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Page Numbers in Bold Indicate Main Discus- Sion of Topic. Page Numbers
168397_P489-520.qxd7.0:34 Index 6-2-04 26p 2010.4.5 10:03 AM Page 489 source of, 109, 109f pairing with thymine, 396f, 397, 398f in tricarboxylic acid cycle, 109–111, 109f Adenine arabinoside (vidarabine, araA), 409 Acetyl CoA-ACP acetyltransferase, 184 Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), Index Acetyl CoA carboxylase, 183, 185f, 190 296, 296f in absorptive/fed state, 324 Adenosine deaminase (ADA), 299 allosteric activation of, 183–184, 184f deficiency of, 298, 300f, 301–302 allosteric inactivation of, 183, 184f gene therapy for, 485, 486f dephosphorylation of, 184 Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in fasting, 330 in ATP synthesis, 73, 77–78, 78f Page numbers in bold indicate main discus- hormonal regulation of, 184, 184f isocitrate dehydrogenase activation by, sion of topic. Page numbers followed by f long-term regulation of, 184 112 denote figures. “See” cross-references direct phosphorylation of, 183–184 transport of, to inner mitochondrial short-term regulation of, 183–184, 184f membrane, 79 the reader to the synonymous term. “See Acetyl CoA carboxylase-2 (ACC2), 191 in tricarboxylic acid cycle regulation, 114, also” cross-references direct the reader to N4-Acetylcytosine, 292f 114f related topics. [Note: Positional and configura- N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine, 142 in urea cycle, 255–256 N-Acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc), 160, 168 ribosylation, 95 tional designations in chemical names (for N-Acetylglucosamindase deficiency, 164f Adenosine monophosphate (AMP; also called example, “3-“, “α”, “N-“, “D-“) are ignored in N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), -
Review Article
REVIEW ARTICLE COLLAGEN METABOLISM COLLAGEN METABOLISM Types of Collagen 228 Structure of Collagen Molecules 230 Synthesis and Processing of Procollagen Polypeptides 232 Transcription and Translation 233 Posttranslational Modifications 233 Extracellular Processing of Procollagen and Collagen Fibrillogenesis 240 Functions of Collagen in Connective rissue 243 Collagen Degradation 245 Regulation of the Metabolism of Collagen 246 Heritable Diseases of Collagen 247 Recessive Dermatosparaxis 248 Recessive Forms of EDS 251 EDS VI 251 EDS VII 252 EDS V 252 Lysyl Oxidase Deficiency in the Mouse 253 X-Linked Cutis Laxa 253 Menke's Kinky Hair Syndrome 253 Homocystinuria 254 EDS IV 254 Dominant Forms of EDS 254 Dominant Collagen Packing Defect I 255 Dominant and Recessive Forms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta 258 Dominant and Recessive Forms of Cutis Laxa 258 The Marfan Syndrome 259 Acquired Diseases and Repair Processes Affecting Collagen 259 Acquired Changes in the Types of Collagen Synthesis 260 Acquired Changes in Amounts of Collagen Synthesized 263 Acquired Changes in Hydroxylation of Proline and Lysine 264 Acquired Changes in Collagen Cross-Links 265 Acquired Defects in Collagen Degradation 267 Conclusion 267 Bibliography 267 Collagen Metabolism A Comparison of Diseases of Collagen and Diseases Affecting Collagen Ronald R. Minor, VMD, PhD COLLAGEN CONSTITUTES approximately one third of the body's total protein, and changes in synthesis and/or degradation of colla- gen occur in nearly every disease process. There are also a number of newly described specific diseases of collagen in both man and domestic animals. Thus, an understanding of the synthesis, deposition, and turnover of collagen is important for the pathologist, the clinician, and the basic scientist alike. -
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,981,835 Austin-Phillips Et Al
