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The Effects of Reported Crime and Neighborhood Context on Citizens’ Perceptions of Neighborhood Crime and Disorder in Houston

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The Effects of Reported Crime and Neighborhood Context on Citizens’ Perceptions of Neighborhood Crime and Disorder in Houston THE EFFECTS OF REPORTED CRIME AND NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT ON CITIZENS’ PERCEPTIONS OF NEIGHBORHOOD CRIME AND DISORDER IN HOUSTON ___________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology Sam Houston State University ___________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ___________ by Xinting Wang August 2021 THE EFFECTS OF REPORTED CRIME AND NEIGHBORHOOD CONTEXT ON CITIZENS’ PERCEPTIONS OF NEIGHBORHOOD CRIME AND DISORDER IN HOUSTON by Xinting Wang ___________ APPROVED: Jihong Solomon Zhao, PhD Committee Director Michael S. Vaughn, PhD Committee Member Yan Zhang, PhD Committee Member Phillip Lyons, PhD Dean, College of Criminal Justice ABSTRACT Wang, Xinting, The effects of reported crime and neighborhood context on citizens’ perceptions of neighborhood crime and disorder in Houston. Doctor of Philosophy (Criminal Justice), August 2021, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas. Perceptions of neighborhood crime and disorder are important for life quality in the community. Often the time, perceptions are not consistent with reality due to the complicity of human perceptions. Previous studies predominately focused on fear of crime. However, fear of crime is different from people’s interpretation of the prevalence and severity of crime and disorder issues in the neighborhood. Therefore, the current study attempted to examine the major factors that affect citizens’ perceptions regarding the frequency and severity of crime and disorder issues in the neighborhood. Four data sources were used, including data collected from a random telephone survey of Houston citizens, data collected from citizen participants in the Houston Police Department’s Positive Interaction Program (PIP), calls for service data in Houston, and census data of Houston city. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed. Results derived from the analyses indicated that perceptions are consistent with reality to a certain extent. This is because reported crime was found to be a significant predictor across models although the strength was moderate. Neighborhood structure related variables failed to reach significance when predicting perceptions of neighborhood crime, but concentrated disadvantage was significantly related to perceptions of neighborhood disorder. Likewise, collective efficacy was a significant predictor of perceptions of neighborhood disorder, but not for perceptions of neighborhood crime. Two community policing related factors were the most significant predictors. Participants of PIP were more likely to perceive iii crime and disorder issues in the neighborhood. Residents with positive attitudes toward the police tended to perceive less crime and disorder issues in the neighborhood. Individual associated factors, such as age, race, and immigration status were found significant across models. It suggested that systematic perceptional difference on the part of residents did exist. Findings derived from this study demonstrated that although crime and disorder are the original sources of crime-related perceptions, factors associated with the control of crime and disorder are the most important elements when it comes to residents’ recognition of crime and disorder problems. Hence, making efforts to enhance crime control as well as citizen participation in the control are crucial to enhance community quality. KEY WORDS: Perceptions of neighborhood crime; Perceptions of neighborhood disorder; Reported crime; Neighborhood structure; Collective efficacy; Community policing; Citizen participation iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I have a firm faith in these words that you never realize how time flies until it comes to the end of the process. This is how I feel at this moment. No journey in our life is filled with roses and this is particularly true for the road toward a doctoral degree. Yet, I am so grateful that I have been surrounded by such intelligent, benevolent, and supportive people during my time at Sam Houston State University. I wish to express my deepest gratitude to Dr. Jihong Solomon Zhao, my mentor and dissertation chair. Without his support and guidance, I cannot be where I am now. He facilitated me to transit from a different culture background into a new cultural environment. Dr. Zhao poured his time and energy into each piece of research work we collaborated together. His dedication to academic research has been inspiring me in the past four years and will always be a reference in my upcoming career. I would like to express my sincere thanks to my dissertation committee members, Drs. Michael Vaughn and Dr. Yan Zhang. Their constructive advice and suggestion have been crucial to my course works as well as this dissertation. The knowledge I learned from them is a treasure for not only my graduate study but also my future career. My great appreciation to Dr. Jae-Seung Lee for his generous support of my dissertation by sharing dataset with me. He is a great “academic brother” to me. Special thanks to Dr. Brittany E. Hayes for her great support and encouragement. I could not overcome the hard time without her kind consideration and thoughtful suggestion. Her advice on time management and job talk made me successful in the competitive academic job market. Great appreciation is also extended to Drs. Eric Connolly and Danielle L. Boisvert for their persistent encouragement and support. My v cohorts and other graduate students I met in the program are friend-family to me. I cannot forget the great time we spent together in the “Dungeon.” I wish to express my heartfelt appreciation to my beloved parents, my little brother, and my little sister. Distance does not make us feel estranged. Although living on the other side of the Pacific Ocean, I can always get the spiritual support from my family. Their love and support have helped me go through every up and down in my life so far, and I believe we will continue supporting each other in the future as what we always do. My appreciation to them is beyond words. In the end, I would like to thank the faculty and staff in the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at Sam Houston State University. In particular, I want to thank Ms. Doris Powell-Pratt for her patience and kindness to help in a timely manner every time I reached out to her. I sincerely appreciate the professional training I got from the Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology at Sam Houston State University. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ v TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................. vii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 Background of the Current Study ................................................................................ 5 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................... 11 Purpose of the Study .................................................................................................. 16 Research Questions .................................................................................................... 20 Organization of Dissertation ...................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................................................... 23 Perceptions of Crime and Disorder ............................................................................ 24 The Importance of Reported Crime and Disorder ..................................................... 30 The Significance of Neighborhood Context .............................................................. 40 The Influence of Individual Factors .......................................................................... 66 Conceptual Models and Hypotheses .......................................................................... 71 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 76 Datasets ...................................................................................................................... 76 Measures .................................................................................................................... 80 Analytical Strategy .................................................................................................... 87 vii CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS ............................................................................................. 89 Preliminary Analysis ................................................................................................. 89 Descriptive Analysis .................................................................................................. 95 SEM Analyses for Perceptions of Crime ................................................................... 99 SEM Analyses for Perceptions of Disorder ............................................................. 107 Summary
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