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The Evolution of Sikh Secessionist Movement in Western Liberal Democracies
International Journal of Business and Social Science Vol. 3 No. 18 [Special Issue – September 2012] The Evolution of Sikh Secessionist Movement in Western Liberal Democracies Dr. Shinder Purewal Professor Department of Political Science Kwantlen Polytechnic University Surrey, Canada, V3W 2M8 This paper focuses on the evolution of Sikh secessionist movement in Western democracies. It explains how and why a segment of émigré Sikh community turned against the Indian state? The paper has divided this separatist movement in three distinct periods: (i) The politics of ‘Sikh Home Rule’ movement from 1960’s to 1978; (ii) Terrorist Movement for Khalistan from 1978 to 1993, and (iii) the politics of ‘grievance’, from 1994 to present. The first period witnessed the rise of a small group of Sikh separatists in Britain and the United Sates, as minor pawns of Cold War politics in the South Asian context. The second period witnessed the emergence of a major terrorist network of Sikh militants armed, trained and, to certain extent, financed by Pakistan, as battle-lines were drawn between two superpowers in Afghan war theatre. The third period has witnessed the decline of militancy and violence associated with Sikh secessionist movement, and the adoption of a new strategy cloaked in the language of justice and human rights. In the post war period, most Western societies had very little population of Sikh immigrants, and, with the exception of the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States (US), many had very little interest in South Asia. Sikh soldiers serving with the British army were the first to settle in Canada, the UK and the US. -
Simbal Camp – Khalistan Zindabad Force
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: IND35619 Country: India Date: 13 November 2009 Keywords: India – Jammu & Kashmir – Simbal Camp – Khalistan Zindabad Force This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Please locate Simble Camp. 2. Do reports indicate that Simble Camp residents are subject to militant attacks and/or recruitment from militants? 3. Please provide links to information on the Khalistant Zindabad Force. 4. Do November 2005 and August 2008 coincide with any marked improvements with the security outlook in Jammu & Kashmir or the region generally? RESPONSE 1. Please locate Simble Camp. Note: Simble Camp is also referred to as Simbal Camp. According to the sources consulted, Simbal Camp is in Jammu district, close to the Indo- Pakistan border. An April 2007 Ground Report article states that Simbal Camp is near the border town of RS Pura. A 1998 Indian Express article describes Simbal Camp in Jammu as “where the Sikhs migrated from Pakistan in 1947 live” (Guruji, M. 2007, ‘Curse of partition undone after 50 years, lost brothers unite’, Ground Report, 12 April http://www.groundreport.com/World/Curse-of-partition-undone-after-50-years-lost- brot/2833558 – Accessed 13 November 2009 – Attachment 1; Taggar, R. -
India: the Security Situation in Punjab, Including Patterns of Violence, The
Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIR's | Help 23 January 2006 IND100772.E India: The security situation in Punjab, including patterns of violence, the groups involved, and the government's response (2002 - 2005) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa Overview In its 2002 assessment of Punjab state, South Asia Terrorism Portal (SATP) concluded that Punjab state "remains largely free from terrorist violence for the ninth consecutive year," explaining that "the ideology of [an independent state of] Khalistan has lost appeal among the people of Punjab, and even public calls to revive secession and terrorist violence have faded out" (SATP n.d.b). This general atmosphere is reflected in SATP's South Asia Conflict Maps for 2003 and 2004, which do not include Punjab state as an area of "conflict" (SATP n.d.c.; ibid. n.d.d.). Similarly, according to a 2003 article by a research associate with the Institute for Conflict Management (ICM) in New Delhi, India, which is "committed to the continuous evaluation and resolution of problems of internal security in South Asia" (ICM n.d.a), anti-Sikh violence in Punjab state had been "settled" (IPCS 24 June 2003). Les Nouveaux Mondes rebelles, on the other hand, reported in 2005 that the Punjab state independence conflict was "on its way to being resolved" [translation] (2005, 358). In articles focusing on the security situation in India for the time period 2002 to 2005, Jane's Intelligence Review (JIR) does not mention Punjab state. Rather, JIR articles focus on the activities of Maoist groups in northeastern and southeastern states of India, with no reference to militant groups in Punjab state (JIR Nov. -
Answered On:20.11.2001 Ban on Terrorist Outfits Jaswant Singh Yadav;Sukender Reddy Gutha
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA HOME AFFAIRS LOK SABHA STARRED QUESTION NO:27 ANSWERED ON:20.11.2001 BAN ON TERRORIST OUTFITS JASWANT SINGH YADAV;SUKENDER REDDY GUTHA Will the Minister of HOME AFFAIRS be pleased to state: (a) the names of organizations banned by the Union Government for fanning religious fundamentalism and terrorism in the country during the last one year alongwith life span of the ban; (b) the names of religious organizations being considered to be banned, as on date; (c) whether the Government have received any requests from State Governments and Memoranda from various political/social organizations for banning organizations involved in spreading religious fundamentalism and communal tension in the country; (d) if so, the details thereof; and (e) the extent to which these measures are likely to help in combating terrorism in the country? Answer THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (I.D.SWAMI) (a) to (e): A statement is laid on the Table of the House. Statement referred to in reply to parts (a) to (e) of the Lok Sabha Starred Question No.27 for 20.11.2001 regarding Ban on Terrorist Outfits. (a): During the last one year following organizations have been banned by Government of India for fanning religious fundamentalism or terrorism under the provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967. The ban is for a period of Two Years subject to the confirmation of Tribunal. Sl.No. Name of the organization Date of Notification of Ban 1 Achik National Volunteer Council 16.11.2000 2 Hynniewtrep National Liberation -
