Sir John, 6:510 The Day of the Locust, 5:121 Pike expeditions, 6:354–355 Wesberry v. Sanders, 1:227 Miss Lonelyhearts, 5:121 Yellowstone River expeditions, Wesley, Charles, 3:264 West Coast Hotel Company v. Parrish, 3:318; 8:580 Wesley, John, 1:43, 265; 2:175; 3:308; 5:395; 8:445 See also Exploration(s) 3:264; 5:332; 6:287; 8:528 West Germany, 3:562–563; 8:552 Western Federation of Miners Wessells, Henry W., 3:94 in European Common Market, (WFM), 5:6; 8:454 West, American, 8:443–445 8:157 Industrial Workers of the World agriculture in, 1:64–65; 3:18 in NATO, 6:125 and, 4:346–347 International Union of Mine, Mill, irrigation for, 4:434–436 West India Company alien landholding in, 1:124 and Smelter Workers and, Danish, 3:286 American Revolution in, 7:145 4:397 Dutch, 3:96–97, 289–290 barbed wire in, 1:416 Western hemisphere, Monroe Doc- and colonial settlements, 2:289 black regiments in, 1:471–472 trine on, 5:446–447 Swedish, 3:286 camels in, 2:19 Western historians, new, 3:476 West Indies, 8:445–447, 446 cattle ranching in, 4:157–158 Western Land Company, 5:36 Barbados, 1:413–415, 414 climate in, 2:236 Western lands, 8:454–455 British and French conservation in, opposition to, Claim associations for, 2:221 molasses trade, 5:436–437 2:367 mineral patent law, 5:389 Paris, Treaty of (1763) and, 6:248 cultural regionalism in, 7:297–298 public land commissions and, in slave trade, 8:164, 209 development of, Bank of America 6:530–531 colonial trade with, 2:261 and, 1:394 settlement of, 5:30–31 expansion into (See Expansionism; West Point (Military Acadamy), See also Northwest Territory Westward migration) 5:374–375; 8:447 Western Museum (Cincinnati), exploration of, 3:297–301; 5:150 Arnold (Benedict) at, 1:282 5:487 ghost towns in, 3:574 and corps of engineers, 7:168 Western Reserve, 8:455, 455–456 herpetology expeditions in, 4:129 engineering education at, 3:216, Western Union Telegraph Compa- housing in, 4:180 219 ny, 2:439; 3:183; 8:69, 456–457 maps of, archival, 9:24, 24 establishment of, 2:530 AT&T and, 8:70 overland mail and stagecoaches, military uniforms at, 8:257, 257 and cable advances, 2:3 5:203–204 West Tennessee, 8:83 Westerns, 8:457, 457–459, 458 pioneers in, 6:358–359 West Virginia, 8:447–451 The Great Train Robbery, 4:58, 58; reclamation of arid lands in, capital of, 8:449 6:105 7:55–56 constitution of, 8:350 on television, 8:73 Remington’s images of, 7:99–100, debt assumed by, 8:350 Westheimer, Irvin F., 1:452 100 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Westinghouse, George, 2:388; sectionalism in, 7:296–298 songs of, 7:533 3:173; 5:108 seismic activity in, 3:101–102 mountain feuds in, 3:356–357 Westinghouse Electric Company, settlement of, 1:501 statehood for, 8:344 3:172, 173, 174 and environmental devastation, West Virginia (battleship), 6:273 appliance development by, 3:181 2:366 West Virginia, Strauder v., 4:503; Westmoreland, William C., in Viet- land speculation and, 5:36–37 7:555 nam War, 1:77; 8:331, 332 railroads and, 7:33 West Virginia, Virginia v., 8:350 Weston, Brett, 1:301

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Weston, Edward, 1:301; 6:330 Whaling, 8:465, 465–466 on subsidies, 7:564 Weston, Thomas, 5:317; 6:377–378 in colonial era, 4:349 tariffs and, 5:228 Westward migration, 1:382; in Hawaii, 4:106 in Vermont, 8:313 8:459–464, 460 in Nantucket, 5:510 Whip, party, 8:468 Adams (John Quincy) and, Native American, by Makah, 5:213 Whipple, Abraham, 3:512 1:187–188; 8:307 Wharton, Edith, 1:292 Whipple, Amiel W., 7:30 Donner party, 3:79–80 Ethan Frome, 5:119 Whipple Observatory, 6:157 federal government and, 8:444 Wharton, Samuel, 8:308 Whipsaw strikes, 5:141 Forty-Mile Desert and, 3:441 What Is the Proper Way to Display a Whiskey, 8:78, 468–469 frontier, moving, 5:371–372 U.S. Flag? (Tyler), 5:535 consumption of, 7:504 and fur trade, 3:490 Wheat, 8:466–467 distilling of, 2:97; 3:59 “Go West, Young Man, Go West” export of, 3:390 production of, 7:504 and, 4:9 growing of, 2:96, 97 tax on, 7:504 Gold Rush and, 4:13, 14 McCormick reaper, 5:183–184 Whiskey Rebellion, 2:97, 377; 3:59; homestead movement in, production of 6:278; 8:56, 469, 469–470 4:155–157 during Great Depression, 3:391 government agents tarred and manifest destiny, 5:222–225 during World War I, 3:390 feathered during, 8:49 maps of, archival, 9:2 storage of, 3:187 liberty poles in, 5:97 Miami Purchase, 5:353 winter, 3:88 martial law and, 5:254 to Michigan, 5:354 Wheatley, Phillis, 1:48; 5:119, 124 Whiskey Ring, 8:470 to Minnesota, 5:398 Wheeler, Burton, 6:498 special prosecutor on, 7:495 Mormon in presidential campaign of 1924, “Whisky Trust, T he,” 4:26 handcart companies, 5:458–459 3:162 WHISPER, 6:514 Mormon trail, 5:459, 459 Wheeler, George, 3:300, 545 Whistler, James A. McNeill, 1:296; Mountain Meadows Massacre, Wheeler, John A., 6:343 3:537; 6:470–471 5:467–468 Wheeler, Joseph, 7:486 White, Andrew Dickson, 2:415; original documents on Wheeler, William A., 3:156 3:274 Frizzell’s journal, 9:229–233 Wheeler-Howard Act. See Indian as AHA president, 1:159 Grund’s observations, 9:215–218 Reorganization Act at Hague Peace Conference, 4:82 Warner’s letters, 9:238–239 Wheeler-Lea Act (1938), 3:348 White, Canvass, 2:79 vehicles used in, 8:462, 463 Wheelock, Eleazar, 2:502; 3:133, 134 White, Caroline Earle, 1:186 Wilderness Road and, 8:478 Wheelock, John, 2:502, 503 White, E. B., 3:222; 6:92 See also Oregon Trail Wheelwright, John, 1:205 Charlotte’s Web, 5:127 Wetherald, Richard T., 2:237 Where the Wild Things Are (Sendak), White, Edward D., 8:275 Wetherford, William, 1:102 5:128 on antitrust legislation, 1:214 Wetherill, Samuel, 8:591 Whiffen, Marcus, 1:251 White, Elijah, 8:363 Wetlands, 8:464, 464–465 Whig Almanac, 1:129 White, Ellen, 8:501 and ague, 1:72 Whig Party, 3:152–153, 154; White, Ellen Harmon, 1:30, 30–31 Dismal Swamp, 3:57–58 8:467–468 White, Frank, 1:263 Wetzel, Don, 1:363 antibanking movement in, 1:195 White, George, Jr., 5:253 Wexler, Harry, 2:237 antislavery in, 1:211 White, George S., 1:162 Wexner, Lex, 7:126 in Arkansas, 1:260 White, Henry Dexter, 8:531 Weyerhauser, Frederick, 5:173 Conscience Whigs, 2:360–361 White, Hugh, 5:413, 414 Weyerhauser Company and conservatism, 2:374 White, Hugh L., in presidential formation and growth of, 5:173 Cotton Whigs, 2:361 campaign of 1836, 3:153 land acquisition by, 5:35 vs. Jackson (Andrew), 7:103 White, James, 1:30, 31 Weyl, Walter, 6:76 in Louisiana, 5:159–160 White, John, 3:80; 9:8–10, 13 Weyler y Nicolau, Valeriano, 2:470 in North Carolina, 6:128–129 as governor of Roanoke colony, Weyrich, Paul, 8:118 in Ohio, 6:172, 173 7:47 WFM. See Western Federation of panic of 1837 and, 2:550 White, Kevin H., 1:510 Miners platform of, 6:368 White, Richard, 8:463 WHA. See World Hockey Associa- in presidential campaign of 1840, White, Stanford, 2:251 tion 8:131 White, Texas v., 8:97, 105 Whaam! (Lichtenstein), 6:414 and Republican Party, 7:111 White, William, 3:242

