Sonetti Di Crimea » Di Mickiewicz Il Fascino Dell'oriente Che Si Deposita

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Sonetti Di Crimea » Di Mickiewicz Il Fascino Dell'oriente Che Si Deposita Francesco Lamendola Nei « Sonetti di Crimea » di Mickiewicz il fascino dell'Oriente che si deposita in riva all'Occidente Come la conchiglia che conserva le misteriose risonanze del mare che l'ha lasciata sulla spiaggia, così i meravigliosi Sonetti di Crimea conservano tutto il fascino inesprimibile dell'Oriente - le vaste steppe senz'alberi che sembrano un mare, i cieli azzurri sconfinati, i riccioli delle nuvole al tramonto e il riflesso d'oro dei lontani minareti - e lo depositano dolcemente a riva, sulla sabbia, sotto gli occhi ammirati del lettore. Siamo nel 1825 e il massimo poeta polacco d'ogni tempo, Adam Mickiewicz, sta appena muovendo i primi passi verso il suo nobile destino di poeta-vate di una nazione che è stata spazzata via dalla carta geografica, con le tre spartizioni alla fine del XVIII secolo (1772, 1792 e 1795) fra i suoi potenti vicini: Russia, Prussia ed Austria. Per ora non è che un giovane di ventisette anni (è nato a Nowogródek, in Lituania, nel 1798 e morirà in esilio, a Costantinopoli, nel 1855, dopo aver soggiornato lungamente in Italia e in Francia). L'anno prima, nel 1822, ha pubblicato il suo primo volume di poesie (Poezye), con il quale, anche in seguito all'amore infelice per Maryla Wereszczaka, è approdato ai lidi del Romanticismo europeo. E i miraggi, i colori e gli aromi dell'Oriente sono uno dei temi favoriti, così nella letteratura (si pensi solo a Kubla Khan di Coleridge o ai Racconti dell'Alhambra di Washington Irving) come nelle arti figurative (Le donne d'Algeri o Il sultano che esce dal palazzo di Delacroix). Così come lo sono le peregrinazioni del giovane eroe, solo contro tutti, errabondo e lontano dalla patria amatissima: e qui, a fare scuola, è il Pellegrinaggio del giovane Aroldo, vero e proprio tormentone letterario (e manifesto del dandysmo romantico) di lord Byron. Nel 1823 esce il secondo volume di versi di Mickiewicz, contenente Grazyna, un racconto lituano in versi. Ma le autorità russe, che lo tengono d'occhio, scoprono la sua appartenenza a due società segrete patriottiche, quella dei Filomati e quella dei Filareti, e, dopo averlo incarcerato per alcuni mesi, lo condannano all'esilio in Russia per cinque anni, dal 1824 al 1829, onde meglio averlo sotto controllo. Lui certo non può immaginarlo, ma non rivedrà mai più la sua patria. Eppure, caso forse unico nella storia, nessuno più di lui sarà capace di calarsi nell'anima nazionale e di cantarne le malinconie, la fierezza, la nostalgia e l'incrollabile fede nella sua finale resurrezione (cfr. F. Lamendola, Nel poema «Anhelli di Slowacki la missione espiatrice del popolo polacco», consultabile sempre sul sito di Arianna Editrice). La fama europea e mondiale si Mickiewicz si affermerà solo più tardi, con opere quali il romanzo in versi Konrad Wallenrod (1828), il dramma Gli avi (Dziady, 1823, prima e seconda parte, 1832, terza parte); ma, soprattutto, con la vasta epopea nazionale Pan Tadeusz (1834), narrazione realistica in versi sulla vita nobiliare, caratterizzata da un intenso lirismo e da una struggente nostalgia per gli anni felici dell'infanzia. Si tratta «di un monumentale poema epico, l'unico della letteratura moderna che possa essere paragonabile all'Iliade di Omero, in cui l'autore rievoca con nostalgia commosse immagini della patria» (in: Polonia, a cura di Andrzej Zieliński, Edizioni Aristea, Milano, 1969, p. 105). In Russia, Mickiewicz stringe rapporti di fraterna amicizia con Puškin e con altri poeti russi; e, durante un soggiorno a Odessa, gli si offre l'occasione di effettuare una escursione nella penisola di 1 Crimea, una terra considerata allora semi-orientale, sia per la sua popolazione tartara, sia perché essa era entrata a far parte dell'Impero russo solo nel 1783, sotto Caterina II, dopo avere appartenuto per secoli a quello ottomano. Nel novembre del 1824 si trovava ancora a Pietroburgo, dove era diventato amico dei futuri decabristi Bestuzev e Ryleev, e del pittore suo connazionale Oleszkiewicz, che lo aveva iniziato alle dottrine mistiche, allora assai diffuse tra i patrioti e gli intellettuali polacchi e lituani in esilio (cfr. F. Lamendola, Matematica, occultismo e messianismo nel pensiero di József Hoene Wroński, sempre sul sito di Arianna Editrice). L'amicizia con Puškin non sarebbe mai venuta meno, nonostante alcuni momenti di acuto contrasto, dovuto a divergenze politiche; per l'autore dell'Evgenij Oneghin, Mickiewicz conserverà sempre una profonda, inalterata stima. Dopo due mesi e mezzo di soggiorno a Pietroburgo, il Ministero dell'Educazione lo assegna ad un liceo di Odessa, dove il poeta consuma una breve, ma intensa e sensuale relazione con la contessa Sobrańska e partecipa alla vita di società. E di lì, nell'autunno del 1825, gli si offre l'opportunità di effettuare un viaggio, in compagnia di alcuni amici, in Crimea; viaggio che gli ispira i più bei sonetti