USOO598.1835A United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 5,981,835 Austin-Phillips et al. (45) Date of Patent: Nov. 9, 1999 54) TRANSGENIC PLANTS AS AN Brown and Atanassov (1985), Role of genetic background in ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF Somatic embryogenesis in Medicago. Plant Cell Tissue LIGNOCELLULOSC-DEGRADING Organ Culture 4:107-114. ENZYMES Carrer et al. (1993), Kanamycin resistance as a Selectable marker for plastid transformation in tobacco. Mol. Gen. 75 Inventors: Sandra Austin-Phillips; Richard R. Genet. 241:49-56. Burgess, both of Madison; Thomas L. Castillo et al. (1994), Rapid production of fertile transgenic German, Hollandale; Thomas plants of Rye. Bio/Technology 12:1366–1371. Ziegelhoffer, Madison, all of Wis. Comai et al. (1990), Novel and useful properties of a chimeric plant promoter combining CaMV 35S and MAS 73 Assignee: Wisconsin Alumni Research elements. Plant Mol. Biol. 15:373-381. Foundation, Madison, Wis. Coughlan, M.P. (1988), Staining Techniques for the Detec tion of the Individual Components of Cellulolytic Enzyme 21 Appl. No.: 08/883,495 Systems. Methods in Enzymology 160:135-144. de Castro Silva Filho et al. (1996), Mitochondrial and 22 Filed: Jun. 26, 1997 chloroplast targeting Sequences in tandem modify protein import specificity in plant organelles. Plant Mol. Biol. Related U.S. Application Data 30:769-78O. 60 Provisional application No. 60/028,718, Oct. 17, 1996. Divne et al. (1994), The three-dimensional crystal structure 51 Int. Cl. ............................. C12N 15/82; C12N 5/04; of the catalytic core of cellobiohydrolase I from Tricho AO1H 5/00 derma reesei. Science 265:524-528. -
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Glucooligosaccharides and Dextran from Weissella Confusa Dextransucrases
YEB Recent Publications in this Series Dextran from and and Structural Characterization of Glucooligosaccharides QIAO SHI Synthesis 4/2016 Hany S.M. EL Sayed Bashandy Flavonoid Metabolomics in Gerbera hybrida and Elucidation of Complexity in the Flavonoid Biosynthetic Pathway 5/2016 Erja Koivunen Home-Grown Grain Legumes in Poultry Diets 6/2016 Paul Mathijssen DISSERTATIONES SCHOLA DOCTORALIS SCIENTIAE CIRCUMIECTALIS, Holocene Carbon Dynamics and Atmospheric Radiative Forcing of Different Types of Peatlands ALIMENTARIAE, BIOLOGICAE. UNIVERSITATIS HELSINKIENSIS 21/2016 in Finland 7/2016 Seyed Abdollah Mousavi Revised Taxonomy of the Family Rhizobiaceae, and Phylogeny of Mesorhizobia Nodulating Glycyrrhiza spp. 8/2016 Sedeer El-Showk Auxin and Cytokinin Interactions Regulate Primary Vascular Patterning During Root QIAO SHI Development in Arabidopsis thaliana 9/2016 Satu Olkkola Antimicrobial Resistance and Its Mechanisms among Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter Synthesis and Structural Characterization of upsaliensis with a Special Focus on Streptomycin 10/2016 Windi Indra Muziasari Glucooligosaccharides and Dextran from Impact of Fish Farming on Antibiotic Resistome and Mobile Elements in Baltic Sea Sediment Weissella confusa Dextransucrases 11/2016 Kari Kylä-Nikkilä Genetic Engineering of Lactic Acid Bacteria to Produce Optically Pure Lactic Acid and to Develop a Novel Cell Immobilization Method Suitable for Industrial Fermentations 12/2016 Jane Etegeneng Besong epse Ndika Molecular Insights into a Putative Potyvirus RNA Encapsidation -
Transferable Step-Potentials For
© 2013 ANTHONY COFFMAN ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PRODUCTION OF CARBOHYDRASES BY FUNGUS TRICHODERMA REESEI GROWN ON SOY-BASED MEDIA A Thesis Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science Anthony Coffman December, 2013 PRODUCTION OF CARBOHYDRASES BY FUNGUS TRICHODERMA REESEI GROWN ON SOY-BASED MEDIA Anthony Coffman Thesis Approved: Accepted: ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Advisor Department Chair Dr. Lu-Kwang Ju Dr. Lu-Kwang Ju ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Committee Member Dean of The College Dr. Gang Cheng Dr. George K. Haritos ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Chelsea N. Monty Dr. George R. Newkome ___________________________________ Date ii ABSTRACT Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 was cultivated in shaker flasks and pH-controlled, agitated batch fermentations to study the effects of soy-based media on the production of cellulase, xylanase, and pectinase (polygalacturonase) for the purposes of soybean polysaccharide hydrolysis. Growth on defatted soybean flour as sole nitrogen source was compared to the standard combination of ammonium sulfate, proteose peptone, and urea. Carbon source effect was also examined for a variety of substrates, including