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White, William Alanson, 5:314 Whitney, Anne, 1:308 Wildavsky, Aaron, 1:554 White Bird (Nez Perce chief), 6:101 Whitney, David M., 3:20 Wildcat (Seminole warrior), 8:402 White Caps, 8:470 Whitney, Eli, 2:387, 428–429; 6:364 Wildcat money, 8:477 White Citizens Councils, 8:470 inventions of Wildcat oil drilling, 8:477 White Fish River, archival maps of, cotton gin, 1:63; 8:109 Wildcaters, 6:302 9:51, 52 interchangeable parts, 1:335, 371; Wildenhain, Marguerite, 1:304 White flight 5:481 Wilder, L. Douglas, 8:345 in Philadelphia, 6:313 Whitney, Gertrude Vanderbilt, Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 5:127 in Virginia, 8:347 1:308, 310; 8:474, 474 Wilder, Thornton, 5:157 White House, 8:470–472, 471 Whitney, Mount, 3:300 The Bridge at San Luis Rey, 5:120 staff of, vs. cabinet, 2:2–3 Whitney, W. R., 3:175 Our Town, 5:121 White House of the Confederacy, Whitney, William Dwight, 3:23 The Skin of Our Teeth, 5:121 8:472, 472 Whitney, Willis R., 5:18, 24, 108 Wilderness White League, 6:76; 8:472–473 Whitney Museum, 8:474–475 of Alaska, 1:108, 109, 111 White Mountains, 6:55, 56, 59 Whittier, John Greenleaf, 7:2 cult of, in Progressive Era, 5:467 White Plains, Battle of, 8:473 Whittle, Christopher, 7:267 myth of, 1:170 White propaganda, 6:503 Whittlesey, Charles W., 5:155 preservation of, 2:372 White Slave Traffic Act (Mann Act) WHO. See World Health Organiza- national park system and, (1910), 2:459; 5:225; 6:513 tion 5:549–550 “White Squadron,” 8:473 WHOI. See Woods Hole Oceano- Wilderness, Battles of the, 2:214; White supremacy, 8:472, 473–474 graphic Institution 8:477–478 antimiscegenation laws and, Whole Book of Psalmes Faithfully Wilderness Act (1964), 3:227, 432 5:405–406 Translated into English Metre, Wilderness Road, 2:479; 6:254; and lynching of Till (Emmett), The (Daye), 6:468, 536 8:478 8:126 Whorf, Benjamin Lee, 4:275 Wilderness Society, 2:372 militia movement and, 5:385 Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? membership of, growth in, 3:227, Tillmanism and, 8:126 (Albee), 5:122 229 Vardaman, in Mississippi, 5:413 WIB. See War Industries Board Wildfires, 8:478 See also Ku Klux Klan; Racism Wickersham, George W., 8:475 fighting, 3:373 White-collar crime, 2:461–462 Wickersham Commission, 8:475 Wildlife, introduced species of, Whitefield, George, 2:162; 3:264; Wideman, John Edgar, 5:123 7:499, 499–500 4:38, 38–39; 6:65, 316, 450; Widnall, Sheila E., 8:505 Wildlife management, 2:370 7:85; 8:71 Wiener, Myron, 7:101 and eugenics, 2:370–371 and Great Awakening, 2:292 Wiener, Norbert, 2:486 Wildlife preservation, 2:366–367, Whitehead, Joseph, 2:260 Wiesel, Elie, 4:150 369; 8:479–482 Whitehead, Mary Beth, 8:29–30 Wieselthier, Valerie, 1:304 Audubon Society and, 1:359–360 Whitehead, Robert, 8:144, 408 Wigeman, Godcharles v., 5:13 and overpopulation problem, 2:370 Whitely, William, 2:542 Wigfall, Louis, 2:341 in Yellowstone National Park, Whiteness studies, 4:142 Wiggins, Ella May, 8:111 8:580 Whitewater Canal, 8:239 Wigglesworth, Edward, 5:104 Wiley, Harvey W., 2:122; Whitewater scandal, 2:239; 4:238 Wigglesworth, Michael, The Day of 3:403–404; 6:553, 554 Starr investigation of, 7:496 Doom, 5:117 Wiley, John, 6:536 Whitman, C. O., 5:240 Wightman Cup, 8:90 Wiley Act. See Pure Food and Drug Whitman, Charles Otis, 6:349 Wigner, Eugene P., 6:343, 345 Act (1906) Whitman, Christie Todd, 6:64; Wigwam, 1:254; 6:276; 8:475 Wilkes, Charles, 2:303; 3:299; 8:424 Wilberforce University, 1:53; 3:125 6:383; 8:207 Whitman, Marcus, 6:205; Wilbur, James, 8:571 expedition of, 8:482 8:367–368, 412 Wilbur, John, 7:2 Wilkes, John, 3:378 Whitman, Narcissa, 6:205; 8:412 Wilbur, Ray Lyman, 7:523 Wilkins, Maurice, 3:67, 68 Whitman, Walt, 1:322, 546; 3:195; Wilcox, Howdy, 1:375 Wilkins, Roy, 1:332; 5:527 6:537; 8:292 Wild One, The (film), 4:125 Wilkinson, Eliza, letters of, on individualism, 4:332 Wild West shows, 2:436; 7:191; 9:150–151 Leaves of Grass, 5:71, 119 8:113, 457, 475, 475–477 Wilkinson, James, 3:270, 359; 4:84; Whitman Sisters, 8:309 in Oklahoma, 6:185 6:183; 7:490; 8:383–384

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Wilkinson, John, on blockade run- Williams, Raymond, 2:222; 8:326 Wilson, Edith, 3:376 ning, 9:296–297 Williams, Robin M., 6:375, 376 Wilson, Edmund Beecher, 3:532 Wilkinson, Signe, 6:395 Williams, Roger, 1:411, 411, 412, Wilson, Edward, 6:383 Willard, Benjamin, 2:241, 242 508; 5:117, 270–271; 6:47, 515, Wilson, Edward Osborne, 2:373; Willard, Emma, 3:114, 131 519 8:598 Congregationalism and, 2:349 and religious liberty, 7:93, 151 Wilson, Edwin, 6:383 Willard, Frances, 8:81, 496, and settlement of New England, Wilson, George, American Class 496–497 2:288 Reader, 5:127 Willard, Simon, 2:242 Williams, Ted, 1:421 Wilson, Harriet E., Our Nig, 5:124 Willard, Xerxes A., 2:490 Williams, Tennessee, 5:122; 8:115 Wilson, Henry, 2:453 Willet, William, 1:314 Williams, Wayne B., 3:338 Wilson, Jack. See Wovoka (Paiute Willey, Waitman T., 8:449 Williams, William Appleman, 4:140 prophet) Willhoite, Michael, Daddy’s Room- Williams, William Carlos, 3:195; Wilson, James, 1:454–455; 8:193 mate, 1:500 5:120 at Constitutional Convention, William II (emperor of Germany) Williams Act, 5:323 2:379, 380 and Algeciras Conference, 1:123 Williams v. Mississippi, 8:483 legal training of, 5:56 and Armistice of November 1918, Williamsburg (Virginia), 6:452 Wilson, John, 5:31 1:265 city plan for, 2:185 Wilson, John (Moonhead), 2:544 William III (king of Great Britain) colonial, 8:343, 483–484 Wilson, Joseph, 1:305; 5:31 and colonial charters, 2:281 Williamson, Charles, 5:86 Wilson, Kenmmons, 7:53 and colonial policy, 2:280, 285; 3:77 Williamson, Hugh, 6:201 Wilson, Mary Jane, 1:161 and Plymouth colony, 6:379 on American climate, 2:234 Wilson, Pete, 2:12 on treason, 8:193 Williamson v. Lee Optical, 3:247; and Proposition 187, 6:509 William, Fort, 8:176 8:484–485 and Proposition 209, 6:509–510 William and Mary, College of, Williams-Steiger Act. See Occupa- Wilson, Richard (Dick), 8:560, 561 8:343, 482–483, 484 tional Safety and Health Act Wilson, Robert O., 2:487 establishment of, 3:112, 127, 129 Willis, Dorsie, 1:550 Wilson, Robert W., 1:344–345, 440 first professor of law at, 5:56, 73 Willisch, Marianne, 3:498 Wilson, Samuel (Uncle Sam), Native Americans at, 3:134 Willkie, Wendell L., in presidential 8:248b William Carter Fund, 3:443 campaign of 1940, 3:163; 7:113 Wilson, William G., 1:118, 119 Williams, Abigail, 7:229 Wills, Helen, 8:90 Wilson, William Julius, 1:47; 6:440 Williams, Anna W., 5:358 Willson, Robert, 1:290 Wilson, William L., 7:205; 8:51 Williams, Annette (Polly), 3:137 Willys, John, 2:449 Wilson, Woodrow Williams, Claude (Lefty), 1:480 Wilmington (Delaware), 2:543 American Federation of Labor and, Williams, Esther, 8:37 Wilmington (North Carolina), riot 1:150 Williams, Eugene, 2:134 in, 8:485 antitrust legislation under, Williams, Eunice, 2:51 Wilmot, David, 3:459; 6:278, 415; 1:214–215; 2:418; 3:348; 6:54, Williams, Fannie Barrier, 3:526 8:485 63; 7:344; 8:235 Williams, G. Mennen (“Soapy”), and Democratic Party, 2:551 and Arab world, 1:233 5:356 and Free Soil Party, 7:111 arms control under, 1:270 Williams, George, 8:584 Wilmot Proviso, 1:417; 6:415; and Balfour Declaration, 8:592 Williams, H. L., 6:179 8:485–486 on big business, 1:214 Williams, Harold M., 3:565, 566 vs. Clayton Compromise, 2:229 Bryce (James) and, 1:137 Williams, Harrison A., 1:8; 6:158 debates over, Whig Party and, and child labor laws, 4:27 Williams, Henry, 8:483 2:361 and Committee on Public Infor- Williams, Henry Sylvester, 6:235 and Free Soil Party, 3:459 mation, 2:313; 6:503 Williams, Jesse, 2:490 WILPF. See Women’s International declaration of war against Ger- Williams, Joan, 3:517–518 League for Peace and Freedom many, 8:591 Williams, John A., 5:123 Wilson, Alexander, 6:214 and Democratic Party, 2:551–552 Man Who Cried I Am, 5:126 Wilson, August, 5:123 and Dominican Republic, occupa- Williams, Kenny, 1:46 Wilson, Caroline Davis, 1:308 tion of, 3:76 Williams, Micajah, 2:32 Wilson, Charles E., 2:528 executive agents appointed by, Williams, Moses, 7:359 Wilson, E. D., 6:341 3:277 Williams, Peter, 1:53 Wilson, E. O., 1:194 and FBI, 3:337

