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Universidade Federal De Uberlândia Instituto De UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE UBERLÂNDIA INSTITUTO DE BIOLOGIA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM ECOLOGIA E CONSERVAÇÃO DE RECURSOS NATURAIS FORRAGEAMENTO EM ESPÉCIES DE ARANHAS CLEPTOPARASITAS E ARANEOFÁGICAS INVASORAS DE TEIAS DE MANOGEA PORRACEA (ARANEAE: ARANEIDAE) FELIPE ANDRÉ MEIRA UBERLÂNDIA 2018 1 Felipe André Meira FORRAGEAMENTO EM ESPÉCIES DE ARANHAS CLEPTOPARASITAS E ARANEOFÁGICAS INVASORAS DE TEIAS DE MANOGEA PORRACEA (ARANEAE: ARANEIDAE) Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, como parte das exigências à defesa de Mestrado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais Orientador: Prof. Dr. Marcelo de Oliveira Gonzaga UBERLÂNDIA Fevereiro de 2018 2 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) Sistema de Bibliotecas da UFU, MG, Brasil. M514f Meira, Felipe André, 1993 2018 Forrageamento em espécies de aranhas cleptoparasitas e araneofágicas invasoras de teias de Manogea porracea (Araneae: Araneidae) / Felipe André Meira. - 2018. 60 f. : il. Orientador: Marcelo de Oliveira Gonzaga. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.14393/ufu.di.2018.718 Inclui bibliografia. 1. Ecologia - Teses. 2. Aranhas - Comportamentos - Teses. 3. Predação (Biologia) - Teses. 4. Parasitismo - Teses. I. Gonzaga, Marcelo de Oliveira. II. Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Programa de Pós- Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais. III. Título. CDU: 574 Angela Aparecida Vicentini Tzi Tziboy – CRB-6/947 Felipe André Meira FORRAGEAMENTO EM ESPÉCIES DE ARANHAS CLEPTOPARASITAS E ARANEOFÁGICAS INVASORAS DE TEIAS DE MANOGEA PORRACEA (ARANEAE: ARANEIDAE) Dissertação apresentada à Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, como parte das exigências à defesa de Mestrado no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação de Recursos Naturais APROVADA em ____ de fevereiro de 2018 Prof. Dr. Adalberto Santos Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Profa. Dra. Vanessa Stefani Sul Moreira Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Prof. Dr. Marcelo de Oliveira Gonzaga Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (Orientador) UBERLÂNDIA Fevereiro de 2018 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço pelo financiamento da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). À empresa Duratex S.A. por permitir nossos estudos na Fazenda Nova Monte Carmelo. Ao doutorando Vinicius Silva da Universidade Federal de Goiás por nos ceder seu tempo e equipamentos para as medições de lipídios utilizando ressonância magnética nuclear. Ao meu orientador Prof. Dr. Marcelo de Oliveira Gonzaga e a todos os integrantes do Laboratório de Aracnologia (LARA) da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia e em especial a Rafael Rios Moura e Renan de Brito Pitilin, por me auxiliarem durante o processo da pós graduação, tanto como pesquisadores quanto como mestres pokémon. A todos os meus familiares e amigos que sempre me apoiaram nessa caminhada. 4 ÍNDICE RESUMO GERAL .................................................................................................................................. 06 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................ 07 INTRODUÇÃO GERAL ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... 08 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ............................................................................................................ 12 CAPÍTULO 1. Dieta e seleção de presas por Gelanor zonatus (C. L. Koch, 1845) (Araneae: Mimetidae)…………………………………........................................................................................................ 16 RESUMO ........................................................................................................................................ 16 INTRODUÇÃO ………………................................................................................................................ 17 MÉTODOS ………………………………….................................................................................................. 19 Local de estudo ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….… 19 Posição trófica …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 20 Preferência e determinação das presas ……………………………………………………………………………… 21 Conteúdo nutricional das presas ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 22 Ganho de biomassa durante o consumo ……………………………………………………………………………. 24 Análises estatísticas …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24 RESULTADOS ................................................................................................................................. 25 DISCUSSÃO .................................................................................................................................... 