lactose, microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel), citrus pectin, soy molasses, soy flour hydrolysate, and soybean hulls (both pretreated and natural). Flask study results indicated exceptional enzyme induction by Avicel and soybean hulls, while citrus pectin, soy molasses, and soy flour hydrolysate did not promote enzyme production. Batch fermentation experiments reflected the flask system results, showing the highest cellulase and xylanase activities for systems grown with Avicel and soybean hulls at near-neutral pH levels, and the highest polygalacturonase activity resulting from growth on lactose and soybean hulls at lower pH levels, 4.0 to 4.5. -
INVERTASE from SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
INVERTASE from SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE New specifications prepared at the 57th JECFA (2001) and published in FNP 52 Add 9 (2001); previously prepared at the 15th JECFA (1971) as part of the specifications for “Carbohydrase from Saccharomyces species”, published in FNP 52. The use of this enzyme was considered to h be acceptable by the 57t JECFA (2001) if limited by Good Manufacturing Practice. SYNONYMS INS No. 1103 SOURCES Produced by the controlled submerged aerobic fermentation of a non- pathogenic and non-toxigenic strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and extracted from the yeast cells after washing and autolysis. Active principles β-Fructofuranosidase (synonym: invertase, carbohydrase, saccharase) Systematic names and β-Fructofuranosidase (EC 3.2.1.26; C.A.S. No. 9001-57-4) numbers Reactions catalysed Hydrolyses sucrose to yield glucose and fructose DESCRIPTION Typically white to tan amorphous powders or liquids that may be dispersed in food grade diluents and may contain stabilisers; soluble in water and practically insoluble in ethanol and ether. FUNCTIONAL USES Enzyme preparation Used in confectionery and pastry applications GENERAL Must conform to the General Specifications and Considerations for SPECIFICATIONS Enzyme Preparations Used in Food Processing (see Volume Introduction) CHARACTERISTICS IDENTIFICATION The sample shows invertase activity See description under TESTS TESTS Invertase activity Principle Invertase hydrolyses the non-reducing β-d-fructofuranoside residues of sucrose to yield invert sugar. The invert sugar released is then reacted with 3.5 dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS). The colour change produced is proportional to the amount of invert sugar released, which in turn is proportional to the invertase activity present in the sample. -
Invertase from Baker's Yeast (S
Invertase from baker's yeast (S. cerevisiae) Catalog Number I4504 Storage Temperature –20 °C CAS RN 9001-57-4 Reported KM values are 25 mM for sucrose and EC 3.2.1.26 150 mM for raffinose. At high substrate concentrations Synonyms: Saccharase, b-Fructofuranosidase, (1 M), invertase exhibits transferase activity by b-D-Fructofuranoside fructohydrolase transferring the b-D-fructofuranosyl residue to primary alcohols including ethanol, methanol, and n-propanol. Product Description Invertase does not require any activators and is Molecular mass:1 270 kDa inhibited by iodine, Zn2+, and Hg2+.1,3 Extinction coefficient:1 E1% = 23.0 (280 nm) pI:2 3.4–4.4 Precautions and Disclaimer This product is for R&D use only, not for drug, Invertase from baker's yeast is a glycoprotein household, or other uses. Please consult the Material containing 50% mannan and 2-3% glucosamine. During Safety Data Sheet for information regarding hazards purification, a small percentage of the enzyme may and safe handling practices. have part of the carbohydrate moiety removed leaving a heterogeneous enzyme with a lower or even negligible Preparation Instructions mannan content. This difference in carbohydrate This enzyme is soluble in water (10 mg/ml), yielding a content has led to the conclusion that two forms of the clear solution. enzyme exist. An external invertase (predominant form), carbohydrate containing, located outside of the References cell membrane and an internal invertase, which is 1. Lampen, J.O., The Enzymes, Boyer, P.D., ed., located entirely within the cytoplasm and devoid of any Academic Press (New York, NY:1971), carbohydrate.1,3 pp. -
