CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: V SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
BY
PHILIP DRUCKER
ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Volume 1, No. 1, pp. 1-52, 1 figure in text, 1 map
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 1937 ANNOUNCEMENT Hereafter the University of California publica- tions dealing with anthropological subjects will be in two series. The series in American Archaeology and Eth- nology, which was established in 1904, will con- tinue unchanged in format, but will be restricted to papers in which the interpretative element outweighs the factual or which otherwise are of general interest. The new series, known as Anthropological Records, will be issued in photolithography in a larger size. It will consist of monographs which are documentary, of record nature, or devoted to the presentation primarily of new data. CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTIONS: V SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
BY PHILIP DRUCKER ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
Volume I, No. I, pp. 1-52, I map Issued October 22, 1937 Price, 50 cents
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS LONDON, ENGLAND
MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA CONTENTS Page Preface, by A. L. Kroeber ...... 1
Culture element distribution list ...... 5 Informants ...... 5 Symbols used ...... 6 Subsistence, 1-214 ...... 7 Houses, 215-318 ...... 11 Navigation, 318-335 ...... 13 Tools, utensils, processes, 336-413 . . 13 Weapons, 414-506 . . . . 15 Pigments, 510-515 . . . . 17 Body and dress, 516-614. 17 Basketry, 615-683 ...... 19 Weaving and netting, 684-741 . . . . . 21 Cradles, 742-753 . . . . 22 Pottery, 754-783 . 22 Games, 784-890 ..... 23 Money, 891-896 ...... 25 Pipes, 897-909 ...... 25 Musical instruments, 910-939 ...... 25 Calendars and counting, 940-946 ..... 25 Astronomy, etc., 947-1001 . . . . 26 Social organization, 1002-1212 . 27 Life crises, 1214-1775 ...... 30 Tatahuila (whirling) dance, 1776-1796 . 39 Fire dance, 1797-1810 ...... 40 Pole-climbing rite, 1811-1815. 40 Eagle sacrifice, 1816-1832 ...... 40 First-fruits rite, 1833-1842 ...... 40 Rain ceremony, 1845-1848 ...... 41 Shamanism, 1849 L965 ...... 41 Miscellaneous religious traits, 1966-1985 43
Elements denied by all informants ...... 0 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * X 44
Ethnographic notes on the element list ...... 47
Map
1. Groups represented in element list ...... 0 . 0 & 0 . 0 0 . 0 9 . Jacing 5 PREFACE
BY A. L. KROEBER
Gifford's field-collecting of culture elements work, and elaborated, remodeled, or added several by list questioning among the Pomo in the summer hundred others, according to the responses ob- of 1934 having established the feasibility of the tained. The cardinal fault of a user of this method, a survey of the whole of California was technique, according to both men, is to proceed planned with the idea of obtaining strictly com- mechanically, to ask questions because or as they parable data from every possible surviving local are written down in the list. Rapport with the group or tribe. Whatever the deficiencies of re- informant is indispensable. Often an informant liability of the list technique might be--and can be started on a topic and encouraged to de- analysis of the Pomo materials seems to show the velop it himself, while pluses and minuses are deficiencies to be moderate--the method certain- being jotted down on the appropriate lines, the ly yields data far more satisfactory for com- filling of missing entries being reserved for a parative purposes than the customary monographic final mop-up review of the topic. A good many studies with their large areal gaps, dissimi- items go first into a notebook and only gradually larities of interest and approach, and poverty get represented by a list entry. In short, the of negative statements. It seemed that Califor- list is a plastic thing, which is constructed in nia might be adequately covered in four or five larval form from knowledge of a specific ethnog- regional surveys of half a year each; and the raphy, is constantly being remodeled, and emerges University's Institute of Social Sciences made in print differing literally at a thousand points a grant for two trips during 1934-1935. The work from its original content and shape. was entrusted to Philip Drucker and Harold E. Drucker and I had hoped that the time allotted Driver, who threw themselves into the task with to him would suffice for data from all surviving enthusiasm combined with judgment, respectively groups south of Tehachapi. This proved impossible. in southern California and the San Joaquin val- The Mohave and the Serrano of the San Bernardino ley environs. Drucker's results appear herewith; mountains had to be omitted for lack of time. Driver's are to follow. Each man spent somewhat For the Kitanemuk, Gabrielino, Fernandeiio, and more than three months actually in the field, Chumash, the prospects for suitable informants the average time for obtaining one tribal or lo- seemed none too good, at this late date. We there- cal list, including travel and the finding of fore availed ourselves gratefully of the offer of informants, being about five days. Something J. P. Harrington of the Bureau of American Ethnol- less than three months were required, first, for ogy to fill a copy of our southern California list drawing up a list suitable to the region about from his notes made in intensive studies of these to be entered, and afterward in ordering, anno- groups ten, twenty, and thirty years ago--when tating, and presenting the data. perhaps most of the culture was already for- It should be added that the work is neither gotten by the scattering survivors, but far more as simple nor as mechanical as it sounds. Every- remained in memory than now. Harrington gener- thing depends first of all on appropriateness ously added Salinan and Costano to the more south- and intrinsic quality of the list; and second on erly data, so that his contribution covers the the intelligent skill with which it is used. The coast-range region, or area of Franciscan mis- list must be made up with reference to the par- sionization, from Tejon pass and Los Angeles to ticular area to be investigated, from extant San Francisco. His data will be published under knowledge, in other words, with ethnographic in- his name in a forthcoming issue. sight. List preparation by logical possibilities A few comments with respect to Drucker's tri- leads to grief and failure in the field, as we bal identifications are in order. His Serrano found at several points where we yielded to the are not the mixed group on Morongo reservation temptation of logical theorizing. The fundamen- near Banning, where Gifford, Benedict, and Strong tal quality of any sound element must be its worked, but a group claiming to be native to isolable definability. The list maker has con- Saboba or upper San Jacinto river. At any rate, stantly to put to himself these questions: Can I his informant there gave him a Serrano vocabulary; ask this item so that it will be completely free and her assertion of a sharing of this valley by, from ambiguity in the hearer's mind? and can he or division between, Luiseino, Cahuilla, and Ser- answer it unequivocally? Even with general rano fits with a number of previous statements knowledge of the ethnography to be investigated and observations, though not recognized on our plus the experience of previous field work--the ethnic maps. The attribution of the Diegueno latter indispensable--it is impossible to frame local groups to their Northern and Southern, or two thousand items or questions so that all will Western and Eastern, divisions, in terms of the be perfect. Both Drucker and Driver abandoned current maps, made trouble for Drucker, as it has several hundred questions during their field for previous workers, because of group recombina- [1] 2 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS tions after mission secularization. He groups his Actually, for comparative purposes, the element six Dieguenio lists into three: Western, that is, list consists of more than the 2000 elements hill country, the former coast dwellers being ex- tabulated. The 500 odd "negative elements" which tinct or merged; Mountain; and Desert, east of follow the formal list, in paragraph form for the higher mountains. These latter shade into the reasons of economy, really form a part. These Kamia, some of their "clans" in fact, like the are elements which occur somewhere in native KwoL from whom the sixth Dieguenfo list was re- California, might conceivably occur in southern corded, being Kamia so far as there were any California, and were inquired for, but were uni- Kamia. Drucker inclines to deny them separate formly denied among the 18 groups visited by identity, construing them as being only such of Drucker. the Desert Diegueiio local groups as occasionally Statistical analyses being time-consuming, and settled for a time on the Colorado and brought with similar lots of areal material prospectively back with them certain Yuma habits. still to come in, it has seemed most practicable Except perhaps for some of the Desert Cahuilla, to apply no numerical treatment to Drucker's it is evident that memory of most of the old present data. Each lot will presumably require cultures is fading fast in southern California an analysis in terms of itself; but also in terms compared with nearly thirty years ago when I of all native California, or a still larger re- visited there, or even ten years since, when gion; and deferment therefore appears wiser until Strong collected the data for his "Aboriginal the larger set of data shall be in hand. Society." Certain ethnographic inferences are, however, A summary of the range of content of Drucker's evident without any computations or even counts. southern California material may be of interest. Outstanding is the differentiation of the Yuma Figures are in approximate hundreds. from all the other tribes. Compared with it, these form a unit. The Chemehuevi, it is true, Subsistence 2+ often resemble the Yuma, as has been reported be- Houses 1 fore. This is a relatively recent influencing. Body and Dress 1 As Kelly has shown, the Chemehuevi are histori- Other material culture and cally part of the Las Vegas band or division of technology 4+ the Southern Paiute, who within tribal memory drifted southward into relations with the Mohave Games 1+ --much like the Kamia-Diegue-no with the Yuma and
Knowledge, Beliefs .6 Cocopa. Like the Kamia also they accepted a patchy veneer of river Yuman culture. Where they Society: marriage, kinship, remain different from the Yuma (and Mohave), they property, chiefs, war 2+ often agree with the southern California Sho- Birth, puberty, death, shoneans, but at other points with the Great Ba- with related rites 5.6 sin or Southwestern peoples. Thus they wear hard- soled moccasins and twined basketry caps, and do Shamanism, special ceremonies 2+ not dance but only sing at the girls' puberty rite. Except for their flooded farms and immediate bottom lands, the river Yumans live in true and There are some disproportions: more data on low-lying desert. An ecologically similar environ- games, which have specific techniques and rules, ment, without the great river but with mesquite than on knowledge, which quickly runs into vague- trees where there are streams or ground water, nesses. On the whole, however, the balance seems extends through eastern Desert Dieguefno, Desert fair. The criticism sometimes made, that the ele- Cahuilla, and in part Pass Cahuilla territories, ment method may be satisfactory for material but which all lie inland of the mountains. Subsist- must be largely inapplicable to socioreligious ence items, and techniques adapted to these, culture, does not hold: less than half the data therefore tend among these several groups to be are on material culture. Much the largest block similar to the nonagricultural ones of the Yuma of elements in fact is on life crises. This is and Chemehuevi. Along with the environmentally swelled, to be sure, by the enormous mass of conditioned elements, others have crept in: the associated ritual and ceremonial items; but then, 3-stick food stirrer, fishtail arrowhead, per- this is one of the salient characteristics of cussion retouching, for instance, among the Ca- the culture, which possessed very little sense huilla; also absence of meat and bone pulveriza- of property, relatively meager technologies, a tion, of joking relationships, of toloache initi- rather simple set of social institutions relat- ation, of sand painting, of public rite at girls' ing to marriage, kinship. and descent, an only puberty. Analogously, the Desert DiegueSo share fairly developed shamanism, but an intense re- with the river Yumans the earth-covered house, ligious interest and activity concerning puberty hair in pencils, color-direction association, ab- and death. The surface or quantitative configu- sence of the sweat house. How large a proportion ration of the list thus seems to reflect very of the total culture these sharings constitute, aptly the essential qualities of the culture as remains to be ascertained by computation; but the a whole. factor is evidently far from negligible. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 3
It would appear accordingly that from one of women as well as men, though former used infre- point of view the southern California cultures quently. This is a rather different picture from can be grouped in two divisions: (1) coast, that of the remainder of California. With these coast-plain, hills, and mountains, versus (2) traits uniformity ends. The construction varies interior desert. Within the latter, the Colorado from gabled rectangular to conical with center river afforded easy agriculture, leading to con- post to oval or circular sloping from four center centration of population and special local de- posts; with earth laid sometimes directly on the velopments of the culture as a whole, as against many small roof poles and sometimes on an inter- the desert people off the river. In the coast- mediate thickness of brush; excavation present mountain area, the richer coastal lands evidently or absent; entrance on side or at end; the fire- led to an analogous though different intensifi- place usually but not always near the door, more cation, which we know best through the cults often in a pit than on the floor; a smoke hole which the Gabrielino imparted to the other tribes. mostly lacking, but made by a few groups. A bath Unfortunately there seem to be no coastal Die- after sweating, occasional sleeping in the struc- guefno,Luisen-o, Juaneino, or Gabrielino left, so ture, competitive heat trials by pairs or in- that our picture of the mutual relation of the formal groups of men were practices of most com- coast and mountain groups within this division munities, but were all denied by some. None of will always, even with Harrington's data, be these appears to be distributed in definite somewhat inferential and lacking in full pre- blocks or associations according to region, en- cision. vironment, or ethnic affiliation. We cannot pick Another classificatory cleavage is historic out two or three subtypes of southern California instead of environmental. In general the Yuman- sweat house characteristic of as many areas. In speaking Diegueiio obviously adhere to the coast- most if not all the features just mentioned there mountain culture. In certain matters, however, appears to be true local, unsystematic variabil- they class with the Yuma and differ from all the ity. Even with allowance for some of this irregu- Shoshoneans--Desert and Pass as well as Mountain larity occurring in memory rather than in former Cahuilla, Serrano, Cupenfo, and Luisefno. In most custom--the last sweat houses in the area were of these points the two Yuman groups are char- perhaps used from 25 to 75 years ago, according acterized by lacking what the Shoshoneans pos- to the community involved--there is no doubt sess: thus, Olivella money and hand measuring of that much of the local variation is historically beads, ceremonial enclosure, first-fruits rite, authentic. The varying elements.were evidently hunting shamans, shamans' novice dance and pub- not strongly fortified by sanctions or intrenched lic dance; but occasionally there is a positive by custom, but were determined by expediency or element, as shamans' diagnosis by singing and fashion. They constitute superficial, easily dancing. The strength of this linguistically and changed features of a pattern whose salient out- therefore ethnically correlated factor again re- lines, in the consciousness of the southern Cali- mains to be computed. It is obviously far from fornia culture, were contained in the seven or dominant. eight universal aspects of structure and function Besides what may lie below the surface in the first mentioned. way of ancient strata or associations, plus the I submit that such a resolution of a distinc- usual infinity of minor local growths and vari- tive complex or pattern of a culture into its ba- ations, we have accordingly four cultural fac- sic and its secondary constituents is very diffi- tors or determinants to reckon with in this part cult to attain by old-line ethnographic methods. of California: the ecological distinction between The monograph never covers a wide enough area; in subarid coast and mountains and arid interior; the monographic treatment the comparative per- within these, the intensification and amplifica- spective is usually lacking which would allow the tion of culture on the immediate coast and river; separation of the fundamental and stable from the the original separat ness of the Yuman and Sho- historically superficial and transitory features. shonean peoples; and the populational shift of And as to building up by comparing monographs, the Chemehuevi into closer river Yuman relations; we have all had the sad experience--or as we grow not to mention respective central Californian older we allow our students to have it--of learn- and Arizonan-Sonoran influences at the two ends ing that the available material, on whatever sub- of the area. ject or area, is never thoroughly comparable. We An illustration of the quality of ethnography therefore mostly refrain from the type of judg- obtained by the comparative element method is ment just illustrated, or make it in sketchy, afforded by the sweat house, which is less im- more or less guessed-at outline--as I did in deal- portant in the south than in most of California ing with sweat houses in the California Indian and has therefore been but hazily known, both Handbook. with respect to its structure and its function. A larger complex than the sweat house is the Drucker gives us 31 items from 14 groups, where girls' puberty rite, which has long been known we have not had 31 on ariy one group before. The sufficiently to indicate that it possessed cer- universal features are the earth cover, squarish, tain distinctive aspects and emphases in southern nonprojecting entrance, direct-fire heating, California. Drucker has assembled fairly full nonindividual ownership, use for minor curing, data on 111 elements. Of these, only a half-dozen 4 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS prove to be universal among the 18 groups: the I have gone into these illustrations in order girl must refrain from meat, fat, and salt, use to make my position clear once more. The element a scratching stick instead of her nails, and niethod is*not primarily a device for juggling of spend one to several days covered in an indoor or statistics by those who would rather compute outdoor heated pit in the sand or earth. This, than think, nor for extricating the history of and only this, constitutes the universal pattern long-past culture waves and relations of distant of the rite in the area. On it are embroidered, peoples..This latter it will presumably also do; sometimes in a single locality only, sometimes just how successfully, remains to be tested by over large districts, more than a hundred addi- repeated trials. The essential aspect of the tional features--positive and negative taboos, method is its definition of isolable elements, physiological treatments, ordeals, apparel, which make possible the more accurate definition paint, singing, dancing, assistants, sand and the more penetrating description of cultures paintings, purifications, and the like. Sure- --the groundwork of all sound ethnography, old- ly the constant and perhaps basic core could line or novel. Anything beyond that, like quan- not have been extricated with anything ap- titative or historical interpretations, is a sort proaching reliable accuracy from the extant of unearned increment. In fact, the method ought 'literature. to make impossible hereafter the sort of fantas- Our knowledge of southern California shamanism tic and aus der Luft gegriffenen historical re- has hitherto been unusually hazy. Drucker's data constructions that anthropology has now and then make it clear that broadly speaking the main been the prey of. And with regard to the kernel distinction from shamanism elsewhere in Califor- of the method--element definability--there is nia lies in the weakness of a specific guardian- nothing radical or subversive about this. Boas spirit concept and in the correlated belief that dealt with mythological elements forty years ago, the shaman is born with his power--either through Nordenskiold with South American ones all his an object in his body or through prenatal dream- life, Spier dissected the Sun dance into them, ing. The other elements constant to the area are: the technologists and archaeologists have always the dreaming of the method of cure (one alleged had them in their typologies. All that we are exception), smoking, sucking, sickness owing to trying to do that can claim to be novel is to ob- intruded objects, possibly also to soul loss, tain data systematically and in quantity--while black magic by evil shamans. Everything else they can still be obtained--instead of taking varies, to a total of fifty or more items and an them spottily or waiting haphazardly as they come elaboration of two or three dozen in any one in. Moreover, if the organized and massed data group. Drucker's promised special paper on the invite more or less technical quantitative treat- subject will fill a lacuna of long standing in ment, surely that is in the nature of an advan- our knowledge. tage rather than a defect. S I S I I I I
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CULTURE ELEMENT DISTRIBUTION LIST INFORMANTS The material presented in the following ele- List 10, LuPa. This list represents the com- ment list was obtained from these informants: bined efforts of two men of the few remaining List 1, Serr. Soledad Mojado, Saboba Serrano.1 Luisen-o at Pala reservation, Ramon Lugo, and List 2, DCau. Casimiro Lodo, Desert Cahuilla, Ramon Severano. Autaatem clan. The prewhite home of this clan was List 11, MDly. Petra Corta, Mountain (i.e., on the site of the present Martinez reservation. "Northern") Dieguefno, Letcap clan. List 3, DCwo. Ramon Razon, Desert Cahuilla, List 12, MDku. Tomas Curo, same, KukuR clan. Wontcaktamyahwic clan, formerly at Tuva (the site List 13, MDma. Maria Alto, Western (i.e., of Agua Dulce, or Oasis). "Northern") Diegueffo, Matawir clan, from the old List 4, PCka. Francisco Potencio, Pass Ca- San Pasqual reservation. She and the next in- huilla, Kauisiktum clan, at Palm Springs. The in- formant are almost the only survivors of groups formant is the present ceremonial head (net). near the coast. No truly coastal Dieguefio remain List 5, MCte. Jolian Norte, Mountain Cahuilla, (except perhaps in Baja California). Wiwaiistam clan, Temahwonvitcem lineage. List 14, uVDpa. Francisco Beltrano, Western List 6, MCna. Perfecto Segundo, Mountain Ca- (i.e., "Northern") Dieguefno. Supposed to have huilla, Nauhwo'otem clan. The informant lived at been of the Matawir clan, but he disclaimed them, Wilakal, a mixed Cahuilla, Cupefno, and Diegueno or they him, for some reason. He also was from settlement near Cupa. San Pasqual reservation. List 7, Cup. This list was given by two of List 15, DDly. Lino Letcap, Desert (i.e., the oldest Cupefno men at Pala reservation, for- "Southern") Dieguefno, Letcap clan. His home was merly Luiseflo territory: Juan Aulingwic and Juan at Vallecitos, in the desert. Sivimout. The surnames are their clan names. List 16, DDkw. Santos Lopez, Desert (i.e., List 8, LuSa. Teofilo Ba, Saboba Luisefno. "Southern") Dieguefno; a half-breed, whose mother The informant was the ceremonial leader of one of was of the KwoL clan.2 the three "parties" at Saboba. By descent he was List 17, Yuma. Pat Miguel, Yuma. really mostly Serrano, but he and his parents List 18, Chem. Tom Painter, Chemehuevi. At spoke Luisefno exclusively, and culturally were Parker reservation. Originally from the desert- Luisenfo. mountain country to the west. List 9, LuTe. Miguela Kwili, Temecula Luisefio.
