Diapositiva 1
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Mosquitoes, Quinine and the Socialism of Italian Women 1900–1914
MOSQUITOES, QUININE AND THE SOCIALISM OF ITALIAN WOMEN 1900–1914 Malaria qualifies as a major issue of modern Italian history because of the burden of death, suffering and economic cost that it imposed. But it is fruitful to examine its history from a more hopeful, if largely neglected, vantage point. Paradoxically, mal- aria — or rather the great campaign to eradicate it with quinine — played a substantial political role. It promoted the rise of the Italian labour movement, the formation of a socialist aware- ness among farmworkers and the establishment of a collective consciousness among women. In 1900 the Italian parliament declared war on malaria. After a series of vicissitudes, this project achieved final victory in 1962 when the last indigenous cases were reported.1 Italy thus provided the classic example of the purposeful eradication of malaria. The argument here is that the early phase of this campaign down to the First World War played a profoundly subversive role. The campaign served as a catalyst to mass movements by farmworkers, especially women. Three geographical areas were most affected: the rice belt of Novara and Pavia provinces in the North, the Roman Campagna in the Centre, and the province of Foggia in the South. Inevitably, this argument involves the intersection of malaria with two further disasters that befell millions. One was the mis- fortune of being born a farm labourer in a society where serious commentators debated who suffered more — Italian braccianti (farmworkers) in the latter half of the nineteenth century or American slaves in the first.2 The other disaster was the burden of being not only a field hand but also a woman in a nation that Anna Kuliscioff, the most prominent feminist of the period, 1 World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Prevention of the Reintroduction of Malaria in the Countries of the Western Mediterranean: Report on a WHO Meeting, Erice (Italy), 23–27 October 1979 (Geneva, 1979), 5. -
Early History of Infectious Disease
© Jones and Bartlett Publishers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER ONE EARLY HISTORY OF INFECTIOUS 1 DISEASE Kenrad E. Nelson, Carolyn F. Williams Epidemics of infectious diseases have been documented throughout history. In ancient Greece and Egypt accounts describe epidemics of smallpox, leprosy, tuberculosis, meningococcal infections, and diphtheria.1 The morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases profoundly shaped politics, commerce, and culture. In epidemics, none were spared. Smallpox likely disfigured and killed Ramses V in 1157 BCE, although his mummy has a significant head wound as well.2 At times political upheavals exasperated the spread of disease. The Spartan wars caused massive dislocation of Greeks into Athens triggering the Athens epidemic of 430–427 BCE that killed up to one half of the population of ancient Athens.3 Thucydides’ vivid descriptions of this epidemic make clear its political and cultural impact, as well as the clinical details of the epidemic.4 Several modern epidemiologists have hypothesized on the causative agent. Langmuir et al.,5 favor a combined influenza and toxin-producing staphylococcus epidemic, while Morrens and Chu suggest Rift Valley Fever.6 A third researcher, Holladay believes the agent no longer exists.7 From the earliest times, man has sought to understand the natural forces and risk factors affecting the patterns of illness and death in society. These theories have evolved as our understanding of the natural world has advanced, sometimes slowly, sometimes, when there are profound break- throughs, with incredible speed. Remarkably, advances in knowledge and changes in theory have not always proceeded in synchrony. Although wrong theories or knowledge have hindered advances in understanding, there are also examples of great creativity when scientists have successfully pursued their theories beyond the knowledge of the time. -
History of the Discovery of the Malaria Parasites and Their Vectors Francis EG Cox*
