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Flow-Charts Describing the Auction-Phase of Contract Bridge

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Flow-chartsFlow-charts describingdescribing thethe Auction-phaseAuction-phase ofof ContractContract BridgeBridge © 2010 Dr. Alistair Ward 1 Contents Symbols 3 Abbreviations 4 Definitions 5 Benjaminised Opening Bid 6 Response to Opening 1§ 7 Jacoby 2NT 8 Response to Opening 1NT 9 Opener's Rebid after Responder's Raise 10 Opener's Rebid after 1NT Dustbin-response 11 Opener's Rebid after Responder's §-change 12 Responder's Rebid after Opener's 2nd § 13 Stayman 14 Jacoby (& Red-suit) Transfers 15 Response to Benjamin Weak-two (inc Ogust) 16 Overcalls of 1§ 17 Overcalls of 1NT 18 Response to Partner's Take-out Double 19 Landy 20 Astro 21 Michaels Cue-bid 22 Unusual NT 23 Response after Overcall of § 24 Rubensohl 25 Classic Blackwood 26 Gerber 27 D0P1 & DEPO 28 Response to Opening 2NT 29 Response to Strong-two Opening 30 Response to Acol Game-force Opening 31 Response to Benjamin Game-force Opening 32 Exit Transfers 33 Response to Gambling 3NT 34 2 SymbolsSymbols Auction-terminator ? Decision Level Bid Off-page connector Bid transfers to partner: with possibility of intervention Bid transfers to next player Inter-bid Logic Grey area; where opinions differ Optional extra; for atypical conventions alternatives Mutually exclusive options NB Side note Announce EBU Announcement Alert ! EBU Alert Responder nd th 2 4 Players' colour-codes Opener 3 Abbreviations [AKQJ] Any honour from the specified set x Any non-honour, i.e. spot card [CDHS] Any suit from the specified set § Any suit NT No-trumps M Either Major suit m Either Minor suit oM The other (inferred from context) Major suit nc An n-card long suit ! Bid-suffix denoting use of an artificial convention SQT Klinger's Suit-quality Test HCP The Milton-Work High-card Point-count (N)LTC The (New) Losing-trick Count LHO Left-hand Opponent RHO Right-hand Opponent 4 Definitions Landy©s Long-suit points 1 point, for each card more than 4,in each § Klinger©s Short-suit points As; Dummy Contractor Doubleton = 1 1 Singleton = 3 2 Void = 5 3 Support-points HCP + Short-suit points Quick Tricks In each §: AK = 2 AQ = 1.5 A or KQ = 1 Kx = 0.5 Playing Tricks Trump-length (usually a long §), minus number of honours missing from [AKQ] plus Quick Tricks in other §s Stopper A, or Kx, or Qxx, or Jxxx Balanced Distributions containing no voids or singletons, & no more than 1 doubleton, ie; 5-3-3-2, 4-3-3-3, 4-4-3-2 Klinger©s Suit-quality Test Suit-length + 1 for each of [AKQ], & also for each of [J,10] where a higher honour also exists Total Trumps Principle The tricks required @ the maximum safe bid-level, equals the total trumps held within the partnership. 5 No Bids Benjaminised Opening Bid Balanced ? Y Orange Book §5E4(a). Alert ! >= 7cm, Weak headed by AKQ , Y Gambling but Q @ most 3NT outside ? Preempts are rare in the 4th seat; Length-points why risk a penalty, when the hand will otherwise pass-out ? >= 8cM ? Preemptive Rule-of-20 ? N 4th seat ? N Y of SQT > 9 4M Y Orange Book Y §10B2 & 11C1 Raise according uses Rule-of-19 >= 7c§ ? Preemptive Pass Y To Total Trumps of SQT > 8 3§ Principle Orange Book §5D1(d). Relax constraints in the 3rd seat, Announce; 'Weak' since LHO is known to be strong. 6cM of SQT > 7. Weak-two: Y 3rd seat or < 2 of [AK] outside Pass Y < 12 HCP ? 2M N & fewer than 4oM ? Orange Book §11F21 < (8M or 9m) 1 of Two < 15 HCP Playing Tricks or Y Y higher-ranking 1NT Y 5c§ ? & no 5cM ? < 13 HCP ? Normally a 6c§ or two 5c§s. 5c§ Orange Book §10B4, §11G4(a) requires 5cM Extended Rule-of-25, to provide Orange Book §5C1. permissible defensive strength, to permit penalty Announce; '12-14' Double after any overcall. Y < 20 HCP ? N Three Y 4c§ ? 2NT Y < 22 HCP ? Two Y Touching ? Y Both M ? 1cC ? 