1 The fact that there were several Serrano lin- tion given on the movements of the informant's eages resident at Saboba throws some light on the family may be of interest as in identifying the problem of the moieties recorded by Gifford "Kamia." The winter home of the family was in (E. W. Gifford, Clans and Moieties in Southern the fooQthills east of Campo, at a place called California, UC-PAAE 14:155-219, 1918), and Wipuk. They were typically Dieguefno in culture Strong (W. D. Strong, Aboriginal Society in and language. In the spring, they moved westward Southern California, UC-PAAE 26:1-358, 1929). into the mountains, where they usually spent the The Luiseno there, as elsewhere, had no moieties, summer. In fall, they moved down to Picacho, in at least within memory of informants. The Ser- Mexico, for pinion nuts, and then back to their rano, however, though dominated culturally by winter home in the foothills. Sometimes several the Luiseno, and at the present almost extinct, families would go to Yuma in the fall, after the managed to retain their moiety system. The people harvests, where they were fed by the hospitable whose moiety affiliations are given by Gifford Yumas. Once in a while they would stay all win- were of Serrano descent. ter. In years in which there was a big overflow in the Imperial valley, they might be given some seed by the Yumas, and farm a little. The infor- mant's maternal grandfather and mother's brother, 2 This family of KwoL were Kamiai (Kamia), and with whom he lived, raised crops several differ- were often referred to as the KwoL-kamiai to ent years at a place just south of Mexicali. If distinguish them from other families who lived it was not a good planting year, or if wild crops near Campo and in Baja California. The term were plentiful in the mountains and foothills, "Kamiai" seems to mean "westerners"; at any rate they would not take the trouble to plant, but it is so used by the Yuma to refer to any of the stayed in their own country. Apparently most of Diegueiio groups, and by the Desert Diegueno in the "Kamia" did the same. They seem to have all referring to the extinct coastal groups. The really been nothing but Desert Diegueno, who usage in reference to the Imperial valley people drifted back and forth between a gathering and is apparently from the Yuma. Some of the informa- an agricultural existence. [5] 6 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS Rating of Informants, A-E DDly. Knowledge good, intelligence good. Volunteered a great deal. May have misunder- Serr. Somewhat resistant, not inclined to stood some questions, but I would place more volunteer data. Knowledge of culture fair D confidence in most of his unique pluses than DCau. (Information only on material cul- in those of most of my other informants . . . A ture.) Good ...... B DDkw. Information on material culture DCwo. Knowledge good; reasonably intelli- good; on the rest, only fair. Had sort of gent. Hazy on some details ...... B inferiority complex about his culture, which PCka. Knowledge fair; but oversuggestible . C led him to belittle it B MCte. Knowledge fair; but oversuggestible . C Yuma. Knowledge good; intelligence good. A MCna. Knowledge fair. However, informant Chem. Knowledge good, but was slightly may have been somewhat confused at times dif- bored by the whole affair . . . . B ferentiating between Wilakal (Cupe-no) informa- tion (which he was supposed to be giving) and Mountain Cahuilla...... C SYMBOLS USED Cup. Good. (This is a combined list of material from 2 informants, aided by an + Element present especially good interpreter.) ...... A - Element absent or denied LuSa. Fairly good; may have been slightly I(+X-) Presence or absence information doubt- oversuggestible ...... B ful LuTe. Only fair knowledge. Knew general No information; or informant did not outlines of the culture, but hazy with re- understand question, or I did not spect to detaill C understand his answer LuPa. Good, considering the early shat- S "Sometimes," "some did and some didn't' -tering of the culture. This list is the com- R Recent bined work of two men. B O Absent because lacking or impossible )MDly. Knowledge fair. Details somewhat in environment inhabited hazy ...... C Blank Question not asked MDku. Knowledge fair. Details somewhat M,F Male, female; + = both hazy ...... C R,W,B Red, white, black; + = all, any WDma. Knowledge slightly below par, and See section Ethnographic Notes on the none too intelligent ...... D Element List WDpa. Knowledge poor, and oversuggestible t For statistical computations, the num- (to the point of lax truthfulness). This in- ber or letter entries under this formant and the preceding one (WDma) were element have been read as plus last survivors, or I should never have worked For statistical computations, the ele- with either of them. Material from WDma, as ment has been broken into two or far as it goes, is probably much more reli- more; e.g., 1 foot or less; more able than this one ...... E than 1 foot CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 7
OCCURRENCE ELEMENTS :jo d U X Cd (1) cd 0-b ;j cd cd , - 14-' E-A r-4 -,A 4 r- a) a1) cd O :j . A -- .4ral C/ C:$)cP)'4 1.-4 14 .-4 Q Q D- ----T SUBSISTENCE Hunting Individual 1.- Deer-head decoy. + + + + + + + + + _ _ + 2. Whole skin ...... + _ *++ +I(, _ 3. Head only ...... + + 4-) 4. Stations on trails ...... + 4+ + + + + + + 5. Game calls ...... +) + + __*+++++ + + + + 6. Deer ...... + + + + 7. Rabbits ...... + + ++ + + + + 8. Running down (wearing down) ...... + + + + + + + + _ 9. Deer ...... 0 + + + + + 10. Rabbits ...... + + + '[l. Quail ...... + + + + 12. Traps . . . .. ++ + + + + + 13. Spring pole snare for small game ++ + + R R (+) + - + + 14. Deadfall for small game. ++ + + + + + + *[5. Acorn "trigger". 4-- + + + 16. Small nets in trail, etc. . . . . + + + + + + + + + ++ +_ + + 17. Pot of water buried for rats, etc. + + + *18. Box trap for quail ...... + + + R + R R R R R 19. Small game smoked out of holes . . . + + + 20. Stick twisted in fur to extract . + ++ + + + + + + + 21. Rats prodded -out of nests ...... + ++ + + + + + + - - - 22. Flares for flying geese ...... + 23. Club to kill ...... - - t3a.,Flare for night shooting,...... + + Communal Drive 24. With fire ...... - (+) - + S + + + 25. With dogs ...... + + - + + + + + 26. Rabbits driven into nets ...... + + + +-++ + + 27. Long ...... +()+- + + 28. Short, in fence ...... + (-)(+) + + + S 29. Deer, etc., driven past stationed hunter + Fishing (0) 0 O O O O 0 00 0 Nets + 30. Seine, dragged or circled . . * * * * 31. Sinkers, floats . . . . -(+ 32. Vertical sticks to hold *t a *g* 33. Scoop net ...... straightO +H+ 34. On crossed-stick frame . . .
Weirs and Traps 35. Semicircular pen of brush ...... 36. Melon-seed bait ...... t + '37. Stone "fish pens" ...... I- 4- 38. Basketry fish trap ...... +I 38a.Creek dammed, turned ......
Angling 39. Circular hook of Haliotis (or other shell) 40. Cactus-spine hook ...... 8 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
0 o @ a @ @3 a)@3d Pob (d Cd I . @3 0: 'A4-' $4 Q A r-i C.' C.:) C.') C-) C.') A l='IA. C) C/3 0 .. .:: f::. PH Various 41. Fish shot with bow ...... + 42. Ordinary arrow ...... S 43. Featherless arrow ...... - - - + + 44. Fish driven into net, trap . . . . *+ 44a.Fish poisoning. o...... Hunting and Fishing Observances Animals Not Eaten (+ = anvoided)
+ + + + + + + 45. Dog. I 0 . * + + + + + + + 46. Coyote . I 0 * + S 0 47. Fox ...... I 0 0 . S + S + + + + 48. Wolf . I 0 . 0 0 00 + (+) I+ + O + 0 0 0_+ - + + - 49. Badger . I 0 0 0 .+ I + 50. Skunk . 1 . . 0 + * * + 51. Raccoon . I 0 * 6 ++ * * 52. Wildcat . I 0 * + + O .+- + 53. Mountain lion 0 0 . 0 . + * * + * + 54. Bear . . I 0 * 0 O (+) + + - O + _++ 55. Squirrel I 0 0 0 * 0 , + + + _+_ 56. Gopher . I 0 *' * + (+)+ +. +. + + + 4- 57. Mole . . 1 0 *0 * ++_ * * 4. + + + +I 58. Fur used for eyes I. * * + + + + + * * * I + + + + + + 4. + + *++ 59. Eagle . . 0 * * * + + * * * + + + + + + + + + + 60. Buzzard . 0 . . + * * * + + + 4. + + 61. Crow . . 1 0 * 4.) + + + + + + + + + + C+ 62. Hawk . . I 0 * + + + + + 4. + 63. Owl ...... 4-C) + + + + 64. Dove ...... + 4- + + + 65. Mockingbird ...... ** 2-) + 0 0 67. Nonpoisonous snakes ...... + + + 68. Rattlesnake ...... + + + 69. Lizard ...... + + 70. Turtle ...... 0 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 + 71. Tortoise ...... 0 0 0 0 0 72. Gila monster ...... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4. + + + + + + 73. Frog and toad ...... + + 75. Quail eggs taboo to young . . . . . + 76. Fetuses taboo ...... -)+ - - - 77. To young ...... _-+ + + + + - - - (+)(-)(+ 78. First game taboo to youth ...... + + + + + + + + + 79. To parents also ...... + + + + 80. First few animals only taboo + + + 81. To youth till head of family + + + + + + I------Various Hunting Observances 4- 82. Singing before deer hunt (rite) ...... (-+ + + + 83. Hunting shaman sings ...... 4. 84. Deer-hoof rattles used ...... + + + + + + 85. Individual singing for hunting luck (shaman) + _._+ (-)(-)()(+)+ 4. 86. Fasting before hunting ...... + + ++ + + + 88. Sex, menstruation'hostile to hunt ...... + + *+ + Gathering (vegetable) Acorns (staple) 0 89. Straight pole for knocking off acorns . . . + + + + + + ++ + + 90. for tree . . . + (+2 Sapling climbing . . . . + 91. Only men climb ...... + + + + + + + + 92. Acorns leached in sand basin ...... + + + (-2 + - - S 93. In openwork basket ...... + + R + + + 94. Mush cooked stiff, for bread . . . . . (+) + + + ++ (+, CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V-DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 9
03 4) ad Cd IL,P4 r- I C)>C-) C-)C': 9 E. 1. P-b od 0 £4- co ~ E-' J.4 1-4 .4 0.nz .-4 C)D t Mesquite and Screw Bean (staples) 0 o C O O O 0000
95. Straight pole for beating off pods . . . . - - - + s 96. Hook for gathering (or crossbar on pole). . + + _ 97. Whole pods stored in granary ...... + + + + + + 98. Flour hardened into "cakes" for pot storage + + $100. Screw beans "cured" in pit ...... - - - - (+'IO Mescal 0 0 0 0 O O O O 0
101. Mescal cutter ...... + + + + + + + + 102. Heads pit roasted ...... + 103. Cooked heads pounded into 'cakes" for storage ...... + + + 104. "Syrup" from flowers ...... + Yucca (and related plants) + + + + 105. Flower eaten ...... + ++() + 107. Stalk eaten . . . + + + + + (-) + 108. Root eaten ...... + + + + + ++() Cactus Fruits 0
110. Tongs for gathering . . . + _ + _ (+ + + + + + + + ++ + 111. Shaken in sack or net. + + (+) 112. Brushed off or rolled on ground S + + + + + + + 113. Spines brushed off before picking + + + + S S 114. Fruit driea ...... + Chia 115. Gathered with ...... + * + + + + + + + seea beater + + + 116. With plain stick - - - (+) 117. Branches broken off, dried, shaken. + - - s s ++ 118. Patches burned over to improve . * + - - - trass Seeds
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + + - - + + + 119. Gathered with seed beater . . . . . 0 (+)++++ + + 120. Stripped by hand ...... 0 0 0 0 * 0 0 0 . - - - ++()+ - 121. Tops broken off, dried, shaken . 0 0 0 0 e 0 0 0 0 + Piffon Nuts 0 0 C 0 0000o 0 122. Cones broken off + + + 123. Hook to pull down. + 123a.Straight stick used ...... + + s 124. Cones roasted to open . . . . + + + + + 125. Ripe nuts gathered from ground + Wild-Plum Seed Meal
127. Seeds leached whole ...... + + + + ------128. Seeas ground to leach...... -+ ++ Tule (cattail, etc.) 129. Pollen . gathered ...... + 130. Roots eaten ...... + + + ++ + (+ Animal Products 131. Yellow-jacket larvae eaten ...... (+.I + - + + + 132. eaten ...... 4- + - + + + +- + + - + C-) - Grasshoppers + 133. in ...... + Caught pits ...... _ (+) - 4- + + 134. Caterpillars eaten ...... +4*4+ S + s 135. Dried. + + + S +(_)+ $137. Lizards eaten + + + - - - + + 138. Hook for pulling out of rocks + + + 10 ANTHROPOIOGICAL RECORDS
aS 4) ad .-& cd 40 0-b PC Cd Mi E-4PS r q r-i a) a C.) C.) C.) C~) C. : I 9:4 M 0 IQ 1=1 9:. ;>-q C.') I I Condiments _- 139. Salt from mineral (deposit) . + + + - - - -4 -
- - - - + 140. Alkali "salt" ...... Is 4._ + + + . + 141. Collected from "grassn + + + + 142. Salt from grass (burned) + + + + 143. Salt from ocean or salt lake . . . . . + + + ++ S 4- 144. Honey dew ...... + + + + + + + * + + + 145. Syrup from blossoms ...... 4 + + + + + + * * + 145a. Vegetable chewing gum ...... + + 4 +
Food Preparation and Storage (excluding acorn complex)
I 146. Meat pulverized ...... + + 4 147. For toothless only . . . . . + 4. 4+ + + + 4 4 148. Small mammals (bones and all) ++ + + 4+ + +4. 149. Venison. 4.i + + S + +++ 4 150. Bone pulverized (after cooking)j. + + .4.4. 4 151. Vertebrae only + 4 152. Marrow extraction ...... + + + 4 4 + - + + 4 154. For food ...... + - + + +-+ 4 + + _4+ 155. For cosmetic + -4.4. 156. Blood drunk fresh by hunter ...... + + + 4. 157. Blood cooked in paunch or gut ...... + + 44. 158. Stone boiling in baskets ...... _+ +4 159. Cooking in pots (directly over fire) . . 44 + + + R +4.4. 4 160. Earth oven . . . . . 4 161. For mescal, etc. . . + + 4+4+ 4 + 4. 162. Communal (several use at once) . S+ S I. 163. Meat cooked in ...... +4+4+ 4 164. Parching (with hot coals) ...... + +4+ ++ 4 - +4. 165. Pottery parching tray ...... + -4. I- 166. Bottom of broken pot ...... 167. Basketry tray. 4 4 +4_-- 4. 168. Tortoise shell ...... 4 4. *169. Meat dried . . . . . -4.4. + + Si S S S 4- 4 170. Partial drying before carrying home 4 171. Sun drying ...... -4.4. + + +I + + + 4++ + -4. 4 172. Fish dried ...... -._
Granaries (outdoors)
173. Elevated ...... 174. On platform . . . . . +4 +. 175. On ramada ...... * * 4+4+. 176. "Bird's nest coiling" .. . . .' I. 4++ 4.4.4. 177. Cylindrical ...... *e*c. (.-) 44.4. 178. Conical. _ ( 4.*(+) + +4.4+4. + 4++ + 4. 179. Granary roofed . . . ft 180. Hole torn in bottom to extract seeds, 4(C) 4.--_ - --_4+ 181. Pit storage. _ 4- 182. Melons, pumpkins, etc . . . . --4.+ 183. Low shade built over pit ...... --4._ 184. Food covered with earth . . . 4)- --4.+ 185. Storage in pots ...... et .. 4+4. 186. Cached in mountains ...... 187. Covered with flat rock ...... + + + + + 4++ ) 188. Covered with pottery lid ...... 189. Unfired "pot" of mud and grass .. . S 190. For beans, etc ...... +. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 11 I- 0 w0 Xa) X t*b 0 cd "Z C- aS E. r-i -,,A A I--, A Cd v]0 C)C c)-4- C) a g=l InX:3:9= C=l A Q Q .c czi C::. Agriculture 190a. Flood Agriculture 0 - - - - .S 191. - n, - - __+ Maize. . --2 3 1192. Number of colors . . . 4 + 193. Several sizes ...... _ _ .+ 194. Ears stored in ...... - R - - granary - __+ + 195. Beans. - 196. Teparies besides true beans . R+ _-_ . __+ + t197. Number of kinds (besides teparies). - 2 - - .2__ 2 + 198. Stored in pots .+-- - __+ 199. Pumpkins . . . - - -_ 2 1200. Number .3__ of kinds. -+_- 3 201. Gourds grown . . . . . __+ 202. For rattles ...... - n, - - 203. For canteens . __+ 204. Watermelons. . __+ +5+ + 205. Muskmelons . __+ + 206. Pumpkins and melons split, dried . . __+ 207. Pumpkins and melons stored in pits 208. Wild seeds sown ...... t209. Number of kinds. -+__ 210. Sown broadcast 211. Planter--dibble. 212. Weed cutter, chisel edge. __(+). 213. Bird scaring ...... __+ 214. With sling ...... +__
HOUSES Dwelling _ _ 215. Rectangular . * * R + + ++ R + R+ + R- 216. Walls vertical. * * + + + + 217. Walls slanting ...... + S 218. Double lean-to ...... S - + +-- S 219. Gabled roof. + + + + + 220. Rafters crossed . . . . *i + + t221. Number ...... corner posts . . . . . 4 4 4 4 44 44 4 - -(4--- + t222. Number center posts ...... * * 1 1 1 1 11 11 t223. Number ridgepole supports (other than center * * 2 2 2 2 22 22 + 224. Many side . . + + ++ + posts...... + 225. Circular (or nearly). * * v0 + -S - + (+) - + + 227. Walls slanting (hip roof). -- ++ + 228. Conical. + -S - + (+) E-- 230. Roof flat...... _ - _- _ + + + + 231. Center post (i.e., one, right in middle) . t232. Number medial posts ...... - -- 4 4 + 233. Many peripheral posts ...... -c3 234. Semisubterranean + 4 1235. Approximate depth in feet . + (+ + + - 1 236. Covering of thatch only. + + + - -) - -1 237. Tules ...... S -) + +I + 238. Arrowweed, etc...... S + + + + _-_ * (+ 239. Pole binders ...... ++ -)- + + + + 239a.Yucca withes for tying ++ 240. Covering of earth (all over). 241. Overlayer of "brush" and "grass," etc. _ - - - + + 241a. _- Roof earth covered S - - S - 242. Vertical double sand-filled front wall. S S t243. Entrance faces (N,S,E,W) ...... E -++ E - *(E)E E E 244. Entrance faces . . downwind ...... +I+++ +++ - + _-(+)- - 245. Entrance not projecting. 246. Entrance (more or less) rectangular. + + + ++ + + + + -+++ + 247. Entrance in side rectangular house ...... + S + - (+) 12 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
p. ad 4) od 0% as 0% E-4 r i A P- 4)0 C/. C.) C.') C..) C.) :3 . f- Cz"z6= +4~ C) .4 Q 91§1 2 C.') 248. Entrance in end rectangular house . . . - S _ + c _ - - - _-+ - 249. Beside ridgepole support. _ - 250. Entrance covered with mat + (+) I 4 + + (+)5S - (+).. 251. Entrance covered with hide ...... (+4)- -(+) + S 252. Entrance uncovered ...... - + - - + S + 253. Fireplace on surface ...... + + + + A 4 + + + 254. Fireplace center of floor ...... + + + + .4 + + +
255. Fireplace near door ...... _ - - - 256. Smoke hole in roof ...... 4 (+) +-+- + Various +iS 257. Circular windbreak with dwelling . . - S4. 4.+ +4. + + 258. Used for cooking, etc...... + + 259. Flat shade (ramada) by dwelling . . + R 4.4.4+4.4+ + 260. Dwelling house communal ...... + S S -I + + SSSS -S S S S + + 261. Share same fire, entrances, etc. + + + + S 262. No partitions . . 0 . + + + 4+4+. + 263. Families related. + + + H ++ + 4 ++. _ t64. Earth-covered winter sleeping house . . +) + (+.) 265. Double lean-to, brush, for temporary camp + 267. Domed brush-covered temporary shelter . 268. Mats for bedding ...... + _ 4 + .a + _ - '_ i e.ad . 269. Rabbitskin robes, hides, for bedding . . +++ + +4 ++ --_.*.4.+. 270. Sleeping on bare floor ...... Ceremonial House
271. Large rectangular structure ...... + + +R 4 + - - - - 272. Large circular structure ...... --4._ 278. Vertical walls. + + + R - 4 + +4+ + 274. Gabled roof . + + + + + + 275. Conical-roof . + +. 276. Thatched ...... + + +4+ +4+ + $ t277. Entrance (N,S,E,W) .ID E E - I 4E + + +R-- + -4 278. Circular enclosure in front + + 279. Chief lives in ...... 4. -+4+ I4 +-4 280. Bundle kept in ...... + 4. 281. Bundle hidden, or kept in special structure . + + + - - 282. Shade roofs built around court ...... + + + + R - 283. Shades walled ...... + R + + R - 284. Special "keruk" house for images, etc. (type under _ _ _ _ Mourning ceremony) ...... - _1 +4+ + + +4+ + *weat House
- - - 285. Rectangular floor plan ......
286. Double lean-to ...... 287. Circular (to oval) floor plan ...... -4_ +.4+4+ +4+ 288. Conical ...... +4.4. +4+ 2 - _ 289. One center post +4.4. 290. 4-post frame, hip roof.