Cox Parasites & Vectors 2010, 3:5 http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/3/1/5 REVIEW Open Access History of the discovery of the malaria parasites and their vectors Francis EG Cox* Abstract Malaria is caused by infection with protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Plasmodium transmitted by female Anopheles species mosquitoes. Our understanding of the malaria parasites begins in 1880 with the discovery of the parasites in the blood of malaria patients by Alphonse Laveran. The sexual stages in the blood were discovered by William MacCallum in birds infected with a related haematozoan, Haemoproteus columbae, in 1897 and the whole of the transmission cycle in culicine mosquitoes and birds infected with Plasmodium relictum was elucidated by Ronald Ross in 1897. In 1898 the Italian malariologists, Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli, Angelo Celli, Camillo Golgi and Ettore Marchiafava demonstrated conclusively that human malaria was also trans- mitted by mosquitoes, in this case anophelines. The discovery that malaria parasites developed in the liver before entering the blood stream was made by Henry Shortt and Cyril Garnham in 1948 and the final stage in the life cycle, the presence of dormant stages in the liver, was conclusively demonstrated in 1982 by Wojciech Krotoski. This article traces the main events and stresses the importance of comparative studies in that, apart from the initial discovery of parasites in the blood, every subsequent discovery has been based on studies on non-human malaria parasites and related organisms. Background Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch in 1878-1879, the search Malaria is an ancient disease and references to what was for the cause of malaria intensified. -
Italian Journal of Prevention, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Medicine This Article Was Published on June 24, 2021, at IJPDTM.IT IJPDTM Vol4
IJPDTM Vol. 4 N°1 2021 Parole chiave: malaria, EDITORIAL Info Authors : plasmodium, 1 Prof. associato Medicina Interna “Sapienza” Università di Roma Specialista in Allergologia-Immunologia Clinica e Malattie Infettive chinino Presidente Onorario del Centro Studi Marche “Giuseppe Giunchi” Giuseppe Luzi 1 NON DIMENTICHIAMO ANGELO CELLI: SCIENZIATO CONTRO LA MALARIA E UOMO CONTRO LA POVERTÀ Una descrizione abbastanza accurata della “possibile” alaria deriva da un termine medioevale della malaria viene anche da Ippocrate, nel V secolo M a.C. In Europa e in Italia in particolare la lotta alla lingua italiana in riferimento all’ aria cattiva (mal aria) che veniva ritenuta la causa della malattia malattia e alla sua diffusione è stato un capitolo conseguente a miasmi liberati da zone paludose. importante nella nostra storia della medicina, sia per Malaria è stata anche definita, per questo motivo, le strette implicazioni sanitarie sia per le significative paludismo. Si tratta di una parassitosi provocata da implicazioni socio-economiche. protozoi del genere Plasmodium. Le forme cliniche della malaria vengono associate a Fra le varie specie di parassita Plasmodium, quattro vari plasmodi: sono le più diffuse. P. vivax, P. ovale → febbre terzana benigna I vettori sono zanzare del genere Anopheles. P. malariae → febbre quartana P. falciparum → febbre terzana maligna, potenzialmente Il quadro clinico è quello di una malattia febbrile mortale. acuta che si manifesta con segni di gravità diversa a seconda della specie infettante. E’ una malattia I plasmodi hanno una fase asessuata nell’uomo antichissima. (ospite intermedio) e una fase sessuata (nella zanzara Anopheles), che è l’ospite definitivo. Documenti assiri, cinesi, indiani descrivono forme morbose coerenti con la clinica della malaria. -
A Comprehensive Review of Malaria with an Emphasis on Plasmodium Resistance
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The University of Mississippi A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF MALARIA WITH AN EMPHASIS ON PLASMODIUM RESISTANCE Lindsay Thomas A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Mississippi in partial fulfillment of the Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College. Oxford May 2014 Approved by: Advisor: Dr. Michael Warren Reader: Dr. Matthew Strum Reader: Dr. Donna West-Strum ii © 2014 Lindsay O’Neal Thomas ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii ABSTRACT Malaria is a disease that is caused by the Plasmodium genus. It is endemic in tropical areas. There are multiple drugs used for prophylaxis and treatment. However, the parasites have developed resistance towards most antimalarial pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical industry is generating new antimalarial pharmaceuticals, but the rate of new Plasmodium resistance is much faster. