DOCSLIB.ORG

The Emergence of Civilisation S E a T E D M a R B L E F I G U R I N E O F T H E K E R O S -S Y R O S C U L T U R E the Emergence of Civilisation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Emergence of Civilisation S E a T E D M a R B L E F I G U R I N E O F T H E K E R O S -S Y R O S C U L T U R E the Emergence of Civilisation The Emergence of Civilisation SEATED MARBLE FIGURINE OF THE KEROS -SYROS CULTURE The Emergence of Civilisation The Cyclades and the Aegean in the Third Millennium BC COLIN RENFREW OXBOW BOOKS OXFORD & OAKVILLE Published by Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK This book is available direct from Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK (Phone 01865-241249; Fax 01865-794449) and The David Brown Book Company PO Box 511, Oakville, CT 06779, USA (Phone 860-945-9329; Fax 860-945-9468) or from our website www.oxbowbooks.com © 1972, 2011 by Colin Renfrew ISBN: 978-0-9774094-7-1 (hardback) ISBN: 978-0-9774094-6-4 (paperback) A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library. Cataloging data available from the Library of Congress. Text type 11 pt Minion Pro Display type 18 / 12 pt Myriad Pro Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper. To the Memory of V. Gordon Childe Wonders are many on earth and the greatest of these Is man, who rides the ocean and takes his way Through the deeps, through the wind-swept valleys of perilous seas That surge and sway. He is master of ageless Earth, to his own will bending The immortal mother of gods by the sweat of his brow, As year succeeds to year with toil unending Of mule and plough. He is lord of all things living: birds of the air, Beasts of the field, all creatures of sea and land He taketh, cunning to capture and ensnare With sleight of hand; Hunting the savage beast from the upland rocks, Taming the mountain monarch in his lair, Teaching the wild horse and the roaming ox His yoke to bear. The use of language, the wind-swift motion of brain He learnt; found out the laws of living together In cities, building him shelter against the rain And wintry weather. There is nothing beyond his power. His subtlety Meeteth all chance, all danger conquereth. For every ill he hath found its remedy, Save only death. FROM SOPHOCLES ’ ANTIGONE TRANSLATED BY E. F. WATLING Contents List of Illustrations IX Notes to the Illustrations XIII Site map XVIII Foreword, by John Cherry (2010) XXI Preface and Introduction (2010) XXVII Preface (1972) LI Acknowledgements (1972) LIII Introduction 1 Civilisation 3 2 The Explanation of Culture Change 15 3 The Multiplier Effect 27 4 The Minoan-Mycenean Civilisation and its Origins 45 Part I Culture Sequence 5 The Neolithic Background 63 6 Crete in the Third Millennium BC 81 7 Mainland Greece in the Third Millennium BC 99 8 The Third Millenium BC in the Eastern Aegean 121 9 The Early Cycladic Culture Sequence 135 10 The Grotta-Pelos Culture 152 11 The Keros-Syros Culture 170 12 The Phylakopi I Culture 186 13 Aegean Interrelations and Chronology in the Third Millennium BC 196 Part II Culture Process 14 Patterns of Settlement and Population in the Prehistoric Aegean 225 15 Natural Environment and the Subsistence Subsystem 265 16 The Development of Aegean Metallurgy 308 viii THE EMERGENCE OF CIVILISATION 17 Craft Specialisation and the Transformation of the Physical Environment 339 18 Social Systems 362 19 Symbolic and Projective Systems 404 20 Trade, Communication and Innovation 440 21 The Multiplier Effect in Action 476 APPENDIX 1 Gazetteer of Neolithic and Early Bronze Age Sites in the Cycladic Islands 507 APPENDIX 2 Local Groups with the Grotta-Pelos and Keros-Syros Cultures of the Cyclades 526 APPENDIX 3 Data for the Matrix Analysis of the Early Cycladic Cemeteries 539 Bibliography 549 Full Captions to the Plates 589 Index 593 Plates 603 List of Illustrations FIGURES FIG . 