Pastoralist Areas Resilience Improvement through Market Expansion (PRIME) Project Funded by the United States Agency for International Development

FY 2016 Annual Report Reporting Period: 1 October 2015 – 30 September 2016

Submitted to: AOR: Dubale Admasu, USAID/Ethiopia

Country Contact HQ contact Program Summary Michael J. Jacobs Nate Oetting Award No: AID-663-A-12-00014 Chief of Party Senior Program Officer Box 14319 Mercy Corps Start Date: October 15, 2012 Addis Ababa 45 SW Ankeny Ethiopia Portland, Oregon 97204 End Date: October 14, 2017

Phone:+251-(11) 416-9337 Total Award: $56,772,799 Fax: +251-(11)416-9571 503.896.5000 [email protected] [email protected] Report Date: October 31, 2016

1 I. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PRIME is a five-year, USAID-funded initiative designed to support resilience among pastoralist communities in Ethiopia, and thus enhance prospects for long-term development in Ethiopia’s dryland landscape where the pastoralist livelihood system prevails. Financed through Feed the Future (FTF) and Global Climate Change (GCC) facilities, PRIME was designed to be transformative and innovative, and to achieve scale through market-driven approaches to livestock production and livelihood diversification that simultaneously support dryland communities to adapt to a changing climate. In order to achieve its overall goal of increasing household incomes and enhancing resilience to climate change through market linkages, the program works to meet the following five major objectives (intermediate results):

1) Improve productivity and competitiveness of livestock and livestock products; 2) Enhance pastoralists’ adaptation to climate change; 3) Strengthen alternative livelihoods for households transitioning out of pastoralism; 4) Ensure enhanced innovation, learning and knowledge management; and 5) Improve nutritional status of targeted households through targeted, sustained and evidence-based interventions.

Highlights from Year 4: This report summarizes the key activities implemented, and the associated accomplishments for PRIME between 1 October 2015 and 30 September 2016. Major accomplishments for this Year 4 include:

PROGRESS AGAINST OVERALL GOALS

Key findings in the Midline Survey (2015) when compared to the Baseline Survey (2013) indicated that with the implementation of PRIME, annual household income increased on average by $194.09 /hh. Measures of poverty did not improve and remained unchanged despite the increased household income. However, the midline measurements were made at the peak of the El Niño drought and two of PRIME’s operational areas were deeply affected by this drought. The midline survey also found that household vulnerability to drought had declined, on average, by 29% when measuring the probability of suffering from moderate or severe hunger. In addition, there were increases in the percentage of children (from 0.5% to 5.2%) and women (from 2.2% to 2.7%) eating 4 or more food groups. Household access to veterinary products also increased from 9% to 35% and access to financial services increased for an estimated 174,556 beneficiaries since the start of the project.

The Annual Household Survey found that all targets for 2015 were achieved for annually measured indicators. Moreover, some end-of-project targets, such as the one related to the percentage of women reporting meaningful participation in decision-making and the percentage of farmers who practice supplementary feeding for animals, have already been achieved.

2 During this reporting year, PRIME reached 74,513 vulnerable households. According to PRIME FY2016 Annual Household Survey report, 45,542 people implemented risk-reducing practices/actions to improve resilience to climate change. The number of farmers and others who have applied new (improved) technologies or management practices as a result of PRIME activities during FY2016 is 45,542. PRIME also leveraged total of $1,734, 969 PS capital investments and achieved a total $10,876,924.82 incremental sales.

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 1: IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS:

The focus of the activities for achieving the Intermediary Result 1- Improved productivity and competitiveness of livestock and livestock products during PRIME year 4 continued to be on improving productivity in key livestock market systems, improving market linkages, improving enabling environment and providing effective emergency response to protect pastoralist assets.

During Year 4 the IR1 team, in concert with other IRs and IIF continued implementing activities initiated in the previous project quarters, focused on development of the live animals trade, meat, dairy and livestock inputs (animal health products and services and feed/fodder) value chains. These activities consisted of: 1) support to local lead SMEs in completing their business expansions and improving business capacity, including business soundness, marketing and business management practices, adoption of new technologies, increasing employment, and expanding market consolidation for commodities (milk and livestock) produced by pastoral and agro-pastoral households; 2) market linkage events, trainings, technical assistance interventions and exposure visits for value chain operators, suppliers and local public development agents in the value chains; and 3) livestock productivity improvement events, trainings and information dissemination.

Additionally, in response to the drought conditions existing in the eastern operational areas of PRIME (Afar and Siti Zone of ESRS) the IR1 team, in collaboration with the IR3 and IR5 teams focused on developing and implementing emergency and crisis modifier activities. The emergency response activities worked towards preventing negative drought effects on livestock and livestock marketing, and protecting resilience improvement and development gains. Several activities such as destocking (stimulating commercial livestock off-take), restricted value veterinary vouchers interventions, fodder transportation interventions, as well as initiation of support for improved feed and fodder accessibility. The combined emergency market activities as they relate to the IR1 objectives brought increased access to veterinarian products and services for over 21,000 households in Afar Zone 3 and the Siti Zone. An additional estimated 12,000 households were able to sell over 38,200 small ruminants during the destocking activities, and another 22,000 have benefited from improved local access to supplemental feed and fodder for livestock.

