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Water Supply and Demand Management in the Galápagos a Case Study of Santa Cruz Island
Water Supply and Demand Management in the Galápagos A case study of Santa Cruz Island María Fernanda Reyes Pérez WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND MANAGEMENT IN THE GALÁPAGOS: A CASE STUDY OF SANTA CRUZ ISLAND DISSERTATION Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Board for Doctorates of Delft University of Technology and of the Academic Board of the UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education for the Degree of DOCTOR to be defended in public on Thursday September 28, 2017, at 15:00 hours In Delft, the Netherlands by Maria Fernanda REYES PEREZ Master of Science in Environmental and Energy Management, Twente University, Enschede- The Netherlands born in Quito, Ecuador This dissertation has been approved by the promotor: Prof. Dr. M. D. Kennedy copromotor: Dr. N. Trifunovic Composition of the Doctoral Committee: Chairman Rector Magnificus, Delft University of Technology Vice-Chairman Rector UNESCO-IHE Prof. Dr. M. Kennedy UNESCO-IHE / Delft University of Technology, promoter Dr. N. Trifunovic UNESCO-IHE / Supervisor Independent members: Prof. Dr. C. Mena Universidad San Francisco de Quito/Galápagos Science Center Dr. P. Gikas Technical University of Crete Prof. Dr. D. Butler University of Exeter Prof. Dr. L. Rietveld Delft University of Technology Prof. Dr. M. McClain Delft University of Technology / UNESCO-IHE, reserve member This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School for Socio-Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE) CRC Press/Balkema is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informal business © 2017, M. F. Reyes Perez All rights reserved. No part of this publication or the information contained herein may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without written prior permission from the publishers. -
BIRDS Masked Booby Semipalmated Plover Common Tern
BIRDS Masked Booby Semipalmated Plover Common Tern APPROXIMATELY 170 SPECIES OF BIRDS HAVE BEEN SEEN ON THE ISLANDS; HOWEVER THE FOLLOWING LIST DOES NOT INCLUDE VISITING BIRDS ONLY RARELY SEEN. Nazca Booby Spotted Sandpiper Royal Tern BIRDS MARKED ‘E’ ARE ENDEMIC AND ‘I’ ARE INTRODUCED SPECIES. Blue-footed Booby Wandering Tattler Galapagos Dove Birds Red-footed Booby Greater Yellowlegs Dark-billed Cuckoo Blue-winged Teal Flightless Cormorant Willet Smooth-billed Ani White-cheeked Pintail Brown Pelican Lesser Yellowlegs Barn Owl Red Junglefowl I Great Blue Heron Whimbrel Short-eared Owl Pied-billed Grebe Great Egret Ruddy Turnstone Common Nighthawk American Flamingo Striated Heron Least Sandpiper Belted Kingfisher Galapagos Penguin E Yellow-crowned Night-Heron Short-billed Dowitcher Peregrine Falcon Waved Albatross E Osprey Wilson's Phalarope Vermilion Flycatcher Galapagos Petrel E Galapagos Hawk Red-necked Phalarope Galapagos Flycatcher Galapagos Shearwater E Galapagos Rail Red Phalarope Galapagos Martin Band-rumped Storm-Petrel Paint-billed Crake Swallow-tailed Gull Barn Swallow Wedge-rumped Storm-Petrel Common Gallinule Laughing Gull Galapagos Mockingbird Least Storm-Petrel Black-necked Stilt Franklin's Gull Floreana Mockingbird Red-billed Tropicbird American Oystercatcher Lava Gull Española Mockingbird Magnificent Frigatebird Black-bellied Plover Brown Noddy San Cristobal Mockingbird Great Frigatebird Pied Lapwing Sooty Tern Green Warbler-Finch Gray Warbler-Finch Vegetarian Finch Woodpecker Finch Large Tree-Finch Medium Tree-Finch -
Red-Footed Booby Helper at Great Frigatebird Nests
264 SHORT COMMUNICATIONS NECTS MEANS ECTS MEANS ICATE SAMPLE SIZE S.D. SAMPLE SIZE 70 IN DAYS FIGURE 2. Culmen length against age of Brown FIGURE 1. Weight against age of Brown Noddy Noddy chicks on Manana Island, Hawaii in 1972. chicks on Manana Island, Hawaii in 1972. about the thirty-fifth day; apparently Brown Noddies on Christmas Island grow more rapidly than those on 5.26 g/day (SD = 1.18 g/day), and chick growth rate Manana. More data are required for a refined analysis and fledging age were negatively correlated (r = of intraspecific variation in growth rates of Brown -0.490, N = 19, P < 0.05). Noddy young. Seventeen of the chicks were weighed both at the This paper is based upon my doctoral dissertation