0.1 Important excavated sites of the third millennium BC in the Aegean xviii FIG . 1.1 Contrasting density of settlement at Teotihuacan and Tikal in Mesoamerica. 6 FIG . 1.2 The activities of man: diagram. 9 FIG . 1.3 Anthropocentric view of the activities of a man: diagram. 9 FIG . 1.4 The developing environment of a human culture and the life-space of a child and adult, in terms of topological psychology. 10 FIG . 1.5 Insulation of man from nature by artefacts: diagram. 11 FIG . 2.1 Six kinds of interaction: diagram. 19 FIG . 4.1 Man’s created environment: entyrance to the palace at Knossos. 46 FIG . 4.2 Vegetation zones of Greece and Extent of Minoan-Mycenaean civilisation. 48 FIG . 4.3 Clay tablet from Knossos, inscribed in Minoan Linear B script. 51 FIG . 4.4 The Middle Minoan palace at Mallia. 59 FIG . 5.1 Complete village plan of the later neolithic period (Căscioarele). 66 FIG . 5.2 Evolution of the burnished bowl in Chios. 73 FIG . 5.3 Aegean later neolithic bowls. 74 FIG . 5.4 Regional groups of pattern burnish pottery in the Aegean. 78 FIG . 6.1 Early Minoan Pyrgos ware. 83 FIG . 6.2 Early Minoan Aghios Onouphrios. 85 FIG . 6.3 Pottery vessel assigned to the ‘Early Minoan III’ period. 87 FIG . 6.4 House blocks of the early Aegean. 91 FIG . 6.5 Plan of the Early Minoan II settlement at Phournou Koriphi, Myrtos. 92 FIG . 6.6 Incised stone pyxis lid from Mochlos. 94 FIG . 6.7 Ivory seals from Platanos. 95 FIG . 6.8 Early Minoan gold jewellery from Mochlos. 96 FIG . 6.9 The hypogeum at Knossos. 97 FIG . 7.1 Pottery ‘sauceboats’ from Lerna. 101 FIG . 7.2 Tankards of the Tiryns culture. 102 FIG . 7.3 Comparison of pottery from Poliochni, Manika, and Iasos. 104 FIG . 7.4 Early Helladic houses. 106 FIG . 7.5 Major buildings of the Korakou culture. 109 FIG . 7.6 Aegean rock-cut tombs of the third millennium bc. 111 FIG . 7.7 Clay sealings from the House of the Tiles at Lerna. 113 FIG . 7.8 The Burnt House at Sitagroi. 119 FIG . 8.1 Pottery of the Troy I culture. 122 FIG . 8.2 Pottery of the Troy II culture. 124 FIG . 8.3 Jug from Troy IV. 125 FIG . 8.4 The early bronze age town at Thermi in Lesbos. 128 FIG . 8.5 The ‘Great Treasure’ from Troy. 130 FIG . 9.1 The Cycladic islands. 137 FIG . 9.2 Close-proximity structure for the Early Cycladic cemeteries (presence-absence similarity coefficients). 144 FIG . 9.3 Close-proximity structure for the Early Cycladic cemeteries (percentile similarity coefficients). 145 FIG . 9.4 Test for geographical patterning in the the close-proximity structure for the Early Cycladic cemeteries. 149 ix x THE EMERGENCE OF CIVILISATION FIG . 10.1 Bowls of the Grotta-Pelos culture. 154 FIG . 10.2 Grotta-Pelos forms from Phylakopi and Grotta. 156 FIG . 10.3 Vessels from the Grotta-Pelos cemeteries. 160 FIG . 10.4 Comparison of shapes from Iasos and Grotta-Pelos graves. 164 FIG . 10.5 Distribution of Cycladic marble beakers. 165 FIG . 10.6 Distribution of ‘Kum Tepe Ib’ bowls. 168 FIG . 11.1 Forms of the Keros-Syros culture. 171 FIG . 11.2 Forms of the Kastri group of the Keros-Syros culture. 173 FIG . 11.3 Metal types from the Chalandriani cemetery. 175 FIG . 11.4 Fortified strongholds of the Keros-Syros culture. 177 FIG . 11.5 The Attic-Cycladic Mischkultur. 180 FIG . 11.6 The mainland ‘frying pan’. 181 FIG . 11.7 Findspots of ‘frying pans’, and pottery decorated with stamped circles. 182 FIG . 11.8 The evolutionary development of the Early Cycladic figurines. 184 FIG . 12.1 Forms of the Phylakopi I culture. 187 FIG . 12.2 Incised pottery forms of the Phylakopi I culture. 