412 How to go to your page

INDEX and Federal Reserve Act (1913), and Russia, mission to, 7:196 Winnebago County Department of 6:497; 8:196 Russian Revolution (1917) and, Social Services, DeShaney v., and Federal Trade Commission, 1:198 2:137; 3:74 8:160 segregationism of, 2:552 Winnebago/Ho-Chunk, 8:488, foreign policy of, 2:552; 3:426 and self-determination principle, 488–489 Fourteen Points of, 2:552; 3:426, 2:89 in Minnesota, removal from, 5:399 447; 5:63; 8:315 Siberian Expedition and, Nicolet visiting, 6:106 and Armistice of November 1918, 7:352–353 Winner-take-all system, 3:171 1:265 and sinking of Lusitania, 5:174 Winning of the West (Roosevelt), 8:288 Great Britain rejecting, 4:42 State Department under, Winnipesaukee, 6:56 Winograd, Garry, 1:301 text of, 9:368–370 7:528–529 and government pensions, 6:283 Winrod, Gerald B., 3:327 and Transportation Act (1920), and Haiti, occupation of, 4:85 Winship, George, 6:132 8:185 House-Grey Memorandum and, Winslow, Erving, anti-imperialism and University of Virginia, 8:283 4:179 of, 1:202 Veracruz incident and, 1:1; 8:311 imperialism of, 4:244 Winslow, John S., 1:105 vetoes by, 8:352 internment of, 6:458 Winsor, Jackie, 1:307 isolationism and, 4:439 Virginia dynasty and, 8:349 Winter, Edward, 1:304 labor policies of, 2:228 on Volstead Act, 8:352 Winter in the Blood (Vizenor), 5:129 Latin American policies of, 5:47; war powers under, 8:388 Winter resorts, 7:122 7:57 and women’s suffrage, 8:11 Winter storms, 1:485–487, 486, 487 and League of Nations, 2:151; in World War I, 3:426; 8:534, 535, Winters, Jeannette L., 5:243 3:426; 5:63–64; 6:264; 8:201, 539 Winterthur Museum, 8:489 205, 539 Archangel Campaign, 1:248 Winthrop, Fritz-John, 8:572 and Ludlow Massacre, 5:169–170 Armistice of November 1918, Winthrop, John, 1:508; 2:17; 5:91 and military pensions, 4:31 1:265 and Antinomian controversy, 1:205 on Monroe Doctrine, 9:209 policies of, 2:89 astronomical observations by, and National Park Service, 5:550 Yap Mandate and, 8:575 1:342 and National Research Council, Wilson Act (1890), 1:117 and Cambridge Agreement, 2:18, 5:522 Wilson Dam, 8:87, 88 19 and National War Labor Board, Wilson v. New, 1:19 “city on a hill,” 1:169; 2:184 5:564 Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894), and colonial assembly, 2:280 New Freedom campaign of, 8:51, 156 and general court, 3:525 6:54–55, 70 Winchester rifle, 5:479 The History of New England, 8:576 as New Jersey governor, 4:29 Wind power, 3:213, 214–215 and Hutchinson (Anne), 8:494 The New Republic on, 6:76 Wind River Indian Reservation, manifest destiny and, 5:223 and Nineteenth Amendment, 1:235 Massachusetts Bay Colony founded 5:565–566 by, 4:56; 6:47 Wind River Shoshone, 2:307 at Paris peace conference, 3:426; and New Haven Colony, 6:60 Winder, William H., 7:552 8:315 on philanthropy, 6:316 Windmills, 3:388, 389; 8:486, 486 and Philippines, 6:322 and settlement of New England, Windows on the Millennium (market and preparedness, 6:449 2:288 study), 5:248 as president of Princeton Universi- on smallpox, 7:399 ty, 6:465 Windows operating system, 2:337; and theocracy, 8:116 in presidential campaign of 1912, 5:360; 7:442–443 Winthrop v. Lechmere, 1:225 1:566; 3:160; 6:54, 70, 496; Windsor chair, 3:496 Wire chairs, 3:499 8:43 Wine industry, 3:479; 7:567; Wireless communications, 1:381 in presidential campaign of 1916, 8:486–488 Wireless technology, 8:67 3:161 Winema (Toby Riddle), 5:433 Wireless Telecommunications in presidential campaign of 1920, Winesburg, Ohio (Anderson), 5:120; Bureau, 3:340 6:118 6:13 Wirsum, Karl, 1:311 and Progressives, 6:497 Winfrey, Oprah, 1:52; 2:78 Wirt, William, 1:203; 3:116, 466 and rail system, 7:23, 24 Wingate, George, 5:556 and Cherokee Nation cases, 2:127, and railway work hours, 1:19 Wingfield, Walter Clopton, 8:89 128