age of fledging and from 3 to 12 days later; there was submitted to the University of Hawaii. I thank An- no significant recession in weight after fledging (t = drew J. Berger for guidance and criticism. The 1.17, P > 0.2), as suggested for certain terns (e.g., Hawaii State Division of Fish and Game kindly LeCroy and LeCroy 1974, Bird-Banding 45:326). granted me permission to work on Manana. This Dorward and Ashmole (1963, Ibis 103b: 447) mea- study was supported by the Department of Zoology sured growth in weight and culmen length of Brown of the University of Hawaii, by an NSF Graduate Noddies on Ascension Island in the Atlantic; scatter Fellowship, and by a Mount Holyoke College Faculty diagrams of their data indicate growth functions very Grant. -
(Spheniscus Mendiculus) and Flightless Cormorants (Phalacrocorax Harrisi ): Genetics, Morphology, and Prevalence
J. Parasitol., 93(3), 2007, pp. 495–503 ᭧ American Society of Parasitologists 2007 MICROFILARIAE IN GALA´ PAGOS PENGUINS (SPHENISCUS MENDICULUS) AND FLIGHTLESS CORMORANTS (PHALACROCORAX HARRISI ): GENETICS, MORPHOLOGY, AND PREVALENCE Jane Merkel*†, Hugh I. Jones‡, Noah K. Whiteman*, Nicole Gottdenker†, Hernan Vargas§, Erika K. Travis†, R. Eric Miller†, and Patricia G. Parker*† *University of Missouri–St. Louis, Department of Biology, 223 Research Building, 8001 Natural Bridge Road, St. Louis, Missouri 63121. e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Gala´pagos penguins (Spheniscus mendiculus) and flightless cormorants (Phalacrocorax harrisi) live in small, isolated populations on the westernmost islands of Isabela and Fernandina in the Gala´pagos Islands, Ecuador. Between August 2003 and February 2005, 4 field trips, 2 in the cool, dry season (August 2003 and August 2004) and 2 in the hot, rainy season (March 2004 and February 2005), were undertaken; 298 Gala´pagos penguins and 380 cormorants were sampled for prevalence and intensity of hemoparasites. Microfilariae were found in both the penguins and the cormorants. Blood smears were negative for the presence of other species of hemoparasites. Overall prevalence of microfilariae across seasons was 42.0% in cormorants and 13.8% in the penguins. Intensity of infection was generally low (mean ϭ 3.2–31.7 in 25 fields across seasons and species) with the exception of a few individuals with markedly high intensities of parasites (Ͼ300 in 25 fields in 1 cormorant). Prevalence of microfilariae increased significantly over the 4 sampling periods for cormorants, but not for penguins. Prevalences were signifi- cantly higher in cormorants than in penguins for 3 of the 4 collecting trips. -
How Seabirds Plunge-Dive Without Injuries
How seabirds plunge-dive without injuries Brian Changa,1, Matthew Crosona,1, Lorian Strakerb,c,1, Sean Garta, Carla Doveb, John Gerwind, and Sunghwan Junga,2 aDepartment of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061; bNational Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560; cSetor de Ornitologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, São Cristóvão, Rio de Janeiro RJ 20940-040, Brazil; and dNorth Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC 27601 Edited by David A. Weitz, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, and approved August 30, 2016 (received for review May 27, 2016) In nature, several seabirds (e.g., gannets and boobies) dive into wa- From a mechanics standpoint, an axial force acting on a slender ter at up to 24 m/s as a hunting mechanism; furthermore, gannets body may lead to mechanical failure on the body, otherwise known and boobies have a slender neck, which is potentially the weakest as buckling. Therefore, under compressive loads, the neck is po- part of the body under compression during high-speed impact. In tentially the weakest part of the northern gannet due to its long this work, we investigate the stability of the bird’s neck during and slender geometry. Still, northern gannets impact the water at plunge-diving by understanding the interaction between the fluid up to 24 m/s without injuries (18) (see SI Appendix, Table S1 for forces acting on the head and the flexibility of the neck. First, we estimated speeds). The only reported injuries from plunge-diving use a salvaged bird to identify plunge-diving phases. -
Day 1: Saturday Day 2: Sunday