188 FIG . 12.3 Plan of the Third City at Phylakopi. 191 FIG . 12.4 Findspots of duck vases in the Aegean. 193 FIG . 13.1 The logical structure for the relative chronology of the third millennium. 197 FIG . 13.2 Calibration chart used for the conversion of radiocarbon dates. 218 FIG . 13.3 Aegean radiocarbon dates for the third millennium bc. 220 FIG . 14.1 The contrasting distribution of neolithic tell mounds and major late bronze age sites in the Aegean. 228 FIG . 14.2 Growth of settlement numbers in the prehistoric Aegean. 233 FIG . 14.3 Two patterns of growth. 234 FIG . 14.4 Comparison of settlement growth. 235 FIG . 14.5 Size comparison of prehistoric Aegean settlements. 239 FIG . 14.6 Size comparison of settlements in the prehistoric Aegean and Near East. 241 FIG . 14.7 Diagrammatic simplification of settlement growth in the Aegean and the Near East. 242 FIG . 14.8 Early Aegean site plans compared with Early Dynastic Uruk. 243 FIG . 14.9 Continuity in the occupation of settlements in the prehistoric Aegean. 246 FIG . 14.10 Growth in settlement numbers in the Cyclades. 250 FIG . 14.11 Estimated growth of population in the prehistoric Aegean. 252 FIG . 14.12 Estimated population densities in the prehistoric Aegean. 254 FIG . 14.13 Settlement growth in prehistoric Messenia. 256 FIG . 14.14 Settlement hierarchy in prehistoric and modern Crete. 259 FIG . 14.15 Two types of settlement in the third millennium Aegean. 261 FIG . 15.1 Typical tree and forest zonation in the Mediterranean. 268 FIG . 15.2 Correlation between the distribution of neolithic tell sites and the wheat-bearing lands of Greece. 272 FIG . 15.3 The changing spectrum of agricultural production at prehistoric Sitagroi. 276 FIG . 15.4 Distribution of barley and of cattle in Greece. 277 FIG . 15.5 The changing livestock spectrum at Sitagroi. 279 FIG . 15.6 Correlation between major Minoan-Mycenaean sites and viticulture in Greece. 283 FIG . 15.7 Wine and oil in the third millennium Cyclades. 286 FIG . 15.8 Large pithos from Knossos. 292 FIG . 15.9 The storage and processing of food at the palace of Mallia.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cyclades to the Dodecanese
    Cyclades to the Dodecanese Mediterranean 8 DAYS /7 NIGHTS Cruise ◆ EXTEND YOUR STAY IN A CLUB MED RESORT: Kemer, Palmiye Hotel, Palmiye CRUISE ON THE CLUB MED 2 Welcome aboard Club Med 2, for a unique experience that provides a gateway to the world. Elegance and comfort are the essence of this magnificent 5-masted sailing ship EUROPE & MEDITERRANEAN COASTS Mediterranean Cyclades to the Dodecanese Cruise ◆ From 22/08/2020 to 29/08/2020 - 8 days / 7 ◆ EXTEND YOUR STAY IN A CLUB MED RESORT: Kniegmhtesr, Palmiye Hotel, Palmiye Your cruise Days Stages Arrival Departure Nautical Hall 1. Saturday ATHENS .. 22:00 CLOSED 2. Sunday HYDRA 08:00 18:00 OPEN 3. Monday SIFNOS 08:00 18:00 OPEN 4. Tuesday DELOS & MYKONOS 08:00 01:00 OPEN 5. Wednesday PATMOS 08:30 18:00 OPEN 6. Thursday KOS 08:00 18:00 CLOSED 7. Friday KEKOVA 08:00 18:00 OPEN 8. Saturday ANTALYA 08:00 CLOSED Day 1 : Boarding from 16h to 19h Day 8 : Landing from 9h to 11h Date of publication: 10/03/2020 The information contained in this document is valid on this date, and is subject to change. For full, up-to-date information, contact your travel agent or the Club Med website. The images are non contractual, and serve only as an indication. 2 EUROPE & MEDITERRANEAN COASTS Mediterranean Cyclades to the Dodecanese Cruise ◆ From 22/08/2020 to 29/08/2020 - 8 days / 7 ◆ EXTEND YOUR STAY IN A CLUB MED RESORT: Kniegmhtesr, Palmiye Hotel, Palmiye Itinerary of your cruise Day 1 - Saturday The Greek capital opens the pages of its age-old history.
