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Variabilidade Acústica E Respostas Evolutivas a Diferentes Pressões Seletivas No Canto De Anúncio De Anfíbios

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Variabilidade Acústica E Respostas Evolutivas a Diferentes Pressões Seletivas No Canto De Anúncio De Anfíbios UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA TESE DE DOUTORADO VARIABILIDADE ACÚSTICA E RESPOSTAS EVOLUTIVAS A DIFERENTES PRESSÕES SELETIVAS NO CANTO DE ANÚNCIO DE ANFÍBIOS David Lucas Röhr Natal-RN Maio/2015 David Lucas Röhr VARIABILIDADE ACÚSTICA E RESPOSTAS EVOLUTIVAS A DIFERENTES PRESSÕES SELETIVAS NO CANTO DE ANÚNCIO DE ANFÍBIOS Tese apresentada à Coordenação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, em cumprimento às exigências para obtenção do grau de Doutor. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Adrian Antonio Garda Natal-RN Maio/2015 Catalogação da Publicação na Fonte. UFRN / Biblioteca Setorial do Centro de Biociências Röhr, David Lucas. Variabilidade acústica e respostas evolutivas a diferentes pressões seletivas no canto de anúncio de anfíbios. / David Lucas Röhr. – Natal, RN, 2015. 158 f.: il. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Adrian Antonio Garda. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. Centro de Biociências. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia. 1. Anura. – Tese. 2. Comunicação acústica. – Tese. 3. Canto de anúncio. – Tese. I. Garda, Adrian Antonio. II. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte. III. Título. RN/UF/BSE-CB CDU 567.8 BANCA EXAMINADORA _____________________________________________ Dr. Adrian Antonio Garda – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte/Presidente – Orientador _____________________________________________ Dr. Carlos Roberto Sorensen Dutra da Fonseca – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte/ Membro Interno _____________________________________________ Dr. Márcio Zikán Cardoso – Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte/ Membro Interno _____________________________________________ Dr. Carlos Barros de Araújo - Universidade Federal da Paraíba Membro Externo _____________________________________________ Dr. Marcelo Felgueiras Napoli - Universidade Federal da Bahia Membro Externo AGRADECIMENTOS Gostaria de começar agradecendo à minha família, devo tudo que sou a eles. Meu pai, Ferdinand Röhr, que sempre foi meu maior exemplo, por todos os conselhos muito sensatos (deveria ter seguido-os mais), por todo carinho e apoio em todas as fases da minha vida, especialmente durante o doutorado. Minha mãe, Gunde Schneider, por todo amor e cuidado que sempre teve por mim e o grande apoio, principalmente nos momentos de dificuldade. Minha irmã, Lucia Röhr, por ser minha melhor amiga e uma grande parceira na vida, juntamente com meu sobrinho, João Lucas, que tá pra nascer a qualquer momento e já o amo muito. A David Lemos, meu cunhado e amigo. Gostaria também de agradecer fortemente ao meu orientador, Adrian Garda, e à minha co-orientadora, Flora Juncá, por todos os ensinamentos sobre bioacústica, herpetologia e ciência em geral, além de todo o apoio e amizade. Agradeço muito ao meu grande amigo Gustavo Paterno. A convivência com ele durante esse doutorado foi fundamental para a elaboração desta tese. As muitas discussões sobre ciência, estudos de xadrez e a ajuda direta na confecção da tese, além de sua amizade e companheirismo, foram inestimáveis para minha vida em Natal. Agradeço muito também ao Felipe Camurugi, sua amizade e sua disposição em me ajudar foram muito especiais pra mim. Agradeço ao Marcelo Gehara e ao Pablo Martinez, pela grande contribuição em dois diferentes capítulos desta tese. Agradeço a todos os bons amigos que fiz em Natal, especialmente todos com quem morei na república Tanquetão, vocês todos fizeram minha estadia nesta cidade muito feliz, me sentindo fazer parte de uma verdadeira família: Laura Fernandez, Gustavo Paterno; Anna Santos, Natália Pires, Andree Kimber, Nicolas Sebastian, Lucas Viegas e Marina Fagundes. Agradeço a todos do Laboratório de Anfíbios e Repteis da UFRN, em especial, Felipe Camurugi, Vinicius São Pedro, Eliana Faria, Marcelo Gehara, Jéssica Fernanda, Felipe Medeiros, Diego Santana, Sara Mângia, Emanuel Fonseca, Flávia Mól Lanna, Adrian Garda, Marília Lion, Alan Felipe e Thiago Pereira, que se tornaram bons amigos. Agradeço a todos que foram a campo comigo, foram tantos que minha memória ridícula não permite listar todos. Aos meus amigos do C.R.A, especialmente Bruno Caxias, Fausto Luiz, Gustavo Galvão, Mário Jarbas, Rodrigo Lapa, Cláudio Leandro, Leo Vidal, Rodrigo Almeida e Ricardo Quirino. Agradeço a diversas pessoas que passaram por minha vida em diferentes fases e me tornaram uma pessoa melhor: Antônio Mattos, Washington Aarão, Alana Araújo, Denise Bacelar, Bruno Pilatus, Gustavo Paterno, Arturo Escobar, Vinícius São Pedro, Eliana Faria, Karol Marcal, Mario Jarbas, Juliana Fortes, Igor Alexandre, Welber Pina, Thiago Nilo e Thiago Mallman. Agradeço a CAPES pela bolsa, ao CNPq por financiamento das coletas do segundo capítulo e ao projeto Sisbiota Herpeto-Helmintos por financiar as coletas no Amapá do primeiro capítulo. Por último, gostaria de fazer um agradecimento especial à Alana Araújo, que há quatro anos topou o desafio de enfrentar esse doutorado junto comigo e, apesar da distância física, na maior parte do tempo, foi minha maior companheira durante todos esses anos. Sua importância pra mim é imensurável. SUMÁRIO Introdução Geral .......................................................................................... 