www.royalgalapagos.com Cormorant I 8-day Cruise "A" (Santa Cruz, Genovesa, South Plaza, Santa Fe, San Cristobal, Española, Floreana, Santa Cruz) Day 1: Saturday SANTA CRUZ ISLAND In the morning: Baltra Airport Arrival Morning flight from Quito or Guayaquil to Baltra, Galapagos Islands. You will arrive at Baltra Island in the morning. After passing through immigration and baggage claim, you will be met by a Cormorant I staff member and transferred to the yacht. You will be shown to your cabin where you will have some time to settle in before lunch and a welcome briefing. In the afternoon: Bachas Beach Bachas Beach is located on the north shore of Santa Cruz and is a beach for swimming. One of the few remnants of the U.S. World War II presence in the Galapagos, a floating pier, can be seen here. You may see flamingos, Sally Lightfoot crabs, hermit crabs, black-necked stilts, and whimbrels. Sea turtles also nest on the beach. Bachas Beach, Santa Cruz Island Possible Activities: Hiking Difficulty: Easy Type of Landing: Wet Landing Highlights & Animals: World War II remnants. Sally Lightfoot crabs, hermit crabs, black necked stilts, whimbrels, sea turtles. Day 2: Sunday GENOVESA ISLAND In the morning: El Barranco El Barranco, also known as Prince Phillip’s Steps, is a steep, rocky path that leads up a high cliff rock face. A marvelous view can be appreciated from here. This site is also home to Palo Santo vegetation as well as red-footed boobies, short-eared owls, Galapagos storm petrels, and Galapagos doves. El Barranco, Genovesa Island Possible Activities: Hiking (0,9 miles / 2 Km) Difficulty: Moderate Type of Landing: Dry Landing Highlights & Animals: Red-footed boobies, short-eared owls, storm-petrels, Galapagos doves In the afternoon: Darwin Bay Visit the white-sand coral beach of Darwin Bay which includes a half mile trail (0,75km) that winds through mangroves filled with land birds. -
MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD Fregata Magnificens
PALM BEACH DOLPHIN PROJECT FACT SHEET The Taras Oceanographic Foundation 5905 Stonewood Court - Jupiter, FL 33458 - (561-762-6473) [email protected] MAGNIFICENT FRIGATEBIRD Fregata magnificens CLASS: Aves ORDER: Suliformes FAMILY: Fregatidae GENUS: Fregata SPECIES: magnificens A long-winged, fork-tailed bird of tropical oceans, the Magnificent Frigatebird is an agile flier that snatches food off the surface of the ocean and steals food from other birds. It breeds mostly south of the United States, but wanders northward along the coasts during nonbreeding season. Physical Appearance: Frigate birds are the only seabirds where the male and female look strikingly different. All have pre- dominantly black plumage, long, deeply forked tails and long hooked bills. Females have white underbellies and males have a distinctive red throat pouch, which they inflate during the breeding season to attract females Their wings are long and pointed and can span up to 2.3 meters (7.5 ft), the largest wing area to body weight ratio of any bird. These birds are about 35-45 inches ((89 to 114 cm) in length, and weight between 35 and 67 oz (1000-1900 g). The bones of frigate birds are markedly pneumatic (filled with air), making them very light and contribute only 5% to total body weight. The pectoral girdle (shoulder joint) is strong as its bones are fused. Habitat: Frigate birds are found across all tropical oceans. Breeding habitats include mangrove cays on coral reefs, and decidu- ous trees and bushes on dry islands. Feeding range while breeding includes shallow water within lagoons, coral reefs, and deep ocean out of sight of land. -
Parasites of the Neotropic Cormorant Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) Brasilianus (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) in Chile