    [Show full text]
  • Cupellation at Kea: Investigating Potential Applications of the Minoan Conical Cup
    Cupellation at Kea: Investigating Potential Applications of the Minoan Conical Cup A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts by William Joseph Mastandrea February 2016 © 2016 William Joseph Mastandrea ABSTRACT For several decades, a full understanding of the Minoan Conical cup, its uses, and the social environment in which it was used has remained largely a mystery. Appearing first in the Early Minoan Period (EM; 3100­2100/2050 BCE), the conical cup seems to have been a vessel which was prevalent in the daily life of those living in the Bronze Age Aegean. It is not until the Late Minoan Period (LM; 1700/1675­1075/1050 BCE), that the conical cup production standardizes and vessels are found in large concentrations across the Aegean from Crete, Kea, Kythera, and Melos, to Thera, Mainland Greece, and portions of Western Anatolia (Gillis 1990b, 1). Yet over the past thirty years, physical descriptions and discussions of production of the conical cups have outnumbered explanations of their use and influence. Studies of standardization (Davis 1985; Gillis 1990b; Gillis 1990c; Berg 2004; Hilditch 2014), transmission (Gillis 1990a; Gillis 1990c; Knappett 1999) and regional distribution (Wiener 1984; Gillis 1991a; Gillis 1990b; Wiener 2011) are more numerous than those which address questions surrounding ​ ​ their use (Schofield 1990b). ​ This thesis seeks to understand the spatial distribution and application of the handleless cup/conical cup in daily social practices taking place in the context of House A at Ayia Irini, Kea during the Period VI occupation (LM IA, LH I, LC I)1.
    [Show full text]
  • Corinth in the First Century Ad: the Search for Another Class
    Tyndale Bulletin 52.1 (2001) 139-148. CORINTH IN THE FIRST CENTURY AD: THE SEARCH FOR ANOTHER CLASS Dirk Jongkind Summary A consideration of living spaces in ancient Corinth suggests that it is not possible to characterise its society as one made up merely of a very small number of élite alongside vast numbers of non-élite who were extremely poor. The variety of housing suggests the existence of another class. Introduction The city of Corinth had a glorious Hellenic past before its destruction by the Romans in 146 BC. Yet when it was refounded in 44 BC, it was not rebuilt as a Greek city, but as a Roman colony. Due to its economically strategic position near the Isthmus, the city prospered under Roman emperors. The apostle Paul wrote letters to the church of this city. According to some scholars (Theissen, Judge, Meeks), class-distinctions and social tensions within the church played a major role in the background against which Paul wrote. Though it is admitted that the Corinthians, like others, had ‘the poor always with them’, it is also argued from primary evidence that a portion of the Corinthian church belonged to the upper class. This view has recently received heavy criticism from Justin Meggitt, who in his comprehensive and lucid study Paul, Poverty, and Survival divides Roman society into essentially two groups: the élite and non-élite. The latter led a life just above starvation level: ‘In their experience of housing, as well as in their access to food and clothing, the Greco-Roman non-élite suffered a subsistence or near subsistence life.’1 According to Meggitt, this non-élite group 1 Justin J.
    [Show full text]
  • Poison King: the Life and Legend of Mithradates the Great, Rome's
    Copyrighted Material Kill em All, and Let the Gods Sort em Out IN SPRING of 88 BC, in dozens of cities across Anatolia (Asia Minor, modern Turkey), sworn enemies of Rome joined a secret plot. On an appointed day in one month’s time, they vowed to kill every Roman man, woman, and child in their territories. e conspiracy was masterminded by King Mithradates the Great, who communicated secretly with numerous local leaders in Rome’s new Province of Asia. (“Asia” at this time referred to lands from the eastern Aegean to India; Rome’s Province of Asia encompassed western Turkey.) How Mithradates kept the plot secret remains one of the great intelli- gence mysteries of antiquity. e conspirators promised to round up and slay all the Romans and Italians living in their towns, including women and children and slaves of Italian descent. ey agreed to confiscate the Romans’ property and throw the bodies out to the dogs and crows. Any- one who tried to warn or protect Romans or bury their bodies was to be harshly punished. Slaves who spoke languages other than Latin would be spared, and those who joined in the killing of their masters would be rewarded. People who murdered Roman moneylenders would have their debts canceled. Bounties were offered to informers and killers of Romans in hiding.1 e deadly plot worked perfectly. According to several ancient histo- rians, at least 80,000—perhaps as many as 150,000—Roman and Italian residents of Anatolia and Aegean islands were massacred on that day. e figures are shocking—perhaps exaggerated—but not unrealistic.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gattilusj of Lesbos (1355—1462). «Me Clara Caesar Donat Leebo Ac Mytilene, Caesar, Qui Graio Praesidet Iraperio'
