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Nutrigenetics and Sasang Typology

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Food Sci. Technol. Res., +- (,), 23ῌ3/, ,**1 Review Harmonization of Eastern and Western Health Knowledge; Nutrigenetics and Sasang Typology ῌ Cherl-Ho LEE Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea Received January ., ,**1; Accepted February +., ,**1 The completion of human genome project and the powerful tools of molecular biology together with bioinformatics technology give possibility to open the dialog between modern medicine and traditional remedies including Eastern medicine. Many of functional foods are originated from the traditional herbal medicine, and the scientific substantiation of the e#ectiveness of these products is required for the regulatory standards as well as for consumer protection. Needs for the reliable and e$cient methods of scientific substantiation are increasing, and nutrigenomics may provide a short-cut way to scientific evaluation of many functional food ingredients and herbal medicine which have been used in the tradition- al societies for thousand years. Studies to apply nutrigenomic methodologies to the objective classific- ation of Sasang body constitution types of Korean are reviewed. It is suggested that the empirical health food knowledge accumulated in the Eastern medicine may be explained scientifically by using the nutri- genomic methods, and it will contribute to open the custom-made nutrigenetic food age in the near future. Keywords: Functional food, nutrigenomics, Sasang body constitution typology Introduction are now considered as complementary and alternative Human perception on food has changed through histo- medicine (CAM) supporting the Western scientific medi- ry, from the survival food of the +3th century and before to cine. The Eastern medicine, generally known as tradi- the convenience food of the ,*th century. We all realize tional Chinese medicine (TCM), has long history of practi- that functional food and personally prescribed nutrace- cal use, although the scientific substantiations of the uticals will be the food for the ,+st century consumer of e#ectiveness are not fully established. It emphasizes the the a%uent societies (Lee, ,**0). Nutrigenomics will play organic harmony of whole body based on the Chinese old key role in prescribing the personalized health food for philosophy Yin/Yang and Five-phases theory (Maoshing, individuals. The degenerative diseases, cardiovascular +33/). Korean Eastern medicine emphasizes the type of disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity coming from im- body constitution in diagnosis and treatment of diseases, balanced nutrition mainly by overeating and reduced which is represented by Sasang body constitution typology. physical activity, became the major causes of death today Recent scientific developments make us to start to raise (Lee et al., ,**/), and people want to correct their im- the curtain between Eastern and Western health knowl- balanced nutrition by taking functional food and dietary edge. The way to nutrigenetic food age will be shorten supplements which are made for special target group. by combining the analytical approach of Western science One of the di$culties in the evaluation of the e#ective- to the holistic approach of Eastern traditional medicine. ness of a functional food or functional component is that it is true for some people but not for others. The person- Scientific Substantiation of E#ectiveness al specificity in the response to chemical components is The most important issue of functional food market often encountered in nutritional and pharmaceutical re- today is the substantiation of the e#ectiveness that pro- searches. Recent progress in human genome research and ducers claim. In the Western society, food and medicine the powerful tools of molecular biology make us enable to are strictly divided by regulation, and food can not claim explain the personal specificity by genetic basis. Al- any medicinal e#ect. In case of functional food, health though the knowledge of nutrigenetics is in the stage of benefit claims are permitted only when the su$cient impetus, it will open the age of nutrigenetic food, which scientific substantiation is provided (Ashwell, ,**,; Hasler, supplies tailor-made personal food fulfilling individual ,**,). For the scientific substantiation, we should know requirement for best fitness. the chemical composition of a food and identify the e#ec- The traditional societies in Asia as well as in Europe tive components to determine the e#ectiveness by in vitro have used natural remedies and herbal medicine, and they and in vivo, and then ultimately by human trial (Kim, ,**.). However, the present scientific approach has im- ῌ To whom correspondence should be addressed. portant drawbacks. E-mail: [email