4c§ ? Y N Response to 1H Opening 2NT 1 of 1 of 1 of Bid § beneath lower-ranking higher-ranking longest § singleton 4c§ 4c§ Benjamin < 23 ? Y Strong-two: Y < 25 HCP ? 2C ! N Orange Book §5D5. Response to Alert ! Strong-two Benjamin Game-force: 2D ! Response to Benjamin Game-force 6 Overcall 1§ § Response to Opening 1§ Response after overcall of § < 10 HCP, matching 5cM, Shut-out Y & singleton or void raise to 4M ? Add Length-points. Protective < 6 ? Y Pass Take-out Double ! ? Standard ACOL's strong raise-to-Game < 10, or Matching Raise & Delayed Game-raise responses, Y unbalanced & Y 4c§ ? to 2§ have been replaced by either Revalue hand using NLTC > 8.5 ? 3NT Pudding Raise or Jacoby 2NT. Support-points. m bid & Y 1M >= 4cM ? < 13, Limit-raise Pudding Raise: or unbalanced & Y to 3§ 3NT NLTC > 7.5 ? Natural if opening m, Jacoby M bid ? Y or previously passed, 2NT ! or after any interference Delayed Y < 17 ? < 17 ? Y Game-raise: 2 of best m Normally only used in an uncontested auction. Natural if previously passed. No voids & Blackwood: ? N Y require As ? 4NT ! Longest § Alternative < 10 ? Y Y biddable @ level 1 Y higher-ranking § ? is 4-card ? 3cM Dustbin-bid: Raise N support, & short Y 1NT to 2M side-§ ? Unbalanced, or Cheapest Y Longest § is 4-card ? Y missing stopper ? alternative § 4-4-4-1 is the only unbalanced hand without a long §. <16, Change to Limit-response < 13 HCP ? Y or multiple biddable §s, Y higher-ranking 2NT or SQT < 7 ? of longest §s CAVEAT: may be misinterpreted as Jacoby-2NT. Opener's rebid CAVEAT: may be Strong after 3NT misinterpreted as Jump-shift Responder's Pudding Raise. 7 §-change 1M Pass Jacoby 2NT Orange Book §5E1(a). Orange Book §5E1(a). Alert ! Alert ! Take-out Jacoby Shortage in Overcall 3§ Y Pass ! Double ! 2NT ! Advancer's § ? Orange Book §5E1(a). Overcall beyond 4M, Ambiguity with either Alert ! Natural or Jordan-2NT releases opener from obligation Shortage Next in in 3rd § ? Y short § ! Investigate slam ? Alternative 5c§ Limit-response ranking lower than Y Jump-shift 2NT opening §, & of to 4§ (SQT > 6) ? For stronger response, use Cue-bid Limit-raise Orange Book §5E1(a). Alert ! Singleton Y Shift or void § ? to 3§ ! Slam-potential, but avoid Blackwood Jump < 15 ? < 15 ? Y to 4M Y Revalue hand using N Support-points Principle of Fast Arrival. Responder only re-bids with undeclared strength. Raise to < 18 ? Y 3NT ! Orange Book §5E1(a). Alert ! Responses Minimum ? Y until 4M Rebid Missing Aces Blackwood: 3M & no voids ? Y 4NT ! 1st-round Control-bid 8 Response to Opening 1NT Orange Book §5C1. Announce; '12-14' Penalty Exit 1NT Double Transfers May be conventional Landy or Astro 5c§ Overcall Natural of higher rank than 2§ Y 2§ overcalled § ? Not necessarily weak. Cue-bid 13 HCP Weak Take-out: Pass Rubensohl alternatives Y Stayman: 5c§ ? Y & 4cM ? 2§ 3§ ! Overcall in M Orange Book implies 4coM §5G1c. Alert ! Pass Uninterrupted < 11 HCP & >= 5cM ? Y Y 5cM & 4cM ? With 5H & 4S, prefer Transfers; bid 2D !, then re-bid 2S Orange Book §5G1(c4). Alert ! Jacoby Jacoby Transfer (Red-suit) >= 6cm ? Y to Minors: Transfer: 2S ! 2Red Three 4c§s < 11 HCP ? Y Y in D, H & S ? With a flat hand, Orange Book §5C3. Pass NT is better. Announce; 'Stayman' 4cM, Stayman: except 3-3-3-4 Y 2C ! ? Limit-raise < 13 HCP ? Y Max HCP ? Y 3NT to 2NT Small slam unlikely. Jump Raise < 19 HCP ? Y to 3NT Require Y Gerber: As ? 4C ! 31-34 HCP Quantitative Raise: < 21 HCP ? Y Double jump to 4NT Grand slam unlikely. Jump < 23 HCP ? Y to 6NT 35-38 HCP Grand Slam Invitation: < Max < 25 HCP ? Y Y Pass Triple jump to 5NT HCP ? Jump < Max Y 6NT to 7NT HCP ? Jump to 7NT 9 Opener's Rebid after Responder's Raise Raise Limit-raise 1§ to 2§ to 3§ Unbalanced ? Y Unbalanced ? Y Revalue hand using Revalue hand using Support-points Support-points < 16 ? Y Pass Y NLTC > 6.5 ? < 16 ? Y Pass Y NLTC > 6.5 ? (Game unlikely) (Game unlikely) N N Balancing Take-out Double ! ? < 19 ? Y Y NLTC > 5.5 ? < 19 ? Y Game Y NLTC > 4.5 ? (slam unlikely) Orange