Original Article ISSN 1984-2961 (Electronic) www.cbpv.org.br/rbpv Parasites of the Neotropic cormorant Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) in Chile Parasitos da biguá Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) do Chile Daniel González-Acuña1* ; Sebastián Llanos-Soto1,2; Pablo Oyarzún-Ruiz1 ; John Mike Kinsella3; Carlos Barrientos4; Richard Thomas1; Armando Cicchino5; Lucila Moreno6 1 Laboratorio de Parásitos y Enfermedades de Fauna Silvestre, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile 2 Laboratorio de Vida Silvestre, Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile 3 Helm West Lab, Missoula, MT, USA 4 Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad Santo Tomás, Concepción, Chile 5 Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Mar del Plata, Argentina 6 Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile How to cite: González-Acuña D, Llanos-Soto S, Oyarzún-Ruiz P, Kinsella JM, Barrientos C, Thomas R, et al. Parasites of the Neotropic cormorant Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) in Chile. Braz J Vet Parasitol 2020; 29(3): e003920. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612020049 Abstract The Neotropic cormorant Nannopterum (Phalacrocorax) brasilianus (Suliformes: Phalacrocoracidae) is widely distributed in Central and South America. In Chile, information about parasites for this species is limited to helminths and nematodes, and little is known about other parasite groups. This study documents the parasitic fauna present in 80 Neotropic cormorants’ carcasses collected from 2001 to 2008 in Antofagasta, Biobío, and Ñuble regions. Birds were externally inspected for ectoparasites and necropsies were performed to examine digestive and respiratory organs in search of endoparasites. -
Class Three: Breeding
Class Three: Breeding WHERE DO SEABIRDS LAY THEIR EGGS? Nest or no nest? • Some species use no nesting material. E.g., the white tern lays a single egg on an open branch. • Some species use a very little bit of nesting material. E.g., the tufted puffin may use a few pieces of grass and a couple of feathers. • Some species build more substantial nests. E.g. kittiwakes cement their nests onto small cliff shelves by trampling mud and guano to form a base. And, some cormorants build large nests in trees from sticks and twigs. [email protected] www.seabirdyouth.org 1 White tern • Also called fairy tern. • Tropical seabird species. • Lays egg on branch or fork in tree. No nest. • Newly hatched chicks have well developed feet to hang onto the nesting-site. White Tern. © Pillot, via Creative Commons. On the coast or inland? • Most seabird species breed on the coast and offshore islands. • Some species breed fairly far inland, but still commute to the ocean to feed. E.g., kittlitz’s murrelets nest on scree slopes on coastal mountains, and parents may travel more than 70km to their feeding grounds. • Other species breed far inland and never travel to the ocean. E.g., double crested cormorants breed on the coast, but also on lakes in many states such as Minnesota. [email protected] www.seabirdyouth.org 2 NESTING HABITAT (1) Ground Some species breed on the ground. These species tend to breed in areas with little or no predation, such as offshore islands (e.g., terns and gulls) or in the Antarctic (e.g., penguins, albatross). -
Causes and Consequences of Sex Ratio Bias in Nazca
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF SEX RATIO BIAS IN NAZCA BOOBIES (Sula granti) BY TERRI J. MANESS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of Biology December 2008 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: David J. Anderson, Ph.D., Advisor ____________________________________ Examining Committee: Mark R. Leary, Ph.D., Chairman ____________________________________ Robert A. Browne, Ph.D ____________________________________ William E. Conner, Ph.D. ____________________________________ Clifford W. Zeyl, Ph.D. ____________________________________ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank the Galápagos National Park Service for permission to work in the Park and the Charles Darwin Research Station and TAME airlines for logistical support. For funding support, I am grateful to the Mead Foundation, the National Geographic Society, the National Science Foundation, the Oak Foundation, Sigma Xi, and Wake Forest University. I appreciate the work of my many colleagues for their work in producing the long-term Nazca booby databases, particularly Jill Awkerman, Tiffany Beachy, Julius Brennecke, Sebastian Cruz, Diego García, Kate Huyvaert, Elaine Porter, Devin Taylor, and Mark Westbrock. I also thank Julie Campbell and Amber Jones, who assisted with data entry and metabolite analyses, Matthew Furst, who also assisted with metabolite analyses, and Andrew D’Epagnier, who assisted with DNA extractions. I am particularly indebted to Audrey Calkins for her unmatched accuracy and speed of data entry, and for her endurance, skill, innovation, and unbounded zeal for PCR. Victor Apanius magnanimously shared his molecular analysis skills and vast statistical knowledge with me. -