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Wirt, William, (continued) Wistar, Caspar, 1:289 African American party nomination of, 2:399 Wister, Owen, The Virginian, 5:129 activists, 8:510, 512 in presidential campaign of 1832, Witchcraft, 8:494, 494–495 clubs for, 8:514 3:152 in colonial era, 7:83; 8:494–495 double jeopardy for, 8:521 Wirth, Conrad L., 5:552 in Puritans’ world, 2:162; 8:494 on mainstream women’s right Wirth, Louis, 8:291–292 Salem witch trials, 7:228–229, movement, 3:519, 520 Wirtz, Willard, 6:158 229–230; 8:495, 501 in military, 8:505 Wirz, Henry, 1:184; 6:473 evidence used in, Mather on, National Association of Colored Wisconsin, 8:489–493, 490 9:93–95 Women and, 5:527 admission to Union, 1:522 Witchita Indians, 8:218 National Council of Negro antimonopoly parties in, 1:204 Witherspoon, John, 3:220; 6:450 Women and, 5:534 capital of, 2:47 as president of Princeton Universi- as nurses, 6:146–147 dairy industry in, 2:489, 490; 8:491 ty, 6:465 suffrage organizations of, 8:514 economy of, 8:491–492 Witmer, David J., 6:286 in track and field, 8:155 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Wittenmyer, Annie, 8:496 in workforce, 8:507 songs of, 7:533 Wizard of Oz, The (film), 3:363 in American Bar Association, 1:145 Fox-Wisconsin Waterway in, 3:448 W.J. Barta (towboat), 8:147 in American Revolution, 7:146; ginseng production in, 3:578 Wobblies. See Industrial Workers of 8:505 Menominee Iron Range, the World in Arizona, 1:258–259 5:311–312 Wodziwob (prophet), 3:573; 6:7 Asian American, 3:520 and Michigan, boundary dispute Wofford, Harris, 1:173 assembly line and, 1:336 between, 1:523 Wolcott, Alexander S., 1:299 in astronomy, 1:344 in Midwest, 5:368–369 Wolcott, Marion Post, 1:301 birth control for, 1:466–469 Native Americans in, 8:488, 489 Wolcott, Oliver, 3:352 in Chautauqua movement, Progressive Party of, 6:499–500 Wolf, Fred D., 3:182 2:113–114 Sauk Prairie in, 7:254 Wolfe, George C., 8:115 and child care, 2:138 school choice experiment in, Wolfe, James, 1:7; 2:286, 295; 3:470, in churches, 6:518; 8:500, 3:137–138 471; 9:26, 28 500–502, 501 sexual orientation in, ban on dis- and capture of Quebec, 7:4 Catholic, 2:71 crimination based on, 3:56 Wolfe, Thomas, 5:122, 157 Christian Science, 2:171 state university of, 8:279, 284 Look Homeward, Angel, 5:120 Church of God in Christ, 2:172 Stockbridge Indian settlement in, Wolff, Alfred, 1:74 Episcopal, 3:243 7:550 Wolff Packing Company v. Court of ordination of, in Methodism, Supreme Court of, Ableman v. Industrial Relations, 8:495 1:44, 53 Booth in, 1:2 Wolfle, Dael, 1:141 citizenship of, 2:180, 181 three-party system in, 8:243 Wolves, 8:495–496, 565 married, 6:14 Wisconsin, Phillips Petroleum Company in Yellowstone National Park, in Civil War, 2:215; 8:502, 509 v., 6:9 8:580 in Civilian Conservation Corps, Wisconsin, Yoder v., 2:170 Womack, Robert, 2:464 2:220 Wisconsin Idea, 8:284, 493 Woman in the Nineteenth Century clothing and fashion for, Wisconsin Railroad Commission v. (Fuller), 8:181 2:245–247, 246 Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Woman’s Bible, The , 1:448–449 bicycling and, 1:451 Railroad, 2:311; 8:493 Woman’s Christian Temperance bloomers, 1:488–489, 489 Wisconsin v. Mitchell, 4:105 Union (WCTU), 3:73; 8:81, hairstyles, 4:83–84 Wisdom of the Body, The (Cannon), 496–497, 514 women’s rights movement and, 6:349 Woman’s Exchange movement, 8:513 Wise, Gene, 1:170 8:497 colleges for, 3:131–133 Wise, Isaac Mayer, 4:489, 489, 490; Women in colonial era, 2:291; 3:311, 518; 7:97 in 19th century, 3:312–313, 518–519 7:206 Wise, John, 1:392; 3:30; 4:417; 5:91 in 20th century, 3:314, 519–520 common law and, 2:291 Wise, Kendall D., 1:463 in 1920s, 3:381 in Congress, 8:507, 517 Wise Men, 8:493 and abolitionism, 8:505–506, 512 and Consumers Leagues, 2:392 Wise use movement, 7:355; 8:482 as advertisers’ targets, 2:390–391 discrimination against (See Dis- Wisenfeld, Weinberger v., 3:54 affirmative action for, 1:36–37 crimination, sex)

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INDEX displaced homemakers, 3:59 and liberated consumerism, 2:391 and recreation, 7:64 domestic violence and, 3:72, 73 and lynching prevention, reformatories for, 7:75 in economics, 3:110 1:339–340 republicanism of, 7:116 education of magazines for, 5:197–199 rights of, and liberalism, 5:92 in 19th century, 3:114–115 married, citizenship of, 8:497–498 in rodeos, 7:191 in 20th century, 3:117, 119 maternal and child health care, rural, 7:206, 207, 209 after American Revolution, 3:113 5:273–275 in Sanitary Commission, 7:244 higher, 3:132; 8:280–281, 282 medical research on, 7:430 sculptors, 1:307–308 at Air Force Academy, 1:78 in medicine, 8:511 segregation of, 7:303 associations for, 1:143 in military service, 8:502–505, in settlement house movement, for medicine, 4:482 503, 504 7:318 for sciences, 7:273 Marine Corps, 5:243 slave, 7:207–208 in educational reform, 3:116 at Naval Academy, 6:19 smoking, 8:135, 136, 137 in elected office, in Kansas, 4:510 sexual harassment of, Tailhook soap operas and, 7:409 employment discrimination incident, 8:43–44 in sociology, 7:435 against, pregnancy and, 3:525; uniforms for, 8:257, 258, 502 of South, 7:464 6:449 minimum-wage legislation for, in sports, 7:509, 510, 511–512 in engineering, 3:217 8:445 basketball, 1:425–426 equal pay for, legislation requiring, in mining towns, 4:13–14 bicycling, 1:451, 451 3:245 National Women’s Political Cau- college, 2:276–277, 277 equal rights for, legislation requir- cus and, 5:566 golf, 4:19 ing, 3:247–248 Native American, 3:519 swimming, 8:37 equality of, original documents on, farming by, 1:68–69 tennis, 8:90 9:325–337 in matrilineal societies, track and field, 8:155 exclusionary clubs for, 2:251 4:290–291 in State Department, 7:530–531 in factories, 2:223; 8:505 Ute, 8:299 suffrage for, 3:145, 147, 519; and farmers’ alliances, 3:323–324; 9 to 5, National Association of 7:106; 8:9–12, 10, 356 6:416 Working Women for, in Kansas, 4:509–510 original document on, 9:260–261 6:109–110 National Woman’s Party and, as farmhands, 3:326 Nobel Prize winners, 1:461 5:565–566 on frontier, firsthand accounts of, nonworking (housewives), The in New Jersey, 3:145; 7:105 9:244–248, 255–257 Feminine Mystique on, 3:353 newspapers and, 6:97 and gambling, 3:507 as nurses, 6:146, 147 Nineteenth Amendment on, glass ceiling and, 4:2–3 and peace movements, 6:267; 2:181 in gold mining towns, 9:240–242 8:499–500 organizations on, 8:11–12 during Great Depression, 4:47 in Persian Gulf War, 8:504 original documents on, hairstyles of, 4:83–84 as pharmacists, 6:311 9:332–337 hate crimes against, 4:104 as pioneers, firsthand accounts by, Supreme Court on, 5:401–402; Hispanic American, 3:520; 5:531 9:229–233, 238–239 8:11 human rights for, 4:193 pirates, 1:550 Woman’s Christian Temperance original documents on, as police officers, 6:385 Union and, 8:497 9:327–329 in politics, 3:198 women activists and, 7:106; in Illinois, 4:217 on pornography, 6:419 8:513–514 in Iowa, 4:415 poverty among, 2:225 in Wyoming, 8:564 Irish American, 4:223, 425 at Princeton University, 6:465 surrogate motherhood by, 8:29–30 Jewish, 5:534 in prison, 6:478 as teachers, 2:495–496; 3:112, 114, as jurors, 8:60 property rights of, 3:519 131 in Kansas, 4:510 as prophets, 6:7 in temperance movements, 1:117; in Kentucky, 4:521 in prostitution, 6:513–514 8:80, 81, 512 in Korean War, 8:503–504 in publishing, 6:90, 95, 97 United Daughters of the Confed- labor by, liberty of contract issues, Puerto Rican, 5:531; 6:542, 543 eracy (UDC), 8:265–266 5:394–395, 472–473 in Pure Food and Drug Move- in Utopian communities, 8:301 as law students, 5:58 ment, 6:554 veterinarians, 8:320 as lawyers, 5:58 Quaker, 7:3 in Victorian era, 3:518–519; 8:326