291. Semisubterranean . +-_ + + + 4.- t292. Approximate depth in feet. 3 1 2 +(.)
293. Earth covering . . +4+ 294. Directly on poles. +-- + .+ +4+ +4+ 295. Over brush etc., layer ...... t296. Entrance facing (N,S,E,W). N - + +
297. Entrance flush. + + + +4+ 298. Entrance (more or less) rectangular . +4+ +4+ 1- +4+ 299. Entrance in end rectangular house . . . . . ---4.-+ _ _ _ 299a.Entrance on side. t + + +
300. Entrance covered . _4_4_4_4_ - 301. Fireplace at doorway.
302. Door frame mud-plastered (to protect) + + + + S () - - - 303. Fireplace in center ...... + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 13
0 o di Cd1s I ILp4 Qd3c O'd HR A 5c4 04 CO C.' ) 8 i NA C-
304. Fireplace on surface ...... + +(-)- ++ (+) + + + + - - - U35. Fireplace in pit. (+, _ + _++ _+ ++ - 306. No smoke hole ...... O . . (-) 307. Sweat house-communally owned ...... + + + + + + + ++ + + + + 308. Direct-fire heat ...... + + + + + + + + ++ + + + + + + ++ + + + + 309. Sweating for minor curing ...... + + + + + + + + 310. Daily sweating ...... + + + + 311. Women sweat + + + S + ++ + + + + + + ++ + + t t 312. Infrequentel.r ...... ++ + ++ + 313. Competitive sweating (individuals) ...... + ++ 314. Bathing after sweating ...... 315. Men occasionally slept in ...... Other Structures 316. Menstrual hut + 317. Ramada as summer dwelling ...... + S 318. Same type frame as winter dwelling, brush-covered, no front wall, for summer dwelling ...... S S
NAVIGATION Swimming 318a.Overhand stroke...... + + 318b.Breast stroke ...... + 318c.Under water ...... + 318d.Side stroke ...... 'O + 318e.Both hands together ...... + 318f.Under water ...... + 318g.Onback...... + ...... + 318h.Dog318g.Don backhionfashion . . 0 p 319. Diving from height ...... + + + _ + Boats and Rafts $ 320. Tule balsas . . . o ...... 321. Longitudinal pole in bundles ...... 322. Bundles lashed together ...... + + 323. Bundles pinned together with sticks . . . + 324. Balsa rectangular (more or less) ......
325. Used on ocean 6 ...... O ...... 326. Used to cross river, etc...... S Paddle o . . . a . 327. for propulsion ...... + 328. Pole for propulsion ...... + 329. Swim alongside and push ...... 0 + 330. Log raft ...... + 331. Single log or pole to aid swmmer 332. Several logs lashed together ...... _ _ I 333. Cottonwood used . ------~~~~ _ _ 334. Ferriage in pots (infants, etc.)j...... ------S 335. Ferriage in baskets (infants) . _ _
TOOLS, UTENSILS, PROCESSES (except Basketry, Pottery, Weapons) Grinding Mortars
336. Stone 0 ...... * + + + + + + + + + - + 337. Bedrock ...... : '. 'o : : i + + + 338. Used with hopper . + 339. Portable ...... + + + +1 + + + - + + + + 340. Used with hopper ...... +-_ + + S t+ t4l. Outside rough hewn ...... : : : 00 .0 .0 + 14 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
Cd 4) cd 0-b (d 0-b E--l 't 9 0 uS?r ~4-~- 9 I r-i r-i - Ig :3 IN 6=1 1=1 1.4 1.4 .-4 Q 1=1 4:4 rI" --i 342. Made by humans . . . . + 343. Made by Coyote or myth people . I-4 - - - 344. Traded in, not made locally. - - - 4 345. Special small mortar for toloache.. + + + + + R R + + R - + + + -346. Decorated . . . . + _ 348. Special small mortar for tobacco, etc.. + + + + + + + - ++_ 349. Pit mortars ...... '+() + + 350. Rock at bottom ...... - - - + + 351. Lined with arrowweed ...... 352. Lined with "plaster" of damp mesquite flour + 353. Used to grind large amounts of mesquite . . + + +- + + + 354. Used as makeshift only ...... 1355. Used by (M,W) ...... M M F + 356. Wood mortars . . . . . + (-)+ + 5- + 357. Cavity in end of log ...... + + _-_ + 358. Pointed, set in ground ...... + + + 359. Hopper basket glued on ...... + + + R S - Pestles
360. Wood . . . * * * ++ 4- + + 362. Used with pit mortar . . .. . + 363. Stone ...... * * * + + + + + 364. Natural ...... * * * (-) 364a.Long, slender, shaped, for wood mortar + ++ + (+) _ + + 365. Pounding with both hands . . . 0 .0 . * Metates + + + + + + 366. Rectangular (more or less) . R + + + 367. Used on one side ++ + + + 368. One end tilted on rocks . . . 370. Back and forth motion . . . . Brushes 371. Cylindrical ...... +- +.+ + 372. Handle tied or woven i+, + + ++ + + +++++ 373. Handle gummed . . . . . + + + + + + 374. Soaproot ...... 4- + 375. Agave ...... + 376. Same type brush for hair . + + + + + 377. Meal scraped from mortar with stick + + Stirrers and Stone Lifters
+4-4------378. 3-stick food stirrer...... 4- - + - + + 379. Paddle ...... + S 380. 2 sticks for stone lifter ...... ()+ Receptacles Spoons + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 381. Fingers for spoon ...... I + 382. Rabbit foot or tail swab for sipping +4++ +4--- + 383. Ladle of pottery ...... + + 384. Ladle of tortoise shell ...... + 385. Ladle of gourd ...... + Tools Knives + 386. Flint for butchering ...... +4+ + + ++ * + . . . . + +4+ + 4+ . + + + 387. Unhafted + 388. Wrapped ...... (~) 4- +*4+S 389. Thumbnail for cutting cooked food, etc...... + -- CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 15
ro0 w o w d (D ct Cd ' -W 4- 0 A E-1 P. C- C- C.: ;j 9 : K- .)OiQf)P4X>PLO ~Q ::.A C3 1-O)c-A i I I Awls. I
390. Wood. . . . + S IR 391. Bone ...... i + + + * (A + + + :. + + 4- 392. Deer-leg bone . . . . . + + + + + 393. Penis bone (coon or badger) . . . . + IIS + 394. Horn ...... + S S 395. Handle . . _ _ wrapped ...... I- + S 396. Handle covered with gum ...... - +--_ : _ _ + 4- Drills and Drilling *397. Bone awl for shell or pottery .. . . + + +- (+) . . . I-
Woodworking I. 398. Wood cutting by fire only ...... t i- A + * H + + I-1 + AI- Flint Flaking - 399. Retouching by ...... I-I pressure . . + - + 400. Bone or horn flaker ...... +A+ (A 401. Hand protector ...... + . . . fI- (A 402. . . . . Retouching by percussion . . . . i-- + F + Skin Dressing 4403. By men, women (+ - both) . . . . *MM * II- M M t M M + II.- h. 404. Bone scraper (rib) 4 . 4 +
*405. Wooden end scraper ...... 4 R. (+) sII- I., 406. Rubbing post . . . 4 + + -+ 407. Rubbing stone . . . + + 408. Brains ...... 4 4 + . t M 409. Vegetable dye . . . '2 +-4 + F Fire Making F . 410. drill ...... + 4 + 4 Simple ++++ + + + + HiF 411. Fire borrowed 4 4 ...... +4d H 412. Torches ...... + 4 i H 412a.Smoke . + ++ + 4 signal ...... + 413. Sparks struck from flint(-like) rocks + R -f + + I- WVEAPONS Bows and Arrows 414. Self bow ...... + + + + in 4 :415. Length feet ...... 4 44+4 5 3. 1+ 5 4. 3+3* 4 4 4 4 5 416. Tips sinew wrapped ..... S - - 0 417. Ends - - recurved. o* I. 418. Painted ...... 419. + + S Black. * +- 420. Blood (of kill) smeared S 421. Sinew _ _ backed .. 4-- + (+) + T422. Length in feet . ~-iF3 423. Made 5 - 3 (4) 3 F-_- (locally) ...... - + (4.) + + 424. Imported ...... I-- 3-- 4c 425. Ends recurved ...... onI A. )4 4- 426. Ornamented tips (deer hoofs, + + 3 427. Painted red ...... 4 428. of fiber 4- - f- Bowstring vegetable . . . .3 ~ + ~+ ~1- -4+ + + S - 429. Sinew 1- ...... + + + + S-S - S + (+; 4i- f- 4430. Number of ply ...... 3 3 2 3 2 3 - 2 3 3) (3) 2 2 2 3 f- 432. Wristguard ...... R 4i- 434. Arrows of cane ...... + + + + F+ + + F 435. Hardwood foreshaft, no head + + + + + 436. Hardwood with head F- + F++ foresha,ft, + + + + 437. ornament - Pyrographic . + + + (+) -I ), -1 + 16 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
0 0 X 0 0 iiAa)d P-1 PS Cd od .-b as I -144.)P r-I -'A r-i A A a 9::. =1 3d 4) p: C.: Q Q .:: g::l r-% C-) 1 438. Arrows of arrowweed or hardwood ...... +- + + + + 0 + + + +- + 0 + + 439. Untipped, sharp, for small game ...... aS t 440. Untipped, sharp, for war ...... _ 0 441. Untipped, sharp, featherless for fish . . . t 442. Untipped, sharp, featherless for close shot through brush ...... + I- + + 443. Arrowheads of stone ...... 4- ++ + I- + + + + + 445. Tanged, side notched ...... + ++ + - + * 446. One notch each side ...... + + + + I- + + 447. Stemmed ...... + I- 448. Spurred ...... 4-* + ++ + + 449. Fish tail (single base notch) ...... ++ 451. Triangular to laurel leaf ...... + + + I- + + 453. Feathering radial ...... + + + + + + + + + + 454. 3 ...... 4-o + + + 455. 4 ...... + ++S 456. Sometimes spiral . . . . . I- + S + 457. Feathers taper to front. .... + + ++- S 458. Feathers straight ...... + + S + 459. Tangential, double ...... S S S S I- + _+_ + 460. Considered poorer ...... I- + + + I- + + + + 462. Decoration painted between feathers . + 463. Arrow poison ...... 4. 464. Snake blood or venom ...... + + + + Arrow Straightening, Release, etc. *++ + + + 4- + 4- 465. Hands and teeth for arrowweed. + S + + + + 4- 466. Stone arrow straighteners ...... + + + 467. 1 groove ...... 4- + + + + + + S- + 467a.2 or more- grooves ...... S + + 4- + + 468. Transverse groove . + + ------* 468a.Ridged _+_ 469. Oval (more or less). + + + + + 4- 4- + + + + + + 4- 470. For cane arrows ...... + + + + + +- + + 471. Incised design ...... +e _+_ 472. For pyrography + + 473. Clay arrow straighteners + + 474. Curved sherd (makeshift) for straightener + + + + + + + 475. Ungrooved, etc...... + + 476. Primary release ...... + + + + + + + 477. Thumb and 2 fingers (modified primary) + + 479. Bow held horizontally, back of hand up S 480. Bow held vertically, arrow to left . + + +
Quiver + 481. Cased skin (wildcat, coyote, etc.) + S + + 482. Cased from mouth ...... + S 4- ++ + + + 483. Open-skinned, sewn up middle . . . + ,+ 484. Carried on back ...... - _- - + 485. Carried at side ......
Spears, Shields + Thrust ...... 0 . . . . . R 486. + 487. Used for war . . . . R 488. Wood point .. + + 489. Feathered staves ( "flags"). + 490. No-flight duty + _ _ _ + 491. Ceremonial use also . . . .
_ _ _ - - - 492. Round shields ...... R F ______+ 493. Horsehide ...... _ _ 0 CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V-DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 17
Cd()C @d ci)@ P.-a A cd od 1>0 @30 d3 02 XE- Pi 4r-i A ci) a) CDOC3 c)C) zPt 4 9:. 9=1 Cl-i @3 IX4- 4 Q .:: 1=. c:l gH C-: I Clubs 494. Simple +r + + ++ + -t . + + ++ + + + _ 495. Thrown at small game, etc. + + + + + + 496. Used in war (makeshift) . . S 497. Curved rabbit club ...... + + t + + + + ++ + *498. Painted ...... S5- -f 499. Smeared with blood of kill S S *501. 1-ended (potato masher). _+ R+ + 502. For war. + + Various 503. Sling . . . 4 R R R R + F R R R 504. To scare birds from crops. + + + 505. Dagger ...... -f - (+: 506. Bone ...... 4
+ PIGMENTS +
510. Red mineral (from ground) . . + + _ 511. Red mineral (scum off pools) _ _ + -f + + + + + (4 512. White mineral ...... + + - + + + + + + 513. Yellow mineral ...... 514. Black mineral . . + _ + _ + + + 515. Vegetable black ("greasewood" gum, et c .) + + + +
'BODY AND DRESS + Hair I$516. Long, past shoulders + + M + + + -f + F + + F * I$517. To neck or shoulders i * u* *, *v * * * *. *. *'. * * *O* * * ' - F - - - _ M _ _ M * I$518. Bangs on forehead . + - + - - - - M Coo,iffure
I1519. Loose ...... + + + + + + + M F - M F F It520. Parted in middle .... + S + M - M F F - F F F It521. Knotted in back ..... 4 + M M M 4 + F + m _ It1522. One braid down back . 4M F - F I:523. Tied on top of head . + + M R M It524. In pencils ...... S M - M M I M 4525. Side hair only - M Delpilation 526. Plucking of beard . ++ + + + * + + 527. Fingernails . . . . * . . .* + _++ + + + +_ + 528. Tweezers (recent ?) * * * * + R - 529. Eyebrows plucked . . . . S - Miscellaneous 530. Head hair cut by singeing ...... +++ + + 530a.Hair cut with knife ...... + + 531. Mud plaster against lice ...... +- + - +R+ 532.. Hair dye in mud plaster ...... + + + + 533. White clay for "soap" ...... + + F-. + 534. Yucca root or soaproot.for "soap" . + + + 4535. Marrow for hair oil ...... + - F FFF F F F F - F F R F Mutilations 1536. Ear lobe bored ...... F - + 4537. Nasal septum bored ...... - - MMM+ M M - - - M M M 18 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
0 o d 0 @3 ad 4) Cd sd ?C W4 -I,lib A ol rl-lq%A- 0 0 9 1. P:q pp C) L.) Q Q C:. $:=I I 538. Intentional head deformation . . . . . + + + + . . a 539. Occipital ...... + + 1540. Tattooing ...... + + + F + T541. Vertical lines on chin . . . . . F F - F F F F F F + F F 1542. Horiz. or radiat. lines on cheeks + M + + F 1543. On forehead ...... - . . . . MM + + 1544. Arms ...... M_- +M F MX+ 4. F 1545. Chest ...... m * F .vI Adornment 1:547. Necklaces worn ...... F (+)(-)(+) F + F F + F F + + 548. Shell beads, pendants ...... + + + 1549. Animal claws, deer hooves, etc...... + MM - + 550. Hunting shamans only -t+ + - - ( - 1551. Wooden ear stick (or cane) _ _ _ M _ . 1552. Bone ear stick . . . . + 1553. Bead pendants for ear. - + + + F + + + +MM 1:554. Nose stick of wood or cane . +M+--+ ++ 555. Bead pendants for nose e...... - + + F + + 556. Nonritual painting ...... + _-_ + + 1557. Colors (R,B,W; + = all) .- ...... +1 R + + 558. Designs on face ...... + + 1559. All over (cosmetic) on face ...... F + + S 1560. Black around eyes for protection from sun. + + + M + + + 561. Applied with fingers ...... + + + _ + +
Clothing _ + Headgear 1562. Basketry cap (technique under Basketry) ...... + + F - F 1563. For carrying only ...... + ++ + + + + + 4+) + + 564. Women wore regularly ...... + Robes and Capes + + + 565. Hide (hair on) ...... + 566. Wildcat, coyote (2 or more, sewed) + - (+ + 567. Deerskin, single . + + 568. Buckskin (dehaired) . . . . u d + + 4. + S 1569. Woven rabbitskin (technique under Textiles) + 4. + + _ + F + Middle of Body 570. Belt of fiber ...... + + + + + + + 571. Belt of hair ..... S S +l - + t572. Breechclout of skin ...... _ MX M M R R R M t574. Breechclout of fiber ...... _-X MMJl R M m + t575. 1-piece skirt ...... F t576. Small front apron of (unfringed) buckskin F F - F F t576a.Small front apron of shredded fiber . . . F F F + F F F F F F - F R F t577. Small front apron of cords of fiber . . . - F + F F - S + t578. Worn with back apron of same material . . F -F + F F F F F- F F F F + Footgear 579. Yucca, Agave fiber sandal . . . + 580. Leather sandal ...... + R + R ++ R + + 4-) 581. High moccasin, hard sole ...... - - + - + 582. Commonly barefoot (i.e., at home) .... Ceremonial Regalia 583. Owl-feather bunches on stick worn on head + + + + + 584. Owl-feather bunches on stick hand-held . ,(+) + + + + + + 585. Headband of down twined in string .... + + + 586. Flicker-feather bands, untrimmed . . . . _+ + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V-DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 19 - 9 C. C 4) C. 0 Cd P-b (t 9 Cd A 4--w O u CO r-I 4 C- C) .> E-4P.d 1=1 r- l4 C/ 4k C21 r- c) i i-- l
587. Head band ...... 588. Belt or bandolier . . . + 589. Long, to decorate dance enclosure . - + 4 -4 + + 590. Single vertical or hawk - + + 4 eagle feathers + + + + 591. Two horizontal eagle or hawk feathers . . * * * * * 592. Radiating feather "war bonnet" on netting 0 * * * * * + + + 4 4 593. Eagle-feather skirt on net foundation + + 4 + + + + + - 4 594. Worn in "Tatahuila" dance. * * * * * + + -4 595. Used to decorate dance enclosure foundation. -4 4 + + 4
596. * * * * + + + 4 4 Hand-held wand (not no. 584). * + + 4 + + + + + - 597. Crystal in end ...... 4 4 598. Painted ...... a + 4 + + -4 599. Snake rattles attached ...... *6 * * * * 4 600. Carried by dance director. * * *
601. Carried by shamans ...... * * * * * + + + + + + 4I 602. Used in swallowing exhibitions . . + -4 -4 4 4603. Face paint - + ++ (R,B,W; + all) ...... + + + 4 R 4604. Body paint (R,B,W; + - all) ...... + + + + + + + 4 606. White paint sprayed on with mouth .... 4 Miscellaneous
1607. Commonly naked ...... M+ M+ + _ + + + _ 0 608. Body coated with grease for warmth ...... + _ _ Sitting Postures (common) 4609. Cross-legged (Turkish)...... - F F - - F F 610. No prescribed F postures for women ...... + + 4F + 4611. Kneeling, buttocks on heels. F + +M 4612. One leg drawn back, other knee up. Id ++ MM 613. To get up quickly' ...... + + iM + + + M ++ 4 4614. Squatting frequent ...... M BASKETRY (except cradles) Coiling 615. Clockwise into basket)-. 4 ++ S + (looking +. + (+, 4- + + 616. Counterclockwise ...... + S S + 619. Awl enters inside S (-, S + S of basket. 4 4- + + + + + 620. Small baskets worked from outside 4 + 621. Grass-bundle foundation. + + +- +- + + + + 4622. 4 + + + I- + + Multiple-rod foundation (number of rods). - 2 3 623. Coil of fiber to start bottom . I- . . . . . + + + + 4+ 'wining 629. Plain twining . . . . . + *630. Plain 2-strand weft . . . 631. Diagonal (rows of inserted "for S twining decoration") I- 632. 2-warp ...... F+ + I- 633. Closework + S ...... * *0 * * * * *. * * * * + 4- 634. Openwork ...... -+ + + Basket Types Cap 635. Flat top . . + + + + + 636. Round to pointed top I- 1- Coiled _+_ 1- *637...... + + + S -638. Twined . . . . . A44- + + 639. Woven decoration (+) + + t + + S 4- 640. Painted decoration + + 641. as - - S Used etc. F f- . dipper, + + * 20 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
f-I 0116 :s Cd U) E) Ps Pol 0 0 0=aA,A E-5 t C.)> 1.I A4 Q' 9§ 2 p Seed Beater 642. Hoop and sticks (twined together) (Hdbk., 695) . . . . . 4-. + + + + S
643. Twined parallel warp ...... * * * * * * 0 *0 + + _ + 644. Stick used as seed beater . . . . . :* * Winnowing and Sifting Tray + 4- + ++ + + + + + + + + + 645. Circular ...... + + + + + + + 646. Coiled ...... + + ++ + +-+ + * 4- 647. Decorated ...... * * * + + + +-+ + + + 648. Triangular ...... + + 649. Oval ...... + 650. Twined ...... 0 . . + * * 4. + + + + _ + 651. Openwork ...... + 652. Closework . + 653. Winnower used for parching . . . + S - S S 654. Coiled parching, gambling, etc., tray (imported +
Water Bottle
- - - . 655. Rounded bottom (Hdbk., pl. 55e) . . . . . 656. Diagonal twine ...... : : : ., : : . : + 657. Pitched ...... 0 0 . e 0 0 : : : . Basket Hopper + _-+ ++-_ 658. Coiled ...... 0 0 . R 659. Decorated . . . . . : , : , : , , + - S + + S S 4- - S- + - - - 660. Bottom cut out of old basket to make : : : . : . '* . O' O' S Carrying Basket + + 661. Truncated cone ...... + + + + (+ + 662. Coiled ...... +. + + + + + -1- + + + 663. De.corated ...... + + + S s S S + + 664. Carried in net . . S 665. Sometimes used for cooking. + 666. True conical, pointed. 667. Twined ...... + 668. Close ...... +s 669. Open . Trinket Basket + 670. Coiled ...... + + + +- + + +- + + 671. Globular ...... + + + + + + 672. Woven decoration ...... 0 0 0 0 : 'o : ...... :
Miscellaneous + 673. Open-twined "bucket" * 9 0 0 0 . . 0 (all-purpose basket) 4. + + + + + + . _ 673a.Open-twined leaching basket . . . * . . + (+) + 674. Roughly twined "fish baskets" . . * . .* . . . 0 . . . .