ITINERARY C (Sunday – Wednesday) 4 Days / 3 Night
The Galapagos Islands DAY BY DAY ITINERARY C (Sunday – Wednesday) 4 days / 3 night 4 days / 3 nights Our Galapagos itineraries offer unforgettable experiences, with our weekly departures allowing you to experience 3, 4, 7, and up to 14 C EAST nights tours including: full board, two daily guided excursions with Sunday - Wednesday optional activities such as snorkeling, kayaking, dinghy rides and our Sunday: Baltra Airport new feature daily diving tours for license-holding divers. pm. Charles Darwin Research Station & Fausto Llerena Breeding Center (Santa Cruz Island) Monday: am. Mosquera Islet pm. North Seymour Island Tuesday: am. Santa Fe Island pm. South Plaza Island Wednesday: am. Kicker Rock circumnavigation. Cerro Colorado Tortoise Reserve (San Cristobal Island) San Cristobal Airport GENOVESA Darwin Bay El Barranco, Prince Philip’s Steps Buccaneer Cove Pit Craters Charles Darwin Research Station Kicker Rock Champion Islet Gardner Islets DAY 1 - SUNDAY am – Baltra Airport Departure from Quito or Guayaquil to Baltra Island (2 ½-hour flight). Arriving in the Galapagos, passengers are picked up at the airport by our natural guides and taken to a ten-minute bus drive to the pier to board the M/Y Coral I or M/Y Coral II. pm – Charles Darwin Research Station & Fausto Llerena Breeding Center (Santa Cruz Island) Once home to the famous Lonesome George, the last tortoise of the Pinta race, the breeding and relocation center is named in honour of his long-time guardian. The center is set in the Galapagos National Park Service where various interpretative buildings are available to visit. The grounds, with large stands of native vegetation are one of the better places to spot some of the seldom seen Darwinís finches such as the woodpecker, cactus and vegetarian finches. -
Marine Wildlife Health Surveillance in the Galapagos Islands: First Year Results of the Rapid Response Network
GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013-2014 MARINE MANAGEMENT MARINE WILDLIFE HEALTH SURVEILLANCE IN THE GALAPAGOS ISLANDS: FIRST YEAR RESULTS OF THE RAPID RESPONSE NETWORK CAROLINA GARCÍA-PARRA AND WASHINGTON TAPIA How to cite this article: García-Parra C and W Tapia. 2015. Marine invasive species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve: A case for additional research, improved management, and policy review. Pp. 89-94. In: Galapagos Report 2013-2014. GNPD, GCREG, CDF and GC. Puerto Ayora, Galapagos, Ecuador. Sources must be cited in all cases. Sections of the publication may be translated and reproduced without permission as long as the source is cited. The authors of each article are responsible for the contents and opinions expressed. The Galapagos National Park Directorate has its headquarters in Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos and is the Ecuadorian governmental institution responsible for the administration and management of the protected areas of Galapagos. The Governing Council of Galapagos has its headquarters in Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, San Cristóbal Island, and is the Ecuadorian governmental institution responsible for planning and the administration of the province. The Charles Darwin Foundation, an international non-profit organization registered in Belgium, operates the Charles Darwin Research Station in Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz Island, Galapagos. Galapagos Conservancy, based in Fairfax, Virginia USA, is the only US non-profit organization focused exclusively on the long-term protection of the Galapagos Archipelago. GALAPAGOS REPORT 2013 - 2014 Marine wildlife health surveillance in the Galapagos Islands: First year results of the Rapid Response Network Carolina García-Parra1 and Washington Tapia2 1Charles Darwin Foundation, 2Galapagos National Park Directorate Photo: © Pam Le Claire Introduction Marine wildlife, especially marine mammals, act as sentinels of ocean and human health, providing early essential information regarding threats and impacts to marine ecosystems, which enables the establishment of preventive conservation strategies (Bossart, 2006).