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures…………………………………………………………...v List of Abbreviations…………………………………………………....vi Introductions…………………………………………………………….1 Chapter I: Background…………………………………………………..4 Chapter II: Life cycle of Malaria ……………………………………......7 Chapter III: The Disease………………………………………………..11 Chapter IV: Blood Schizonticides……………………………………....15 Chapter V: Tissue Schizonticides……………………………………....25 Chapter VI: Hypnozoitocides…………………………………………...31 Chapter VII: Artemisinin……………………………………………….34 Chapter VIII: Future Resistance………………………………………...36 Conclusion………………………………………………………………38 Bibliography…………………………………………………………….40 v LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: -
Short History of Malaria and Its Eradica Against the Infection in the Mediterranea Nd Its Eradication in Italy with Short Notes
MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES www.mjhid.org ISSN 2035-3006 Review Articles Short History of Malaria and Its Eradication in Italy With Short Notes on the Fight Against the Infection in the Mediterranean Basin Giancarlo Majori Former Director Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy Correspondence to: Giancarlo Majori, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Reparto di Malattie trasmesse da vettori e Sanità Internazionale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299 – 00161 Roma. E-mail: [email protected] Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Published: March 10, 2012 Received: January 28, 2012 Accepted: February 11, 2012 Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012, 4(1): e2012016, DOI 10.4084/MJHID.2012.016 This article is available from: http://www.mjhid.org/article/view/9990 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract. In Italy at the end of 19th Century, malaria cases amounted to 2 million with 15,000- 20,000 deaths per year. Malignant tertian malaria was present in Central-Southern areas and in the islands. Early in the 20th Century, the most important act of the Italian Parliament was the approval of laws regulating the production and free distribution of quinine and the promotion of measures aiming at the reduction of the larval breeding places of Anopheline vectors. The contribution from the Italian School of Malariology (Camillo Golgi, Ettore Marchiafava, Angelo Celli, Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli) to the discovery of the transmission’s mechanism of malaria was fundamental in fostering the initiatives of the Parliament of the Italian Kingdom. -
A Zoologist for Malaria*
187-324 Contributios 3.2 4/5/07 08:40 Página 187 CONTRIBUTIONS to SCIENCE, 3 (2): 187–195 (2006) Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barcelona DOI: 10.2436/20.7010.01.5 ISSN: 1575-6343 www.cat-science.com focus Battista Grassi: a zoologist for malaria* E. Capanna** Museo di Anatomia Comparata “Battista Grassi” Università di Roma “La Sapienza” e Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare “Beniamino Segre”, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Roma, Italy Malaria is probably one of the oldest diseases, and it has been tion of natural resources and accordingly lower economic prof- the scourge of populations in tropical and temperate-hot areas its. Therefore, prominent scientists decided to tackle the prob- of the world since antiquity. It is also known by its French term, lem of “paludisme” in France and in Great Britain. Of these, the paludisme although the Italian name, malaria, more accurately three who were the most important for our story are described. describes the disease. The Italian term refers to mala aria, bad Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1845–1922) was a military air, i.e., the miasmas evaporating from the stagnant waters of physician in Algeria when, on 6 November 1880, at the age of marshes, which the ancients believed were the origin of the 33, he described malarial parasites in the blood of patients dur- disease. It was not until the second half of the nineteenth cen- ing malarial fever episodes (Laveran, 1880, 1881). He called tury that scientists started to search for the agent that gave rise this microscopic organism Oscillaria malariae. The discovery to malaria. -