Production of Carbohydrases for Developing Soy Meal As
PRODUCTION OF CARBOHYDRASES FOR DEVELOPING SOY MEAL AS PROTEIN SOURCE FOR ANIMAL FEED A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Qian Li May, 2017 PRODUCTION OF CARBOHYDRASES FOR DEVELOPING SOY MEAL AS PROTEIN SOURCE FOR ANIMAL FEED Qian Li Dissertation Approved: Accepted: Advisor Department Chair Dr. Lu-Kwang Ju Dr. Michael H. Cheung Committee Member Dean of the College Dr. Jie Zheng Dr. Donald P. Visco Jr. Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Lingyun Liu Dr. Chand Midha Committee Member Date Dr. Ge Zhang Committee Member Dr. Pei-Yang Liu ii ABSTRACT Global demand for seafood is growing rapidly and more than 40% of the demand is met by aquaculture. Conventional aquaculture diet used fishmeal as the protein source. The limited production of fishmeal cannot meet the increase of aquaculture production. Therefore, it is desirable to partially or totally replace fishmeal with less-expensive protein sources, such as poultry by-product meal, feather meal blood meal, or meat and bone meal. However, these feeds are deficient in one or more of the essential amino acids, especially lysine, isoleucine and methionine. And, animal protein sources are increasingly less acceptable due to health concerns. One option is to utilize a sustainable, economic and safe plant protein sources, such as soybean. The soybean industry has been very prominent in many countries in the last 20 years. The worldwide soybean production has increased 106% since 1996 to 2010[1]. Soybean protein is becoming the best choice of sustainable, economic and safe protein sources. -
Lactose Intolerance
Lactose Intolerance Enzyme Digestion Lab Activity SCIENTIFIC BIO AX! Introduction F Intestinal gas, bloating, and stomach cramps—oh my! This can be a common concern for a majority of the world’s population who lack the enzyme to digest certain foods. Milk and dairy products, for example, cause problems for many people who lack the enzyme required to digest lactose, the main carbohydrate found in milk. This lab activity illustrates the use of a commercial enzyme product called Lactaid™ as an aid in milk digestion. Concepts • Enzyme • Disaccharide • Metabolism Materials Galactose, 2 g Balloons, 4 Lactaid™, ½ tablet, Graduated cylinder, 10 mL Lactose, 4 g Mini soda bottles, 4 Sucrose, 2 g Resealable plastic bag Yeast, suspension, 40 mL Water bath, 35–40 °C Safety Precautions Wear chemical splash goggles, chemical-resistant gloves, and a chemical-resistant apron. Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the laboratory. Follow all laboratory safety guidelines. Please review current Safety Data Sheets for additional safety, handling, and disposal information. Procedure 1. Obtain a warm water bath (35–40 °C) or an insulating block. Place the test Lactose tubes in the insulating block or test tube rack. plus Lactose Sucrose Galactose Lactaid 2. Weigh out the dry ingredients prior to the demonstration. 3. Review the summary diagram of the demonstration setup shown in Figure 1. 4. Clearly label each test tube as shown in Figure 1. 5. Place 2 g of the appropriate dry sugar into each test tube, as shown in Figure 1. 6. Add pre-ground Lactaid™ tablet to one flask containing 2 g lactose, as shown in Figure 1. -
Organic Chemistry to Biochemistry
page 1 Metabolisn1 Review: Step by Step from Organic Chemistry to Biochemistry Overview: This handout contains a review of the fundamental parts of organic chemistry needed for metabolism. Dr. Richard Feinman Department of Biochemistry Room 7-20, BSB (718) 270-2252 [email protected] STEP-BY-STEP: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TO NUTRITION AND METABOLISM page 2 CHAPTER O. INTRODUCTION Where we're going. The big picture in nutrition and metabolism is shown in a block diagram or "black box" diagram. A black box approach shows inputs and outputs to a process that may not be understood. It is favored by engineers who are the group that are most uncomfortable with the idea that they don't know anything at all. The black box approach can frequently give ----c02 you some insight because it organizes whatever you do know. For example: ENERGY CELL MA TERIA L 1. Even though the block diagram is very simple, just looking at the inputs and outputs gives us some useful information. il The diagram says animals obtain energy by the oxidation of food to CO2 and water. Although you knew this before, the diagram highlights the fact that understanding biochemistry probably involves understanding oxidation-reduction reactions. 