Committee on External Affairs (2016-17)
COMMITTEE 16 ON EXTERNAL AFFAIRS (2016-17) SIXTEENTH LOK SABHA MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS INDO-PAK RELATIONS SIXTEENTH REPORT LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI AUGUST, 2017/Shravana, 1939 (Saka) SIXTEENTH REPORT COMMITTEE ON EXTERNAL AFFAIRS (2016-17) (SIXTEENTH LOK SABHA) MINISTRY OF EXTERNAL AFFAIRS INDO-PAK RELATIONS Presented to Lok Sabha on 11 August, 2017 Laid in Rajya Sabha on 11 August, 2017 LOK SABHA SECRETARIAT NEW DELHI August, 2017/Shravana, 1939 (Saka) COEA NO. 129 Price : Rs. ................ © 2017 by Lok Sabha Secretariat Published under Rule 382 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha (__________Edition) and Printed by CONTENTS COMPOSITION OF THE COMMITTEE (2016-17) INTRODUCTION Chapter 1: Introductory 1-2 Chapter 2: Indo-Pak Relations: An Overview- 3-22 I. Historical Background II. Dialogue Process III. Approach and policy towards Pakistan Chapter 3 : Strategic Dimension of the Relationship 23-64 I. Border Management and Security II. Subversive Activities by Pakistan and Cross Border Terrorism III. The Issue of Jammu & Kashmir IV. Nuclear & Missile Programme V. Recent Surgical Strikes Chapter 4: Economic & Cultural Aspects 65-81 I. Economic Engagement/Cooperation II. Cultural Aspect Chapter 5: Reaction/Role of Global Actors and Institutions 82-93 Chapter 6: Miscellaneous 94-103 I. Sharing of Water II. Humanitarian Exchanges III. TAPI Chapter 7: Roadmap For Future 104-109 I. Impediments to Normalization of ties II. Roadmap for Future Appendices I. Minutes of the Second Sitting of the Committee (2016-17) held on 18.10.2016 110-112 II. Minutes of the Sixth Sitting of the Committee (2016-17) held on 12.1.2017 113-115 III. -
Determining Mobilization Into Terrorist Organizations in the United States, Ireland, Lebanon and India
THE IMPACT OF GOVERNMENTAL STRATEGIES ON COLLECTIVE ACTION AFTER BACKLASH: DETERMINING MOBILIZATION INTO TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES, IRELAND, LEBANON AND INDIA By ASHLIE T. PERRY A Dissertation submitted to the Graduate- School- Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Global Affairs written under the direction of Dr. Leslie Kennedy Newark, New Jersey May 2014 ABSTRACT Researchers in the field of Security Studies would ultimately like to make prescriptions on how to curb international and domestic violence worldwide. Much of the existing research focuses on the governmental responses to existing terrorist groups, such as counterterrorism strategies, while other research focuses on the immediate impact of terrorist organizations. Therefore, little focus is given to the historical and cultural factors influencing mobilization of actors and the relationship between parties involved. Research suggests that governmental strategies against collective groups, such as brute police force, can serve as a catalyst for backlash. Further research should be done to understand the impact of governmental strategies that aid in the mobilization of individuals into terrorist organizations, viewing terrorists as the backlash of a policy choice implemented by domestic or state level institutions. A sense of grievance is the key motivational factor for most terrorist organization, a common bond between members. Unwarranted use of violence, death of civilians and a lack of transparency in governmental decision making, make it easier to capture sentiments of an already aggrieved population into that of a terrorist organization. The current research assesses the impact of governmental strategies on collective action and mobilization into terrorist organizations after backlash. -
Operational Guidance Note
India OGN v12.0 Issued May 2013 OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE NOTE INDIA CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1 – 1.3 2. Country assessment 2.1 Actors of protection 2.2 Internal relocation 2.3 Country guidance caselaw 2.4 3. Main categories of claims 3.1 – 3.8 Sikh separatism 3.9 Conflict with insurgent groups (including in Jammu and Kashmir and 3.10 Maoist/Naxalite belt) Ill-treatment of religious groups 3.11 Land disputes 3.12 Violence against women 3.13 Gay men, lesbians, bisexual and transgender persons 3.14 Prison conditions 3.15 4. Discretionary Leave 4.1 – 4.2 Minors claiming in their own right 4.3 Medical treatment 4.4 5. Returns 5.1 – 5.5 1. Introduction 1.1 This document provides UK Border Agency caseworkers with guidance on the nature and handling of the most common types of claims received from nationals/residents of India, including whether claims are or are not likely to justify the granting of asylum, Humanitarian Protection or Discretionary Leave. Caseworkers must refer to the relevant Asylum Instructions for further details of the policy on these areas. 1.2 Caseworkers must not base decisions on the country of origin information in this guidance; it is included to provide context only and does not purport to be comprehensive. The conclusions in this guidance are based on the totality of the available evidence, not just the brief extracts contained herein, and caseworkers must likewise take into account all available evidence. It is therefore essential that this guidance is read in conjunction with the relevant COI Service country of origin information and any other relevant information. -
'Ground Hog Da Din' for the Sikh Insurgency?