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Women, (continued) Women’s Equity Action League Mexican American Women’s in Vietnam War, 8:504 (WEAL), 8:510 National Association, 5:343 violence against (See also Domestic Women’s health, 8:511–512 Ms. magazine, 5:469, 469–470 violence) childbirth and reproduction, National Organization for Women in 19th century, 3:312–313 2:142–144 and, 5:548–549 pornography and, 6:419 clinical research on, 7:430 National Woman’s Party and, in Virginia, 8:345, 346 eating disorders, 3:104 5:565–566 volunteerism among, 8:353 legislation on, 7:342 National Women’s Political Cau- voting by, 8:356–357 maternal and child health care, cus and, 5:566 wages and hours of labor, regula- 5:273–275 neoconservatives on, 6:32 tion of, 1:21; 5:5; 7:303; 8:360 toxic shock syndrome, 8:150–151 in New York (state), 6:88 Brandeis Brief on, 9:357–360 Women’s health movement, 1:468 and newspapers, 6:97 in War of 1812, 8:383 Dalkon Shield protests and, 2:494 original documents from, in workforce, 2:256; 3:55, 520; 5:9; Women’s history, 4:141 9:325–337 8:505, 505–508, 507 Women’s International League for origins of, 8:506 business machines and, 1:588 Peace and Freedom (WILPF), in Pennsylvania, 6:278 exploitation of, 2:223–224 8:499 and Pregnancy Discrimination Act organization for, 5:538 Women’s Journal (newspaper), 6:97 (1978), 3:525; 6:449 during World War II, firsthand Women’s Organization for National pro-choice movement, 6:489 account of, 9:397–398 Prohibition Reform, 6:501 against prostitution, 6:513 in World War I, 8:502, 536–537 Women’s Professional Football reproductive rights, 5:274 League (WPFL), 3:412 Seneca Falls Convention in, effect of war on, 9:363–364 Women’s rights movement, 8:507, 7:310–311; 9:332–334 in World War II, 8:257, 502–503 512–519 See also Suffrage, for women military service by, 9:398–401 in 19th century, 3:519; 8:512–515 Women’s studies, 3:119; 8:519–521 in workforce, 9:397–398 in 20th century, 3:519–520; funding for, 2:56 Women, President’s Commission on 5:548–549, 565–566; 8:513, Women’s Trade Union League the Status of, 8:498–499, 516 515–519 (WTUL), 8:521–522 Women Hurt in Systems of Prosti- and abortion, 1:6; 8:511, 518 Wonderful Wizard of Oz, The (Baum), tution Engaged in Revolt African American women on, 5:127 (WHISPER), 6:514 3:519, 520 Wonders of the Invisible World, The Women in Industry (Brandeis), and anti-abortion movement, 1:4 (Mather), 5:118 excerpt of, 9:357–360 and Convention on the Elimina- Wong, Anna May, 3:362, 364 Women Marine Corps Reserve, tion of All Forms of Discrimi- Wong Kim Ark, United States v., 5:243 nation Against Women, 2:155; 8:276 Women of Brewster Place, The (Nay- 2:398–399 Wong Wing v. United States, 1:125 lor), 5:126 and Declaration of Sentiments, Wood, Abraham, 8:85, 447 Women’s Army Corps (WAC), 2:524–525 Wood, Donna, 1:131 9:398–401 and divorce law, 3:64 Wood, Eric Fisher, 1:162 Women’s Bill of Rights (1967), on domestic violence, 3:73 Wood, Fernando, 2:411, 551; 6:79; 3:118 Equal Credit Opportunity Act 8:46 Women’s Bureau, 3:526; 8:508 (1974), 5:252 Wood, Grant, 1:298; 3:538; 6:471; of Department of Labor, 5:11 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 7:297, 298 Women’s Central Association for 5:456 Wood, James, 1:316 Relief (WCAR), 7:244 as human rights movement, 4:193 Wood, Jethro, 1:58 Women’s Christian Temperance Johns Hopkins University in, 4:482 Wood, Leonard, 3:161 Union, 1:117 and labor conditions, 5:297–298 Wood, Peter, 1:392 and Pure Food and Drug Move- magazines, 5:192, 194, 469, Wood, Ruby Ross, 1:293 ment, 6:554 469–470 Wood block printing, in mapmak- Women’s clubs, 3:456, 526; marriage and, 5:250 ing, 5:232 8:508–510 Married Women’s Property Act, Wood engraving, 8:522–523 black, 8:514 New York State, 5:251–252 Wood paving, 6:260 Women’s Educational Equity Act Metropolitan Museum of Art and, Wood turpentine, 6:20 (1974), 8:510 5:337 Wood v. Broom, 1:227

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Woodard, Lynette, 1:425 cooperative, 1:436–437 World Bank, 1:536; 8:166, 198, 269, Woodbury, Levi, 4:487 through Job Corps, 4:480–481 531–532 Woodcock, Leonard, 8:262 motivational content of, 4:334 and foreign aid, 3:415 Wooden, John, 1:425 and recreation, separation of, 7:64 and Third World, 8:271 Wooden blocks, printing of books Work, Hubert, 7:55, 56 World Community of Islam in the from, 6:466 Work, Jim, 1:311 West (WCIW), 5:521 Woodhull, Victoria, 8:506 Work ethic World Council of Churches, 5:532 Woodruff, Ernest, 2:260 geographic variation in, 8:528 World Court. See International Woodruff, Robert W., 2:260; Protestant, 8:526–529 Court of Justice 7:438–439 Puritan, 7:63–64 World Cup, 7:410–411 Woodruff, Wilford, 5:54; 8:297 Work Incentives Improvement Act World Economic Conference, 8:532 Woods, Dave, 1:312 (1999), 5:15 World Federation of Trade Unions, Woods, Tiger, 4:20 Work systems, high-performance, 1:151 Woods, William B., 8:274 4:337–338 World Health Organization (WHO) Woods Hole (Massachusetts), 5:240, Workday poliomyelitis eradication by, 6:389 241 in early 19th century, 7:64 smallpox eradication by, 7:400 Woods Hole Oceanographic Institu- minimum hours legislation, 3:53–54 on tuberculosis, 8:237 tion (WHOI), 6:162 reduction of, 7:65 World Hockey Association (WHA), Woodson, Carter G., 5:199 Workers, consumerism and entrap- 4:144 Woodstock, 7:186; 8:523, 523–524 ment of, 2:388 World League of American Football, Woodward, August, 3:19 Workers’ compensation, 3:199–200; 3:411 Woodward, Dartmouth College v. See 5:14; 8:529–530 World Trade Center, 6:80–81, 421; Dartmouth College Case insurance, 4:369–370 8:532–533, 533 Woodward, Robert S., 3:552 introduction of, 5:5 1993 bombing of, 3:41; 6:109; Woodward, Samuel, 1:119 Workers Party of America, 2:326 8:96, 339, 532, 533–534 Woodward, William H., 2:503 Working class 2001 attack on, 6:81, 89, 108, 421; See also Dartmouth College Case families, 3:313 8:339, 533 (See also 9/11 Woodworth-Etter, Mary, 8:302 identification with, 2:225 attack) Wool growing and manufacture, recreation among, 7:64 World Trade Organization (WT O), 7:339; 8:524–526, 525 vs. slaves, 2:224 3:309; 7:55; 8:169 in colonial era, 8:108 Working Men’s movement, 5:142 creation of, 8:52 Harrisburg Convention on, 4:100 Working People’s Nonpartisan and liberalization of trade, 3:97 tariffs and, 8:50 Political League, 3:321 objectives of, 8:52 Woollcott, Alexander, 1:123 Workingmen’s Benevolent Associa- protests against, 2:226; 7:165 Woolman, John, 6:227; 7:2 tion, 2:254 World War I, 8:534–539 Woolsey, John M., 6:419 Workingmen’s Party, 8:530 Addams (Jane) on, 9:365–367 Woolsey, R. James, 1:174 and anti-Chinese movement, 2:154 advertising during, 1:33 Woolsey, Theodore S., 2:271–272 Kearney (Denis) and, 2:10 aerial bombing in, 1:495 Woolworth, Frank Winfield, 2:100; Workmen’s Compensation Act African Americans during, 8:537, 3:9–10, 26; 7:125 (1908), 5:14 537 Woolworth Building, 6:80 Works Progress Administration migration of, 5:369 Woolworth Building (Marin), 6:471 (WPA), 2:371; 6:43; 8:441, military service by, 5:381, 381 Worcester, Joseph, 3:23 530–531, 586 aircraft armament in, 1:88 Worcester, Samuel Austin, 2:128; Federal Art Project, 5:483 aircraft industry in, 1:92 6:183 function of, 3:396 Aisne-Marne Operation in, 1:99 Worcester v. Georgia, 2:128 and gypsies, 4:78–79 American battlefields in, 8:534, Word processors, 6:170 National Research Project of, 536 Worden, John, 5:443 6:492 American Expeditionary Forces in, WordStar, 7:442 and paving roads, 6:260 1:149; 8:535 Work, 8:526–529 political activities by, 4:103–104 Archangel Campaign in, alien right to, 1:125 and post offices, 6:428 1:247–248 changing character of, 5:3–4 and printmaking, 6:471 Armistice of November 1918 in, in late 20th century, 5:9 regionalist painting and, 1:298 1:265 technology and, 5:4 supporting artists, 5:536 armored ships in, 1:266

