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Ghashiram Kotwal Ghashiram Kotwal K. Hariharan, Mani Kaul Since the very first year of its existence, the Forum has tried to Seit dem ersten Jahr seines Bestehens hat das Forum sich bemüht, produce German-subtitled prints of all the films shown at the deutsch untertitelte Kopien der Festivalbeiträge herzustellen. Diese Pra- festival. This practice is now paying off. Many films have thus xis zahlt sich nun aus: Viele Filme haben so nur in Berlin überlebt, dar- only survived thanks to their being in Berlin, including Gha- unter Ghashiram Kotwal, der nun in neuer, digitaler Fassung zur Wieder- shiram Kotwal, which is now being shown again in a new digi- aufführung gelangt. Produziert hat ihn die Yukt Filmkooperative unter tal print. Produced by the Yukt Film Co-operative under the di- der Regie von K. Hariharan und Mani Kaul, basierend auf dem gleichna- rection of K. Hariharan and Mani Kaul, it is based on the play migen Theaterstück des Autors Vijay Tendulkar. Es beruht auf der Biogra- of the same name by Vijay Tendulkar, whose real-life histori- fie von Nana Phadnavis (1741–1800), eines einflussreichen Ministers, und cal inspiration was the biography of influential minister Nana beschreibt Entwicklung und Fall des Peshwa-Regimes in West-Indien vor Phadnavis (1741–1800). It describes the development and fall dem Hintergrund einer Politik von Intrigen und Korruption, die während of the Peshwa regime in western India before the backdrop of der wachsenden kolonialen Bedrohung das Land verwüstete. Um seine political intrigue and corruption that ravaged the country as Macht abzusichern, ernennt Nana Ghashiram zum Polizei- und Spionage- the threat of colonialism continued to grow. In order to secure chef des Staates. Nachdem er einst Unrecht erfahren und Rache geschwo- his power, Nana appoints Ghashiram as state chief of police ren hat, beginnt Ghashiram, willkürlich Macht gegen die brahmanische and espionage. Just as he once suffered injustice and swore Bevölkerung auszuüben, bis diese seine Hinrichtung verlangt. Der Film to take revenge, Ghashiram now begins exercising despotic entwickelt seine experimentelle Ästhetik aus der Beschäftigung mit fikti- power against the Brahmans, until they demand his execution. onaler und dokumentarischer Praxis in Theater und Film. The film’s experimental aesthetic was developed by exploring Stefanie Schulte Strathaus different fictional and documentary practices in theatre and film. Stefanie Schulte Strathaus berlinale forum 2014 1 “Cinema was a cooperative art” „Kino war eine kooperative Kunst“ How did Yukt Film Cooperative Society come into being? Wie entstand die Yukt Film Cooperative Society? K. Hariharan: Yukt Film Cooperative Society had sixteen K. Hariharan: Die Yukt Film Cooperative Society hatte sechzehn Mit- members including myself, Mani Kaul, Saeed Mirza, Ka- glieder. Neben mir waren das Mani Kaul, Saeed Mirza, Kamal Swaroop, mal Swaroop, Rajesh Joshi, Virender Saini, Manmohan Sin- Rajesh Joshi, Virender Saini, Manmohan Singh, Binod Pradhan, Jethu gh, Binod Pradhan, Jethu Mandal, Ravi Gupta, Ashok Tyagi, Mandal, Ravi Gupta, Ashok Tyagi, AM Padmanabhan, Vinay Srivasta- AM Padmanabhan, Vinay Srivastava, CG Jain and Hitendra va, CG Jain und Hitendra Ghosh. Mani Kaul und Vinay Srivastava le- Ghosh. Mani Kaul and Vinay Srivastava are no more, and ben nicht mehr, die übrigen haben seither sehr erfolgreich ihre jeweili- the rest have all moved on to become very successful in gen Karrieren verfolgt. Aber die Erinnerung an ihr erstes Projekt bleibt their independent careers. But the memories of their first bei allen ein starker Anker in dem riesigen Ozean des indischen Kinos. venture will always remain their strong anchor in the huge Es war Mitte Juli 1976, und in Indien hatte die Ministerpräsidentin In- ocean of Indian Cinema. dira Gandhi den Notstand ausgerufen. Leider hatten die Bürger der It was mid July 1976. India was in the grip of a state of damals seit 26 Jahren bestehenden Demokratie namens Indien kei- emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi. Sadly, ne Vorstellung davon, wie sich eine Diktatur und die Verweigerung der the people of a 26-year-old democracy called India had no Menschenrechte auswirken würden, vor allem auf die Meinungsfrei- idea what were the repercussions of a dictatorship and de- heit. Gestützt auf Artikel 352 der Verfassung gab sich Indira Gandhi nial of human rights, most importantly the freedom of ex- erstaunlich weitreichende Machtbefugnisse, um massiv gegen Bürger- pression. By using Article 352 of the constitution, Indira rechte und die politische Opposition vorzugehen. Am gleichen Tag im Gandhi gave herself astonishing powers to launch a mas- Juni 1975, an dem sie den Notstand ausrief, ließ sie den Zeitungsredak- sive attack on civil liberties