Basketry Materials + +- + + + + 4- + + + 675. Epicampes rigens + + + 4. + . . . . + + + 676. Rush (Juncus sp.) ...... + + 4. +F+ 677. Stem split, for design . . . . + + + 678. Whole stem for twining . . . . + 681. Willow ...... 682. Stem ...... t683. Basketry made by (M,F) ...... F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F F CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 21
c Cd -W2 aS 4-,r p .A c) C-l C-> ) r -. =Ii E P-4::Ci> ,> X-) ~-q C-) WEAVING AND NETTING Rabbitskin Blankets, Textiles 684. String foundation, hand wrapped . + + + 685. Perforated or split stick to twist skin (on' seif)
* * + + +-+ + 686. 2-pole horizontal frame ...... * * + _ _ _ - - + 686a.Frame vertical * * * * X + 687. Warp wrapped around pegs in ground (+) 688. Wefts of string ...... + + 689. Wefts of fur-wrapped string ...... * * * * X + - + + + 690. Twined across. _-(+) + + (- + + + _ _ 690a.Checker. + + 691. Coiled ...... -C(-)-__(+ + :692. Sex of maker (M,F)...... F M F -k+ MM . M M + F + 693. Robes for sleeping ...... * * * + + + + + + + + + + +1 + + + 694, Robes for wear ...... S S S 695. Twined sweat-pads of Yucca fiber (R). 696. Willow bark (mats, breechcloths, etc.), twined 0 697. Willow bark (mats, breechcloths, etc.), checker . Mats 698. Of tule stems . . . . + (+) + + + + +_ + 699. Of Juncus ...... (+. (-) (+ 700. Twined ...... +. + 701. Sewn ...... + (- + 702. For sleeping mat ...... + ++ _- + \703. For sacred bundle ...... )+ + R R + 't03a.0 For private (shamans')bundles +,+ + Cordage + 704. Apocynum ...... + + S+ 705. Milkweed ...... + + + - + 706. Nettle ...... + - - - 707. Agave or Yucca ...... + + + + S 708. Human hair ...... + + + 709. Whole Yucca, etc., leaves for tying (e.g., house) . + + + + 710. Club for pounding Agave or Yucca leaves. + + + Deer-rib scraper for Apocynum. + + + + 712. Stone scraper for same (makeshift) t...... + - -fi + 713. 2-ply string ...... + + + + + + ++ M+M+ + 714. 3-ply string ...... + + + + (+;a+ 715. Bowstring only ...... + + + ++ 716. Rolled on thigh. +IA + + m + + + 4717. Sex of maker (M,F; + both).. M M MI IA MM+ + MM Nets + + 718. 1 stick for net shuttle (like kite string). - + 718a.Ball of string (no shuttle) . . . . . + + + 719. 2 sticks for net shuttle parallel) . . . . (+, + + + + 720. 2 sticks for net shuttle crossed). . . . . - + 721. Stick for mesh spacer ...... + 722. for mesh + + + + + Fingers spacer. ( # I+ ++0 723.. Reversed slip knot ...... + (+) +IM 724. Square knot. . 725. Men tie nets + + + + + + ++o +I Burdens 726. Large back net ('hammock") ...... + + ++ +++ 727. Woven pack strap ...... + + +-+ + + ++ + + 728. Buckskin pack strap ...... + I- + - - - 729. Across head . v . . . . v ...... + + + ++ + F 4730. Across shoulder, chest ...... 22 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
- -) 03o)@ Cd 4) Cd 0.6. co to-O A Im.. A 9 E. 1.1 1 v I 4) Q W.= 0.4 - I I --4 731. Netted bags ...... I. 732. Used for cleaning cactus fruits, etc. + 733. Coolie yoke. S 734. For strings of fish. + F *735. Carrying on head ...... F F F (-) - F F F F F F F F F F + _-_ + + + 736. Fiber rings for ...... + + + + 737. Jars of water ...... +(-)- + + + 739. Carrying on shoulder ...... + S , 740. Litter (ladder-like) for sick or dead . . - - - + - C-) - R 741. Net for sick or dead ...... + + (+) -
CRADLES
742. U-ladder (Hdbk., pl. 39b). + + + + +-+ 743. Cross sticks extend out. + + + + 744. Cross sticks dowelled, wrapped 745. Twined basketry hood (horizontal warp).'. + + () + +-+ - (+) + + + 746. Plaited, vegetable-fiber belt . . . . + + + + 746a.Buckskin belt .. + +- (+) 747. Belt laced back and forth ...... + + K 748. Wrapped around ...... - - - + + + _ 749. Fiber mattress, woven ... I. 749a.Fiber mattress, unwoven ...... + + + _ _ _ + + + 750. Sex of child indicated . - 751. Colors of wrapping belt (recent ?). +++ ++ 5 -I 752. Hood design ...... - - - 1753. Sex of maker (M,F; + = both)...... F F '-M X 11+ 753a.Cradle strap across forehead ...... + + + + + 753b.Cradle balanced on head ...... S - S S 753c.Cradle held against hip ...... +S POTTERY +~ + + + 754. Temper for clay ...... + + -+ + -(+) I++ 755. Sherd ...... + + -+ + ++- 756. Crushed rock ...... - 757. Ashes (!) ++ + S No tempering (already in clay?) - S '?58. + +-+ + +- ++ 759. Coiled ...... ++ 760. Bottom molded over knee . 761. Bottom molded over pot . - S 762. Paddle and cobble ...... --+ + ++ ++ 762a.Two cobbles ...... _ 763. Paddle and pottery anvil ++ in wood fire ... + + 764. Firing open (-)+ 765. Firing in pit ...... + + Shapes + + + + +i + + + + 766. Rounded bottom . . . . . + + ++ 767. Hemispheroid (sides rounded, max. dia'm. at 'mo'uth) + + + + +1 + + + + R+ 768. Flaring rim. + + + + + + + + 768a.Small-mouthed jar * * * * * * + * * + + + 769. Spheroid (max. diam. at beily). (+ + + 770. Vertical neck ...... + + + (+1 + + + 771. Vertical neck, flaring rim . . 772. Shallow parching tray or dish . + + + + ++ + 773. Oval parching tray ...... 774. Bottom of broken pot for parching tr-ay- S + S R S + + 775. Oval dipper ...... 776. "Bird's-head handle" . . . * * 0 777. Large bowl for ferrying . . . . . * * 778. Rim bound with fiber ...... S '779. Incising ...... + k+) _ _ _ _- _ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V-DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 23
A4 o Q) " 0 wi QS 4) C Plb Cs Cd t*b Cd I $o aj ~r -A4- p r i r-i A ) 4) C1 -')C1 E-4P s:::i 2 0 ma) X) C£ 4 Q p .H 780. Painting (R,B; + = both). F R R R R i G. _- - _- R R R R 781. Handprints . . . . S + 782. Pot-rests of stone . . . 4 + ++ + 4 +3+ t783. Number ...... 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 3 33 31 3
GAMES
_ :784. Ball or Stick Race - MM+++ R M M R M R M M M M M 785. To point and return. +M ++ +++ + 786. Wooden ball...... + ++4 + + + + R + 787. Stone. _++ 788. Thrown with feet. + + ++ +++ ++ + 789. Speed wins ...... + + + 4 ++ +++ 790. One on a side ...... ++ S S 5- + + 791. Two on a side . + + + + S S S+- + 792. Kick alternately, or relay each other + + + + + + t793. Number of sides ...... 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - 2 794. Any ...... 795. Sides are clans ...... 796. Betting ...... + + ++ +++ + + + ++4+ Shinny + R R 797a.Wood ball 797. . + + + ++ + ++ +++ 798. Stuffed buckskin ball . . . * : 798a.Stick for propulsion ...... 799. Bent stick (slightly curved). . . * . ++ +++ 800. Curved stick ...... * 801. Thrown with feet 802. Completely buried at start of game . * + + +1 + ++4+ + + +4 ++ +++ 803. Ball hit on ground ...... + +4 804. Ball picked up and batted . . . . . (+ + + +4 + + +-R(+ 805. Two separate games: "on ground" and "in air"f + +4 ++ 805a.Men and women play 4eparately). . + + + +4 ++ +++ 806. Grappling permitted ...... + + + ++ + + 807. Goal one post each end field . . . . . * - - - 808. Goal 2 posts each end field ...... + 809. Goal line on ground each end field . . + + + + + ++ +++ + 810. One goal wins ...... + + + ++ + + + + + + t812. Definite number on a side ...... 813. Betting ...... 1+ + + (-l' + + .+ +
t814. Hoop and IPzole Game MM lvi M M M R 814a.Plain hoop . . . 815. Cord- or bark-wrapped hoop +i+ 816. Plain + + poles. + (+) 817. Notched poles. * * * * 818. Pole through hoop scores + * 0 + 819. Pole under hoop scores . + + . a - _ * + 820. Pole over hoop scores . . _ a 0 821. + Successive points, only, count * * Number of * - r822. points * 15 4 .(5; 3+ 5 t823. Number of sides. - * * * * 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 tt24. Number on a side ...... 1 1 *14 1 :1 1 1 825. Cast poles in turns . . . . . * * * * 826. Cast poles simultaneously . . + - (+) *+ 827...... + + 1_ Betting . . . . . +(+. + 828. Ring and Pin + + + 828a.One pin ...... + + + + + + + 829. One of . . string rings . . .** . ± 830. With acorn cups .... + 831. With squash rinds + 832. With rabbit skull . . . * . . . . .* 833. Spiral scoring circuit + 24 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
Soo 0 X Cs 4) (d 0.6 03 aS PC-A4-i- p E--j A AA P.-I1=1 A0 r--01) C) C.') C.) C.) C-)A 0 ;4 C/) :p: 4 A i-4 i.-4 . Q .- "=IPI .I C.) .~~~ I _ _ 834. Cup and ball game ...... - ...... + + 835. Feathers with weights of piinon gum...... + +
t*36. Peon ...... M M M(+)M M MM R R M + R M R M 836a."Bones" hollow, cylindrical ...... + + ++ + + + + 837. Wildcat. + + _-+ + + + 838. Coyote + + + 839. Bird...... S + ++ 840. Both of bone ...... S S S + + + ++ + 842. White of bone; black of wood, etc.. S S + + + + + + + + 843. White guessed for . + + + ++ + + + + 844. Position of pairs guessed for. + + + + + + + + + + + R + 845. Wrist or finger loops. R + + R R 846. 4 pairs ...... + + + + + + _-_ 847. Each player holds 1 in 1 hand, other empty ...... 4 4 4 + + + + 849. Arranged behind modern blanket (R) ...... + + + + + + + + 850. Hiding in hands, crossed, under armpits ...... + + t851. Number of players on side ...... 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
1852. Number of counters 15 L5 15 151515 15*- 15 1515 + _ a 853. Referee holds counters at start. +1r + + 854. Referee called "koi'me" ...... t55. Same game played by individuals, 1 arranging all 4 pairs under basket ...... + + ++ (+2 R R - R + + t856. Hidden Ball M X M X m M M R 856a.Stick, pebble, etc., hidden . . . . + ++++ + 857. 4 sand heaps ...... + 858. One guess only ...... + -+ +++ 859. 3 guesses, last counts ...... _ + _- + + t6O. Number of counters ...... L515 15151C 5+ 861. In neutral pile at start + + + + + I)ice Games 862. Wood, split sticks . . . R R+ R:R + R ++ + + 863. Inside painted . + - S + + + + +
864. Wood tablets, painted . * * * * * + '1 S 865. Canes, split ...... + R- 4866. Number of dice 8 4 4 4 4 7 *4 (4) 4 4 8 4867. Number of counters . . . 151515 15 15 *10 204 868. Score marked on ground + + * * + + 869. Scoring circuit; "kill" wrhen meet . ' R 870. Dice thrown in air . . . . . ' + 871. Dice struck on stone . . + 872. Half walnut (?) shells, wdith giumi andc :* ' t873. Number ...... * * * * 0 I 874. Thrown on basket .. *O :
- 16 875. Foot-bone dice (bovine) - - R-- R R R R 876. Single die (faces count). + +
877. Number of counters . . . : '. 0 0 . . Games, Toys t878. Jacks ...... F F F F F F F (). + F F Number 5 - 4879...... * 58 5 5 5.*5 L0 5 -- 880. Stones ...... - + + + + R- 881. Acorns ...... R--+ 882. Acorn top ...... + + + I) + + 883. Pottery disk top ...... F - 884. Cat's cradles ...... R R + + + + 885. Played by (M,F; + = both) .... + + + + + + t886. Juggling with pebbles, acorns, etc F F F F F FF * F - 4887. Juggling with small gourds, etc. + F + t888. Archery games ...... M M LM + *+ 889. marks . + + + Stationary ...... + 890. Mark thrown, shot ...... + + + + + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 25
0 o @3 Q) @ @3 0@3C 0-b cd Cd .-b 94 CT3 ~::-"4-> 0 9 E-1 1 r-i r-I ~-I a) c0 C=l A A Q 1=. 4:. m- 1 t11 MONEY
891. Olivella disk money ...... + + + + + + 892. Ceremonial use only . - + + + + + + + 893. Owned by ceremonial leader + + + + + + 894. Measured around hand ...... + + + + 895. Measured by fathom, or 1/2 fathom . . 896. Imported, not made ...... + + + + + +
PIPES
897. Tubular ...... + + + + + + + + + 898. Cane ...... + + + + + + + + R + + 899. Wood ...... + + + + 899a.Stone ...... + + + + + + + 900. Pottery ...... + + 901. Double-bowl pottery pipe - S S + + + + + + 902. Wild tobacco gathered ...... + + + + 903. Mixed with herbs, etc., for smoking . + -_+ + + + + + + 904. Stored in jar ...... + S 905. Stored in trinket basket + + + 906. Stored in canes (prepared cigarettes) 907. Young men smoke ...... 0 908. Women smoke. S - - - -- S ++ 909. Tobacco eaten as emetic. a + +-_
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
910. Gourd rattle with palm seeds (-1 +) R + + + + + 911. Gourd rattle with pebbles . . . (+1 + R R R R R R + + + + + + 914. Turtle-shell rattle ...... + + 915. Imported ...... * * * + + + + ++ _++ 916. Deer-hoof rattle ...... + + + + + 917. Hooves in bunch ...... + + + 0 . . 918. Loop handle. + 19. Split-stick rattle ...... 2 sticks . . . ++_ B20. tapped together + (+, 921. Notched rasp ...... + + + + *22. Basket scraped ...... Basket .+ + 923. drummed + + + * * I* 924. Bull-roarer ...... + + . + + _ + 925. Edges notched ...... ,++ 926. Ceremonial use only (to assemble + + + 927. Toy ...... ++- + + 928. Musical bow ...... * *1 + 929. Hunting bow used . . . - - + 930. Bone whistle (single) . j+ + (-, + * * I* 931. Wood whistle (cane or elder). R + + 932. Gourd stem (?)...... 933. Amusement (imitate bird calls, e + 934. Flute ...... R + + + + + +(+ + 935. Wood or cane + + + +- t36. Number of holes ...... 4 + ++ :4)4 6 + 4 4+ 4 937. Mouth blown ...... ++. + + (+ + 938. End blown . + + + + + + + + 939. Amusement only + + + 939a.Plageolet ......
CALENDARS AND COUNTING
+ .. . - 940. 6-month calendar round ...... (+ + 941. Solstices recognized (by natural landmarks) . * * * (+) + 941a.Seasonal names only (?) ...... 9 . : 26 ANTHROPOLDGICAL RECORDS
> o aS 0 Cd 4) ad cc P-b 0 adS - 4 - i E-4 A Cg :3 1. 8 #-- c144) i-4 i4 i..4 Q 942. Stars as month markers . * (-) . . *+: + 43. Stars as season markers (?). ::::::00 + + (+2 + (+) - - - - - 944. Numeral system decimal . . . . 0 0 0 0 * 945. Quinary: counting by fives only :::'o::: + + + + + + + 946. Quinary ...... 0000000 0 : : : :
ASTRONOMY, ETC.
+ + + + 947. Orion - mountain left-handed hunter and arrow . . . * + sheep, + .+ 948. Pleiades - 3 (?) girls or women ...... + * + 949. N. star = rump (of wildcat ? ) represented by constella- . tion which revolves about it ...... + (+) + (+: + 950. N. star - one end of Coyote's net ...... 951. Milky Way - Dust (ashes) road ...... + (+) + 952. Milky Way = Wildcat's road ...... + + - 953. Milky Way = Sky's back, or backbone ...... + 955. Hand, fingers ...... (+: 956. Buzzard ...... + + *.+ + 957. Coyote...... :. + _ 0 + . + 958. Coyote's cane ...... -. + - 959. Coyote's ears ...... + 960. Coyote's testes ...... 961. Lazy star ...... 962. -Jealous star ...... 963. Falling stars = star feces ...... + + + + + + . + + _ 964. Indifferent (not omen) ...... 4. .+ ++++ + + + + + + +.) 965. Tobacco thrown by spirits ...... 4. + + + + 966. Meteor cannibal spirit ...... + + + + + + + 968. Bad omen or dangerous ...... 4. 4- + + *+ 969. Eclipse of moon caused by spirits eating moon 4. + + + + + 970. Dragonflies eating moon ...... 971. Shamans watch (to see who will die)...... 4- +++ 972. Shamans try to call spirits back ...... 4. + _ _ 973. People sing, shout ...... + 4. + 974. Turn vessels over ...... +' 4. 974a.Children hidden ...... + +) + New Moon Observances, etc. + 975. Running + + + 4. + + + 4. 976. Shouting (for health, long life, etc. ) +. + + 4. + + + 977. Bathing ...... + -+ + + + 4. B78. .'osition of horns significant + + + + 979. Horizontal'- rain ...... * * 980. Horizontal - drought. 4. 981. Vertical - rain .. + 4. 982. Vertical = drought . + + Various 983. Rainbow shows where caterpillars fall +++ + + 984. Rainbow shows where wild seeds fall . . . 985. Rainbow not pointed at ...... + + + + + 986. Rainbow = Wolf s guts (myth) ...... 987. Thunder male ...... 4. * (+) + (+) - 988. Thunder small boy running. + 989. Thunder (loud) old woman ...... I-) 990. Thunder caused by Wolf. 4.) 991. Dislikes pregnant women (must hide). + + + + ++ + 992. Lightning = his throwing stick ...... +. - t+) - 993. Lightning - his arrow . - 994. Earthuake person under worldturning over + t995. Sun(au,F)'. ...1...... X X * * * * t996. Moon (M,F). FFFFF F F 0 . . . 997. Sky, Earth =M,F. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 27
0 o c' o) w gi a) gj t.-b Cd Cd P-tl cd -3 r-i r-i r- -) C.:) C l)C) C2 f:::i A CO) C:: Cp:PL ~ C-g Q f=l
998. Coyote in moon...... 999. 4 cardinal directions ...... + + ++ + + (++ + + + + *+ + L000. 4-color direction symbolism ...... + 1001. 4 sacred mountains ...... + a lOOla.l sacred mountain (from which people dispersed)
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION Marriage 1002. Arranged by parents ...... + + 1003. Presents (indeterminate amount), for bride . . + + + + + + +(5+ + S S 1004. Food presents (only) for bride ...... S + + + + 1005. No payments or presents ...... S S - - S + + + + ++ + 1006. Baskets, food, exchanged ...... + 1007. Marriage feast by groom's side ...... + + S S S _-S- SS+ S 1008. First residence patrilocal ...... + + + + + + + + ++
1009. Husband's house ...... + + + + S S + + S parents' +-S(++ S + -+++ + 1010. First residence matrilocal ...... S - S - S-S + 1011. Ill-thought of ...... + + + +++ 1012. Wife's parents' house ...... S - S - 1013. Final residence patrilocal ...... + + + + 1015. Final residence matrilocal ...... S - S - + - + _+ + 1017. No definite rule ...... - - - rie (+)+ + + + + 1018. Polygyny . . . . . + - S + - S + + 1019. Sororate (simultaneous). + + n.l: ++ * * + + 1020. Sororate (successive) ...... + + + 1021. Sororate optional ...... + + ++.++++ + + *(+) + ++ + 1022. Levirate (any kinsman of husband) ...... + + + + + + + 1023. Optional ...... + - ++ 1024. Child betrothal . +-+ + 1025. Child betrothal: rare. + + ++ + (+ + + 1026. Moiety exogamy . + + 1027. Moiety exogamy observed in marriages to other t: 1028. Clan exogamy {exclusive of no. 1026). + ++ + + 1029. Marriage into mother's clan permitted (if no kii S 1030. Marriage of (recognized) kin taboo. + + + + + ¶Berdaches 1041. Berdaches ...... + 1042. Berdaches live with men S - s + 1043. Female berdaches. - - 0 1044. Berdache-making ritual ...... - - - Divorce, Adultery, etc. 1045. Divorce for ...... + + + + + + laziness . . + + + + + + )+ + 1046. Divorce for incompatibility ...... + + + (-) + + + + 1047. Divorce for barrenness ...... + + + + + + + (-) + + + + + + 1048. Divorce for infidelity ...... + + + + (-) + + + + 1049. Adulterous wife and paramour not killed ...... S + + + (-) + + + + 1050. Remarriage of widow (not levirate) without payments + ++ + + + + 1051. No definite rule for custody of children . . . . . + 1052. Woman takes children ...... + + Kinship Usages 1053. Mother-in-law, son-in-law restrictions + 1054. Respect ("no obscenity") ...... R 1055. Speak little ...... 1056. For life ...... + 1057. Father-in-law, daughter-in-law restrictions . . + 1058. Respect ("no obscenity") ......