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World War I, (continued) and geography, 3:543 public information during, 2:313 armored vehicles in, 1:266–267 and German Americans, 3:559, race riots during, 8:537 banking during, 1:397–398 562; 6:5; 8:538 railroads in, 7:35; 8:536 Battle of Belleau Wood in, 1:441 Girl Scouts volunteering during, Red Cross in, 7:68 Battle of Jutland in, 1:266 4:1 research laboratories in, 5:18 biological weapons used in, 1:465 and gold standard, 4:15 road building during, 7:180 blockades in, 1:487 Hispanic Americans in, 5:383 Saint-Mihiel Campaigns in, British blockade in, 2:396 immigration during, 4:226 7:227–228 censorship during, 2:83, 84 inflation in, 4:352 Sedition Act in, 7:301 Champagne-Marne operation in, internment in, 4:399 sexuality in, 7:330 2:103; 5:338 isolationism in, 4:439 shipbuilding in, 8:536 Château-Thierry Bridge defense Lafayette Escadrille in, 5:20 Somme Offensive in, 7:447–448 in, 1:441; 2:112 liberty loans in, 5:96; 7:258 spies in, 7:502; 8:538 chemical warfare in, 2:117, 117 and Lost Generation, 5:157 State Department in, 7:528–529 China after, 2:151 marine insurance in, 4:368 strategic air power in, 1:81 Choctaw encoding messages dur- merchant marine and, 5:319 submarines in, 2:3; 7:562–563; ing, 6:17 Meuse-Argonne Offensive in, 8:33, 590 code breaking in, 2:467 1:149; 5:338–339; 8:538 symphony orchestras in, 8:39 commerce with Latin America dur- and Lost Battalion, 5:155 and taxation, 8:57 ing, 5:44, 47 military uniforms in, 8:258 Thrift Stamps financing, 8:123 confiscation of property during, military-industrial complex and, torpedos used in, 8:144 2:347 5:377 trade unions in, 1:155; 8:536 conscientious objectors during, mobilization for, 5:429–430 trading with enemy in, 8:173 2:361 American Expeditionary Forces training camps, 8:540–541 convoy systems during, 2:403 in, 1:149; 8:535 trench warfare in, 8:538 and copper industry, 2:410 economic, 5:84 and trucking industry, 8:231 cost of, 3:282; 8:377 liberty loans in, 5:96 U.S. entry in, 2:89; 8:535, 590–591 cost of living during, 2:423 Victory Loan in, 8:326–327 U.S. Marine Corps in, 5:242 debts, 8:542–543 Mormon church in, 5:54 U.S. Navy in, 6:24, 25–26; 8:540 and Dawes Plan, 3:562 multilateral treaties after, 8:201, and North Sea mine barrage, and German-American Debt 205 6:134 Agreement, 3:560, 562 munitions, 5:186, 479, 480, U.S. participation in, 2:535 and Lausanne Agreement, 5:55 481–482 U.S. relief in, 8:541–542 Young Plan and, 3:562; 8:585 Murmansk, port of (Russia), 5:483 Belgian, 1:439 demobilization after, 2:546 National Army in, 8:540–541 and U.S. military forces, expansion desertion in, 3:17 National Guard in, 8:540–541 of, 2:530–531 and domestic trade, 8:159, 161 National War Labor Board in, Versailles Treaty after, 3:451, 562; drafted men in, 2:364 5:564; 8:536 8:315–316 economic mobilization for, 3:72, Native Americans in, 4:328 veterans of, Bonus Army of, 1:498, 194–195; 8:535–536, 539–540 and nativism, 6:4–5 499 and Fuel Administration, 3:480 neutrality of U.S. in first years of, “victory garden” campaigns dur- enemy aliens during, 3:207–208, 6:35 ing, 3:510 254; 8:538 newspapers on, 6:98 War Finance Corporation in, espionage in, 8:537 organized labor in, 5:7 8:379 explosives used in, 3:302 original documents on, 9:363–373 War Industries Board in, 8:380 FBI activities during, 3:337 “Over There” in, lyrics of, and wheat production, 3:390 Federal Reserve System during, 9:364–365 women in, 8:502, 536–537 3:344–345 paratroops in, 6:246 effect of war on, 9:363–364 and film industry, 3:362 and preparedness, 6:449–450 Zimmermann telegram and, 3:562; and foreign investment in U.S., press associations during, 6:459 8:534–535 3:421 prices during, 6:461 World War II, 8:543–552 and foreign service, 3:428 prisoners of war in, 6:472, 473 Aachen (Germany) in, 1:1 and foreign trade, 8:165 propaganda in, 6:503, 522–523; adolescence during, 1:25 gas attack in, 8:535 8:535 in Africa, 8:549

418 How to go to your page

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African Americans in, 1:49, 51; Malmédy Massacre in, 5:217 foreign aid during, 6:36 8:545 Bismarck Archipelago Campaign and foreign investment in U.S., military service by, 5:381–382, in, 1:470 3:422 382 bombers in, 1:86, 86 foreign policy during, 3:426 and agriculture, 8:162 Bougainville landing in, and foreign service, 3:429 air war, 1:495 1:520–521, 521 and foreign trade, 8:166 against Germany, 8:545–546, casualties in, 8:551 forestry during, 3:436 552, 552–553, 553 censorship during, 2:83, 84 fortifications during, 3:439 gliders in, 4:5 Cherbourg capture in, 2:124 gays and lesbians in, 3:513 Ploesti oil fields, air raids on, China during, 2:152 General Accounting Office during, 6:371 Chinese Americans in, 2:155 3:523 against Japan, 1:495; 3:302; code breaking in, 2:334, 467 and German Americans, 3:560 8:554, 554–555, 555 commerce with Latin America dur- German Enigma code in, breaking, atomic bombings, 6:143; 8:551, ing, 5:44, 47 2:334, 467 555 confiscation of property during, and “GI generation,” 3:528 Battle of the Philippine Sea, 2:347 Girl Scouts volunteering during, 6:320–321; 8:557 conscientious objectors during, 4:1 Flying the Hump and, 3:392 2:361 and gold standard, 4:16 Flying Tigers in, 3:392–393 conscription and recruitment in, Gothic Line in, 4:23 Peleliu, 6:274 8:543 and Guam, 4:69 Tarawa, 8:49 and consumerism, 2:390–391 guerrilla warfare in, 4:70 Tinian, 8:130 convoy systems during, 2:403, 403 Gustav Line in, 4:78 aircraft carriers in, 1:89–91 and copper industry, 2:410 Hispanic Americans in, 5:383, aircraft industry in, 1:93–94 cost of, 3:282; 8:377 383–384 aircraft used in, 1:493, 494 cost of living during, 2:423 Iceland in, 4:211 and American occupation of Ger- D Day, 6:118–120, 119; 8:549 immigration during, 4:226–227 many, 3:561 casualties on, 6:120 imperialism in, 4:244–245 anti-Semitism in, 1:207 Navy in, 6:26 inflation in, 4:352 antiwar movements in, 1:216 use of gliders on, 4:5 intelligence activities in, 6:167 Anzio (Italy) in, 1:217–218 defoliation used in, 2:537 internment in, 4:399–400 armored vehicles in, 1:267, 267 demobilization after, 2:546 of Japanese Americans, arms race in, 1:270–271 desertion in, 3:17 4:459–462, 463–465; 5:168 assembly lines and, 1:335–336 dirigibles in, 3:31 firsthand account of, 9:405–406 Atlantic Charter in, 1:353 and domestic trade, 8:159, in Washington (state), 8:415 atomic bomb in, development of, 162–163 isolationism in, 4:440 6:143, 336, 342; 8:414–415 drafted men in, 2:364 Italian Americans in, 4:445 (See also Manhattan Project) economic mobilization for, 8:546 relocation of, 7:99 Australia in, 1:361 Elbe River dividing line in, 3:144 Iwo Jima in, 4:450–451 banking during, 1:398 enemy aliens during, 3:208 “Kilroy Was Here” graffiti in, Bastogne defense in, 1:426–427 engineering projects of, Burma 4:526 Bataan-Corregidor Campaign in, Road and Ledo Road, laws of war in, 8:371–372 1:427; 8:547 1:576–577 Lend-Lease in, 5:81–82 Battle of Atlantic in, 1:352–353 European Theater, 8:544, 549–551 Malmédy Massacre in, 5:217 Battle of Bismarck Sea in, 1:470 Excess Profits Tax in, 3:273 Manhattan Project in, 5:221–222 Battle of Coral Sea in, 2:412–413 and executive agreements, 8:203 marine insurance in, 4:368 Battle of Java Sea in, 4:465–466 and families, effect on, 3:314; Marshall Islands in, 5:252 Battle of Kasserine Pass in, 9:403–404 Marshall Plan, 5:252 4:513–514; 6:124 FBI activities during, 3:338 and medical practice, impact on, Battle of Leyte Gulf in, 6:26; 8:557 Federal Reserve System during, 5:304 Battle of Midway in, 5:367–368, 3:345–346 medical research in, army, 5:295 368 Federal Trade Commission during, merchant marine during, 5:320 Battle of the Bulge in, 1:426, 565, 3:348 merchantmen, armed, 5:322–323 565–566; 5:217; 8:550–551, and film industry, 3:363 Merrill’s Marauders (GALAHAD), 551 foreign aid after, 3:415–416 5:324

