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Light Radiation Radiation and Radioactivity Radiation, Radioactivity and Radioactive Materials Radiation and Radioactivity 1.1 Lightbulb = Has the ability to emit light Light Lumen (lm) or Watt (W) Lux (lx) ▶Unit of light bulb brightness ▶Unit of brightness Radioactive materials = Have the ability to emit radiation (radioactivity) Radiation Becquerel (Bq) Conversion Sievert (Sv) ▶Unit of radiation exposure ▶ Unit of radioactivity factor dose that a person receives *Sievert is associated with radiation effects. Radiation, radioactivity and radioactive materials are outlined below. A light bulb, an object familiar to everyone, has the ability to emit light. Light bulb brightness is expressed in the unit of "Lumens" or "Watts." People receive the light and feel the brightness. The unit in this case is "Lux." The units related to radiation, such as becquerel and sievert, which we often hear about lately, also have a similar relation to the above. For example, when a rock emits radiation, this rock is called a "radioactive material" (p.3 of Vol. 1, "Units of Radiation and Radioactivity"). Radioactive materials emit radiation, and this ability is called "radioactivity." In this case, it is expressed as "This rock has radioactivity" or "This rock emits radiation." This ability of emitting radiation is expressed in the unit of "Becquerel (Bq)." "Sievert (Sv)" is used as the unit of the radiation exposure dose necessary to know the effect of radiation to which a person is exposed. There is a special conversion factor to calculate "Sv" from "Bq." Higher radioactivity (value expressed in becquerels) means that the relevant radioactive material emits more radiation, but radiation exposure dose (value expressed in sieverts) varies depending on the distance between the radioactive material and the person exposed thereto. The intensity of radiation rises when the person is closer to the thing emitting radiation, and the intensity weakens as the distance becomes larger. This is the same as a bright light bulb appearing dim at a distance. Included in this reference material on March 31, 2013 Updated on February 28, 2018 1 Radiation and Difference between Radiation and Radiation and Radioactivity 1.1 Radioactivity Radioactive Materials Radiation Radioactive materials themselves emit radiation. This liquid has radioactivity, the ability to emit radiations. Radioactive materials If radionuclides are incorporated Radiation into the body, they will be partly removed outside the body (excreted) or be transferred to particular organs/tissues. Radioactive Radiation itself does not remain materials in the body. Radioactive materials are materials that emit radiation. For example, the term is used as follows: "This water contains radioactive materials." Although the term "radioactivity" is sometimes used in the meaning of radioactive materials, in the field of natural sciences, the term only refers to the ability to emit radiation. If a sealed container contains water with radioactive materials, radiation may leak from the container, but radioactive materials do not come out. If a container without a lid contains water with radioactive materials, there is a possibility that radioactive materials may spread due to spilling, etc. Radioactive materials incorporated into the body may remain in the body for a certain period of time and move between organs but some of them are excreted or lose radioactivity as a result of emitting radiation. Effects of radiation may partially remain in cells but radiation itself does not remain in the body. Health effects of radiation are detailed in Chapter 3. Included in this reference material on March 31, 2013 Updated on February 28, 2018 2 Radiation and Radioactivity Units of Radiation and Radioactivity Radiation and Radioactivity 1.1 This rock has radioactivity (the ability to emit Radioactive radiation). materials Survey meter Becquerel (Bq) Sievert (Sv) Unit for intensity of radiation: Unit of radiation exposure dose which a one nucleus decays (disintegrates) per person receives: second = 1 becquerel associated with radiation effects Humans cannot sense radiation with their five senses because radiation is invisible and odorless. However, it has a feature that makes measuring easy. "Becquerel" and "Sievert," which we have often heard about and seen recently, are units related to radiation. For example, radiation in soil or food can be measured using a special measuring device to find how much radioactive materials are contained in them. The becquerel is a unit to express the intensity of such radiation. The sievert is a unit to express the effect on the human