32 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ..................................................................................................... 37 CAPÍTULO 2. Cleptoparasitismo e araneofagia em teias de Manogea porracea (C. L. Koch, 1838) (Araneae: Araneidae) ........................................................................................................................... 41 RESUMO ........................................................................................................................................ 41 INTRODUÇÃO ................................................................................................................................ 42 MÉTODOS ………………………….......................................................................................................... 45 Local de estudo …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 45 Posição trófica ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……….. 46 Dinâmica e determinação da ocorrência de cleptoparasitas em teias de Manogea porracea …….................…….…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 47 Teste de preferência por presas ou ootecas …………………………………………………………………….… 48 Análises estatísticas …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 48 RESULTADOS …………...................................................................................................................... 49 DISCUSSÃO …………………................................................................................................................. 52 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS …................................................................................................... 54 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS ……………………………........................................................................................ 59 5 RESUMO GERAL Muitas espécies de aranhas constroem teias e permanecem em repouso sobre estas para capturar presas. Além disso, a transmissão de estímulos vibracionais nas teias está envolvida no reconhecimento de parceiros sexuais e os fios podem atuar como barreiras físicas contra a predação. Apesar de suas várias funções, a teia pode ser usada por espécies de aranhas invasoras, cleptoparasitas, e pode permitir o acesso a predadores araneofágicos. Neste estudo, observamos uma espécie araneofágica, Gelanor zonatus, e duas espécies consideradas como cleptoparasitas, Faiditus caudatus e Argyrodes elevatus, invadindo as teias construídas por Manogea porracea. Testamos hipóteses referentes à posição trófica dos invasores e suas preferências alimentares. Foram avaliados ainda, fatores que influenciam sua ocorrência nas teias das hospedeiras e o ganho de biomassa de Gelanor zonatus ao consumir diferentes presas. Foram feitos testes utilizando isótopos estáveis de nitrogênio e carbono, observações em campo e experimentos em laboratório. Gelanor zonatus exibiu valores mais altos de isótopos de nitrogênio que outras espécies da área, sendo assim considerado um predador de segundo grau. Essa espécie demonstrou seletividade na dieta com base no conteúdo nutricional de suas presas. Além disso, observamos que o incremento de massa do predador quando consome diferentes presas depende da massa e da espécie de presa. Os cleptoparasitas apresentaram valores de isótopos de nitrogênio semelhantes à Gelanor zonatus e mais altos que as espécies hospedeiras, indicando que o roubo de presas não constitui sua única fonte de alimento. A presença de machos, fêmeas ou ambos, e de ootecas nas teias de M. porracea não explicou a ocorrência de F. caudatus e A. elevatus. Por fim, A. elevatus exibiu preferência por consumir presas nas teias, e não as ootecas disponíveis. Palavras chave: araneofagia, cleptoparasitismo, isótopos estáveis, predação. 6 ABSTRACT Many spider species build webs and remain resting on this structure to capture prey. In addition, the transmission of vibrational stimuli on webs is involved with the identification of sexual partners and the silk may act like a physical barrier that minimizes predation risk. Nevertheless, the web can be used by intruder, kleptoparasite spiders, and may allow access to araneophagic predators. In this study we observed an araneophagic species, Gelanor zonatus, and two species usually considered as kleptoparasites, Faiditus caudatus and Argyrodes elevatus, invading webs of Manogea porracea. We tested hypotheses on trophic position of intruders and their nutritional preferences. We also evaluated factors that influence their occurrence on host webs and the biomass acquired by the araneophagic predator after the consumption of different prey items. We conducted tests with nitrogen and carbon stable isotopes, field observations and laboratory experiments. Gelanor zonatus shows higher values of nitrogen isotopes when compared with other species found in
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