    The Gattilusj of Lesbos (1355—1462). «Me clara Caesar donat Leebo ac Mytilene, Caesar, qui Graio praesidet iraperio'. Corsi apud Folieta The Genoese occupation of Chios, Lesbos, and Phokaia by the families of Zaccaria and Cattaneo was not forgotten in the counting- houses of the Ligurian Republic. In 1346, two years after the capture of Smyrna, Chios once more passed under Genoese control, the two Foglie followed suite, and in 1355 the strife between John Cantacuzene and John V Palaiologos for the throne of Byzantium enabled a daring Genoese, Francesco Gattilusio, to found a dynasty in Lesbos, which gradually extended its branches to the islands of the Thracian sea and to the city of Ainos on the opposite mainland, and which lasted in the original seat for more than a Century. Disappointed in a previous attempt to recover his rights, the young Emperor John V was at this time living in retirement on the island of Tenedos, then a portion of the Greek Empire and from its position at the mouth of the Dardanelles both an excellent post of obserration and a good base for a descent upon Constantinople. During his so- journ there, a couple of Genoese galleys arrived, commanded by Fran- cesco Gattilusio, a wealthy freebooter, who had sailed from his native oity to onrvp rmt for himself, annidst the confusion of the Orient, a petty principality in the Thracian Chersonese, äs others of his compa- triots had twice done in Chios, äs the Venetian nobles had done in the Archipelago 150 years earlier. The Emperor found in this chance visi- tor an Instrument to effect his own restoration; the two men came to terms, and John V promised, that if Gattilusio would help him to recover his throne, he would bestow upon him the hand of his sister Maria — an honour similar to that conferred by Michael VIII upon Benedetto Zaccaria.
    [Show full text]
  • DESERTMED a Project About the Deserted Islands of the Mediterranean
    DESERTMED A project about the deserted islands of the Mediterranean The islands, and all the more so the deserted island, is an extremely poor or weak notion from the point of view of geography. This is to it’s credit. The range of islands has no objective unity, and deserted islands have even less. The deserted island may indeed have extremely poor soil. Deserted, the is- land may be a desert, but not necessarily. The real desert is uninhabited only insofar as it presents no conditions that by rights would make life possible, weather vegetable, animal, or human. On the contrary, the lack of inhabitants on the deserted island is a pure fact due to the circumstance, in other words, the island’s surroundings. The island is what the sea surrounds. What is de- serted is the ocean around it. It is by virtue of circumstance, for other reasons that the principle on which the island depends, that the ships pass in the distance and never come ashore.“ (from: Gilles Deleuze, Desert Island and Other Texts, Semiotext(e),Los Angeles, 2004) DESERTMED A project about the deserted islands of the Mediterranean Desertmed is an ongoing interdisciplina- land use, according to which the islands ry research project. The “blind spots” on can be divided into various groups or the European map serve as its subject typologies —although the distinctions are matter: approximately 300 uninhabited is- fluid. lands in the Mediterranean Sea. A group of artists, architects, writers and theoreti- cians traveled to forty of these often hard to reach islands in search of clues, impar- tially cataloguing information that can be interpreted in multiple ways.
    [Show full text]
  • The Primal Greece : Between Dream and Archaeology
    The primal Greece : between dream and archaeology Introduction The Aegean civilisations in the French National Archaeological Museum « This unusual form […] reveals an unknown Greece within Greece […] as solemn, profound and colossal as the other is radiant, light and considered; […] all here meets the reputation of the Atrids and brings back the horror of the Achaean fables », wrote on 1830 in front of the walls of Mycenae, the traveller Edgard Quinet, who was passionate about Greek tragedies. Like other travellers before him, he was aware of approaching the memory of an unknown past, of a primal Greece, but he would never have believed that this Greece dated from prehistoric times. It will be the end of the 19th century before the pioneers of archaeology reveal to the world the first civilisations of the Aegean. The « Museum of National Antiquities» played then a key role, spreading the knowledge about these fabulous finds. Here, as well as in the Louvre, the public has been able to meet the Aegean civilisations. The Comparative Archaeology department had a big display case entirely dedicated to them. The exhibition invites visitors back to this era of endless possibilities in order to experience this great archaeological adventure. Birth of a state, birth of an archaeology As soon as it becomes independent (1832), Greece is concerned with preserving its antiquities and creates an Archaeological Service (1834). Shortly afterwards, Ephemeris Archaiologike, the first Greek archaeological review, is founded, at the same time as the Archaeological Society at Athens. The French School at Athens is founded in 1846 in order to promote the study of antiquities, and is followed by a German study Institute in 1874; many other countries will follow the example of France and Germany.