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World War II, (continued) price and wage controls during, U.S. Marine Corps in, 5:242, 243 meteorology, 5:332 6:165, 460 U.S. Navy in, 5:146; 6:24, 26; military production by GM during, prices during, 6:461 8:555–558 3:526–527 and prisoner population in, 6:477 Battle of Leyte Gulf, 5:89; 6:26; military uniforms in, 8:258 prisoners of war in, 6:472, 473, 8:557 military-industrial complex and, 474; 8:546 Battle of the Philippine Sea, 5:377 propaganda in, 6:503, 523 6:320–321; 8:557 missile development, 5:407 Rabaul Campaign in, 7:6–7 capturing Gilbert Islands, 3:576; mobilization for, 5:430 radar in, 7:14 6:26 Monte Cassino, 5:451–452 radio reports during, 7:20 capturing Marshall Islands, Mormon church in, 5:54 railroads during, 7:35 3:576; 6:26 multilateral treaties after, 8:202, rationing in, 3:401–402; 6:165 Guadalcanal Campaign, 4:68; 205 Red Cross in, 7:69 6:26; 8:556 munitions, 5:479, 480, 482 refugees, 7:79, 79–80 gunboats, 4:77 “Murmansk run,” 5:483 U.S. response to, 1:444–445 at Lingayen Gulf, 5:114–115 National Guard in, 8:545 research laboratories in, 5:18–19 Pearl Harbor, 6:272, 272–273; National War Labor Board in, road-building during, 7:180–181 8:543–545, 555–556 5:564–565 Saint-Lô in, 7:227 Task Force 58, 8:53 Native Americans in, 4:328–329 Saipan in, 7:228 U.S. participation in, 2:531, 535 Navajo Code Talkers, 6:16, Salerno in, 7:230 veterans of 17–18, 18, 19, 69 savings bonds in, 7:258, 258 compensation for, 1:499 naval aircraft in, 1:89–90 science education in, 7:272 organizations for, 8:318 neutrality of U.S. in first years of, science journalism in, 7:275 “victory garden” campaigns dur- 6:36 sexuality in, 7:330–331 ing, 3:510 and New Orleans, 6:74 shipbuilding in, 5:210; 7:347; Wake Atoll in, 8:365–366 New York Times on, 6:90 8:557 war crimes trials after, 8:378 New Zealand in, 1:361 Sicilian Campaign in, 7:353–354 women in, 8:257, 502–503 newspapers on, 6:90, 99 Soviet Union in, 2:89, 267; 3:144; military service by, 9:398–401 Normandy Invasion, 6:118–121, 7:211 in workforce, firsthand account 119–121; 8:549, 550 Spain in, 7:485 of, 9:397–398 North African Campaign in, 1:233; spies in, 7:502 World Wide Web 6:123, 123–124 steel industry in, 4:428–429 development of, 7:280 nuclear weapons used in, 3:302 strategic air power in, 1:81 occupation of Berlin in, 1:443 strategy and logistics in, 5:145 See also Internet oceanography in, 6:160, 162 submarines in, 7:563; 8:556–557 World Wildlife Fund, 3:206 Okinawa in, 6:182–183; 8:547, summit conferences in, 8:15 WorldCom, Incorporated, 2:419 556 and tariffs, 8:157 World’s Columbian Exposition Operation Dixie in, 6:199 and taxation, 8:58 (1893), 1:179, 251; 2:178; Operation Market Garden in, 1:1 Teheran Conference and, 8:64 3:174; 5:39; 8:290, 297, Operation Torch in, 1:233 torpedoes used in, 8:145 558–559 organized labor in, 5:8 trade unions in, 1:237; 7:558; buildings housing, 2:132, 187 original documents on, 9:393–409 8:171, 261, 277 Ferris Wheel at, 3:355; 8:407, 558 Pacific Theater in, 2:58; trading with enemy in, 8:173 Fine Arts Building at, 2:272, 272 8:546–548, 547, 548, 556 treason trials in, 8:194–195 Harper’s Weekly coverage of, 2:271 and paper industry, 6:245 and trucking industry, 8:231 household appliances at, 3:181 paratroops in, 6:246 Truman’s “Total Victory” speech model day nursery at, 2:138 and Paris conferences, 6:247 in, text of, 9:401–402 protests against, 8:558 Pearl Harbor attack, 6:272, unconditional surrender policy in, Wild West Show at, 8:476 272–273; 8:543–545, 555–556 2:65; 8:249 World’s fairs, 2:177–178; 8:558–560 and petrochemical industry, 6:298 unemployment rate during, 8:252 Centennial Exhibition, 2:87–88, and philanthropy, 6:318 U.S. Air Force in, 8:545 88 and political exiles, 6:397 U.S. Army in, 1:277 Crystal Palace Exhibition, 2:468 Potsdam Conference (1945) and, U.S. entry into, 8:545–546 elevator demonstration at, 3:186 3:426; 6:434–435, 435 Roosevelt’s speech on, 9:396–397 furniture at, 3:498

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of Great Depression, 8:559, Wright, Hendrick B., 2:411; 6:553 fur trade in, 8:563 559–560 Wright, Henry, 2:186 Independence Rock in, 4:258 Louisiana Purchase Exposition, Wright, John Lloyd, 8:153 Native Americans in, 8:563, 564, 5:163–164 Lincoln Logs invented by, 5:109 566 museums and, 5:487 Wright, Lucy, 7:334 oil in, 8:564 World’s Industrial and Cotton Cen- Wright, Orville, 1:92; 3:35; 6:174 South Pass in, 7:462 tennial Exposition, 8:558 Wright, Patience, 1:308; 8:431 tourism in, 8:565 Wormley Conference, 8:560 Wright, Richard, 3:280; 6:12 transportation in, 8:564 Worth, Charles, 2:245 Black Boy: A Recollection of Childhood women’s suffrage in, 2:547; 3:147; Worth, Jonathan, 6:129 and Youth, 5:125 8:564 Worth, William J., 2:105; 8:402 Eight Men, 5:125 Wyoming (Pennsylvania) Massacre, Worthington, Thomas, 6:172 Native Son, 5:121, 125 8:566–567 Wouk, Herman, The Caine Mutiny, Uncle Tom’s Children, 5:125 Wyoming Valley (Pennsylvania), set- 5:121 Wright, Russell, 1:304 tlement of, 8:567 Wounded Knee, AIM occupation of Wright, Sewall, 3:269 Wytfliet, Cornelius van, 9:8, 8–10 (1973), 1:161; 7:70, 71, 165; Wright, Silas, 1:114 Wythe, George, 5:56 8:560–561, 561 Wright, Wilbur, 1:92; 6:174 Ghost Dance movement and, 5:507 Wrigley, William, Jr., 1:258 Wounded Knee Massacre (1890), Wriston, Henry Merritt, 1:548 8:562, 562–563 Wriston Report (1954), 3:429 X Ghost Dance and, 3:573; 8:562 Writs of Assistance, 8:563 “X” article, 8:569 Sioux after, 7:368, 368 sample text of, 9:116–117 X-1 plane, 8:569, 569–570 Wovoka (Paiute prophet), 3:573; Writs of mandamus, Judiciary Act of Xenotransplantation, 3:531, 532; 4:293–294; 6:7, 7, 231 1789, 5:235 8:182 letter from, 9:259–260 Wrought iron, 5:329, 330 Xerox Corporation Wozniak, Stephen G., 2:336 WSB. See Wage Stabilization Board copiers by, 1:588; 6:169 WPA. See Works Progress Adminis- WTO. See World Trade Organiza- and graphic user interface (GUI) tration tion concept, 2:337 WPFL. See Women’s Professional WTUL. See Women’s Trade Union industrial research by, 4:340 Football League League X-ray diffraction, 3:533 WRA. See War Relocation Authority Wuertzbach, Frederick, 6:245 X-ray studies Wren, Christopher, 1:251; 2:185 Wundt, Wilhelm, 6:524 in astronomy, 1:345 and College of William and Mary, Wurf, Jerry, 1:154 in physics, 6:345 8:483 Wyandot, 4:196–197 in physiology, 6:349 Wright, Alice Morgan, 1:309 Wyandotte Constitution, 8:563 X-rays, for dental use, 3:4 Wright, Allen, 6:184 Wyatt, Addie, 2:256 Xylography (wood block printing), Wright, Benjamin, 2:32 Wyatt, Francis, 6:432 Wright, Carroll D., 6:492 Wycliffe, John, 6:515 6:466 Wright, Chauncey, 6:424 Wyeth, Andrew, 1:298 in mapmaking, 5:232 Wright, Fanny, 8:530 Wyllis, John, 8:399 XYZ affair, 2:398; 3:425, 450; 8:570 Wright, Fielding L., 3:164 Wyman, Grace L., 6:331 Wright, Frances (Fanny), 1:136 Wyneken, Friedrich, 7:89 Wright, Francis, 8:300 Wynkoop, Edward, 7:243 Wright, Frank Lloyd, 4:72 Wynn, Steve, 5:42 Y architecture of, 1:252, 320 Wyoming, 8:563–566 Yablonski, Joseph, 8:268 furniture of, 3:498 African Americans in, 8:566 Yacht racing, 7:223–224 Guggenheim Museum designed by, agriculture in, 8:565 Yaddo, 8:570–571 4:71 Big Horn Mountains in, 1:452, Yakama, 8:571 interior design of, 1:293 452–453 Yakima Indian Wars, 8:402–403, stained glass of, 1:314, 320 coal mining in, 8:564, 565 571–572 and suburban housing, 4:181 economy of, 8:564–565 Yale, Elihu, 2:357; 8:572 Wright, Gavin, 2:42, 43 emblems, nicknames, mottos, and Yale Divinity School, 7:97 Wright, George, 5:552 songs of, 7:533 Yale University, 8:572–573 Wright, George E., 8:403 environmental movement in, 8:565 athletic program at, 2:276

