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On the Economic Origins of Constraints on Women's Sexuality
On the Economic Origins of Constraints on Women’s Sexuality Anke Becker* November 5, 2018 Abstract This paper studies the economic origins of customs aimed at constraining female sexuality, such as a particularly invasive form of female genital cutting, restrictions on women’s mobility, and norms about female sexual behavior. The analysis tests the anthropological theory that a particular form of pre-industrial economic pro- duction – subsisting on pastoralism – favored the adoption of such customs. Pas- toralism was characterized by heightened paternity uncertainty due to frequent and often extended periods of male absence from the settlement, implying larger payoffs to imposing constraints on women’s sexuality. Using within-country vari- ation across 500,000 women in 34 countries, the paper shows that women from historically more pastoral societies (i) are significantly more likely to have under- gone infibulation, the most invasive form of female genital cutting; (ii) are more restricted in their mobility, and hold more tolerant views towards domestic vio- lence as a sanctioning device for ignoring such constraints; and (iii) adhere to more restrictive norms about virginity and promiscuity. Instrumental variable es- timations that make use of the ecological determinants of pastoralism support a causal interpretation of the results. The paper further shows that the mechanism behind these patterns is indeed male absenteeism, rather than male dominance per se. JEL classification: I15, N30, Z13 Keywords: Infibulation; female sexuality; paternity uncertainty; cultural persistence. *Harvard University, Department of Economics and Department of Human Evolutionary Biology; [email protected]. 1 Introduction Customs, norms, and attitudes regarding the appropriate behavior and role of women in soci- ety vary widely across societies and individuals. -
Terminological Recommendations for Improving the Visibility of Scientific Literature on Martial Arts and Combat Sports
ORIGINAL ARTICLE Terminological recommendations for improving the visibility of scientific literature on martial arts and combat sports Authors’ Contribution: Mikel Pérez-Gutiérrez1ABCDE, Carlos Gutiérrez-García1ABCDE, Raquel Escobar-Molina2CDE A Study Design B Data Collection 1 Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad de León, León, Spain C Statistical Analysis 2 D Manuscript Preparation Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain E Funds Collection Source of support: Departmental sources Received: 9 June 2011; Accepted: 11 July 2011; Published online: 5 August 2011 Abstract Background Martial Arts and Combat Sports (MA&CS) terminology is diverse and heterogeneous, limiting the research visi- and Study Aim: bility and information retrieval. This study points out the different terms related to MA&CS names included in the scientific literature. From this basis, a set of recommendations are offered for improving publication visibility. Material/Methods: Web of Science (WOS) databases SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A&HCI for the period 2000-2009 were used for gen- erating the data. A list of 278 searching terms was compiled, each of them enter individually in WOS databases. Results were collected in reference management software and filtered manually. Statistical analysis was focused on precision, noise factor, recall and snobbery ratio indexes. Results: As far as 53.2% searching terms showed no result, 14.0% obtained some result but not related to MA&CS, and 32.7% showed results related to MA&CS. Specific terminology is quite standardized, although there are some MA&CS showing different names. Generally, a preferred and most common term is used by authors. -
Martial Arts Participation and Externalizing Behavior in Juveniles: a Meta-Analytic Review
Aggression and Violent Behavior 28 (2016) 73–81 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Aggression and Violent Behavior Martial arts participation and externalizing behavior in juveniles: A meta-analytic review Jeanne Gubbels, Trudy van der Stouwe ⁎, Anouk Spruit, Geert Jan J.M. Stams Forensic Child and Youth Care Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: Martial arts are very popular among juveniles all over the world, but the relation between martial arts and exter- Received 31 August 2015 nalizing behavior in juveniles remains unclear. The current multilevel meta-analysis of 12 studies, including 94 Received in revised form 23 December 2015 effect sizes and N = 5949 juveniles, was conducted to examine the relation between martial arts participation Accepted 15 March 2016 and externalizing behavior in juveniles, and to examine factors with a possible moderating effect. Results showed Available online 19 March 2016 that there was no overall relation between martial arts participation and externalizing behavior in juveniles. fi Keywords: However, a trim-and- ll procedure implicated publication bias of studies reporting that juvenile martial artist Martial arts showed more externalizing behavior than non-martial artists, suggesting that the current overall outcomes Externalizing behavior might underestimate externalizing behavior in martial artists. Moderator analyses showed that studies published Juveniles in higher impact factor journals, and studies with a higher training intensity in martial arts found more external- Sports izing behavior in martial artists. Furthermore, karate was found to be less related to externalizing behavior than Meta-analysis judo. Finally, in comparison with non-athletes and team sport athletes, martial artists showed similar levels of externalizing behavior, but they showed more externalizing behavior when compared to individual sport ath- letes. -