1059. Brother-sister restrictions ...... + + + + 1060. Speak little...... _+ 28 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
I ro X3 a) 4) P-b ad ad Cd 1-4-' A r-40.1- a) a) C)OC' c) E. 1=1 1=1 0 y) 1= 9: X- OAC.IV,> Q 9 4=1 9=1 .--q
1061. Respect ("no obscenity") ...... + - + 1062. Joking relationships . + + + + 1063. Anyone of opposite moiety. + (+) + 1064. Mother's brother (recipr.). +_ + + + + + - - - 1065. Mother's sister (recipr.)...... _ _ 1066. Father's brother (recipr.). _ _ )( ) - - - - + + 1067. Father's sister (recipr.)...... _ _ + 1068. Cross-cousins same sex ...... _ _ + + + ++() 1069. Cross-cousins opposite sex. _ _ 1070. Grandparents ...... _ _ 4- + + + 4- + + +' (+)(+' 1071. Brothers-in-law sisters-in-law . . . 1072. Brother-in-law may name dead . + + (+)- - - 1073. Adoption of captive children ...... - - - - - 1074. Prisoner "slaves" (war captives). - - - - - 1074a.Killed for revenge. - - - - 1075. Female war captives ...... - - - - - 1076. Not violated ...... Sociopolitical Organization +
1077. Large tribes ...... + - 1078. Wildcat-Coyote exogamous moieties. - - - - 1078a.Nonlocalized patrilineal clans ...... * * 0 a 0 - (+)(+) 1078b.Women carry clan names * . * * 1079. Localized clan lineages (named). 0 0 0 - (-)(-) + . 0 0 0 - - 1080. Ceremonial units. + +
- - - - - 1081. Priest-fetish-house complex . * * 1082. Linked ceremonial relationships + + + 1083. Parties (as ceremonial units) ...... in o R
- - - - 1084. Nonhereditary ...... *0 * * 0 1085. Priest-fetish-house complex . - - - - - 1086. Nonexogamous ...... + ------1086a.Linked ceremonial relationships . . - - - 1087. No change of affiliation at marriage another party) ...... + Chiefs and Officials 1088. Chief called net, nuut, nota ...... + + + + + +- + -+ 1089. Chief called kiko . . . . ------+ + + + + + . 1090. Chief called kwaipai ...... ------...... 1091. Chief called kwoxot + ...... _ _ Chief called towintem . - 0 - 1092. + + + 1093. Hereditary ...... + (+) + + + +++ (+: 1094. Primogeniture ...... + + + + 1095. Any son (most able)...... -(+)+ 1096. Brother (before son) ...... - - - 1097. Woman could be .. + + -- + - - + + ++ 1098. Nonhereditary ...... + *++ 1099. Informally acknowledged ...... (+ .~~~~(-F ++ 1100. Dream power ...... + 4- in ceremonial house + + 1101. Owned, lived + + Custodian of sacred bundle ...... 1102. + + and directed rituals ...... + ++- 1103. Called + + + +-- 1104. (Nominal) owner of wild-food tracts . . . . ++ 1105. Owned eagles + + + + + + + + + + 1106. Cared for captive eaglets ...... 1107. Prayed or sang first at rituals ...... 1108. Spoke, "counseled" people . + + 1109. Kept scalps and captives ...... 1109a.Was expected to give feasts, be generous + 1110. One for tribe ...... 1111. One for each clan . . . . 1112. One for each clan lineage ...... + t ) + 1113. One for each party R + 1113a.One for each district ...... CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V-DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 29
II 0 o ci ) Cd Cd (1) cd .. A cd cd .>q a Co E-4 P. r-i r-I 'J) C) C-) C-) C-) C)D CN ;s C21 u .-4 .-4 Q Q tl'-lA C-) r- Assistant Chief 1114. Called takwa ( "a" in nos. 1122-1144). ++ + + + + + *+ 1115. paha (= "b") ...... * 1116. kutvavanavac ("c"). * * 1117. kutvovac d") ...... +++ 1118. pumutcvi ("ell) .0 ...... , . . . . . -+ + 1119. kaponyal ("f") ...... 1120. kopitchitc, kwitchuip kwusesetcatc ("g") d - t1122. Hereditary (+ all; a-f, see 1114-1120) f f() 1123. Primogeniture ...... + + hun* ggg 1124. Any son (most able)...... - - (e + + * .* t1125. Selected by chief ...... + a + + * .* t1126. Woman could be ...... + f f-- _ *b_ + 11129. Chief's messenger ...... b b b b a d + 11130. Chief's announcer . b b b b a g f +ff+ :1131. Divided food (at rituals). * . a b b b a d b*e e g f f +f- 11132. Rabbit-drive boss (lit fire to assemble men for b b b b a d b b - g g + fg + 1133. Kept order at rites ...... b a d f 11134. Carried ceremonial wand at rites ...... bbb-e(b)b - g 4 :1135. "Clowning" at rites ...... * .* b b a b(b- f f + Fire or water thrown on . :1136. sleepers . . . b b a b f f + t1137. On poor dancers ...... b f 1138. Painted half red and half black ...... b (b, f t1139. Led "blowing" (ritual grunting expiration). . . b b b b e f f t1140. Used bull-roarer to assemble people ...... b a b b b f 11141. Fire tender at rituals ...... b a +i a e e f. t1142, Burned dead...... a * a $; t`143. "Ceremonial cannibalism" a a e + + 1144. One for each clan or party ...... + + 4 1146. Separate war chief ...... 1147. By dream power ...... 1148. Keeper of scalps ...... 1149. Special war regalia ...... 1150. Feathered stave ("banner") ...... 1151. Two eagle feathers in hair. ------1152. Red paint on hair ...... ------1153. All-black face (body) paint ...... ------
1154. Orators . - - - - 1155. Office from dream power . . . - - - 4 1156. Temporary rabbit-drive boss (chief appoints).. - - - 1157. Temporarily appointed fire tender ...... 1158. Clan chiefs (not ceremonial leaders). . . . . *Property and Inheritance
1159. Land held in ...... - - - . --+ commonalty . 1- 1160. Clan-owned gathering tracts . . . + ++ + + ++ - - - 1161. Chief nominal owner of lands ...... i+)(+)(- 1162. Privately (household) owned tracts . . . . + + s - - + i+)(+)(+: 1164. Privately (household) owned fields ...... + 5-- + + 1165. Boundaries recognized by natural landmark . . . S + + * + (+) @ ++ + + 1166. Boundaries marked with stones, etc...... S + + 1167. Clan-owned eagle nests ...... + + 1168. Moiety-owned songs ...... + + + - - - +I 1169. Clan-owned songs ...... + + (+) 1171. Privately owned (shamans') songs . +- 1172. "All" property destroyed at (after) death . . . + + + + + + + 1175. Wrestling match to settle boundary disputes . . Warfare 1176. No real wars ...... 1177. Feuds over poaching, witchcraft, murder, etc. 30 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
-4 G) 'o p CE r--iO."g r..A a) CO) @-A~ =1 I In QQ 2 c:.
1178. War for adventure ...... ______(+) ______1179. War dance of incitement ...... - - - 1180. Feast, "good time" for departing warriors - - - - ______1181. War'dreams by chief. ______+ ______1182. By war leader - - - + - - - - ______1183. War omens: animal into bad - - - coming camp + + 1184. Lunar eclipse bad ...... - - - - ______+
_ _ 1185. Solar eclipse good . - - - _ _ _ _ - - - -
_ _ _ 1186. War paint black ...... - - - _ _ _
_ _ 1187. Red paint on hair ...... - - - _ _ ._ _
_ _ _ - - - _ _ _ 1188. Feathers tied in hair . . . . . II 1189. Radiating feather bonnet on net foundation - - - ______
_ _ 1190. Declaration of war, and prearranged battles - - - _ _ _ _ +
_ _ _ _ _ 1192. Surprise attacks ...... - - - _ I+ 1193. Lone enemy ambushed . . . + + + + + + +
_ _ 1194. Divided armament (bowmen, clubmen, etc.) - - - _ _ _ _ 1195. Scouts ...... ______
_ _ 1196. Owl calls...... - - - _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ 1197. War chief office . .. . - - - _ _ _
_ _ _ 1198. Peace chief accompanies party . . - - - _ _ _ 1199. Peace chief does not fight ...... ______1200. Scalps taken ...... _ _ $ _ _ + _ _ + _ _ + +I 1201. Scalp: whole skin of head with ears . . 1202. Special scalper (dreams power to scalp) _ _ * _ _ + - 1203. Returned warriors purified . _ _ + _ _ + 1204. Fast (meat, salt taboo). _ _ + _ _ @ 1205. Bathe ...... _ _ + _ _ 1206. Vomit (emetic or irritant) .. _ _ + _ _ :1207. Number of days of restrictions . . . _ _ * _ _ - 4 1208. Victory dance with scalp on pole . . . . . _ _ (+) _ _ _ 1209. Women captives enslaved ...... ______1210. Sometimes killed for revenge ...... ______1211. Children captives adopted ...... ______1212. High esteem of bravery . . . . . ______+) LIFE CRISES Birth Medical Treatment 1214. Parturition in dwelling house ...... + R + +S+ S 1214a.Parturition outside (but no hut for) ++ + +++ + + + + + + 1214b.Parturient sits at delivery ...... * * * ++ + + + + 1214c.Parturient kneels at delivery . . . * * * (-)R - 1214d.Supported from rear by midwife. + + + + + + 0 + 1214e.Holds to cords from roof. . -E- - + _ _ _ R - R- R + 1215. Holds to stake ...... _ lb _ _ _-_ * 4. + + + + 1216. Midwife assists . * * * - - R+ + S 1217. Shaman assists difficult births. S S ++ -+ '1218. Navel cord bitten off. * * * 4. 1219. Navel cord cut with stone knife. _ * * (-) + + 1220. Navel cord buried ...... flaten + ++ + 4. ++ ++ + + + S 1221. Navel cord placed in cave ...... + . 1222. Afterbirth buried ...... 4. + + 1223. Afterbirth buried in house ...... * * *O .
1224. Childbirth drink for mother ...... * . .* 4.+-++ . + + '1225. "Baking" in shallow brush-lined pit...... -3_-- 1226. Child's head, face shaped" . . 1227. Child laid on back of head to produce occipital ing ...... +O +O + 1228. Mother and child bathed daily ...... p1229. Mother remains in pit . . . days. . 4+ - - 20wkwkwk4 4 4 tL230. Mother remains in pit "month" . _. 1232. Navel cord detaches in . . . days . fk 3+ .k5 nk2 4 4 1233. Mother's breasts "doctored" to cleanse . . CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V-DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 31
aS O1)a 0-b A Cd Cd P-bA C(9.4 ?S'A 4) c1 c E-1 1 -I 0) )C-) C-)C) C) 4.4 9=1 a Cl) CR q .:: p Restrictions on Mother Cd 1234. Cold water taboo ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 1235. Meat, fat taboo ...... + + + + + + + + + + (-)+ + 4 4 1236. Salt taboo ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 + 1237. Scratching stick ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 + 1238. Work taboo ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4 + + + + 1240. Loud talk taboo ...... + (+ + (-)- + 1241. Purification rite to remove taboos + + (+) + + + + + + + -4 4 1242. Bathing ...... + + + + + + _-4 4 1243. Emetic ...... + + + + _ w t1244. Face painted (R,B,W) ...... 41244a.Duration of food, etc., taboos . . . days - 40- - 40- - . _ _ _ 4 + 1245. Duration of food, etc., taboos "month" (+.l + + + + Restrictions on Father + + + + + + + 1246. Meat, fat taboo ...... * * * * + (+) + -f 4 + Salt taboo ...... * + + + + 1247. + + . + + + + 1248. Cold water taboo . . + 1249. Scratching stick . . 0 + 1250. Bathes daily for 4 days. + ** * 1251. Agricultural work taboo ...... 1252. Hunting, fishing taboo ...... * * + + + * * + q 1253. Travel taboo ...... + + 1254. Lies down. + +_ _ * 1255. Gathers firewood, etc. (for woman's pit).. 0
. * + + + + + + + + + 4 1256. Gambling taboo ...... I days 1257. Some men have good luck at this time . . . + + _ _ a 1258. Runs for endurance - - - - n259. Duration of restrictions (other than food) 3+940 * xC a A40 * o - wk2+ 4 - 4 4 1260. Duration of food taboos ...... - wk * 303 4 4 1261. Sex restrictions till child weaned . *1 * * + + 1'i262. Sex restrictions . . . months. * * 6+ 1 -3a2 E2 1
*
Various a * 1263. Infanticide: deformed killed .obe. day S -(+) * (+ + 1264. Abortion: by binding . . . + + (+) 1265. Abortion: by lifting . . . + + 1266. Abortion: blows ...... * * O* * by both -, 1267. Twins not killed; esteemed . . . + + + + 1268. Twins visited by older twins * : + + + If one * * + + + + _ + ++ + *1269. dies, other will follow * 1+ 1270. Twins have special power ("one or sure shaman") ...... + + S + + 1271. Special heaven for soul.s of twins - - - 1272. Reincarnation of dead twins . 1273. Presents given to twins for luck + + + + + 0 Mutilations 1274. Ears pierced soon after birth (0-3 yrs.) . . . + + + + + --_+ *._+ _ _ _ + 1274a.Ears in childhood ...... + pierced . . . . . + 1275. Ears pierced at puberty ...... _ _ _ 1276. Nose piercing soon after birth ...... (+) + + + 1277. Nose piercing at puberty ...... _ _ _ + 1278. Piercer a kinsman ...... S 1279. Piercer paid . . + - 1282. Nose piercing "any time" . Girl's tattoo 1283. before . . - - puberty...... (-O 1284. Girl's + (-2 tattoo at puberty . .... + (C- + + 1285. Girl's tattoo after puberty ;"any time") .. ,- 1286. Boy's tattoo after puberty ( any time') . +t 1287. Milk teeth thrown at rising sun . . + S (-) +. + + + (+1- 1288. Milk teeth thrown over child's head by relative 32 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
Cd 4) (d t>b Cd Cd .-* Cd d S a) aS aS j~-' -:' 0 p E-4 P. A r-i A a a) C)C) C.) C) :j A 9::. 0 CO A) 1.4 1-4 Q .:: 9:. (::. :>4 It--Il Names 1289. Naming soon after birth ...... + + 1290. Naming ca. puberty ...... + + 1291. Fiesta for naming ...... (+) + 1292. Family affair only ...... + *+ AI 1293. Naming at time of another ritual . . . + 1294. Naming by mother's brother ...... + 1295. Naming by paternal kinsman . S + 1296. Ears and nose pierced same time . . . . + 1297. Enemy songs sung ...... + 1298. Names used in address ...... + + + + AI
Girls' Puberty + + + ++ Restrictions + 1299. Meat taboo ...... + 1300. Grease taboo ...... 1301. Salt taboo + + + + + i 1302. Cold water taboo + _-_ + - Ti303. Duration food taboos: . . . days 3+ *4+303+5 _ wk- 3 3 1304. Duration food taboos: indefinite . . . + + + 1305. Girl confined in house ...... + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 1306. Girl talks little ...... + 1307. Girl sleeps little + + + + + + ++_ 1308. Girl may not work ...... + + 1309. Girl covered or veiled to go outside + + + + 1310. Rabbitskin robe over head . . . + + + + + 1311. Basket over head ...... + 1312. "Brush" visor ...... + + 1313. Scratching stick of wood ...... + + + + + + + + + + +- + 1314. Face paint (R,B,W; + = all) ...... Public Rite with Pit Roasting 1315. For all girls + + + +I+ (+, ++(+) + -4 ...... + 1317. One at a time (i.e., at first menses) ...... + - - - - - 4 1318. Several together, only one menstruating ...... + 1319. Several together, all prepubescent ...... + ++ *+ + 1320. Prominent men's daughters only ...... +- - - -- (-) - (+) $1321. Season (W,Sp,Su,F) ...... Su - ai3 SuSuSpcF) + ...... - - - - 4 1322. No fixed season . . . . . - 1323. Clan or party ceremony ...... + + + + + *+ + t324. Rite conducted by affiliated clan or party + 1325. Pit in ceremonial enclosure ...... + + + + + ++ 1327. Pit outdoors (no enclosure) ...... - - - 4 t:t328. Girl(s) in pit . . . days ...... 1 1 3 - 7 3+~ 3 3 4+ 7 303 *4 4 1329. Rite conducted by paha ...... + + 1330. Rite conducted by ceremonial assistant (if different) 4 1331. Girls cared for by old woman + + + 4 1332. Each girl cared for by separate woman sponsor . 1333. Girl(s) brought to pit ritually ...... + ++ --+ 1334. Covered with mat or blanket ...... + 1335. Face covered with "grass" or "brush" visor + 1336. Girl(s) carried to pit by women . + 1337. Tobacco drink as virtue test (before enter pit) - (4- ++ + +-+ 1338. Tobacco drink as emetic ...... + 1339. Girls covered with "brush" in pit ...... + + + + 4 1340. Faces covered with cap ...... +-_ __ + 1341. Faces covered with openwork basket ...... 1342. Faces covered with brush visor ...... _+ - + 1343. Laid face down . .h.".o... flow + 1344. Girl(s) wore "crown" of "brush," or flowers + 1345. Girl(s) wore flower garlands on arms, legs . . . . . *1 1346. Girl s) wore human-hair bands on arms, legs . . . . . ++ + + + 1347. Girl(s) wore hunger belts - + CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V-DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 33
0Oo 0 w l2E) 0C Ii C) $=% C.) 3P4rH0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C-. :1348. Faces painted (R,B,W) ...... * * * - B - + + 1349. White paint blown on with mouth ...... + + _ + * 1350. Tattooed at this time ...... + - -_- + + 1351. Girl(s) fed in pit by old woman ...... * * * + 1352. Girl(s) fed in pit by ceremonial assistant + ++ + * 1353. Backs stepped on "to make straight". + 1354. Hot stone placed on belly . . . . _++ (+) + + * * * 1356. Girl(s) taken out of pit by day . in net: -_+_ 1357. Make flower garlands in hills . . . 1358. Carried on women's back ...... 1359. Girl(s) taken out of pit at night ...... + + + +-- 1360. Girl(s) in pit not touched by hand, turned over + Dancing at Rite 1361. Women dance, in day time...... + + + + + + + + + + + 1362. Around pit, clockwise ...... + + + 1363. Around pit, counterclockwise ...... -++ + + 1364. Around pit, alternate directions ...... + _+_ - B- 1365. In line ...... + + 1366. Women wear "brush" crowns ...... + + + + + + 1367. Women carry branches in hands ...... + + + + + + + + 41368. Women paint (R,B,W; + = all)...... B + + W + W 1369. Special songs for women's dancing ...... + + + + + + + 1370. Enemy songs sung ...... + + 1371. No instruments ...... + + 1372. Men dance with women (day time) ...... 1373. Men dance separately (day time) ...... 1374. Men sing only (day time) ...... + 1376. Men dance Toloache at night ...... + + R - + . 1377. Men use Toloache regalia ...... + + 1378. Men use turtle-shell rattles ...... + 1379. Men use gourd rattles ...... 1380. Men use deer-hoof rattles. -_ 1381. Men sing, dance enemy songs at night 1382. Singing, no dancing . . . Conclusion of Rite a 1383. Sand painting made ...... 4 ++
+ 1384. Sky, constellations, etc., painted ...... +) 1385. Birds, animals ...... + *+
1386. Chungichnish represented ...... _ 0 1387. Painting made of colored earths, seeds, etc...... + 1388. Girl(s) spit in center of sand painting. * )- 1389. Each girl spits in separate place ...... C)+ 1390. Girl(s) spit in 3 holes, jump over them . . . . 1391. Spitting is "to see if will live long". . ++_ 1392. Girls "deloused" (leaves, etc., combed from hair) 1393. Combings buried ...... *- 1394. Hunger belts, regalia, etc., buried . . . . + 1395. Hunger belts, regalia, etc., placed in tree . . . . 1397. Seclusion, food restrictions, etc., after sand painting 1398. Till next new moon ...... + + 1399. Indefinite period ...... 1400. Bathing to remove taboos . ()+) + 1401. Emetic to remove taboos 1402. Family feast to remove taboos . . . (+) +++ 1403. Girls painted (R,W,B; + = all)...... R 1404. Moiety patterns: spots, Wildcat; lines, Coyote + 1406. Daily patterns (i.e., varied) * * * 1407. Girls bathed ritually ...... + + + + 1408. Girls race ...... + + -(+ 1409. Girls race anyone can join ...... 1409a.Girl runs (not race) ...... + 1410. Rock painting . . . . - - - - I I 1411. Rite only once for each girl ...... + ++++ + + + + + + + + 34 A1NTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
a Cd 4) 03 03 0 ~AS 0 r-40.0.9 r-I1114A 0 E. 1. c:i 1::. A 0) @1~4- C-Di 0-4 114 Q !Q 1=1 C:l CD -4 4 - Menstrual Customs (mature women) 1412. Seclusion in dwelling house . . + + 4. + + _ _+ + + + 1413. Seclusion in menstrual hut + + + + + + + + 1414. Scratching stick . . . . . + + + + + + 1415. Meat, grease taboo ...... ++ + + + + + + + 1416. Salt taboo ...... + it + + + + + 4. + 1417. Cold water taboo ...... + + 4- + - - + - + + +~ + 1418. Cooking for others taboo ...... + (+) + 1419. Bathing taboo ...... + 4+++ ++ + + 1420. Basketmaking, etc. taboo + 4. + + + 421. Use of face paint taboo. 422. Duration of restrictions . . . days . 4+ IC 8 3 4+ 4:.3+4+34 4 1422a."About a week"...... + 4L 4L 4. + + 1423. Bathing, fumigating self to remove taboos + + + + + + + ++ + + + + 1424. Emetic to remove taboo ...... 4.) + _-+ + +- +++ 4. 1425. Restrictions extend to husband . + + + + +-_+ + + + 1426. Meat, fat taboo + + (+) + + + + (+- + 1427. Salt taboo ...... + + (+) + + + (4 1428. Cold water taboo ...... + + (+) + + 1429. Scratching stick ...... + + 1431. Hunting or fishing taboo . + 1432. Hunts for others ...... + _- _
Boys' Puberty Restrictions (at puberty or initiation) 1433. Meat, fat taboo . . . . . + + + + + +I+ + + + + + ...... * * * + + + + 1434. Salt taboo * * + + + 4. ++ +-- 1435. Cold water taboo . . . +. + + + + + 1436. Partial fasting (unsalted acorn gruei only) + -4+ + + 1437. Head scratcher used . . . * + 1437a.Boys taught ...... *O
Boys' Puberty Rite 1438. Nose piercing as boys' puberty rite .... ------+ + 1439. Separate fiesta 4. At ...... 1440. mourning ceremony - - S
1441. At time of girls' pit roasting . . . - - - - - + 1442. Boys secluded ...... 1443. Boys fast (partially). . + + 1444. Boys sleep face down "to heal nose". ------1445. Boys instructed (moral lectures) + 1446. Backs stepped on to make straight + + 1447. Boys run (not race) ...... - - - - -_
-+ + + - Toloache Initiation 1452. At regular intervals ...... 1453. At irregular intervals + + + + 1454. For all males (compulsory)...... + + (4.) ------
1455. Open to all (voluntary) ...... -(-) + *1456. Those who have or want shamanistic power (C-) men's sons ...... + 1456a.Prominent only - - (-2 *L457. Clan or party ceremony (from one only). - + + I 1459. Instruction of boys before toloache taking + + 1460. After toloache taking ...... - - - - - *- 1461. In special (secret) enclosure . . . + + + - + - -I4. 1462. Dances taught ...... - - - +- + :4- 1463. Songs taught ...... + + + +- 1464. Only those who wanted to be singers taught - + . . + + + 1465. Sponsors teach boys individually . . . + ++ - 1466. Boys fast (partial) ...... + + + 1+ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 35
U) ~-b ' Eq X - Oc I: a44) C. Cd )- CoQL) C.3 C) C-) C :3 : I,..l ~- 1- Toloache Giving + . . . . . + (-) + - - - . . . . . - - 1467. In ceremonial enclosure ...... (-)
...... 1468. In enclosure . . . . (+)- specially built . + ++ 1469. Initiates brought in en masse . I nit ia tes brought . in 1 by . . . 1 ...... 1471. Initiates brought in walking (normally) ...... + ...... 1472. Initiates brought in running ...... + + ...... in . . . . . + 1473. Initiates brought crawling . . . + -- . . bird, animal calls . . . . . 1474. Initiates . imitate . . + 1475. Those who have power only (+) +
1476. Shamans imitate bird, animal ...... 1477. Regalia of initiates: plumed sticks head . + 1478. 2 vertical feathers
- 1479. 2 horizontal feathers - - - -- 1480. "Brush" crown ...... 1481. "Brush" visor ...... 1482 Down rope ...... +++ 1483. Plumed sticks, hand-held . + +I 1484. Hunger belts. + = +h + $1485. Paint (R,B,W; all) . . . . . 1486. White blown on with mouth 1487. Moiety patterns: spots Wildcat
= 1488. Moiety patterns: lines Coyote .