Small Wars & Insurgencies ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/fswi20 ‘Ground Hog Da Din’ for the Sikh insurgency? C. Christine Fair , Kerry Ashkenaze & Scott Batchelder To cite this article: C. Christine Fair , Kerry Ashkenaze & Scott Batchelder (2020): ‘Ground Hog Da Din’ for the Sikh insurgency?, Small Wars & Insurgencies, DOI: 10.1080/09592318.2020.1786920 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2020.1786920 Published online: 03 Jul 2020. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 84 View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=fswi20 SMALL WARS & INSURGENCIES https://doi.org/10.1080/09592318.2020.1786920 ‘Ground Hog Da Din’ for the Sikh insurgency? C. Christine Fair, Kerry Ashkenaze and Scott Batchelder Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA ABSTRACT Between 1978 and 1992, Sikh militants rampaged across the northern Indian state of the Punjab demanding that a homeland for Sikhs, called Khalistan, be carved from that state. The so-called Khalistanis, with Pakistan’s extensive support, waged a brutal campaign of violence that killed tens of thousands. While Indian security forces eviscerated the various Khalistani groups by 1992, support for the movement remained strong in pockets of the global Sikh diaspora. Pakistan’s intelligence agency, the ISI, also worked to keep the move ment alive wherever possible. Pakistan’s efforts have paid off: in recent years, the Khalistan movement has rehabilitated itself even within India. We con structed a novel dataset of Khalistani terror incidents perpetrated in the last decade. -
Lists of Terrorist Organizations
114 Consequences of Counterterrorism APPENDIX TABLE 3A.1 Lists of Terrorist Organizations Number of Terrorist Organizations Organizations EU lista Palestinian organizations: Abu Nidal Organization; 6 Al-Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigade; Al-Aqsa e.V. Hamas, includ- ing Hamas-Izz ad-Din al-Qassam; Palestine Liberation Front; Palestinian Islamic Jihad; Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP); PFLP-GC (General- Command) Jihadist groups: Al-Takir wal-Hijrahb; Gama’a al-Islamiyya; 7 Islamic Great Eastern Raiders Front (IBDA-C)c; Hizb- ul-Mujahideen (HM)d; Hofstadgroep; Holy Land Foun- dation for Relief and Development; Al-Aqsa Nederland, aka Stichting Al-Aqsa Nederland Anarchists/far leftist groups: Nuclei Territoriali Anti- 17 imperialisti (Italy); Cooperativa Artigiana Fuoco e Affini, Occasionalmente Spettacolare (Italy)*; Nuclei Armati per il Comunismo (Italy)*; Cellula Contro Capitale, Carcere i suci Carcerieri e le sue Celle (CCCCC: Italy)*; Grupos Armados Antifascistas Primero de Octubre (GRAPO; Spain)*; Brigate Rosse per la Costruzione Partito Comunista Combattente (Italy)*; Epanastatiki Pirines (Greece)*; Epanastatikos Ago- nas*; 17 November (Greece)*; Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party Front (DHKP-C; Kurdistan); Epanasta- tikos Laigos Agonas (ELA; Greece); Sendero Luminoso (Peru); Solidarietà Internazionale*; Brigata XX Luglio (Italy)*; Nucleo di Iniziativa Proletaria Rivoluzionaria (Italy); Nuclei di Iniziativa Proletaria (Italy); Feder- azione Anarchica Informale (Italy)* 1 Far rightist groups: Kahane Chai (Kach) 18 Regionalists/Autonomists/Independentists: -
Answered On:25.07.2000 Activities of Banned Organisations Pon Radhakrishnan