Yoruba Art Music: Fronting the Progenitors ______
African Musicology Online Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 19-44, 2018 YORUBA ART MUSIC: FRONTING THE PROGENITORS __________________________ Ade Oluwa Okunade1; Onyee Nwankpa2 Department of Music, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The bedrock of music genres in Africa today remains the traditional music. The western formal music education embraced by African schools during and after the scramble for Africa by the northern hemisphere has given ‘colorations’ to music genres both in the classroom and the larger society. Its legacies are found more in popular music. The most interesting thing is that essence of music remains undaunted in the faces of all new formalities in the educational system. Music still lives on stage and not on paper. This paper emerges as a derivative of the Yoruba Art Music (YAM) festival premiered in 2015 at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. With bibliographical evidences and substantial interaction with a non-Yoruba speaking music scholar this paper sufficed that the YAM festival is worth doing and is capable of solving other attendant issues in music scholarship. Key Words: Yoruba art music, Traditional, Legacies, Music education, Popular music. INTRODUCTION The missionary who came to Nigeria in the 19th century came through the Yoruba land, in the Southwestern Nigeria. This gave early rise to western formal education in the area, of which music education was paramount. The Yoruba Art Music (YAM) festival emerged in 2015 with the concept of having discourse of what constitutes art music followed by stage production of Yoruba musical works. The authors involved non-Yoruba speaking scholars having in mind the conventional traits in African music, and only wanted to bring out the traits that point out identities from one region to another, to take part especially in the discourse. -
“Burn the Mmonwu” Contradictions and Contestations in Masquerade Perfor- Mance in Uga, Anambra State in Southeastern Nigeria
“Burn the Mmonwu” Contradictions and Contestations in Masquerade Perfor- mance in Uga, Anambra State in Southeastern Nigeria Charles Gore asked performances organized by male asso- ciations are a distinctive feature of public per- ALL PHOTOS BY THE AUTHOR formance among Igbo-speaking peoples of southeastern Nigeria (Jones 1984, Cole and Ania- kor 1984) and have been the subject of attention by African art historians in the twentieth cen- tury (Ottenberg 1975, Aniakor 1978, Ugonna 1984, Henderson and MUmunna 1988, Bentor 1995). Innovation and change in terms of iconography, ritual, and dramatic presentation have always been important components to these performances, as well as flexible adaptations and responses to changing social circumstances (Figs. 1–3). However, in the last two decades, new mass movements of Christian evangelism and Pentecostalism have emerged, success- fully exhorting their members to reject masquerade as a pagan practice. During this time, in many places in southeastern Nige- ria, famous and long-standing masquerade associations have dis- banded and their masks and costumes burnt as testimonies to the efficacy of Pentecostalism, affirming the successful conversion of former masquerade members. This research examines the chal- lenges that changing localized circumstances pose to masquerade practice in one locale in southeastern Nigeria. Uga1 is located in southeastern Nigeria in Aguata Local Gov- ernment Area (LGA) in Anambra state, along the Nnewi-Okigwe expressway in Nigeria, some 40 km (25 mi.) eastwards from Onitsha on the river Niger (Fig. 4). It consisted until recently of four village units—Umueze, Awarasi, Umuoru, and Oka—spa- tially contiguous with each other and has a population of some 20,000 individuals. -
THE AESTHETICS of IGBO MASK THEATRE by VICTOR
University of Plymouth PEARL https://pearl.plymouth.ac.uk 04 University of Plymouth Research Theses 01 Research Theses Main Collection 1996 The composite scene: the aesthetics of Igbo mask theatre Ukaegbu, Victor Ikechukwu http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2811 University of Plymouth All content in PEARL is protected by copyright law. Author manuscripts are made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the details provided on the item record or document. In the absence of an open licence (e.g. Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher or author. THE COMPOSITE SCENE: THE AESTHETICS OF IGBO MASK THEATRE by VICTOR IKECHUKWU UKAEGBU A thesis submitted to the University of Plymouth in partial fulfilment for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Exeter School of Arts and Design Faculty of Arts and Education University of Plymouth May 1996. 90 0190329 2 11111 COPYRIGHT STATEMENT. This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the author's prior written consent. Date .. 3.... M.~~J. ... ~4:l~.:. VICTOR I. UKAEGBU. ii I 1 Unlversity ~of Plymouth .LibratY I I 'I JtemNo q jq . .. I I . · 00 . '()3''2,;lfi2. j I . •• - I '" Shelfmiul(: ' I' ~"'ro~iTHESIS ~2A)2;~ l)f(lr ' ' :1 ' I . I Thesis Abstract THE COMPOSITE SCENE: THE AESTHETICS OF IGBO MASK THEATRE by VICTOR IKECHUKWU UKAEGBU An observation of mask performances in Igboland in South-Eastern Nigeria reveals distinctions among displays from various communities. -