Download Download
MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES www.mjhid.org ISSN 2035-3006 Review Articles Short History of Malaria and its Eradication in Italy with Short Notes on the Fight against the Infection in the Mediterranean Basin Giancarlo Majori Former Director Laboratory of Parasitology, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy Correspondence to: Giancarlo Majori, Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie e Immunomediate, Reparto di Malattie trasmesse da vettori e Sanità Internazionale, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299 – 00161 Roma. E-mail: [email protected] Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Published: March 10, 2012 Received: January 28, 2012 Accepted: February 11, 2012 Citation: Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2012, 4(1): e2012016, DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2012.016 This article is available from: http://www.mjhid.org/article/view/9990 This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract. In Italy at the end of 19th Century, malaria cases amounted to 2 million with 15,000- 20,000 deaths per year. Malignant tertian malaria was present in Central-Southern areas and in the islands. Early in the 20th Century, the most important act of the Italian Parliament was the approval of laws regulating the production and free distribution of quinine and the promotion of measures aiming at the reduction of the larval breeding places of Anopheline vectors. The contribution from the Italian School of Malariology (Camillo Golgi, Ettore Marchiafava, Angelo Celli, Giovanni Battista Grassi, Amico Bignami, Giuseppe Bastianelli) to the discovery of the transmission’s mechanism of malaria was fundamental in fostering the initiatives of the Parliament of the Italian Kingdom. -
Medicina Nei Secoli N.18 3-2006 Ok
MEDICINA NEI SECOLI ARTE E SCIENZA, 19/1 (2007) 101-118 Journal of History of Medicine Articoli/ Articles CAMILLO GOLGI E IL CONTRIBUTO DEGLI SCIENZIATI ITALIANI ALLO SVILUPPO DELLA MALARIOLOGIA NELL’ULTIMO QUARTO DELL’OTTOCENTO EUGENIA TOGNOTTI Università di Sassari, I SUMMARY CAMILLO GOLGI AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE ITALIAN SCIEN - TISTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MALARIOLOGY IN THE LAST QUARTER OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Between 1885 and 1892 - a period in which great advances have been made in techniques and practice of the young science of microbiology - Camillo Golgi provided a notable contribution to malariology. Continuing studies and researches of Roman malariologists Ettore Marchiafava (1847–1935) and Angelo Celli (1857–1914), on the malarial parasites - described by the French military physician Alphonse Laveran - he studied the reproduction cycles of the Plasmodium in human blood (Golgi cycles) and elucidated the temporal coincidence between the recurrent chills and fever with the rupture and release of merozoites into the blood stream (Golgi law). He also demonstrated that the so-called tertian and quartan intermittent fevers are due to the presence in the blood of two different protozoan organisms Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium vivax (Alphonse Laveran believed that there was only one species, Oscillaria malariae). These observations made it possible to diagnose and treat the disease. He established that quinine, to varying degrees, was effective against the parasites at different stages of their development-those in the -
BIOGRAFIE MALARIOLOGI: Guido Baccelli
BIOGRAFIE MALARIOLOGI: Guido Baccelli (1832-1916) Nato a San Vito Romano. Di nobile famiglia romana, si laureò in Medicina nel 1852, e si specializzò l’anno seguente in Chirurgia. Divenne assistente negli ospedali romani nel 1855 e nel 1856. Professore di Medicina Legale alla Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, dove insegnò anche Botanica, Patologia Generale e Medicina Clinica. Rinunciò poi alla cattedra di Medicina Legale in segno di protesta per le dimissioni del suo collega, perseguitato dalla politica papale. Si dedicò poi allo studio di Anatomia Patologica, di cui poi tenne la prima cattedra. Importante la sua partecipazione politica nell’Italia unitaria, al cui parlamento fu debutato tra le file della sinistra