Book §5G1(f). N N M bid, but >= 2 losers, in side-§ of length Y >= 3 ? Orange Book §5G3(i). No voids &; Help-§ C bid & need 1 A, Invitational Y Blackwood: Game-try: or D & need <= 2 As, raise to 3§ 4NT ! bid next in Help-§ or H & need <= 3 As, or S ? One of many Game-try conventions <= 1 loser in 3M Y 4M weak § ? AKA Cue-bid m bid, Control-bid & stoppers in all N 4§ cheapest suit 3 unbid §s ? with 1st round control Y 3NT 10 1§ Opener's Rebid after 1NT Dustbin-response Dustbin-bid: 1NT < 16 HCP ? Y (Game isn't on) Non-forcing. Responder has denied higher ranking 4c§, but might match 5c opening-§ 2nd § 2§ of higher rank than Y Reverse longer 1st § ? Jump re-bid Opening Y opening § Response 6c§ ? @ level 3 Limit-raise Balanced ? Y < 17 HCP ? Y to 2NT Standard English Modern Acol 2006 §1.2 Jump raise maximum ? Y 3NT to 3NT Pass Lower-ranking Y 2§ 2nd § ? Re-bid Opening Y opening § 5c§ ? @ level 2 Pass 11 Opener's Rebid after Responder's §-change Change to Change to 2nd § 1§ 2nd § @ level 1 @ level 2 M 3rd §, 1M Strong Rebid forced of higher rank than m 2nd Y (Not a Reverse) Jump-shift until Game (& longer m 1st) ? Matching Matching Y Y 4c§ ? 4c§ ? N Balanced ? Y Revalue hand using Support-points Raise NLTC > 6.5 ? Y Y < 16 ? Responder's § N Standard English Jump-raise Modern Acol 2006 Responder's § §1.2 1NT; denying any 4cM Balanced & biddable @ level 1, < 17 HCP ? A singleton Y unless use of Stayman in 2nd § is OK has been agreed with partner, for this scenario 3rd §, 3rd §, of higher rank than of lower rank than Y 2m 2Red Y m 2nd, but lower 5c 1st (& M 2nd) than M 1st ? ? N Standard English Standard English Modern Acol 2006 Modern Acol 2006 §1.2 §1.2 Balanced ? Y Limit-response Balanced ? Singleton in 2nd § < 19 HCP ? Y of 2NT, Y < 17 HCP ? Y Singleton in 2nd § is OK denying 4cM is OK N 3NT Y Re-bid Re-bid < 16 ? opening 5c§ < 16 ? Y opening 5c§ @ level 2 @ level 2 Irrespective
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  • Mirrors of Modernization: the American Reflection in Turkey

    Mirrors of Modernization: the American Reflection in Turkey

    University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations 2014 Mirrors of Modernization: The American Reflection in urkT ey Begum Adalet University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations Part of the History Commons, and the Political Science Commons Recommended Citation Adalet, Begum, "Mirrors of Modernization: The American Reflection in urkT ey" (2014). Publicly Accessible Penn Dissertations. 1186. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1186 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/edissertations/1186 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Mirrors of Modernization: The American Reflection in urkT ey Abstract This project documents otherwise neglected dimensions entailed in the assemblage and implementations of political theories, namely their fabrication through encounters with their material, local, and affective constituents. Rather than emanating from the West and migrating to their venues of application, social scientific theories are fashioned in particular sites where political relations can be staged and worked upon. Such was the case with modernization theory, which prevailed in official and academic circles in the United States during the early phases of the Cold War. The theory bore its imprint on a series of developmental and infrastructural projects in Turkey, the beneficiary of Marshall Plan funds and academic exchange programs and one of the theory's most important models. The manuscript scrutinizes the corresponding sites of elaboration for the key indices of modernization: the capacity for empathy, mobility, and hospitality. In the case of Turkey the sites included survey research, the implementation of a highway network, and the expansion of the tourism industry through landmarks such as the Istanbul Hilton Hotel.