    [Show full text]
  • CYCLADES 1 WEEK Dazzling White Villages, Golden Beaches and Clear Azure Water Are Just the Start of What These Islands Have to Offer
    Hermes Yachting P.C. 92-94 Kolokotroni str., 18535 Piraeus, Greece Tax No. EL801434127 Tel. +30 210 4110094 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.hermesyachting.com CYCLADES 1 WEEK Dazzling white villages, golden beaches and clear azure water are just the start of what these islands have to offer. Within easy reach of Athens, these are the Aegean’s most precious gems. Ancient Greek geographers gave this unique cluster of islands the name Cyclades because they saw that they formed a circle (kyklos) of sorts around the sacred island of Delos. According to myth, the islands were the debris that remained after a battle between giants. In reality, they resulted from colossal geological events like earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Their colours are blue and white like the Greek flag. The islands come in all sizes and, though the ingredients are the same – incomparable light, translucent water, heavenly beaches, lustrous white buildings and bare rock, each one has its own distinct character. The group’s stars, Mykonos and Santorini, need no introduction but the lesser-known islands, big and small, are just as rewarding. For starters, try aristocratic Syros, cosmopolitan Paros, the sculptors’ paradise of Tinos, bountiful Naxos, exotic Milos and historic Delos, not to mention the ‘hidden gems’ that adorn the Aegean, such as Tzia/Kea, Kythnos, Sifnos, Serifos, Amorgos, Sikinos, Anafi and Folegandros. Whether you’re travelling with your family, friends or sweetheart, you’re bound to find your summer paradise in the sun in the Cyclades. Beaches of indescribable beauty in the Cyclades What’s your idea of the perfect beach? Green-blue water and white sand? Beach bars and water sports? Framed by rocks for snorkelling and scuba diving? Is a secret Aegean cove accessible only on foot or by boat? No matter what your ideal is, you’ll find it in the Cyclades.
    [Show full text]
  • European Court of Human Rights Examines Living Conditions in Hotspots Moria, Pyli & Vial
    This project has been supported by the European Programme for Integration and Migration (EPIM), a collaborative initiative of the Network of European Foundations (NEF). The sole responsibility for the project lies with the organiser(s) and the content may not necessarily reflect the positions of EPIM, NEF or EPIM’s Partner Foundations. For immediate release EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS EXAMINES LIVING CONDITIONS IN HOTSPOTS MORIA, PYLI & VIAL Chios, Kos & Lesvos, January 20, 2021 While the situation on the East Aegean islands received particular attention after the outbreak of the fire in Moria, it has subsided more recently. At the same time, living conditions on the islands continue to be catastrophic. People have little access to medical care, wash facilities, and proper shelter, and are regularly forced to sleep in tents that flood easily in the winter rains. Particularly vulnerable people are not exempt from these conditions. Even in times when the Covid-19 was and is on the verge of an outbreak in the camps, members of at-risk groups continue to live exposed to these conditions without protection. The European Court of Human Rights has now asked the Greek government questions regarding the treatment of a total of eight people, all of whom were living in one of the so-called EU hotspots and had pre-existing medical conditions or were particularly vulnerable. In total, the Court connected 8 cases involving Chios, Kos, Lesvos and Samos, i.e. 4 out of 5 EU hotspots. These cases therefore demonstrate the structural illegality and impossibility to implement the hotspot approach and border procedures in a way that does not violate human rights.