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Yale University, (continued) Yellowstone River expeditions, Young, James, 6:302 engineering program at, 3:216 3:318; 8:580 Young, John Russell, 5:101 establishment of, 2:357; 3:111, 127 Yeltsin, Boris, at summit confer- Young, John W., 7:480, 482 Hartford Wits at, 4:101–102 ences, 8:16 Young, Milton R., 6:132 lottery use by, 5:156 Yemen, Cole bombing in, 2:270–271 Young, Owen, 7:105 Sheffield Scientific School at, 7:340 Yerkes, Charles, 1:344 Young, Robert M., 6:526 Yalta Conference (1945), 3:426; Yes I Can (Davis), 5:126 Young, Whitney M., Jr., 5:563 7:211; 8:15, 272, 573–574, 574 Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 1:125, 324; 2:155 Young, William J., 8:31 and U.S.-Soviet relations, 2:267 Ylvisaker, Paul, 6:318 “Young America,” 8:583 Yamamoto, Isoroku, 5:367–368; YMCA. See Young Men’s Christian Young Americans for Freedom, 6:272 Association 2:375 Yamasaki, Minuro, 1:253 YMHA. See Young Men’s Hebrew “Young Goodman Brown” World Trade Center designed by, Association (Hawthorne), 5:119 8:532 Yoakum, Joseph E., 1:311 Young Joseph (Nez Perce leader), Yamasee War (1715), 8:225 Yoder v. Wisconsin, 2:170 6:101, 102 Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 5:115 Yoeme. See Pascua Yaqui Indians Young Lions, The (Shaw), 5:121 Yamataya v. Fisher, 1:125 Yogananda, Paramahansa, 1:326; Young Men’s Christian Association Yanagi, Soetsu, 1:305 4:133 (YMCA), 7:65; 8:583, 584–585 Yancey, William L., 1:102, 106 Yokich, Steven, 8:262 and war relief, 8:542 Yandell, Enid, 1:308 Yom Kippur War, contraband ship- Young Men’s Hebrew Association Yankee, 6:46; 8:575 ments during, 2:396 (YMHA), 8:583–584 Yankee (privateer brig), 8:574–575 York, Alvin, 8:86 Young Mill-Wright and Miller’s Guide “Yankee Doodle,” 8:575 York, James Stuart, Duke of, 2:280, (Evans), 3:389 Yap Mandate, 8:575 289 Young Plan (1929), 2:507, 516; Yaqui, 8:228–229 proprietary of, 3:93–94 3:426, 562; 5:55; 7:105; 8:585 Yard, Robert Sterling, 2:372; 5:550 See also James II Young Women’s Christian Associa- Yardley, Herbert O., 2:467 Yorktown Campaign, 3:473; 7:137; tion (YWCA), 8:585–586 Yasuhiro, Nakasone, 4:459 8:580–582, 581 and voting rights for women, 8:514 Yasutani Ro¯ shi, Hakuum, 1:552 French in, 6:94 and war relief, 8:542 Yates, Robert, at Constitutional Yosemite National Park, 5:550; Young Women’s Hebrew Association Convention, 2:379 8:145, 582–583 (YWHA), 8:584 Yavapais, 8:228 dam in, controversy over, Younger, Thomas (Cole), 6:135 Yazoo fraud, 1:489; 3:554; 5:26, 36; 2:368–369 Youngstown (Ohio), 7:215 8:575–576 Yoshida, Ray, 1:311 Yousef, Ramzi Ahmed, 3:41; 8:96, Ybor City (Florida), 8:47 Yost, Ed, 1:392 533–534 Yeager, Chuck, 8:569, 569–570 Youk, Thomas, 3:262 Youth, 2:144 Yeardley, Sir George, 1:333; 2:280 Young, Andrew, 1:39; 2:349; 3:558 See also Adolescence; Childhood Yellow fever, 3:37, 235–236; on South Africa, 7:452 Youth Administration, National 8:576–577 Young, Bennett H., in Saint Albans (NYA), 8:586 in biological warfare, 2:118 Raid, 7:224 Youth counter-culture, and Utopian in Florida, 3:387 Young, Brigham, 2:163; 3:16; 6:410; communities, 8:303 research on, 5:294 8:296 Youth movements, 8:586–588 sanitary reform and, 7:245 as freemason, 3:466 4-H Clubs, 3:445–446 Yellow journalism, 8:577 Las Vegas mission, 5:41 National Indian Youth Council, Yellow Kid, The (comic), 2:308; 6:97, Mormon Battalion and, 5:458 5:532, 543–544 98; 8:577 Mormon migration, 5:459 Youth’s Companion, The (magazine), “Yellow Peril,” 8:577, 577–578 at Nauvoo, 6:15 5:127; 6:370 Yellow-dog contract, 5:14; opposition to, 7:103 Yowaluck, Louis, 6:8 8:578–579 and settlement of Utah, 5:53–54 Yuba River, 9:57 Yellowstone National Park, 5:550; in Vermont, 8:313 Yucca Mountain (Nevada), 3:209 8:146, 565, 579, 579–580 Young, Chic, 2:308 Yugoslavia establishment of, 2:366; 8:480 Young, Coleman, 3:20 ethnic cleansing in, 1:354–355 survey of, 3:300 Young, David, 1:59 independence after World War I, as wildlife refuge, 3:205 Young, Ella Flagg, 3:116 2:89

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NATO bombing campaign in, Zangwill, Israel, 1:337; 5:306 Zirkel, Ferdinand, 6:300 1:496; 4:551 Zappa, Frank, 1:231–232 Zitkala Sa, Old Indian Legends, 5:128 maps used in, 2:63 Zebra mussel, 7:500 Znaniecki, Florian, 6:391 U.S. relations with, 8:588–589 Zelaya, José Santos, 3:71; 6:104 Zogby, James, 5:72 Yuit, 8:211, 212–213 Zelinsky, Wilbur, 5:567 Zola, Émile, 6:11 Yukawa, Hideki, 6:344 Zelman v. Simmons-Harris, 3:138 Zoning ordinances, 2:187; 5:38; Yukon region, 8:589, 589 Zen Buddhism, 1:552 6:505; 8:593 Klondike Rush in, 4:538–539 Zenger, John Peter, 2:292; 5:90; Zoological parks, 8:593–596, 594 Yuman-speaking tribes, 5:433–434 6:83, 95; 8:590 Zoology, 8:596–598 Yung Wing, 3:274 Zenger trial, 5:90; 8:589–590, 590 mammalogy, 5:217–218 YWCA. See Young Women’s Christ- Zenith Electronics Corporation, Zorach, William, 1:306 ian Association 8:169 Zorin, Valerian, 2:475 YWHA. See Young Women’s Zenith Radio Corp. et. al., United Zouave uniform, 8:256, 257 Hebrew Association States v., 3:340 Zubieta, Albert Alemán, 6:241 Zimbabwe, U.S. relations with, 1:39 Zuckerman, Morton, 1:351 Zimmerman, Don, 3:516 Zukor, Adolph, 3:362 Zimmermann telegram, 3:562; Zumwalt, Elmo R., Jr., 2:537, 538 Z 8:534–535, 590–591 Zuni, 8:598, 598–599 Zadvydas v. Davis et al., 1:125 Zinc industry, 5:62; 6:114, 115; 8:591 gambling by, 3:507 Zaharias, Babe Didrikson, 4:19, Zinn, Walter H., 6:139 in New Mexico, 6:66 8:155 Zinzendorf, Nikolaus Ludwig von, sacred objects returned to, 6:2–3 Zaidan, Mohammed Abul Abbas, 1:13 5:456, 457; 6:353 Spanish explorers and, 2:173, 416; Zaire, U.S. relations with, 1:39 Zion City, 8:302 3:296 Zander, Arnold, 1:154 Zionism, 8:591–593 Zworykin, Vladimir K., 8:77 Zangara, Giuseppe, 1:329 of Jewish Defense League, 4:475 Zygilbojm, Szmul, 1:445

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