...... 1489. Director ceremony: paha . . . . . + + of . . . + . . . . . 1490. ceremony: takwa . . . . . Director of . . . . 1491. Director of ceremony: kutvovac . . 1492. Director of ceremony: kwaipai ("chief") . B()++) - . . . . . 1492a.Director: kaponyal ...... down-string 1493. Director's regalia: headband . ++4+
1494.Yellowhammer-feather band as belt 11495. "Blinders" of yellowhammer feathers * + sticks on head + 1496. Plumed + - - . 1497. Plumed sticks hand-held . + + + 1498. Long erect eagle (?) feathers
1499. Erect stick with snake rattles . 1500. Hunger belt $1501. Paint (R,B,W; + = all). 'RBD RR +++ 1502. Paint: half red, half black .
1503. Ceremonial wand, hand-held (not s - - 1503a.Ceremonial wand: crystal in end ...... 1504. Painted. . 1505. Decorated with snake rattles.
1506. Used to bewitch misbehavers, etc. + . . ++ S
Long yellowhammer bands hung on walls . . . 1507......
1508. Eagle-feather skirt hung on walls ......
1511. Toloache mixed in sacred mortar . . +++ ...... + + . 1512. Toloache mixed by chief ......
1513. Toloache by ceremonial assistant mixed ...... 1515. Tobacco mixed with toloache o 1518. Toloache infusion applied externallytosmall boys + + . 1519. Novices dance after drink ...... ++ 1520. Novices dance assisted by sponsors + . . 1523. Novices die if vomit ...... 1524. Novices all become intoxicated......
1525. Only some become intoxicated ...... 1 1526. Only those who have shamanistic
L527. Novices acquire shamanistic ...... S + . 1528. Novices dance . . nights. 3 3 3 3 3 + 1534. Novices fast (during rite)...... + . + 1535. Ant fortitude ordeal ...... 1536. Whipping with nettles...... + + + 1537. Brushing with owl-feather bunches ...... 1538. Sand-painting altar ...... 1539. Content.-direction cords (+) + * 1540. Painting with colored earths, seeds., etc. 1>I + + +1 - 36 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
1- Cd 4) od 1:1--b 0 ad Cd P-b I E-4 p -14 ar-I A C.) C.:) C.:) C. n :s :9 . 9:. Cl)p- C-) 14 .-4 2 1=1 ) 1541. Sun, moon, stars painted ...... 1542: Milky Way painted ...... t + ++ + + 1543. World painted ...... 1544. 4 sacred mts. (4 directions ? ) . 1545. 1 sacred mt...... + * 1546. Animals painted ...... 0+ 1547. Birds painted ...... - 1548. Snakes painted ...... 1549. Chungichnish painted ...... 0 * +
1550. Novices spit in sand painting. . . .. 1551. Novices jump over sand painting ......
- - - -I + + 1552. Novices jump over pit ...... + + *++* 1553. Novices jump over pit; Wanawut figure in bottom (+)- ( 1554. Novices jump over pit; sand painting in bottom + 1555. Novices jump in pit. *0 1556. Novices jump on stones in pit. + --+ - + - -0 1557. Novices jump on stones, not in pit + + * + * * + 1558. Die if fall ...... + + + 1559. Novices ritually bathed ...... + 1560. Novices ritually deloused ...... + + + + 1561. Novices painted (R,B,W; + = all). + + 1562. Hunger belts, etc., buried + + + 1563. Hunger belts, etc., kept in bundle ...... - - - - I 1564. Ritual crawling to conclude rite ...... 1565. Those with strongest power "die" ...... 1566. Pole climbing ...... 1567. Foot race ...... + - +@+ a 1568. Enclosure burned ...... ++++ 1569. Boys' noses pierced. . .1...... 1570. Girls' puberty rite ...... 1571. House + -- + + + burning ... + -- - 1573. "Ceremonial road" (q.v.).. . . + 1574. Image ceremony ...... 1575. Eagle killing ...... + 1576. To cure snake bite .... . + + + 1577. To ward off disease, disaster: +++ + 1578. After bad dream ...... 1579. When snake enters house ...... +++++ 1580. When skunk enters house ...... + .+ . 1581. When wildcat enters house ...... + + ++@ 1582. When regalia "talk" ...... + + +- 1583. When Tatahuila dancer falls, etc, ...
1584. As shamans' demonstration ...... o *1584a.To cure sickness caused by ceremony .... 4. Death Treatment of Corpse 1585. Corpse immediately out of house ...... 4- . *1586. Corpse kept in house overnight ...... + 1587. Corpse washed ..... 0 - +- 1588. Corpse painted, dressed up ++- 0 1589. Corpse burned...... + + 4+ + 1590. Corpse burned: pyre over pit ...... + + + I. 0 0 *+ + 4. 1591. Corpse burned: body inside pyre ...... + + 4. (+J * + + 4. 1592. Secondary urn burial ...... ++ + + + 4. 1594. Ashes buried in burning pit ...... + 4.)-) + + ++. 1595. Corpse buried in cave in rocks ...... - - 1596. Destruction of property funeral)...... (+ + 4. (at + 4. + 1597. House burned (at funeral) ...... 1598. Undertaker member of family of deceased .... + () 4. 1599. Undertaker ceremonial assistant ...... + + + * - 1599a.Undertaker nonkinsman ...... - * @ 1600. Undertaker paid ...... + + * - + 4. 1601. Purification of undertaker by bathing ..... + + 4. 1602. Purification of undertaker by emetic ..... ++ CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 37 I4 003r4a3J sn13fr101j I -).~C-I ~ 9E-3 ,44IZ 1603. Food restrictions for undertaker ...... 1604. Meat, fat taboo ...... ~~+ 1605. Salt taboo ...... ~~+ 1606. Cold water taboo ...... 1607. Travel taboo ...... ~~+ f1608. Duration of restrictions . . . days . . +, 4 A 1609. Widow's hair cropped ...... 4- - + .~~+ c + (-).. 1610. Widow's hair saved for images . L S (-) R- 1611. Widow's hair made into mourning belt As c *s + 1612. Widow's hair burned (at cremation) L + 1613. Widow's hair buried ...... S 4- S R 1614. Widow's head mud -1 plastered .... F 1615. Widow's face blackened (with burned mescal, etc. 4 ++++++ 1616. Widow's face not washed. 4 + _,L- 1617. Widow doesn't eat meat 1618. Widow doesn't eat salt +++++ + 1619. Widow doesn't travel, gather food, etc. -4 + * +. 4 ++ +( I- 41621. Family (close kin) cut hair ...... + F +- I + + I F F _ _+ 1622. Family (close kin) little speech . . . 4 +. 1623. Family (close kin) bathe . . . 4 + . . . . + 1624. Family (close kin) cannot eat meat . . 4- 1625. Family (close kin) cannot eat salt . . t1626. Duration of restrictions . . . days .. 4 - 1627. Name of dead taboo indefinitely (permanent) 4 + 1630. Name bestowed by deceased changed. + _ 1631. Bits of food thrown in fire when think of dead -4,
Pre'liminary Mourning Rituals
.1632. Clothes washing. + 4+.. 1633. Water drunk. .. 4-- 1634. Feast given to ceremonially linked clan (or party). - 4 1635. Singing ...... t1636. Duration ... nights ...... 1637. Clothes burning (separate rite) ...... 1638. Ceremonially linked clan(s) (or party) invited . I+_ 1639. Feast given to linked clan (or party) .... 1640. Presents given to linked clan (or party). 1L641. Ashes of clothes mixed with water, drunk --4 1642. Enemy songs sung . f -1 1643. Might burn clothes for several dead at once . 4- 4. I--I House Burning 1645. House, clothes, all property, burned (at one time) 4 + + + + .4f 1645a.Day of . . cremation ...... 4 r 1646. Soon after death ...... + 1647. Month to year after death ...... 4f- 1648.Nouse burning as separate rite ...... 1649. Ceremonially linked clan (or F party) invited 4 ) + 1650. Linked clan . (or party) given feast 4F + + -1 1651. Linked clan (or party) given presents 4F
I- "Ceremonial Road" +
1654. Linked clan visits bereaved clan ...... + + R 1655. Before house burning ...... 1656. Brings presents ...... 1657. Sing, dance for bereaved + I 1658. Given feast ...... + 1659. Given presents (food, clothes, etc.)...... + 1660. Duration of performance one night ...... + . . I+ 38 ANTHROIOIMGICAL RECOIRDS
SOo 0 @ Cd 0 PI 4 0b~ I C-1 @d IC 4 p , A - C-)C-)c CQ E. 1.4 14 Varia 1661. Burned bones of dead dug up (at house burning ?). + 1662. Ground in small mortar, mixed with water ...... + 1663. kixture poured back in pit (sic!.) ...... +1 1664. Hair of mourners recut ......
Mourning Ceremony _ _ + _ + 1665. At regular intervals *+ *+ -+ + + 1666. At intervals - + + irregular + 1667. For all dead ...... + + + + + + men . . . . __ 1668. For prominent only . . . . *W 11669.. At fixed season (W,Sp,Su,F) ...... R 1670. Day after clothes-burning (sic!)...... 1671. Held in ceremonial house and enclosure ...... 1672. Held in dance ground ...... ****++ 1673. Special structure to house images (awokeruk, Dieg.) .. . * ** ++ 1674. Small hut (details unremembered) ...... t1675. Number of center posts (tall)...... 1676. Shorter secondary posts (rectangular arrangements) _ + + + - 1677. Slanting wall(s) ...... + 1678. Ground plan D-shaped. * * * 1679. Front open (unwalled). . . * 1680. Faces east ...... + 1681. Tule thatching ...... * * * * _ 1682. "Brush" thatching ...... +++ *00* *+ 1683. Shade roof (ramada) (i.e., like above, no walls) + ++ + 1L684. Central section erected first ...... wkukwk_ + 1685. Corn put in post holes ...... 1686. Rear section, slanting, low ...... +4+ + + L687. Rite directed by paha ...... _+ + + -1688. Rite directed by kutvovac ...... 4.- 1689. Rite directed by pumutcvi ...... + 1690. Rite directed by clan chief ...... 1690a.Rite directed by "anyone who knows". + 4+ + + 1691. "Retreat" of clan (or party) chief + .+3 _+ + 1692. Clan chief fasts + 1693. Clan chief wears hunger belt 1694. All participants abstain from meat, salt ...... + r1695. Duration of rite . . . . days ...... 1696. for rite: in sacred bundle .. Paraphernalia kept + * @ 1697. Yellowhammer-feather headband ...... 3 - + 1698. Yellowhammer band as belt or bandolier. 1699. Long yellowhammer band hung on wall...... + 1700. 2 owl-feather bunches worn in headband. 1701. Owl-down "rope" headband ...... 1703. Hand-held wand (no feathers) ...... 1704. Hand-held wand, crystal in end ...... 1705. Hand-held wand, with snake rattles ...... 1706. Hand-held wand, painted red ...... 1707. Hand-held wand, carried by director of rite only 1708. Dancers painted (R,W,B; + = all mixed). 1709. Dancers painted (some all red, some all white) 1710. Eagle-feather skirt hung on wall ...... 1711. Women's caps trimmed with eagle down. 1712. Radiating feather 'bonnets" on net foundation, for warriors 1713. Warriors' "hoods," red and black. . . . 1714. Single erect eagle plumes ...... 1715. Feathered staves. 1716. Feathered sticks (Yuma, ts'ul)...... 1717. Feathered "shields" (cf. Forde, Yuma, p. 240). . 1718. Feathered "shields," extended crosspieces for handles . . . . . 1719. Feathered "shields," represent image. 1721. Finery to be burned worn by dancers...... CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB. V. DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 39
c X o 0-b Cd 0-b a C- C/) E-4S P r r-i A C) C.o) C.) C) p & ,A.4 an:)PP4i i mr4 Q P20. C) +- 1722. Song cycles sung ...... + + +4 4 + + + 4fi- 1723. Deer-hoof rattles ...... + 4 +4 1724. Gourd rattles ...... + 4 I R R + 4 1725. Turtle-shell rattles ...... + + 4 1726. + Shamans dance "to sanction performance" first 3 nights + + 4.- F 4 1727. Toloache danced first 3 nights ...... + + +4 + 1728. Tatahuila danced by day ...... + + +4 .- 1729. Tatahuila danced only if one of dead had danced it 1730. Fire dance ...... +4 1731. Peon games by day ...... + + 4 1732. Rabbit hunts by day. + + 4 + + + 1733. Pole climbing at conclusion ... + - - + 1734. "Keruk house built ...... 4. + 1735. Faces painted on posts ...... 1736. Feather bonnets hung on house . . . . . 1 1737. Feather sticks hung on house . . . . +4-4- 1738. Baskets hung on house ...... 1739. Images made of (mat) wrapping of sacred bundle . + 1740. Matting cut, naming "enemy-clant ...... 1741. Images made of matting (newly made for purpose) . 4 1742. Images made of wood ...... + +4_ 1743. One image for each of dead ...... , . . . . + C: 1744. Eagle feathers put on images ...... 1744a.Eagle feathers put on images if dead had worn. B 1745. Mourners' hair put on images ...... 1746. Images made by + mourners...... + + + 1747. Images made by invited olans ... . . o $1748. Images made by + = (M,F; both)...... - . a F -F F F 1749. Images made by special image makers . . + 1751. Images danced with by mourners +4+ + 1752. Images danced with by non-kin. + + + + 1753. Image carriers paid (presents) ...... +4+ + + 4 1754. Image carriers take offerings placed on images . + 1755. Sham battle .... 1756. Women take part ...... ' 1757. Scouts sent out * t1758. Number of stops ("nwater holes") ...... + + 1759. Images burned with offerings ...... +* 1760. Images burned with "keruk" house ...... -. . . + 1762. Keruk house burned separately ...... + - + - 4. + 1763. Presents thrown to bystanders ...... +4+ 1764. Clothes stripped from images, given away . . . . -4+ 1764a.Corn thrown over bystanders ...... 1765. Feathered "shields" shot at. 1766. Feathered "shields" burned ...... *-0-4 + 1767. Chiefs of invited clans ceremonially paid ...... + 4- + + 1768. Ashes of images buried ...... + () - 1769. Participants bathe . . . . 1770. Special mourning rite for toloache initiates . 1771. Regalia buried in sand painting . . . . . - + + 4. 4. () 1772. Regalia buried in dance place ...... () - 1773. Regalia burned ...... (+) - 1775. Toloache danced ...... (4.) +
1776. TATAHUILA (WHIRLING) DANCE ..... + 1776a.New dancer chosen for light-footedness, swiftness . . 1777. New dancer prominent man's son only. 1778. New dancer potential shaman. ++_+ + (4. - 1779. New dancer taught in secret place ...... 1780. New dancer fasts eats unsalted (partial; only acorns) 4.4 - 1781. Dancer's regalia: owl feather string headband ... +4+4+4+ 4. +(-)+ (-) + 1782. Eagle-feather skirt ...... + +. 4.4+4+ + 1783. Paint (R,B,W; + = +4+ all)...... ++ 4. 4.4.4. 1784. 2 sticks tapped to keep time ...... +.4+ 40l ANTIIROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
O aS 0 as Cd 4) (d P-b Cd ad .-b It E-1 p I r-I 0 0) c:) C) C) c) C- 9 ;s :j 1:::. A -4 a: -A Q) a~C= XL A A :.) ,4 C::. I i 4 1785. Dancer's assistant: paha.h. 4------1786. Ceremonial assistant (if other) . 1787. Uses bull-roarer to assemble-people . 1788. Dancer's family carry him into house after ...... + - - - - - 1789. Ill omen if dancer stumbles, falls ...... + 1790. Ill omen if skirt tears ...... 1791. Tatahuila dance used at: girl's puberty rite .
1792. Toloache initiation ...... 1794. Image ceremony .. + + S 1795. Ceremonial road ...... +- + + 1796. Eagle killing ...... + + ++++
1797. FIRE DANCE ...... +
1797a.Preliminary dancing by anyone (spec. M,F) ...... + + + + 1798. By toloache initiates only ......
1799. By shamans ...... t1800. Fire danced out by anyone (spec. M,F) ...... 1801. By toloache initiates only ...... 1802. By shamans only ...... + ++ + + 1803. Shamans' songs "make fire cold" ...... + + 1804. Dance used at: girls' puberty rite . 1805. Toloache initiation . 1806. Toloache dance (other than above).. 1807. Image ceremony ...... 1808. "Ceremonial road" 1809. Eagle killing . + + 1810. Dance used as shamans' exhibition ......