protected] Firstly, many of health and medicinal e#ects of natural 90 C. LEE products come from not a single component but the in- temporal changes in cellular small molecular weight com- tegrated action of multiple components. Not a single pounds (metabolomics e#ects) will assist in identifying component can provide absolute benefit to the body, those who respond and do not respond to dietary inter- which is made of various organs and tissues having vention. di#erent functions and chemical reactivity. This fact is Methods for the detection of SNP by scanning and recently evidenced by the nutrigenomic researches screening are now established, and the genetically regulated (Ordovas and Mooser, ,**.; Weggenmans et al., ,**+). heterogeneity in food and drug responses of individuals is The present nutritional science simplifies the matter too under investigation in many research groups. Many e$- much. Emphasizing only a known beneficial e#ect by cient high-throughput SNP genotyping technologies have concentrating the responsible component in the diet may developed, and as many as /**,*** SNPs can be detected possibly create numerous unknown adverse e#ects. The at a time (Lee, ,**0). emphasis of useful nutrients in the Western nutrition The e#ect of a dietary component on a specific pheno- science last century resulted in the consumption of highly type (e.g. plasma lipid concentration, obesity, or glycemia) refined and concentrated foods by removing fiber and can be explained by one or more genetic polymorphism filthy substances, and we all know that it is the main (Ordovas and Mooser, ,**.). The most rapid develop- cause of obesity, constipation, some cancers and heart ment of gene-diet interaction researches has been ac- diseases (Lee et al., ,**,). hieved in the area of cardiovascular disease risk, which Secondly, the response to the intake of nutrient and can be easily quantified (i.e. plasma cholesterol concentra- chemical components in food varies with people. The tion). However, the preliminary results regarding gene- statistical method to overcome this problem is apt to diet interactions in cardiovascular diseases are for the select and generalize a response which is most probable in most part inconclusive because of the limitations of cur- the cost of variable individual responses. In many cases, rent experimental design (Weggenmans et al., ,**+). In the large variation in test results makes the researcher addition, most cases of obesity, cardiovascular disease, impossible to draw any conclusion on the health e#ective- diabetes, cancer and other chronic diseases are resulted ness of a food. We should have in mind that the health by the complex interactions between several genes and benefit of a food or food component is personalized re- environmental factors (Kaput and Rodriguez, ,**.). The sponse that is hard to generalize, same as food allergy. It integrated research of various disciplines designed to is closely related to the individual genetic trait and the work on large population studies is required in order to environmental factors. relate the genotype to the resulting phenotype through systems biology. Application of Nutrigenomics Recently, the molecular biologists start to recognize Traditional Approaches that the variation in genetic make-up of individuals may The traditional societies like China and Korea have cause the variation in response to nutrient intake (Milner, long history of using food as medicine (Kim et al., +33/; ,**.). It is often observed that, with similar food con- Lee et al., +332). Traditional Chinese medicine, for exam- sumption pattern in a family, one su#ers from obesity but ple in Shennong’s Materia Medica, divides medicines into the other is normal. Food allergy and celiac disease, for three classes as follows (Lee and Kwon, ,**-). example, are another evidence of genetic variation on food +,* upper medicines, which is non-toxic used for long components (Murray, ,**/). term as food. Genetic components responsible for di#erences in die- +,* middle medicines, which have low level of toxicity tary response have been proposed for many years by the used for chronic diseases molecular biologists, and the researches to examine these +,/ lower medicines, which have high level of toxicity nutrient-gene interactions has begun recently (Ordovas used for acute illness and Mooser, ,**.; Kaput, ,**.). The individual genetic Food is considered the most important medicine to be variation is possibly explained by single nucleotide poly- used for the maintenance of health and prevention of morphism (SNP). The total number of SNP expected to illness and also at the first stage of treatment of an illness. be found in human races of the world is -ῌ+*0, which are The middle or lower class medicines are used only when less than +ῌ of human genome length (-.,ῌ+*3
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