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Monuments for Peace, Culture and Tourism Germany • Poland • Lithuania • Russia Baltic Cultural and Tourism Route Fortresses Results of trans-national cooperation in INTERREG-III-B project 2005–2007 APPROPRIATE MONUMENTAL USE OF FORTRESSES Documentation and recommended proceeding Saving of the European Cultural Heritage Fortresses This project is part-fi nanced by the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) within the Baltic Sea Region INTERREG III B programme Published under the responsibility of EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY VIADRINA FRANKFURT (ODER) Chair of Monument Preservation Master program “European Cultural Heritage“ at the Collegium Polonicum, Słubice Edited by Hans-Rudolf Neumann and Ramona Simone Dornbusch With the assistance from Project- and external Partners and a contribution by Uta Hengelhaupt. in cooperation with Humboldt-University Immanuel Kant State Kaunas University of Vytautas Magnus at Berlin University of Russia Technology, Institute of University Kaunas Architecture and Construction Dr. F. Riesbeck Dr. E. Kropinova Dr. K. Zaleckis Dr. V. Rakutis www.agrar.hu-berlin.de www.albertina.ru www.asi.lt www.vdu.lt This project is part-fi nanced by the European Union (European Regional Development Fund) within the Baltic Sea Region INTERREG III B programme TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction and Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................5 Uses and Usefulness: Aspects of the utilisation of historic fortresses ...................................6 Subject-matter of the documentation ...........................................................................................................11 What kinds of fortification are there and where do the problems with their use arise? ..........................................................................................14 Basic and essential factors of importance in solving the problems of Fortress use... 21 Research and documentation area within the bfr framework .................................................... 27 1 Description of the recorded fortresses ................................................................................................................. 27 2 Problems with the use of recorded fortresses ...................................................................................................... 50 3 Attempted solutions towards potential uses......................................................................................................... 66 4 BFR Pilot and Demonstration project: Kaunas Fort V ...................................................................................... 85 Specimen cases outside the research area ............................................................................................ 88 1 Major fortress installations ...................................................................................................................................... 88 2 Individual fortresses ................................................................................................................................................ 102 3 Individual Fortress and Garrison buildings: the example of Ingolstadt, Germany ..................................110 Recommended action ............................................................................................................................................116 Political will .....................................................................................................................................................................116 Implementation of political will .................................................................................................................................117 Dealing with fortifications as historic monument ............................................................................. 124 Glossary ......................................................................................................................................................................... 129 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................ 131 Picture credits ........................................................................................................................................................... 143 Result of trans-national cooperation in project Baltic Fort Route is a wonderful time, where what has divided in the past, now It unifies. For centuries, fortresses were turned against their neighbor- ing states, per se. The maintenance and extension of fortresses was an act of virtual aggression against the outside world. Thus tensions were gen- erated, even at peaceful times, which then unleashed in acts of war. Today, the maintenance of fortifications can bring people together. As cultural and historic monuments, they remind of a changeful and complicated history of towns and regions. It is through the understanding of the multifarious past, that a dangerous conception of a single state or nation creates a monolith of culture, history, and interests. The diversification of the understanding of his- tory overlaps, thus creating common fields for people and national structures. The research on fortresses as cultural objects broadens the new under- standing of history. Entanglements in acts of war, represent only a small fragment in the history of a fortress. However, the remaining life was ful- filled with peaceful and humanely matter: the daily work of solders and civilians, commercial activities and private life. An objective representa- tion of fortress history, revalues everyday life and denotes fighting. The concepts of new forms of utilization of fortresses (tourism, cultural site, historic exhibit, and entertainment site respectively) are nowadays a criterion to what extend a city or region can create impulses for its own development. Whoever can accomplish to turn the ruins of a fortress into an attractive as- set, will be able to do the same with a factory, a biotope, or a landscape. All these aspects coalesce in the project “Baltic Fort Route”, which has been coordinated by Mrs Ramona Simone Dornbusch, in the years from 2005 through 2007. As the Director of this institute, which has been engaged significantly, I would like to congratulate all par- ticipants on their idea and result of the work. May the fortifications bloom an flourish. In their contemporary meaning, of course. Dr. Krzysztof Wojciechowski Director of the Collegium Polonicum A joint institution of the European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder) and the Adam-Mickiewicz University Poznan. 4 Result of trans-national cooperation in project Baltic Fort Route Introduction and Acknowledgements The EU-INTEREG-III-B-Project “Baltic Culture and Mr Zdzislaw Balewski for Fortress Wislamouth Tourism Route Fortresses” (BFR) is allowing docu- in Gdansk / Danzig mentation to be prepared in connection with Work Ms Karolina Bilska for Kolobrzeg / Kolberg Package III “Utilisation and Management Methods” Mr Pawel Cieszynski for Kostrzyn / Küstrin that discusses the problems of use of the partner for- Mr Manfred Kühne for Spandau Citadel in Berlin tresses represented in the project and, moreover, of- fers an opportunity for drawing comparisons with Mr Christoph Malcherowitz for the Malzhaus other European fortresses. bastion in Peitz Mr Frank Riesbeck and Mr Gunar Ißbrücker, Humboldt-University at Berlin for Forts V in The present paper, which originated during the pro- Kaliningrad and Kaunas ject period, is a first step in this area. Comparable Mr József Pohlmüllner for Komárom research of greater extent has not so far been under- Mr Hartmut Röder / GKU, Berlin for Kostrzyn / taken. Consequently, the study is therefore also in Küstrin and Fort Gorgast the nature of a model. Mr Jürgen Scharnweber for the citadel at Dömitz The documentation is based on the project docu- Mr Piotr Stoppa for Fort Grodzisko / Hagelsberg ments of the project partner BFR hitherto existing in in Gdansk / Danzig the Transnational Information System (TIS) and on Mr Rimvydas Strazdas for the knowledge acquired in all workshops and network major fortress of Kaunas meetings of the BFR Project. A BFR seminar in Ms Angelika Taube for Fortress Königstein spring 2006 in the Fortress of Königstein in Saxony Ms Andrea Theissen for the Citadel and Fort and the BFR expert discussion in June 2007 in the Hahneberg in Berlin-Spandau Citadel of Spandau in Berlin, but also the interna- Particular thanks are due to Mr Hans Smith in Lon- tional scientific conference in March 2007 at Kaunas don for ongoing translation work and to Ms Emilia offered an opportunity, internally and externally, for Rieger / GKU Berlin for the preparation and data public discussion of the problems of fortress use and transformation of numerous pictorial documents. for further consideration of the problems and poten- tial solutions. Many of the participants attending and also the project partners had already participat- With the presentation of this document, the com- ed in the two international conferences in 2001 in pilers express the hope that the project will be Berlin and 2005 in Magdeburg on the subject of continued and additional fortifications around “Maintenance and use of historic citadels and major the Baltic from Latvia, Estonia, Russia, Finland, fortresses” and were therefore fully familiar with the Sweden, Norway, Denmark and

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