storica nel 1875. In qualità di Ministro della Pubblica Istruzione nel governo Cairoli, poi nel quarto e quinto governo De Petris, nel terzo governo Crispi e nel primo e secondo governo Pelloux, si battè per il riconoscimento dei diritti delle donne nell’ambito dell’istruzione. Camillo Golgi (1843-1926) Nato a Comero, nella provincia di Brescia, studiò Medicina all’Università di Pavia e si laureò nel 1865con una tesi sulla patogenesi delle malattie mentali. Assistente di Cesare Lombroso, divenne poi Professore di Istologia e di Patologia Generale. Noto per i suoi studi pionieristici sul sistema nervoso centrale, per i quali fu insignito del Premio Nobel nel 1906. Apportò un grande contributo allo studio della malaria: sua la scoperta del 1885-86 dei differenti tipi di Plasmodio (il P. vivax e il P. malariae) responsbili delle febbri intermittenti. Divenne senatore del Regno nel 1900. Ettore Marchiafava (1847-1935) Nato a Roma, medico per tre papati e per la Casa Reale di Savoia, senatore del Regno e professore di Anatomia Patologica presso l’Università di Roma “La Sapienza”. -
Looking Into Malaria Ahmad Ahmad Parkland College
Parkland College A with Honors Projects Honors Program 2016 Looking Into Malaria Ahmad Ahmad Parkland College Recommended Citation Ahmad, Ahmad, "Looking Into Malaria" (2016). A with Honors Projects. 194. http://spark.parkland.edu/ah/194 Open access to this Essay is brought to you by Parkland College's institutional repository, SPARK: Scholarship at Parkland. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Ahmad Ahmad Biology 123 Looking into Malaria History of Malaria Diseases are everywhere, and every day scientists are discovering diseases, what causes them, how they are transferred, and what their symptoms are on the human body. We need to be aware of diseases, and find ways to treat or cure them, or at least control them when they happen. We need to gather as much information as we can in order to protect ourselves from such kind of diseases. Being aware of disease will help not only us but protect future generations. In this research paper, information is provided about malaria, the history of malaria, what causes it, how it is diagnosed, and how it could be treated. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), malaria was noted for more than 4000 years. “The symptoms of malaria were described in ancient Chinese medical writings,” recorded by the CDC. Malaria is highly predominant in Africa, South America, and South of Asia. According to CDC, the first man who discovered the malaria parasite in someone’s blood, who was actually suffering malaria, was a French army surgeon, named Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran. He discovered the parasite in 1880 in Algeria. -
216000000 Malaria Events/106 Countries 655000 Deaths/Y
1 216,000,000Malariaevents/106countries216,000,000Malariaevents/106countries 655,000deaths/y,86%<5y655,000deaths/y,86%<5y EURARTESIM® aninternationalstory with anItalian plot EURARTESIM® aninternationalstory with anItalian plot AjourneyfromArtemisia’sFieldstoDHA/PQPinpatients AjourneyfromArtemisia’sFieldstoDHA/PQPinpatients Corporate Preclinical Development Page 2 TheScientiststhatunderstoodthediseaseTheScientiststhatunderstoodthedisease Alphonse Laveran Ettore Marchiafava Angelo Celli Camillo Golgi THECULPRIT THERESULT Giovan Battista Grassi Amico Bignami Giuseppe Bastianelli THEVECTOR Sir Patrick Manson Sir Ronald Ross Corporate Preclinical Development Page 3 Corporate Preclinical Development Page 4 Italy:EradicationItaly:Eradication of of Malaria Malaria Italy&MalariaItaly&Malaria DeathsxmillionDeathsxmillion StateQuininedistributionStateQuininedistribution educationeducation Frank M. Snowden 2006, YaleUniversity Press, NewHaven AgroPontinoAgroPontino reclamationreclamation DDTDDT Corporate Preclinical Development Page 5 Corporate Preclinical Development Page 6 SigmatauSigmatau contribution contribution MedicineforMedicinefor MalariaVenturetarget MalariaVenturetarget SeveremalariaUncomplicated malaria IVARTESUNATEEurartesim® FDA EMA Validation batches comlpeted REGISTERED Corporate Preclinical Development Page 7 Corporate Preclinical Development 2-6 July 2012 Page 8 Drug Discovery &Development RepositioningRepositioning Drug Discovery &Development PfizerAzithromycin based combination. ProcessDevelopment&Lifecyclemanagement NewChemical