    [Show full text]
  • Seismotectonic Setting of Santorini-Amorgos Zone and the Surrounding Area Revealed from Crustal Earthquakes Relocation and Vp/Vs Distribution
    EGU2020-6589 https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-6589 EGU General Assembly 2020 © Author(s) 2021. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Seismotectonic setting of Santorini-Amorgos zone and the surrounding area revealed from crustal earthquakes relocation and Vp/Vs distribution Ratri Andinisari1, Konstantinos I. Konstantinou1, Pratul Ranjan1,2, and Qori F. Hermawan1 1Department of Earth Sciences, National Central University, Chungli, Taoyuan, Taiwan 2Taiwan International Graduate Program–Earth System Science (TIGP–ESS), Taipei, Taiwan The Santorini-Amorgos zone represents right-lateral transtensional regime from NE of Santorini to the south of Amorgos which also hosts Kolumbo submarine volcano. A total number of 1869 crustal events from 2002 to 2019 were recorded by permanent and temporal seismic networks deployed in southern Aegean. Absolute locations of these events were obtained by utilizing the probabilistic nonlinear algorithm NonLinLoc. Precise relative relocation by using double-difference algorithm with catalog and cross-correlation differential times was later performed, resulting in 1455 locations with horizontal and vertical uncertainties of less than 0.3 km. Clusters of earthquakes relocated between Naxos and Paros as well as north of Astypalaia do not coincide with any fault in the area. Similarly, the relocated crustal events across Santorini-Amorgos zone show that most of the earthquake clusters do not coincide with any of the existing faults. The distribution of Vp/Vs ratios in the area were investigated based on the P and S-wave travel times of all the events. Vp/Vs ratios in the area vary between 1.67 and 2.03 with errors less than 0.04.
    [Show full text]
  • Annahiking How to Reach Andros and Tinos for an Annahiking Tour
    AnnaHiking Active holidays in Greece How to reach Andros and Tinos for an AnnaHiking tour ©Annelies Pelt, AnnaHiking, Griekenland bijgewerkt 27-12-2020 How to reach Andros and Tinos for an AnnaHiking tour We do not accept responsability for errors in this document, changes or delays! OPTIONS TO REACH ANDROS AND TINOS ................................................................................ 3 FLIGHT ON ATHENS (ATH) ............................................................................................................. 3 ATHENS AIRPORT – RAFINA HARBOUR ................................................................................................. 3 Taxi airport → Rafina v.v................................................................................................................. 3 Public bus airport → Rafina v.v. ...................................................................................................... 3 Shuttlebus airport → hotel Avra Rafina v.v. ................................................................................... 3 ATHENS CENTRE → RAFINA HARBOUR ................................................................................................ 4 Public bus Athens Centre → Rafina v.v. .......................................................................................... 4 RAFINA – RAILWAY STATION SKA (TRAIN TO METEORA) V.V. ........................................................... 4 ATHENS AIRPORT – PIRAEUS HARBOUR ..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Kleonai, the Corinth-Argos Road, And
    HESPERIA 78 (2OO9) KLEONAI, THE CORINTH- Pages ioj-163 ARGOS ROAD, AND THE "AXIS OF HISTORY" ABSTRACT The ancient roadfrom Corinth to Argos via the Longopotamos passwas one of the most important and longest-used natural routes through the north- eastern Peloponnese. The author proposes to identity the exact route of the road as it passed through Kleonaian territoryby combining the evidence of ancient testimonia, the identification of ancient roadside features, the ac- counts of early travelers,and autopsy.The act of tracing the road serves to emphasizethe prominentposition of the city Kleonaion this interstateroute, which had significant consequences both for its own history and for that of neighboring states. INTRODUCTION Much of the historyof the polis of Kleonaiwas shapedby its location on a numberof majorroutes from the Isthmus and Corinth into the Peloponnese.1The most importantof thesewas a majorartery for north- south travel;from the city of Kleonai,the immediatedestinations of this roadwere Corinthto the north and Argos to the south.It is in connec- tion with its roadsthat Kleonaiis most often mentionedin the ancient sources,and likewise,modern topographical studies of the areahave fo- cusedon definingthe coursesof these routes,particularly that of the main 1. The initial fieldworkfor this Culturefor grantingit. In particular, anonymousreaders and the editors studywas primarilyconducted as I thank prior ephors Elisavet Spathari of Hesperia,were of invaluableassis- part of a one-person surveyof visible and AlexanderMantis for their in- tance. I owe particulargratitude to remainsin Kleonaianterritory under terest in the projectat Kleonai,and Bruce Stiver and John Luchin for their the auspicesof the American School the guardsand residentsof Archaia assistancewith the illustrations.
    [Show full text]