1811. POLE-CLIM1BING RITE ...... +
1811a.Valuables hung from top of poles + . 1812. Dance around pole first (M,F) . . 1813. Used at toloache initiation . . . + (+).M 1814. Used at image ceremony. .. + + 0 1815. Used as separate rite "to put out the sun"
EAGLE SACRIFICE
1816. Purpose: "in memory of all dead" + . + 1817. Purpose: in preparation for mourning ceremony _ + 1818. Purpose: to get feathers for regalia . 3 3 1 1819. Duration of ceremony . . . days . . . 6 1 2 3 3 3 1 1820. Ceremony in big house and enclosure ..... + + 1821. Ceremony in "dance ground" ...... 1) 1822. Eagle carried by ceremonial assistant .... 1823. Eagle choked by carrier ...... 1824. Eagle killed by witchcraft ...... + 1825. Special songs for eagle killing ...... + + 1826. Mourning ceremony songs for eagle killing . . + + + - 1827. Enemy songs sung ...... + + 1828. Eagle skinned ...... 1829. Eagle plucked ...... + 1830. Eagle burned with offerings . . . 1831. Eagle buried with offerings ...... + + 1832. Eagle buried in dance place or "corral" + + (+)
FIRST-FRUITS RITE
1833. First fruits brought to ceremonial house + + + ------1834. First fruits sung for ...... : '. '. ., I : '. '. + + + - - + ------_ 1835. Deer-hoof rattle ...... 0 ...... CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V-DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 41
0O S D 3 (d (1) Cd .-b 0 A Cs .-bm Cd M Cd~ ' 4- 51 E--l -1.4 r-i AI, 10 0 t, C21 0 1-4 . 4 .--4 Q Q .:: p -- ir-4 i ---I 1836. Turtle-shell rattle...... - 1837. Gourd rattle ...... 41838. Dancing by (M,F) ...... M + M + - +3+ 1839. Dancing by shamans ...... 0 . : . . : '. O. : $1840. Duration of rite . . . nights . . . . . 1 3 3 3 1 - 1841. Brings rain and plenty ...... : . . . : 'o 'O , : + + 1842. Sickness from eating fruits before rite 0 : '. 'O . 0 . : . (+) +
RAIN CEREMONY + + + 1845. Gourd rattles used ...... + 1846. Feast ...... + + + 1847. No dancing ...... + + + 1848. Held in winter ...... + +
SHAMANISM 1849. Men shamans ...... + + + +-+ + + + + + + + + 1850. Women shamans...... S S - + 1851. Power from object in body ...... + + + + + + + 1852. Object may be crystal ...... (+d (+ + (+) -(+) + + + + + + + 1853. Seed, acorn, cactus spine ...... + S + S S + 1854. Lizard, snake, insect ...... ± + + + 1855. Object sent to cause disease ...... + + + + + + + + + + + ++ 1856. Shaman born with object in body ...... + + + + + L857. Shaman dreams from childhood. + ++ + S S L858. Shaman dreams of guardian spirit' + + + + + 1859. Shaman'dreams songs. ++ ++ 1860. Shaman dreams curing methods . ++*- + + + 1861. Shaman dreams what can cure. + ++ + + - + + ++ 1862. Shaman dreams sleight-of-hand ...... + S 1863. Shaman dreams of sacred mountain ...... 1864. Shaman dreams of creation ...... + 1865. Prenatal dreaming ...... + 1-) 1866. Power from dreams later in life. - (-)- S 1867. Telling dream ("before completed") causes loss of power S 1868. Power from toloache taking as puberty rite ...... S + + 1869. Power from toloache taking as individual affair. 1870. Power from toloache not as strong as "born kind". + 1871. Older shamans "put 'power' into toloache drink". - - - - 1-* 1872. Novice's dance ...... ++ _1 1873. Purpose: to reveal self to public as shaman. + + + 1874. "Power" tells when to dance ...... + + + 1875. Dance in ceremonial house ...... + + + + + + 41876. Number of nights ...... 3 3 3.- 1 3-- 1877. Novice sings, dances ...... + + 1878. Novice extracts "power objects" from body, displays them; + + + + exhibits sleight-of-hand, etc ...... + + + + + 1879. Older shamans may try to bewitch novice ...... + + + 1.880. Novice reveals his power in toloache rite, etc...... + 1881. Novice reveals his power by curing ...... Shaman's Paraphernalia, etc.
1882. Plumed sticks ( "owl-feather bunches") worn on head . . + + + +(- 1883. Hand-held wand + ++- 1884. Painted; one end pointed; snake rattles, etc., on end + + + + + 1885. Crystal (?) in end. s + + + 1886. Swallowed to extract power objects for display + + + + + 1887. "Pointed" to bewitch ...... s s + + + + *I888. Used for divination (?)...... + + + 1889. Shamans use toloache regalia . + + + (+) + 1890. Shamans have individual "bundles" of regalia. + + + 1891. Shamans wear feathers, etc., according to dreams . 42 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS
I I aS a)aS IS Cd cd 0-a Ie _q r-I A a) rala-.3C3C.)Ph44- C.' 1:::. 1=. 9 a-) Q 9::. 1=. 1-4 -e --4 I Classes of Shamans + 1892. Curing (sucking) shamans. . . + + + + + + + 1893. Dream of future events, etc. + + + + + 1895. Told of future events by owls, coyotes, etc. + + +4.+4+ + + 1896. Dreamers (do not cure) + 1897. Diagnose sickness (i.e., dream if curable) + +4+4+ + + - 1898. Find lost property ...... 4+ +4+ S + + + + + 1899. Weather shamans ...... + _+4. 1900. Make storm ...... + + + + + 1901. Make stop ...... + +I + + 1902. Dance in ceremonial house ...... + 1903. Dance privately ...... + 1904. Cure also + + +.4+4+ + 1+ + + 4.- 1905. Power from elements (wind, rain, clouds, etc.) 4.- + + + _ 1906. Were-beasts ...... + + + + S++ 1907. Turn into bear ...... S -4_ 1908. Turn into mt. lion .. + + 1909. Turn into other animals, birds, etc.. +4+ 1910. Rapid travel ...... + 4.- (+) + + + 4.- 1911. Cure also ...... + + 1912. Rattlesnake shamans ...... + + + + + 1913. Cure snake bite ...... + + 1914. Cure other ...... + + . S + ,+ --+4*-+ + + + + + + + 1915. Handle rattlers + 1916. Know (in advance) when someone is bitten. + + + 1917. Dance, sing, plug up holes, to prevent snakes from biting people ...... - 1918. Hunting shamana.n...... 4. 4.. + + ++ + + + + + _+4 1921. Cures also ...... + + + + 1923. Shamans' public dance (not novice dance)...... +4+4+ *-+ 1924. To ward off dreamed disaster ...... + + +4+4+ + + . (+4 4. + + . 1925. In ceremonial house . + + + 1926. Shamans use own songs, dances. . . . 4. + + + * + *1927. Assistant to "interpret". + + + + 4.. 1928. Toloache danced afterward . . . Curing Methods 1929. Diagnosing by singing, dancing (ordinary sickness) - - - 1930. By singing, dancing, for snake bite ...... - S * * +
1931. By singing, dancing, for witchcraft ...... 0 ++-4- +4. + +4+ 1932. Shaman smokes. + ++ + 1933. Shaman blows smoke over patient. +4+ S - - S +4+ 1934. Shaman blows saliva over patient ...... S . + 4- 5--+ 1935. Shaman "sees" disease object in patient +4_4_ +4+ +4+4+ 1936. Locates by feeling with hands ...... + 1937. Disease object sucked out with mouth ...... 1938. Disease object extracted with hands ...... + 1939. Brushed away with hands ...... + + -. 1941. Brushed away with feathers ...... ++ + +4. ++ 1942. Sickness from intrusion of disease object . . . . . + ++ +4.4. ++. +4.4 1943. Disease object displayed...... +4+ (4.) 1944. Disease object buried ...... + 1945. Disease object burned ...... +4+ + 1946. Burning kills sender (in witchcraft) . ++. +++4 + +4+ + 1947. Shaman keeps disease object . . (4. s 1948. Sickness from soul loss (i.e., before death)...... +4 1949. Curable by shaman ...... 1951. Recovery of soul and extraction of object at same time 1952. Shamans given presents (no set price) for cure + R 4.) + 1953. Black magic by evil shamans. + + ++. +(++ 1+ (4) 1954. Black magic: regular practitioners . . + .+ S S 1955. Black magic: "secret shamans". S S 1956. Send power to kill + 1957. Contagious magic to kill. +. 1958. Contagious magic by nonshamans ...... CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 43
1959. Killed for black magic ...... + + _ + Varia 1960. Toloache taken sporadically for luck . + 1961. Toloache taken sporadically by gamblers 1962. Toloache taken to find lost objects . . 1963. Bleeding to cure ...... 1964. Bleeding "to make legs light" . . . . . + + 1965. Ants, nettles, to alleviate pain . . . + + + . + + +
MISCELLANEOUS RELIGIOUS TRAITS
1966. Chungichnish supreme deity ...... 1967. Raven identified with Chungichnish ...... + + + + * * * + 1968. Chungichnish is "evil spirit" (sic) . + + + + 1969. Meteor cannibal spirit + + + + +-+ * * * e -(+- 1970. Ritual grunting expiration ------+
1971. Myths begin at Awikame it...... * * * + 1972. Offerings of tobacco for hunting luck . . . . . getting - - - - 1973. Offerings of corn at mourning ceremony . + 1974. Toloache mortars "fed" ...... +- 1975. Trail offering-places: rocks piled to keep from * * * e tired ...... + + + + + ++ 4- 1976...... + + + + Ghosts visible * * * ++ + + (+) S 4- 1977. Soul leaves body before death ...... + + + +. (+++ + +S 4. 1978. Soul starts to land of dead at cremation . * * * e ++ + 4- + 1979. Ghosts in whirlwind ...... S 4. 1980. Spirit.(not ghost) in whirlwind ...... $1981. Land of dead +1 (N,S,E,W). E) E - E - - CE) S S S SS N 1982. Land of dead below, underworld + +-_ 1983. Land of dead for twins, above. - - - 1984. Dream of dead ill omen . . . . + 4. 1985. Told, to neutralize ...... I. ELEMENTS DENIED BY ALL INFORMANTS
HUN1TING HOUSES Driving into enclosure; or over cliff. Spring Ceremonial house: semisubterranean; earth- pole for deer. Spring pole for ducks, trigger covered; mat covered; mud and wattle walls; bark under water. Running noose for deer. Pitfalls or slab walls; plank walls; tunnel entrance; for big game. Nets for deer. Nets for ducks, smoke-hole entrance and ladder; secondary or side geese. Pocket nets for small game. Woodpecker entrance; round doorway; pit fireplace; foot drum; net trap. Quail, woodpecker trap of basketry. screen for performers; named sides, and seat al- Deadfalls for big game. Bird snaring from booth lotment. or blind. Bird decoys. Grass or brush deer dis- Sweat house: small steam-heated type; plank- guise. Bolas for birds, etc. Fan for smoking out covered, tunnel entrance; smoke-hole entrance; game. men's sleeping place; men's clubhouse; plank, FISHI NG slab, mat-covered floor; ladder; fire fan; sweat- house singing; competitive sweat groups; sweat- Kite-shaped scoop net. Dip net on "A-frame." house fuel-gathering ritual. Casting net. Net on semicircular pole. Net on Dwelling: plank-house complex; semisubter- circular pole. Grooved-stone sinker. Holed ranean; earth-covered; mat-covered; mud and wat- sinker. Tule-wrapped clay sinker. Net floats. tle walls; bark or slab walls; skins for walls; Double-fence weir. Converging weir. Weir with tunnel entrance; smoke-hole entrance ladder; falling doors, string trigger. "Eel pot" bas- secondary or side entrance; pit fireplace; par- ketry trap. Fishing scaffold. ¢Harpoons3 Fish titions, separate fires, separate entrances in spears. Spearing booth. Eel hook or gaff. Sharp- communal houses; beds on raised scaffold; drying angled hooks of bone. Fly. Hair hook for trout. frame inside; wooden stools, etc.; earth oven Creel. Leaf for bait carrier. Large fish scoop indoors; houses arranged in rows, or circle. of sticks. Fish club. Breaking neck to kill. Brush-fence ceremonial structure: used only Biting to kill. Night fishing with torch or in summer; rectangular; center post or pole; bonfire. screen for performers; named sides and seat al- lotment. HUNTING CONCEPTS Menstrual-childbirth hut; dog house; (special) drying house for food; grinding house. Root incense before hunt. Ritual disposal of deer bones. Ritual disposal of fish bones. Game believed immortal. Game under spirit control. Shell beads tied to fish trap for luck. WEAPONS GATHERING Self bow, ends recurved. Bow wood from one side of tree. Bird arrow blunt. Bird arrow with Acorns cross sticks. Ring-pointed arrow for water skip- Crook for gathering. Fork or cross-stick ping. Arrowheads of bone. Feather adhesive. 4 climbing pole. Acorns leached on conifer boughs. feathers. 2-piece stone arrow straighteners. Acorns buried whole in mud. "Moldy" acorns. Holed wood, horn arrow straightener. Secondary, Acorn bread cooked in earth oven. Acorn bread, tertiary, Mediterranean (sic), Mongolian release. dyed red. Acorn "biscuits" (gruel chilled in Tule quiver. Thrown spears. 0Spear thrower. Cur- water). Pine-bark winnower for meal. tain shield. Quiver as shield. Armor. Clay shot for slings. Slings used for war. "Slave killer" shaped club. Stone club. Daggers of horn or wood. Animal Products Octopus eaten. Mussels eaten. Angleworms eaten. Seaweed eaten. Salt from grass (burned). TOOLS, UTENSILS, PROCESSES Miscellaneous Portable mortar, outside shaped and ground. cDigging stick with stone-ring weight. Dig- 'Slab mortar. Small mortar used by poisoner. ging stick with footrest. Soaproot for fish Wood mortar, cavity in side of log. cHopper poison. Soaproot for coating basket. Soaproot basket set on. 'Stone pestle, ringed top. Stone eaten. Dried meat pulverized. Ground bone cooked. pestle, ring near bottom. True circular metate. Granaries on ground. 4-post, unwoven granary. Metate set in ground. Looped mullers. 2-horned Smoke drying of meat. Irrigation of wild crops. mullers. Round grinding motion (sic). Pine burr for hairbrush. Porcupine tail for hairbrush. One- 3The symbol, c, preceding an element description, stick stirrer. Ornamented paddle. Looped-stick indicates elements known by archaeology to have stirrer. Looped-stick stone lifter. Split stick been once present in the Gabrielino-Chumash region. for stone lifter. [44] CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 45 Vessels, etc. CORDAGE, NETS Spoons of shell, wood, pottery. Wooden meat 4-ply string or cord. Spinning stick with platter. Bark meat &latter. Wooden bowls. Cylin- crosspiece. Spindle whorl. Thumb guard of shell drical wooden box. Steatite "frying-pan." for fiber drawing. Mesh spacer of horn or wood. "Steatite "olla.' Steatite cooking pot. Split-end net shuttle. Bowline netting knot.