01 Referências Introdução Geral................................................................. 04 Capítulo 01 - Variability in Anuran Advertisement Call: a Multi-level Study with the Genus Phyllomedusa (Hylidae: Anura)…………………… 07 Introdução............................................................................................... 08 Material e Métodos................................................................................. 10 Resultados............................................................................................... 12 Discussão................................................................................................ 14 Referências Bibliográficas...................................................................... 17 Figuras.................................................................................................... 21 Tabelas.................................................................................................... 23 Material Suplementar............................................................................. 27 Capítulo 02 - Habitat Depended Variation in the Advertisement Call of Phyllomedusa nordestina (HYLIDAE: ANURA)........................................ 37 Introdução............................................................................................... 38 Material e Métodos................................................................................. 41 Resultados............................................................................................... 44 Discussão................................................................................................ 45 Referências Bibliográficas...................................................................... 48 Figuras.................................................................................................... 52 Tabelas.................................................................................................... 55 Material Suplementar............................................................................. 57 Capítulo 03 - Background Noise as a Selective Pressure: Stream-breeding Anurans Call at Higher Frequencies............................................................. 63 Introdução............................................................................................... 65 Material e Métodos................................................................................. 66 Resultados............................................................................................... 67 Discussão................................................................................................ 68 Referências Bibliográficas...................................................................... 72 Tabelas.................................................................................................... 75 Figuras.................................................................................................... 76 Material Suplementar............................................................................. 77 Apêndice................................................................................................. 89 Introdução Geral Sinais reprodutivos podem ter um papel fundamental no processo de especiação, uma vez que isolamento reprodutivo pode ocorrer mediante variações na estrutura destes sinais e nas preferências dos possíveis parceiros sexuais (Turelli et al., 2001). A evolução destes sinais pode ser influenciada por uma gama de forças evolutivas, como seleção natural, seleção sexual e processos estocásticos (Erdtmann e Amézquita, 2009). Sinais acústicos são o principal meio de comunicação da maioria das espécies de anuros (Gerhardt e Huber, 2002). Dentre os diferentes tipos de vocalizações conhecidos para o grupo, o canto de anúncio, cuja principal função é atrair as fêmeas, tem sido o mais estudado (Gerhardt, 1994). A evolução de vocalizações animais pode ser influenciada por processos estocásticos ou adaptativos que atuam diretamente no processo de especiação. A importância dos processos estocásticos em mudanças não-adaptativas nas vocalizações é atribuída à deriva genética (Gerhardt e Huber, 2002; Erdtmann e Amézquita, 2009) e à mudanças pleiotrópicas
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