and all political dissent. She tionen den Strom abstellen. Die Regierung setzte überall im Land Po- cut electricity to newspaper offices the day she ordered the lizei ein, um Tausende von Demonstranten und Streikführern präven- state of emergency in June 1975 in order to impose a news tiv in Haft zu nehmen. Zu jener Zeit absolvierte ich das Abschlussjahr blackout. The government used police forces across the meines Filmregiestudiums am Film & TV Institute of India (FTII) in Pu- country to place thousands of protestors and strike lead- ne, wo der Staat jedes Jahr ein paar engagierte Studenten für die in ers under preventive detention. At that time, I was enter- sechzehn Sprachen arbeitende Filmindustrie des Landes ausbilden lie- ing the final year of my film direction course at the Film & ßen. Außerhalb des FTII-Campus bewunderte das Publikum einen Su- TV Institute of India (FTII) in Pune, where the government perstar namens Amitabh Bachchan und Filme wie Sholay, der landes- trained a few serious students each year to feed a huge film weit in mehreren Kinos 50 Wochen lang lief. Bachchan spielte in jedem industry in sixteen different languages. Outside the FTII Film den zornigen jungen Mann; er linderte auf seine Art die Ängste campus, the public happily watched a superstar called Am- und Befürchtungen von Millionen, indem er auf der Leinwand die Kräf- itabh Bachchan, and films likeSholay , which celebrated a te des Bösen einfach vernichtete! 50-week run in several theatres across the country. Bach- Während so jeden Abend die Zuschauer nach Hause gingen und sich chan played the angry young man in every film, and in a wie Bachchan fühlten, erkannte eine kleine Gruppe von Studenten am special way helped overcome the fear and tensions of mil- FTII, dass ein derartiger Eskapismus keine Lösung war und Filmema- lions by simply annihilating evil forces on screen! cher in einer so filmverrückten Nation wie Indien ernsthaft ein wenig While audiences went back home each night feeling like Verantwortung übernehmen sollten. Mit mir bestand die erste Grup- Bachchan, a small group of students at the FTII realised pe von Amateurmarxisten aus Saeed Mirza, Jethu Mandal, AM Padman- that such escapism was no solution, and that filmmakers abhan, Ashok Tyagi und Virender Saini. Unser Bedürfnis, einen Ausweg had to shoulder some serious responsibilities in a movie- aus der unglückseligen Notstandssituation in Indien zu finden, wurde mad nation like India. Along with me, the first group of natürlicherweise erst einmal mit dem billigsten Alkohol beschwichtigt, amateur Marxists consisted of Saeed Mirza, Jethu Mandal, den die Regierung verkaufen ließ. Während unserer zornigen, alkoho- Padmanabhan, Ashok Tyagi, and Virender Saini. Our thirst lisierten Diskussionen gelangten wir aber immerhin auch zu verschie- for finding solutions for the unfortunate state of emer- denen Schlussfolgerungen. Ganz oben auf unserer Liste stand die feste gency politics in India was quite naturally quenched with Überzeugung, dass sich Veränderungen in der Filmindustrie nicht ein- drinking the cheapest alcohol provided by the state gov- fach mit Verfilmungen von neuartigen, revolutionären Geschichten be- ernment! And it was during those angry inebriated discus- wirken ließen. Vielmehr musste es zunächst um eine Veränderung der sions that we arrived at several conclusions. On top of the Produktionsweisen gehen. Das Kino war eine industrielle Kunstform, in list was our firm belief that change within the film indus- der wir, so dachten wir, als Filmemacher gleichberechtigt zusammen- try could not come about by merely filming new kinds of arbeiten müssten. Wir gingen davon aus, dass alle existierenden ka- revolutionary stories. The change had to come first in the pitalistischen Hierarchien innerhalb einer Filmcrew zerstört werden mode of production. Cinema was an industrial art form, and mussten, damit ein organisches Kino entstehen konnte, das industriel- we, the filmmakers, had to join hands equally and in large le Lösungen liefern würde, um die progressive Arbeiterklasse voranzu- numbers in order to make a film. All existing capitalist hi- bringen. Das Kino war eine kooperative Kunst, und entsprechend sollte erarchy inside a film unit had to be destroyed in order to das Ergebnis auf der Leinwand aus der aktiven Zusammenarbeit sämtli- evolve an organic cinema capable of providing industrial cher Crewmitglieder hervorgehen, ungeachtet ihrer beruflichen Spezi- solutions to take the progressive working class forward. alisierung! Der individualistische Filmautor musste sterben! Cinema was a cooperative art, and the narrative on and off Wir wollten politisch gegen den Notstand kämpfen, aber auf dem Cam- screen had to emerge only through the active cooperation pus gab es einen Lehrplan,
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