body. (For details, refer to p.33-p.42 of Vol. 1, "2.3 Units of Radiation.") Places where a large amount of radioactive materials exist can be identified with a handheld survey meter. Additionally, the intensity and types of radiation emitted from radioactive materials, as well as personal exposure doses, can be checked with various types of survey meters. Furthermore, based on the results of various investigative studies, radiation doses due to the effect of the accident and natural radiation doses, as well as the total thereof, can be obtained separately. Means for radiation management and radiation protection are devised taking advantage of this feature of radiation, i.e., the easiness of measurement. Included in this reference material on March 31, 2013 Updated on March 31, 2015 3 Radiation and Radiation and Radioactivity 1.1 Radioactivity Types of Exposure External exposure Internal exposure Exposure due to radiation outside the body Exposure from inside the body Radiation sources such as radioactive materials, etc. From a wound Whole‐body Inhalation exposure Drinking and eating Local exposure Radioactive materials Body surface contamination To receive radiation from radioactive materials is called radiation exposure. On the other hand, radioactive contamination means that matter, including people and places, is contaminated with radioactive materials. In other words, radioactive contamination suggests that some radioactive materials exist in places where radioactive materials do not usually exist. To receive radiation from radioactive materials outside the body is called external exposure. If a person breathes in radioactive materials in the air or takes contaminated food or drink into their body, he/she will be exposed to radiation from inside their body. In addition, radioactive materials can also enter the body from wounds. Receiving radiation in this way is called internal exposure. For internal and external exposures, the relevant radiation types (α (alpha)-particles, β (beta)-particles and γ (gamma)-rays) (p.13-p.22 of Vol. 1, "1.3 Radiation") and radioactive materials (radionuclides) are different, because the ability to pass through the air or the body differs by radiation type. In addition, the state in which radioactive materials adhere to the surface of the human body is called body surface contamination. If radioactive materials that adhere to the surface of the human body enter inside through the nose, mouth or wounds, internal contamination arises and this may cause internal exposure. Included in this reference material on March 31, 2013 Updated on March 31, 2015 4 Radioactive Materials Atomic Structure and Periodic Law Charge Proton ＋ Radioactive Materials 1.2 Nucleus Atom Neutron 0 Electron － The number of protons (atomic number) determines the chemical properties. Periodic Table of Elements Group 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 H 2 He 1 1.008 Gas 4.003 Atomic number Symbol 3 Li 4 Be Liquid 5 B 6 C 7 N 8 O 9 F 10 Ne 2 6.941 9.012 Solid 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 Atomic weight 11 Na 12 Mg Form unknown 13 Al 14 Si 15 P 16 S 17 Cl 18 Ar 3 22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 19 K 20 Ca 21 Sc 22 Ti 23 V 24 Cr 25 Mn 26 Fe 27 Co 28 Ni 29 Cu 30 Zn 31 Ga 32 Ge 33 As 34 Se 35 Br 36 Kr 4 39.10 40.08 44.96 47.87 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.69 63.55 65.38 69.72 72.63 74.92 78.97 79.90 83.80 Period 37 Rb 38 Sr 39 Y 40 Zr 41 Nb 42 Mo 43 Tc 44 Ru 45 Rh 46 Pd 47 Ag 48 Cd 49 In 50 Sn 51 Sb 52 Te 53 I 54 Xe 5 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.95 (99) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 Cs 56 Ba 57-71 72 Hf 73 Ta 74 W 75 Re 76 Os 77 Ir 78 Pt 79 Au 80 Hg 81 Tl 82 Pb 83 Bi 84 Po 85 At 86 Rn 6 132.9 137.3 Lanthanoid 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (210) (210) (222) 87 Fr 88 Ra 89-103 104 Rf 105 Db 106 Sg 107 Bh 108 Hs 109 Mt 110 Ds 111 Rg 112 Cn 113 Nh 114 Fl 115 Mc 116 Lv 117 Ts 118 Og 7 (223) (226) Actinoid (267) (268) (271) (272) (277) (276) (281) (280) (285) (278) (289) (289) (293) (293) (294) 57-71 57 La 58 Ce 59 Pr 60 Nd 61 Pm 62 Sm 63 Eu 64 Gd 65 Tb 66 Dy 67 Ho 68 Er 69 Tm 70 Yb 71 Lu Lanthanoid 138.9 140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 89-103 89 Ac 90 Th 91 Pa 92 U 93 Np 94 Pu 95 Am 96 Cm 97 Bk 98 Cf 99 Es 100 Fm 101 Md 102 No 103 Lr Actinoid (227) 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (239) (243) (247) (247) (252) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262) The numbers in parentheses are the nuclear numbers of the typical radioisotopes of the elements (IUPAC).
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