My Quest for an Internet
1 T h e L ast Speaker of Igbo Has Died! © PHILIP EMEAGWALI My Quest for an Internet In the 11th installment of our weekly series at emeagwali.com, we walk down memory lane to March 26, 1974. The scenario: Philip Chukwurah Emeagwali “discovers” that black Americans no longer speak their native African languages. The First Africans in America Transcribed and edited from a lecture delivered by Philip Chukwurah Emeagwali. The unedited video is posted at emeagwali.com. I did not know that the first Africans arrived in Jamestown, Virginia, in 1614. I thought Nnamdi Azikiwe, my hometown hero, was one of the first (Zik nwa jelu obodo oyibo). He was in Storer College, Virginia, in the 1920s, 50 years before my arrival in the United States. Three hundred and sixty years (360) earlier, Africans arrived in the United States, via Portugal. Africans arrived in Portugal, as slaves, 170 years before their arrival in the United States. Lagos is a Portuguese word. Madam Tinubu (of Tinubu Square, Lagos) was a wealthy 19th century slave-trader. Pidgin-English was invented to trade with Portuguese. My first awareness of black America came in 1968 from reading the classic “Up From Slavery “ by Booker T. Washington. I read it as a 13-year-old refugee living in a refugee camp located at Saint Joseph’s Primary School, Awka-Etiti, Biafra. So for a period, I carried the image of Africans in the United States, who could still speak some African languages, two centuries after they were liberated from slavery. http://emeagwali.com ™ [email protected] 2 T h e L ast Speaker of Igbo Has Died! © PHILIP EMEAGWALI As I remember, the first time I saw black Americans in everyday context was in 1972 in Jet magazine in Ibuzor. -
The Rhythm of Combat: Understanding the Role of Music 2-23
The Rhythm of Combat: Understanding the Role of Music 2-23. 42 (1): in Performances of Traditional Chinese Martial Arts and Lion Dance MUSICultures COLIN McGUIRE Abstract: : Toronto’s Hong Luck Kung Fu Club has promulgated martial arts, lion dance and percussion music since 1961. Drawing on my fieldwork there, this paper argues that these practices structure—and are structured by—a combative approach to rhythm. Students begin with martial arts and train without music, but percussion accompanies public demonstrations, creating an unfamiliar situation that I position as a distinct phase of the transmission process. Martial arts performances are both fuelled by musical energy and challenged by the requirement of remaining asynchronous to it. Lion dancers, however, treat drum patterns like signals coordinating manoeuvres on the performance battlefield. Résumé: Le club de kung fu Hong Luck de Toronto met de l’avant, depuis 1961, les arts martiaux, la danse du lion et la musique à base de percussions. À partir du travail de terrain que j’y ai effectué, j’avance dans cet article que ces pratiques structurent—et sont structurées par—une approche combattive du rythme. Les étudiants commencent par les arts martiaux et s’entraînent sans musique, mais les percussions qui accompagnent les démonstrations publiques créent une situation inédite que je situe comme une phase distincte du processus de transmission. Les performances d’arts martiaux sont alimentées par l’énergie de la musique en même temps qu’elles sont contrariées par l’exigence de rester asynchrones à celle-ci. Par contre, ceux qui effectuent la danse du lion se servent des schémas rythmiques comme de signaux pour coordonner leurs manœuvres sur ce champ de bataille qu’est la représentation. -
Research Article
z Available online at http://www.journalcra.com INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT RESEARCH International Journal of Current Research Vol. 9, Issue, 03, pp.48164-48169, March, 2017 ISSN: 0975-833X RESEARCH ARTICLE THE CROSS RIVER MONLITHS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE *Sandy Ojang Onor Department of History, International Studies, University of Calabar, Nigeria ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History: The Cross River monoliths refer essentially to a collection of historic stones embedded in a restricted Received 10th December, 2016 area of Ejagham territory in the upper Cross River region of Nigeria. These monoliths, locally called Received in revised form Akwanshi clearly capture and exemplify the depth of a formidable artistic tradition that is unique, rich 14th January, 2017 and sophisticated with hardly any parallel anywhere else in Africa. The monoliths, which are yet to Accepted 14th February, 2017 have a comprehensive scholarly visitation and interrogation, have however enjoyed a measure of art- Published online 31st March, 2017 historical, archaeological and ethnographic investigation. What is clearly lacking thus far is the placement of these investigations in proper historical perspective. This paper would attempt to do so. Key words: To achieve our objective, we shall consult oral sources, depend on pristine published works and extant literature on the subject. Cross River, Monoliths, Historical Perspective. Copyright©2017, Sandy Ojang Onor. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Citation: Sandy Ojang Onor. 2017. “The cross river monliths in historical perspective”, International Journal of Current Research, 9, (03), 48164-48169. -