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA HOME AFFAIRS LOK SABHA UNSTARRED QUESTION NO:363 ANSWERED ON:25.07.2000 ACTIVITIES OF BANNED ORGANISATIONS PON RADHAKRISHNAN Will the Minister of HOME AFFAIRS be pleased to state: (a) the details of terrorist organisations/anti-national groups receiving foreign assistance; (b) the details of States affected by their activities; (c) the details of terrorists organisations/anti-national group banned or proposed to be banned, State-wise; (d) whether the Government have discussed the issues relating to support/assistance being provided to the terrorist organisations/anti-national groups with the respective countries; (e) if so, the response of these countries thereto; and (f) the steps taken by the Government to check their activities effectively? Answer THE MINISTER OF STATE IN THE MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS (CH. VIDYASAGAR RAO) (a), (b) and (c): The major concerns in this regard centre around Pakistan sponsored terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir and inter-linked and externally supported subversive activities o militant groups in some States North East. There are also reports that some militant groups are under pressure to revive militancy in Punjab. As per available information, the following are the major terrorist outfits operating in the country and some of them are enjoying support of foreign countries :- (1) Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (2) Harkat-ul-Mujahindeen (3) Lashkar-e-Toiba (4) Al Barq (5) Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front (6) Al-Jehad (7) Jamait-ul-Mujahideen (8) Tehrik-ul-Mujahideen (9) Tehrik-e-Jehad (10) Al-Badar (11) -
Counter-Terrorism (International) INDIVIDUALS
CONSOLIDATED LIST OF FINANCIAL SANCTIONS TARGETS IN THE UK Last Updated:18/02/2021 Status: Asset Freeze Targets REGIME: Counter-Terrorism (International) INDIVIDUALS 1. Name 6: ABDOLLAHI 1: HAMED 2: n/a 3: n/a 4: n/a 5: n/a. Title: General DOB: 11/08/1960. POB: Iran a.k.a: SABERI, Mustafa, Abdollahi Nationality: Iranian Passport Details: D9004878 (Iranian) Address: Iran.Position: Senior Quds Officer Other Information: (UK Sanctions List Ref):CNT0001 Date designated on UK Sanctions List: 31/12/2020 (Further Identifiying Information):Links to IRGC5: Soleimani, Shahlai, Shakuri and Arbabsiar. (UK Statement of Reasons):Hamed Abddollahi is a senior commander in the Iranian Revolutionary Guards-Qods Force (IRGC-QF).Mr Abddollahi has been accused of overseeing and coordinating the attempted assassination of Adel al-Jubeir, the Saudi ambassador to the US, in 2011. (Gender):Male Listed on: 17/10/2011 Last Updated: 31/12/2020 Group ID: 12205. 2. Name 6: AL-DIN 1: HASAN 2: IZZ 3: n/a 4: n/a 5: n/a. DOB: --/--/1963. POB: Lebanon a.k.a: (1) AL-DIN, Hassan, Izz (2) GARBAYA, Ahmed (3) SA'ID (4) SALWWAN, Samir Nationality: Lebanese Other Information: (UK Sanctions List Ref):CNT0009 Date designated on UK Sanctions List: 31/12/2020 (UK Statement of Reasons):Hasan Izz Al-Din is a member of Saudi Hizballah. He is wanted by the FBI for his involvement in the hijacking of a commercial airliner on 14 June 1985 during which various passengers and crewmembers were assaulted and one US citizen murdered. (Gender):Male Listed on: 12/10/2001 Last Updated: 31/12/2020 Group ID: 7146. -
Nderstanding the Religious Nature of Terrorism in India: Four Case Studies with an Analysis for Proposals and Resolution
UNDERSTANDING THE RELIGIOUS NATURE OF TERRORISM IN INDIA: FOUR CASE STUDIES WITH AN ANALYSIS FOR PROPOSALS AND RESOLUTION BY KAILASH KUMAR CHATRY A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Theology and Religion School of Historical Studies College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham 17 October 2012. University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT India has faced the challenge of religious terrorism for almost three decades. This phenomenon – in-spite of the Indian government’s comprehensive effort to contain it – has been spreading its vicious influence and expanding its support base among the conflicting religious communities in many parts of the country. The existing views, in regard to the rise of religious terrorism, suggest that economic, socio-political or geo-political issues (that cropped up during the post-partition period) are responsible for the birth of the problem. However, so far no study is done collectively on the four (Sikh, Kashmiri Muslim, Hindu and Naga Christian) religious communities to explain the cause of the problem.