2. The diagram also indicates what might not be obvious: a major part of the energy obtained from oxidation of food is used to make new cell material. Although we think of organisms using energy for locomotion or to do physical work, in fact, most of the energy used is chemical energy. 3. Inside the black boxes in the diagram contain are the (organic) chemical reactions that convert food into energy and cell material. -
Beno Cornellgrad 0058F 10677.Pdf
BACILLALES INFLUENCE QUALITY AND SAFETY OF DAIRY PRODUCTS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Sarah Marie Beno December 2017 © 2017 Sarah Marie Beno BACILLALES INFLUENCE QUALITY AND SAFETY OF DAIRY PRODUCTS Sarah Marie Beno, Ph. D. Cornell University 2017 Bacillales, an order of Gram-positive bacteria, are commonly isolated from dairy foods and at various points along the dairy value chain. Three families of Bacillales are analyzed in this work: (i) Listeriaceae (represented by Listeria monocytogenes), (ii) Paenibacillaceae (represented by Paenibacillus), and (iii) Bacillaceae (represented by the Bacillus cereus group). These families impact both food safety and food quality. Most Listeriaceae are non- pathogenic, but L. monocytogenes has one of the highest mortality rates of foodborne pathogens. Listeria spp. are often reported in food processing environments. Here, 4,430 environmental samples were collected from 9 small cheese-processing facilities and tested for Listeria and L. monocytogenes. Prevalence varied by processing facility, but across all facilities, 6.03 and 1.35% of samples were positive for L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp., respectively. Each of these families contains strains capable of growth at refrigeration temperatures. To more broadly understand milk spoilage bacteria, genetic analyses were performed on 28 Paenibacillus and 23 B. cereus group isolates. While no specific genes were significantly associated with cold-growing Paenibacillus, the growth variation and vast genetic data introduced in this study provide a strong foundation for the development of detection strategies. Some species within the B. -
Elastin and the Lung
Thorax: first published as 10.1136/thx.41.8.577 on 1 August 1986. Downloaded from Thorax 1986;41:577-585 Review article Elastin and the lung It is essential that the framework of all multicellular most prominently displayed in newly synthesised or organisms should include some materials with high juvenile elastin, is a glycoprotein that stains with ura- tensile strength and rigidity, such as bone and col- nyl acetate and leads, which appears as small fibrils lagen, to maintain shape and mechanical rigidity. In 10-12 nm in diameter concentrated around the addition, there is a requirement for a component with periphery of the amorphous elastin. The microfibrils intrinsic elasticity that can stretch and undergo elastic are chemically and morphologically quite distinct recoil when required. This property is supplied by an from the amorphous elastin. There is some evidence unusual fibrous protein, which over 150 years ago was to suggest that the microfibrils are secreted into the given the name elastin. extracellular matrix before elastin synthesis and func- Elastin fibres are present in virtually all vertebrate tion as a nucleation site for future elastin deposition. tissues, although it is only within a few, such as ar- For more details on every aspect of the microfibrils, teries, some ligaments, and the lung, that elastin com- readers are referred to other articles.24 prises an appreciable percentage of the total protein. The purification of elastin depends predominantly The ligamentum nuchae of grazing animals and the on its remarkable insolubility, even under harsh, aorta of most vertebrates contain over 50% elastin on denaturing conditions.