Table of Contents
Table of Contents Welcome to the third Term of Karate. There are a lot of things happening this term so please take note of all the dates mentioned in the newsletter. After some nice fitness and conditioning training we will now slowly start on the grading syllabus so please remember that 14 classes are the minimum amount to be able to grade at the end of Alegas Training the year. Durban Champs Next Social Prep for African Cup There are some socials coming up as well and it Canca –p pink belt will be awesome if the karatekas could take part in them. Tips and techn Extracts from sa jka Interclub Challenge Results On the 1st of August we had the 10 th Development Championship Interclub Challenge. Well Done to all the Karateka who 7 entries and we brought back 12 competed in the KSA Development, Elite and Opens Championships that took Medals. Every Single Karateka place in Durban on the 24 and 25 July. medalled..Well Done. We are so The competition was tough and everyone made the Club proud. proud of you all. Black Belt Gradings Well done to Sensei Eugene for attaining his very well deserved Godan. This is a tremendous achievement. Also to Sandra Erasmus for achieving her Sandan. They were both very tough grading's especially because two senseis from japan were there to oversee it. ..More Pink belts for cancer CANSA - RELAY FOR LIFE Thank you to all who, once again, faced the cold and joined us at this year’s CANSA relay for life. -
Perceptions of Mental Illness in South- Eastern Nigeria: Causal Beliefs, Attitudes, Help-Seeking Pathways and Perceived Barriers to Help-Seeking
PERCEPTIONS OF MENTAL ILLNESS IN SOUTH- EASTERN NIGERIA: CAUSAL BELIEFS, ATTITUDES, HELP-SEEKING PATHWAYS AND PERCEIVED BARRIERS TO HELP-SEEKING UGO IKWUKA BA, BSc, MA June 2016 A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Wolverhampton for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The exploratory studies of three of the four chapters of this work have been published in peer reviewed journals. SAGE granted an automatic ‘gratis reuse’ for the first publication on causal beliefs that allows for the work to be posted in the repository of the author’s institution. Copyright licence (no. 3883120494543) was obtained from John Wiley and Sons to republish the second paper on attitudes towards mental illness in this dissertation. Copyright licence (no. 3883131164423) was obtained from the John Hopkins University Press to republish the third paper on barriers to accessing formal mental healthcare in this dissertation. The exploratory study on Pathways to Mental Healthcare has been accepted for publication in Transcultural Psychiatry with the proviso that it is part of a doctoral dissertation. Save for any express acknowledgments, references and/or bibliographies cited in the work, I confirm that the intellectual content of the work is the result of my own efforts and of no other person. The right of Ugo Ikwuka to be identified as author of this work is asserted in accordance with ss.77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. At this date copyright is owned by the author. Signature……………………………………….. Date…………………………………………….. Acknowledgments I share the communitarian worldview that ‘a tree cannot make a forest’ which was clearly demonstrated in the collective support that made this research possible. -
'Does Anybody Here Want to Fight'…
© Idōkan Poland Association “IDO MOVEMENT FOR CULTURE. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology”, Vol. 19, no. 1 (2019), pp. 9–19 DOI: 10.14589/ido.19.1.2 AESTHETICS Emeka Aniago Department of Theatre & Film Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka (Nigeria) [email protected]; [email protected] ORCID id 0000-0003-3194-1463 Thick Description of Social Functions of Selected African Flogging-Bouts as Theatrical Entertainment and Self-Defence Martial Arts Submission: 31.03.2018; acceptance: 26.07.2018 Key words: flogging-duel, flogging-meet, ipia-agba, sagine, social functions, soro, stick-fight Abstract Background and Aim. This study critically examines the culture specific social functions and performance realities of some flog- ging-meets that existed or exists in regions of Africa. Thus, this study applies Aniago’s Theory of Vicious Performance and Geertz’s Thick Description of culture and interpretive contextualization as the preferred conceptual and analytical approaches. More so, this study examines some of the descriptions which authors variously apply in referring to flogging-meets, in a bid to rationalize on the sociological imagination attributable to such classifications. Furthermore, this study discusses the similarities and dissimi- larities in social functions, performance and production processes, participants’ compositions, paraphernalia of performance and rules of engagement of the flogging-meets. Method. This study applies a mixed methods research technique, which in line with Johnson R. B., et al, is the research approach whereby a researcher or team of researchers combine elements of qualitative and quantitative research techniques in the areas of data collection and analyses, for the broad purposes of breadth and depth of understanding.