della letteratura polacca e nei quali si riflette, oltre al richiamo dell'Oriente misterioso, anche il sensuale rapimento per la recente storia d'amore. Uno dei maggiori studiosi italiani della letteratura polacca, Marina Bersano Begey, così si esprime su questa raccolta poetica (in Storia della letteratura polacca, Casa editrice «Academia», Milano, 1953, p. 104): Con un gruppo di amici il Mickiewicz visitò la Crimea: eco di questo viaggio furono i Sonety Krymskie (Sonetto di Crimea) i più bei sonetti della letteratura polacca, in cui l'esaltazione del poeta per il fascino di quella natura esotica è dominata da una severa disciplina artistica che li ha fatti definire «splendore condensato» di suoni ed immagini. «Il paesaggio dei Sonetti di Crimea, osservò lo Zaleski, esprime uno stato d'animo in cui regna quasi una volontà di potenza, un desiderio appassionato di dominare la ricchezza del sentimento, d'imporre soprattutto un'armonia alla vita sonora e all'animazione plastica della ispirazione». Corona la poesia orientale dei Sonety Krymskie l'originale Farys in forma di casside araba, poema del deserto, dei suoi miraggi, dei suoi pericoli, scritto in onore dell'emiro Tadj- el-Fekher. Era questo il nome assunto fra gli arabi del deserto, coi quali si era unito, dal suo contemporaneo conte Wacław Rzewuski, figura che ha del leggendario pei lunghi avventurosi viaggi in Oriente, per lo spirito cavalleresco che animò la sua vita, e la misteriosa morte durante la battaglia di Daszów contro i Russi nel 1831, i cui scomparve né fu mai ritrovata la sua salma. E Giacomo Prampolini (in Storia universale della letteratura, U.T.E.T., Torino, 1953, vol. VII, p. 332): Molto pregevoli per l'evidenza plastica, i Sonety krymskie (Sonetti di Crimea), una ventina di quadretti che ritraggono tempeste del mar Nero, squallide località della Bessarabia e della penisola: le steppe di Akerman (…), i dintorni di Kozlów, cioè Eupatoria e di Bakczysaraj, musulmana nell'aspetto; Ałuszta, presso Jalta, ecc: l'Oriente tipico dei Tartari, con minareti, tombe, ruderi di palazzi e di harem. Una natura sparsa di rovine che ben s'intona con l'agitata anima dell'esule… Da parte sua, Oskar Skarbek Tluchowski, uno dei primi traduttori in lingua italiana del poeta polacco, nella sua biografia Adamo Mickiewicz (A. F. Formiggioni editore, Roma, 1922, pp. 22-23), così scrive: 2 Un breve intermezzo nella vita di Odessa fu il viaggio che Mickiewicz nell'autunno del 1825 fece in Crimea che gli ispirò i 18 Sonetti di Crimea (Sonety Krymskie),pubblicati insieme coi sonetti erotici, nel 1826. Alcuni dei Sonetti di Crimea sono delle belle descrizioni di viaggio rigorosamente oggettive (Bagczesaraj di notte - Bagczesaraj w nocy; Aluszta di giorno - Aluszta w dzien); altri sono schiettamente lirici, come il sonetto La tomba della Potocka (Grob Potockiej), in cui il poeta dinanzi al mausoleo di una giovane polacca rapita per lo harem del Kan di Crmea e morta in esilio, mosso da un sentimento veramente profetico, predice a sé stesso una morte simile in terra straniera, lontano dalla famiglia e dagli amici. Il sonetto Il Pellegrino (Pielgrzym), anch'esso puramente lirico, è ispirato ad un malinconico ricordo della lontana Lituania e il primo amore. Ma molto più numerosi che i sonetti esclusivamente descrittivi o lirico sono quelli di un carattere misto, in cui la descrizione si fonde col sentimento lirico e il poeta prende lo spunto dalla contemplazione della natura crimeana per notare minutamente le sensazioni, i pensieri ed i sentimenti che essa ispirò all'anima sua. Dal lato formale tutti questi sonetti sono perfetti. Mickiewicz, che per epigrafe della raccolta aveva scelto il distico di Goethe: Wer den Dichterwill verstehen- Muss in Dichters Lande gehen («Chi vuol comprendere il poeta - deve andare nel paese del poeta»), mira anzitutto a dare alle sue poesie un forte colorito locale, il che ottiene con l'imitazione stilistica (specialmente negli svariati e spesso inattesi paragoni) delle poesie orientali e coll'uso abbondantissimo di vocaboli arabi. Tale abuso di parole arabe scatenò poi contro il poeta i fulmini della critica ufficiale, i cui giudizi furono riassunti in forma lapidaria dal noto pseudoclassico Gaetano Kozmian, che dopo aver chiamato i Sonetti di Crimea «brutti, oscuri e volgari» conclude senz'altro: «essi possono essere crimeani o turchi, ma certamente non sono polacchi». Ciò nonostante, l'orientalismo di queste poesie completamente nuovo nella letteratura polacca, piacque a molti, specialmente ai romantici assetati di colorito locale, e venne imitato da numerosi poeti minori, come Alessandro Chodzko, Stefano Witwicki ed altri. Nell'ultimo dei Sonetti di Crimea, il sonetto Ajudah, il poeta, paragonando il suo cuore collido invaso dal mare, affermava che come dalla spiaggia le onde si ritirano nell'ora del riflusso, così pure dal suo cuore si ritireranno un giorno le passioni basse e volgari. Questo giorno venne quando Mickiewicz , dopo aver abbandonato Odessa, si stabilì a Mosca.
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