Tools BURDENS Knives hafted. Cane for butchering. Cactus spine for awls. Handle of awl wrapped. Adzes. Spreading woven pack strap. Carrying frame of 'Wedges. Mauls. Chipped-stone skin scraper, hide, or sticks and cord (sic). Rolled case of hafted. Horn, scapula, shell scraper. Oil or twined stems. Folded case of skin. Whole cased grease for tanning. Smoking for tanning (color- skin bag. ing). CRADLES BODY AND DRESS, NONCEREMONIAL Sitting cradles. Lying cradles: board; Y- Hair close cropped. Hair cut with stone; frame; kite frame; Y-kite frame; hooked ladder bone. Stone flake for plucking beard. Shaving frame; soft tule; basketry; oval ladder; U-frame with stone flake. Depilation of body hair, eye- vertical warp. Skin covering. Skin toe. Cradle brows. Hair in 2 braids; 1 braid. Chin tattoo strap across breast. nearly solid. "Shell beads made. Clamshell bead belts. Woodpecker scalp belts. Feather-ornamented POTTERY ear stick. Shell-ornamented ear stick. Nose stick of shell; or feather. Face painting by roller Molded. Scraped (i.e., without paddle). Shell, printing. Painting with brush. Mud as cosmetic; bone temper. Flat-bottomed vessels. Pointed- for warmth; for coolness. Flowers in hair or ear. bottomed vessels. Incised decoration. Slip. Pot Cap of animal fur. Hair net. Eyeshade. Painted rests of pottery. double-deerskin robe. Painted buckskin cape. Buckskin cape with quail tips. Feather robes. GAMES Warps of bird skin twisted with cord. Buckskin Moieties compete (as such), in games. Ball or shirt or gown. Men's 1-piece skin skirt (kilt). stick race: buckskin "ball"; stick; hoop; propul- Women's aprons of: fringed buckskin; tules; net- sion with stick; hole for goal; paired posts for work; strings of seeds. Women's 1-piece skirt. goal; fewest strokes wins. Shinny: bone for puck; Mittens. Leggings. Tule moccasin. Snowshoe. 2-sticks on cord; braided or knotted cord; rope ring; propulsion by netted stick; basket racquet; CEREMONIAL DRESS seed beater. "Hoop and pole" with sliding block; buckskin-wrapped hoop; sides cast poles in turn. Topknot feather headdress. Spliced condor Ring and pin: with more than one pin, or more than feathers. Feather forks and darts. Yellowhammer- one string of rings; vertebrae rings; single tule quill bands, all trimmed; or tips at intervals. ball; with hooves, etc. Man -stick guessing game. Woodpecker-scalp headdresses of any kind. Fur 4-stick (2 long and 2 short guessing game. Fan- band. Human-hair headdress. Visors of feathers. tan or odd-or-even game. Hidden-ball game: hiding Down stuck to face. Masks. Head net. Hairpins in 4 holes; hiding in 4 canes or tubes. Disk dice: of bone, wood (?). Feather garments on net foun- shell, split acorns. dation. Eagle-down rope skirt. Human-hair bracelets, anklets. Tule bundle, hand-held. Feather rope, hand-held. Olivella shell rope. MONEY 'Any form of money other than ceremonially used BASKETRY strings of Olivella disks. Single-rod coiling. Checker bottom to start coiled basket. Wrapped weft twining. Lattice PIPES AND TOBACCO weft twining. 3-strand or 3-braided weft. Over- L-shaped pipe. cObtuse-angled pipe. Disk bowl. lay decoration. Circular seed beater, spoke warp. Tubular wood pipe, steatite bowl. cMouthpiece of Twined winnowing basket, spoke warp. Boiling cane or bone. Tobacco planted. Tobacco container: baskets. "Water bottle asphalted. "Water bottle, basket with lid. Tobacco eating with lime. flat or pointed bottom. Water bottle, coiled. Twined basket hopper. cBottleneck trinket basket. Trinket basket, attached decoration. Carrying MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS basket, rounded bottom, or bell-shaped. Tule Cocoon rattles. Pottery rattles. Multiple basketry, twined or coiled. Rabbitskin blankets, split sticks. Drums. Bull-roarer used by shaman. coil without foundation. Perforated stick to Musical bow. "Whistles of bone. Flute: nose blown. twist skin. Bird-skin blankets. Flute of bone. 46 ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECORDS SOCIAL ORGANIZATION killed. Parents' sex restrictions till weaning. Marriage, etc. Milk teeth: put in gopher hole; put in excrement; thrown over house. Negotiated bride price. Service for bride. "Half-marriage." Polyandry. Wife sharing by male Girls' Puberty namesakes. Additional payment in sororate. Addi- Fresh meat only taboo. Confinement in men- tional payment in levirate. Preferential mar- strual hut. Girl may not sleep; talk. Girl runs, riages of blood kin; man to wife's daughter; man works, etc. Taboos on looking at fire; sun or to wife's brother's daughter. Alternating resi- moon; people; snakes; wild crops. Girl's hair dence. Compensation for adultery. Fine for se- cut. Girl takes toloache. duction. Repayment on divorce. Payment on re- Public rite.--Men, women dance together. Girl marriage of divorcee. Prostitution (i.e., for dances. Sexual license at rite. Fire ring at pay). girls' rite. Trench at girls' rite. Kinship Usages Aspects of kin avoidances: parents-in-law Menstrual Customs child-in-law, brother sister: don't speak; plural Seclusion in menstrual hut. address; head covered; turn aside on trail; re- strictions only when newly wed. Teknonymy. Boys' Puberty Complete fast. Whipping with bowstring. Piling Social Status, etc. rocks. Vision quest without narcotic. Vision Social rating by wealth. Debt slavery. Os- quest with narcotic (no society). tracism of: slaves, bastards, berdaches. Special functions of berdaches at burial, mourning, sha- Death manism. Body taken out before death. Body passed through wall. Interment of dead. Body burned in Sociopolitical Organization hut. Undertaker a berdache. Undertaker purifies Named tribes of 300-400. Land and water moie- self by sweating; by singing; by formula. ties. Upstream-downstream moieties. Moiety names Mourners' ritual.--Widow's head mud plastered. of totemic implication. Widow's head pitched. Widow's face pitched. Mourners sweat. Mourners scratch faces, bodies. Chiefs and Officials Braided mourning necklace. Necklace of pitch Chiefs with individual titles. Titles for lumps. Name of dead formally regiven to descend- chief's kin (sic). Chiefs equated to birds. ant. Mourners pay to waive taboos. Property and Inheritance Mourning Ceremony Owned burial places. Claiming trees by pole, Poles for offerings. Pole mourning rite, of- etc. Inheritance of property (pat. or mat.). In- ferings at foot. "Pota" ceremony. Professional heritance of shamanistic power. Compounding of (paid) mourners. injuries. Shamanism Shamans mostly women. Grizzly-bear shamans Warfare wear bearskin. Vision quest at puberty. Vision War for slight on chiefs (sic). War dance of quest when adult. Dream when adult. Guardian settlement. War dreams by shaman. War paint white. spirit in trance or faint. Novices trained by Chiefs make peace. Neighbors take brave warrior's older shamans. Bathing for power. Shamans' public property. Captives tortured. competitions. Shamans' society (?). Sucking through pipe. Shaman uses portable mortar; charm- stone (?). Wound cross charm. Sucking doctor LIFE CRISES drinks through bark tube. Unsuccessful shaman Birth, etc. killed. "Brush" dance for minor curing. Negotiated Special hut at childbirth. Parturient lies price for curing. Possessional shamanism. flat. Delivery in pit. Afterbirth burned. Father bathed. Mother and child steamed. Navel cord: Miscellaneous Cults, Beliefs, etc cut with cane (?); tied on cradle; thrown certain World-renewing rites, etc. First-salmon rites. direction; burned; worn by child. Medicine for Snake in whirlwind. Water thrown at whirlwind. abortion (?). Restrictions on father: sweating 5, 6, cardinal directions. "Man" in moon. Tree (neither taboo nor mandatory); running (for en- in moon. Frog in moon. Dogs beaten at eclipse. durance, luck); retires to childbirth hut. Twins Eclipse is Bear, Birds, or Raccoon eating moon. ETHNOGRAPHIC NOTES ON THE ELEMENT LIST
Reference is to elements or entries marked by an asterisk(*) in the tabular list 11. Quail were run down in wet cold weather, was killed it was divided among the people to be when their feathers were too wet for them to fly eaten almost immediately--there was nothing left far. to dry. 15.. A roasted acorn on which a twig was set 191. PCka. Informant insisted that maize grow- was used to prop up a stone; when a rat nibbled ing, although recent, was practiced on a small at the acorn the weight fell on him. scale by his people before white times. "They got 18. The "box" -was made of sticks laid up their seed from the Yumas." This is not utterly crib-fashion, in pyramidal form. A figure-4 re- impossible, though one would expect the desert lease is said to have been used most commonly, groups also to have cultivated small plots around though some informants said a simple twig prop, their watering places. jerked by a string by a hidden watcher, was used. 209. Yuma. The following names were recorded 23a. Quail were said to have been shot at for the "lgrass" seeds planted: ukutai', ukcu'm, night, by torchlight, as they roosted in trees. ukyi's, un.kI:', sukwo:'tus. Fishing.--Fishing was of little importance Houses.--I am dubious of the accuracy of the over most of the area except on Colorado river information on houses. The rectangular gabled (informants from coastal groups can no longer houses described (and used at present on many be found). Even where some fishing was formerly reservations) have too modern a look, and it carried on, the precise methods or implements would be exceedingly difficult to obtain the are but vaguely known now. posts, beams, and rafters necessary to build them Fishing.--Chem. Informant asserted "No one but with as few cutting tools as the people claim to Mohaves eat fish," perhaps referring to the "old have possessed ("woodcutting by fire only" was times" before his people occupied the river bot- the sole method reported). It scarcely need be tom. pointed out that the desert trees are knotty and 37. Famed "stone fish pens" near Martinez- cross grained. The other elements of the house Torres reservation are well above level of valley group, i.e., the ramada and the circular wind- floor. If they were really fish traps, which break, are associated eastward as far as the Gila seems doubtful, they must have been used before river with a domed house or hut (the Colorado the Coachella valley itself was habitable. river dwelling is a specialized form, but appears 39. LuPa. Circular Haliotis hook was said to closer akin to a domed than a gabled structure). have been used by coastal Luisefo, not inform- With all due reserve, one might suggest that the ant's people. Statement is noteworthy as a cul- informants who asserted the gabled house "recent" tural memory rather than as a trait. are likely to have been correct. One would expect 44a. LuPa. Plant used for fish poisoning was a small conical or domed hut, such as might be described, but could not be identified. It was constructed of light poles and branches. If this not soaproot. hypothesis be true, the large ceremonial house 100. Screw beans must be artificially ripened may also be of recent origin. This would not nec- in a pit before they are edible. This seems to essarily mean that the idea of a sacred house, in be usage sometimes referred to as pit storage of which the bundle, etc., is kept, is also recent, screw beans. Several weeks or a month are neces- but only that a house large enough for ritual sary to ripen them properly; they are then stored performances is an historic feature. The circular in an ordinary granary. enclosure would be used for rituals. 264. The earth-covered winter sleeping house Grass seeds.--Just what seeds were used could apparently was a Colorado river house, perhaps not be determined. Luisefno, Mountain and Western recent, and not commonly used by Cahuilla and Dieguenfo referred to them as "wild oats" (avenas, Desert Dieguenfo. The details are but vaguely re- or arroz), which are not aboriginal. membered. 137. Lizards eaten were large desert-dwelling 271. WDpa. Informant may have had in mind the "chuckawallas" (Cah. tcaxhwu'l). Swifts, and ceremonial houses at Pala and Rincon (Luise-no), other small varieties found in mountains, were where he had visited often. The "ceremonial house" considered too small (and too difficult to catch?) was not a Diegueffo trait. to be of value in the dietary. 278. WDma, WDpa. Not Diegueffo (see note 271). 158. Serr, all Luisen-o. Knowledge of stone 280. WDma, WDpa. Not Dieguefno (see note 271). boiling in baskets may indicate recency of pot- tery making among these groups (possibly from Sweat house.--Several aspects, chiefly the Mission times ?). lack of a native term for a sweat house in Die- 169. Drying of meat must have been rare among gueno, suggest its recency in their culture. The all but perhaps the Chemehuevi, aboriginally. Desert groups, unmissionized and more remote from Most informants admitted that usually when a deer the Shoshoneans, lacked it entirely. [47] 48 ANTHR3POLOGICAL RECORDS 305. The "pit" for the fire was merely a shal- seen. Without aid of specimens it was almost im- low depression in floor to keep ashes from scat- possible to obtain intelligible answers. tering. 631, 638. This contradicts the Handbook, p. 320. LuPa, WDma, WDpa. Tule balsas were not 700 and pl. 73d, which attributes diagonally used by informants' groups, but were described twined caps to both Cahuilla and Diegueflo; al- on basis of hearsay information as being type though that form of cap is typical of the Cheme- used by coastal people. huevi and Great Basin Shoshoneans. 341. All portable mortars seen (which were in- 703. Mt. and W. Dieguenio. The "bundle" in variably declared to have been "the kind the old these examples is the Toloache cult regalia--a people used") appeared to have been made of recent introduction. Cf. note 1102. water-rounded boulders of desired size. Small 711. Outer layers of stalks were scraped off, protuberances were sometimes pecked away. stalks were pounded, and fibers drawn. 397. Most informants maintained that beads, 758. The positive entries may indicate a lack etc., were imported, not made locally. No one of knowledge on the part of informants. The dry was very sure of the process of making such ob- lumps of clay were pounded fine in a mortar and jects. coarse particles removed with a winnowing tray. 398. No informant knew of any means of cutting Any tempering material such as sand, etc., in the or splitting wood with wedges, chisels, etc. clay would probably be removed in the process. Some suggested, e.g., a bow would be ground down 779. Incising may have been a more widespread to the desired thickness with a piece of sand- practice formerly. A number of small vessels seen stone. in local collections in Dieguenfo territory had 406. This is described as a post or pole with incised decoration around rim. a flat blade at the upper end, set in the ground. Over this end scraper a hide was rubbed back and Games.--The sex of the players is entered for forth. each game where a distinction was made. The same 412a. Smoke signals were used either to assem- symbols are used as under "Dress." ble people for a communal hunt, or by a hunter to 784. The kickball race may be an historic in- notify his friends that he needed assistance to troduction over part of the area. Cupeno, Luisen-o, carry his quarry home. A fire was built, and the and Dieguerfo informants seemed to have no name column of smoke showed the place. (other than the Spanish "la bola") for it. Un- 415. Serr, PCka, MCna, Cup, LuSa, LuPa, MDly, fortunately, I did not record the presence or ab- MDku. Plus following entries means they are ap- sence of a name for the race. proximations between that number and one more. 822, 824. Cf. note 415. In a few instances elsewhere in the list 3-5, or 836. Peon in its present form is apparently a like figures, have been indicated similarly. late game. Certain variants (cf. no. 847, DCwo, 446-449. Arrowhead shapes: DDly; no. 855, etc.) were stated by some inform- ants to have been the old style of playing. The distribution of the name for the referee (koime, see no. 854) also suggests some recency. 860. Cf ; note 415. 446 447 448 449 Dice games.--Infomation on dice games is rather badly confused. There seem to have been two or 446. Tanged, one notch each side. three games played, which have been confusea with 447. Stemmed. games introduced in Spanish times. Informants 448. Spurred. themselves could not differentiate between differ- 449. Fish tail, single base notch. ent games. 474. Heated, arrow bent over curved surface. 895. Yuma, Chem. Beads were measured off by 482. Cut made from mouth instead of up hind fathoms or half-fathoms, but they were not usea legs. as "money" by these groups. 499. Blood was smeared on throwing clubs "to 920. Tapping of two sticks is not properly a keep them from cracking." "musical instrument," but is a device used by the 501. The type of war club used by various Tatahuila dancer to indicate to singers when to Diegueflo was not well known. It may have been a increase tempo of their songs. cruder, less carefully finished edition of that 921. Yuma. The notched rasp was used with one of River Yumans. song cycle (stinkbug, uxhumusnun), which is no longer sung. Body and dress.--Sex of wearer is indicated 922. Baskets were scraped by the Cahuilla with by: M, male; F, female; +, both; -, neither. Quail songs, said to have been a Chemehuevi song 596. This is the Luisenio paviut wand. cycle. But the Chemehuevi did not scrape baskets to accompany this song. Twined basketry.--Most of the entries having 923. DDly, Chem. The positive entries may be to do with manufacturing technique were made by misunderstandings on my or the informant's part observing and pointing out aspects of specimens on 922. CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 49 936. Cf. note 415. containing members of many clans, and thus they 940. Calendars. are found today. But even among the Desert groups, it is not clear that the same sort of localization MCna Cup of clans was to be found as, e.g., among the tumenil ( = "Jan.") tovakic, tovakmul Cahuilla. semenil tasmfIll, tasmlImul 1081. Cf. Strong, 1927. tewemenil taupaxic, taupaxmul 1082. Cf. Strong, 1929. cabamenil tausunvaxic, tausunvaxmal 1085. Cf. Strong, 1929. slyamenil paxhomoll, paxhomoImal 1102. MDly, IMDku. The clan (or, really, party) paxhamenil nimulil, nImuImul head in some groups was custodian of the toloache- su:menil novan6il, novanomul ceremony regalia. tcanamenil s6:mluil, somfiimul 1110. Yuma. There was not, strictly speaking, kaivomenil a real single tribal "chief," but one or two of to ivamenil the district chiefs would be more esteemed than hlkwomenil the rest. tatcamenil 1112. MCte. The net came from one of a group hemhuffaika (?) of related lineages, the assistants from others. hemamena (?) Cf. Strong, 1929. 1114. LuPa. "The pumutcvi was called takwa DDly' when he drank the water the clothes of the dead haLya kwuL 1: Cold begins 2: Grass turns green had been washed in.?? haLya nyemcap 2: Edible greens ripen 1115. DDly. Paha (pahalut) directed toloache haLya tai 2: Manzanita (?) rite only; all traits assigned him were present berries ripen only during this ceremony (nos. 1133, 1134, 1138) haLya pes'iu 1: Cold ends 1116. MCte. Paha was called kutvavanavac ("he haLya metenya 2: Pin-on nuts ripen makes fire"? ?) when he lit fire to assemble men HaLya netca 1: Hot weather begins for rabbit hunt (see no. 1132). -- MCna. Takwa was called kutvavanavac when he lit fire before rabbit hunt (see no. 1132). -- LuSa, LuTe. Paha 943. The positive entries here may result from was called kumuc, or komukut ("makes smoke? ?) disuse of month or moon names. when he lit fire for rabbit hunt (see no. 1132). 978. Interpretations of significance of new 1131. LuTe. Takwa also had something to do moon have a Caucasian cast, and may well be with distribution of food. recent. 1144. "Ceremonial cannibalism" is represented 1000. DDly: N, white; S, yellow; E, red; by a number of different practices. LuSa under- W, black. DDkw: N, white; S, "yellow-brown"; stood that "takwa" had to drink first water in E, red; W, black. Yuma: N, white; S, black; which a newborn child had been bathed--a novel E, blue; W, yellow. recombination of ideas. LuTe said that at clothes- burning the takwa had to drink some ashes (mixed Berdaches.--Most of the informants were in- with water) of a bit of deceased's clothing. For clined to be reticent about sexual matters, ap- LuPa, see note 1114. It is possible, of course, parently feeling that they would be putting them- that practices substituted for real cannibalism selves in a bad light by discussing such things. of Juanefno type really varied as much as this This attitude accounts for most of the denials of from one reservation to next. the existence of berdaches aboriginally (no. 1041). I was told repeatedly that such individ- Property and inheritance.--Informants' gen- uals ("jotes") were to be found "only among eralizations on land tenure are probably none too Mexicans." reliable, but time did not permit an intensive 1045. WDma. Being a devout Catholic, informant investigation of the situation. The fairly simple steadfastly denied that separation was ever per- state of affairs among the Cahuilla is made com- mitted, even aboriginally. plex among the Luiseffo by the "party" organiza- 1078a. MDly, MDku, WDma, WDpa, DDly, DDkw. tion, and among the Diegueino by the lack of knowl- Question of basis of social organization among edge about their aboriginal social organization. the Dieguefno has not been made clear, and time 1200. Cup. Informant believed "the old people was not available to make such a study in con- used to take scalps because it's mentioned in a junction with obtaining these trait lists. It is story." -- WDma. Informant gave the information too late to do more than make inferences with on scalping, etc., also on the basis of a legen- regard to the Mountain and Western groups. After dary account. secularization of the Mission San Diego the 1214e-15. MCna. Parturient might support her- people drifted back toward the mountains in groups self by holding to cords or stakes if there were no one there to aid her. 4'Informant was not able to equate the month 1218. I am somewhat skeptical of this trait. names consistently with those of our own It may indicate only a lack of knowledge of the calendar. implements of former times. so ANTHR)POIDGICAL RECORDS 1225. Entire treatment given women at child- Toloache initiation.--DDkw. Informant stated birth, menstruation, etc., revolved about belief that some Mountain people came once or twice to that they must be kept warm, to prevent blood from dance toloache and initiate some of his people, coagulating within their bodies. but the latter never danced it themselves. 1227. Soft fine earth from a fresh gopher work- 1452. Serr. The initiation was stated to have ing was put around child's head to keep him from been performed every 3 years. turning, in order to flatten occiput. 1453. DDly. This ceremony was a recent intro- 1227. Chem. Child's head was continually turned duction to the desert people. Informant's father's from one side to the other to prevent its becoming brother seems to have been initiated somewhere, flat. and acquired regalia for the performances. When 1229, 1232, 1259, 1262. Cf. note 415. he died, regalia were burned with him, and dance 1269. Some informants admitted this belief, was never used thereafter. It was obviously shal- but added that they themselves did not believe lowly rooted in the culture. it, citing instances to show it was not true. 1456. To the Diegueino alone the taking of Others, apparently with the same idea in mind, toloache was a means of acquiring or strengthen- denied it flatly. ing supernatural power. Among the other groups 1286. Cup. Informant thought that boys were sharing in the complex, shamanistic power could tattooed at the end of the toloache initiation. not be obtained in this fashion. (See further 1294. DDly. Giving of a name by mother's under Shamanism.) brother is not in this entry an instance of an 1457. Boys from one clan or party only were avuncular relationship, but rather a carry-over *initiated together. from the joking between brothers-in-law. The 1489. DDly. Director of ceremony was called maternal kinsman would give a 'funny" obscene "paha''ut," apparently a word taken from Shosho- name. nean speakers who introduced rite. 1495. This may have been a yellowhammer-feather Girls' puberty.--Yuma. Informant stated that headband, the ends of which lapped over alongside only occasionally was there any ritual perform- of wearer's face. I was unable to understand the ance at a girl's puberty. Usually she fasted description. (partially), drank little water, used a scratch- 1527. (See note 1456.) I doubt the positive ing stick, and gathered mesquite gum for hair dye. statement of PCka (see also note on Toloache When there was a ceremonial, it is said to have initiation PCka). been a "pit roasting"; but the informant did not 1555. MDly, MDkw. The informants knew that know details, except that the girl's back was novices "jumped over something," but did not know "stepped on to make it straight" somewhere in the what it was. I suspect some of my other inform- course of events (cf. 1315, Yuma; 1353, Yuma). ants were equally vague. 1303. Cf. note 415. 1569. MCna. The informant statea that nose 1323. Girls from one clan or party only went piercing was final act of initiation, which is to through the ceremony. be doubted. 1324. The ceremonial assistant of the affili- 1584a. Small children (who were supposed to ated clan or party assumed active supervision of keep away from rituals) and people who miscon- the ritual. ducted themselves during performances became ill, 1328. Cf. note 415. DDly. A 5-day rite was and could be cured only by a performance of the said to have been a recent practice. dance. 1422. Cf. note 415. 1586. This is probably the modern wake, and 1382. PCka. Entries having to do with sand not an aboriginal usage. paintings were given by informant on basis of 1608. Cf. note 415. songs which mention the various items. It is per- 1609. PCka. Only old women cut their hair. fectly possible that this group had the songs and 1633. This seems a variant of "ceremonial can- not the ritual. Strong (1929) makes no mention of nibalism." (Cf. nos. 1641 and 1661.) any sand paintings made for the girls. 1661. Cup. This may be a trace of ceremonial 1420. Yuma. The period of seclusion of men- cannibalism, though informant denied that bones struants was said to have been only time they were ever consumed. Procedure (nos. 1662, 1663) made basketry. seems rather pointless otherwise. 1437a. DCwo. This was the time boys were taught clan songs. It seems at least possible Mourning ceremoy.--MDly, IMDku, WDma, WDpa. that this was an old trait incorporated into the In none of these groups had the mourning ceremony toloache initiation. Strong (1929) says the Pass been performed within memory of the informants. Cahuilla had same custom. What little they knew of a mourning rite turned out to be from Luiseino: La Jolla, Rincon, and Toloache initiation.--PCka. The following en- Pala. tries of this informant are based on descriptions 1665. DCwo, annually. PCka, every 2 years. in songs (cf. note 1382). Strong (1929) states MCna, annually. LuSa, each of 3 parties gave that the toloache initiation never reached Palm ceremony once every 3 years, alternately. Springs, and Cupeino and Luise-no informants also 1667. Yuma. (See Forde on recency of Yuma denied its introduction there. images in rite.) CULTURE ELEM. DISTRIB.: V--DRUCKER: SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA5 51
1669. Yuma, Chem. Ceremony was made after har- shamans had familiar spirits, but they apparently vest, when food was plentiful. would never speak of these matters. I hope to 1684. Cf. Forde, Yuma, p. 228. discuss the shamanistic complex of southern Cali- 1687-1689. Ceremonial assistant actively di- fornia at more length soon. rected performance, while clan chief sat by 1859. LuPa. Informant was a pragmatic-minded quietly. individual who insisted that shamans were taught 1695. Cf. note 415. their songs, curing methods, sleight-of-hand, 1717. DDkw. Objects which were clearly of same etc., from older shamans. The fact that they had nature as those which Forde calls "ceremonial "power" made it possible for them to use this shields" of Yuma were sometimes used instead of knowledge. images. Informant thought they were a kind of 1864. Yuma. Curing shamans did not dream of image, one of which represented all the dead. creation. Other supernatural power was acquired 1735. Yuma. The dead in whose memory ritual in this way. was held could be identified by painted tattoo 1880. See trait 1526. marks. 1888. The manner in which the wands were used 1759. LuTe, LuPa. Clothes, etc., of images is not clear. Some informants believed the wands were removed and given to bystanders. themselves spoke to their owners, informing them of future events. Others believed shamans could Shamanism.--WDma. Informant, for some reason, interpret, from the appearance, etc., of the denied all knowledge of anything concerning wands, what was to happen. shamans. 1918. Chem. This person is one who has a Deer 1857. The dreaming of the potential shaman was guardian spirit. I am not sure that he is to be caused (except for Yuma, Chem) by the fact that equated with the Cahuilla-Cupeiio-Luiseiio Deer he had the object ("hechiceria") within his body. shamans. 1858. Except among the Yuma and Chemehuevi 1927. The shaman told his dream, singing, the guardian-spirit concept is vague and ill de- probably mumbling; the ceremonial assistant ex- fined throughout the area. There are hints that plained significance of dream to people.