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 2: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:

PRIME’s Intermediate Result 2 focuses on enhancing pastoralists’ adaptation to climate change by improving availability and access to climate information services, supporting the

3 strengthening of early warning systems, and strengthening the capacity of local institutions for improved resource governance and management practices in climate adaptation. This includes improving livelihood-related decision-making processes towards climate change adaptation under Intermediate Results 1 and 3 that focus on livestock productivity and livelihood diversification, respectively.

The natural resource management activities (NRM) focused on ensuring the continuity of the rangeland councils’ role, through continued support of regular dialogues and review meeting events between rangeland councils and local-level government partners. NRM activities also included facilitation of community rangeland management planning and endorsement processes by local government stakeholders. Other activities included support of rangeland restoration activities, development and/or rehabilitation of selected water points (ponds and birkads), selective bush thinning/prosopis clearing activities, and hay making trainings to encourage communities to harvest and store surplus grass for the following dry season. The major accomplishments under the NRM activities include supporting regular rangeland council meetings held in all 24 rangeland systems in the three clusters, facilitating community rangeland management planning processes at 16 rangeland systems and the endorsement of 10 rangeland system plans. Nine water points were rehabilitated or developed in addition to the restoration of 6,322.5 hectares of rangeland, via selective clearing of prosopsis, area closures and soil & water conservation techniques – including soil bunds and check dams.

Similarly, trainings were offered on Basic Data Collection and Dissemination Techniques for Early Warning Committee Members in Afar. Participatory Scenario Planning (PSP) workshops took place in all the three clusters, and led to the dissemination of advisories to communities in all three clusters. Support was provided to the multi-agency assessment of the Belg rainy season in Afar and Southern clusters, and ongoing support went to the local SAA groups’ discussions and meetings in Afar and Southern clusters. PRIME promoted the expansion of Improved Supplementary Fodder Production activities in Afar based on the results of the piloting work conducted in the previous year, and material support went to the Afar regional Disaster Prevention Food Security Projects Coordination Office (DPFSPCO) to strengthen their disaster response capacities and coordination.

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 3: STRENGTHENED ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS FOR HOUSEHOLDS TRANSITIONING OUT OF PASTORALISM (TOPS)

Over 1,230 TOPs graduated and attending Short-term vocational training in Different TVETs: New cohorts of TOPs are enrolled to attend vocational skill training in different TVETs through PRIME’s short-term vocational scholarship program. During the year, 758 young and unemployed TOPs started skills training in over 20 different skills. Since PRIME started supporting the TVET to expand their training streams and improve their curriculums, over 80% have completed and graduated and the remaining 20% are still attending the training. This year’s achievement brings the total number of TOPs who have graduated or continue attending the short-term training to 1,238. In addition to facilitating the scholarship, PRIME has provided financial assistance to TOPs from very poor families to attend and successfully complete the training. Those who have completed the training are pursuing jobs or have started their own employment. Graduated cohorts of TOPs are reporting that they have obtained jobs and some

4 started their own business that they would not have obtained without the skills training facilitated by PRIME. PRIME is working to link interested TOPs to access finance from MFIs should they want planning to start their own business.

PRIME business expansion activity created 531 new jobs in Somali, Oromia and Afar regions: Several enterprises and financial institutions supported by PRIME in the Eastern, Southern and Afar clusters reported to have created a total of 531 new full-time jobs. The types of enterprises span from livestock, non-livestock, and financial institutions. PRIME has provided cost share business expansion grants for small, medium and large enterprises to expand their business in pastoralist areas to create new jobs for TOPS and create markets for producers.

Micro loans for over 1,000 women start-up businesses facilitated by PRIME: The PRIME and ACPA teams supported the Somali Microfinance Institution (SMFI) to facilitate micro loans for 1180 women from different woredas of the Somali region. The SMFI provided entrepreneurship and financial literacy training for the selected women while PRIME covered the operational costs of the training. At the end of the training, all women TOPs were linked to the SMFI and opened savings accounts. Following that, the SMFI disbursed a total loan amount of 3,584,000 ETB per the individual business proposals. The participants regularly save with the SMFI on a monthly basis and repay the loan monthly. Upon repayment of the first round of loan funding, clients will be eligible for another loan on a voluntary basis.

Mobile and agent banking client numbers and transactions hit new high record: Mercy Corps has supported the Somali MFI in the introduction and rollout of mobile and agent banking (HelloCash) solutions to increase access to inclusive financial services in the region. During the year, HelloCash was inaugurated in the presence of high-level delegates from Federal and Regional government, the United States Ambassador to Ethiopia, and USAID mission representatives. Mobile and agent banking clients of SMFI have now reached a record high, with over 111,000 individuals signed up for mobile and agent banking service and over 750 new agents established. The coverage and service of HelloCash is growing tremendously, as demonstrated by the more than 6000 daily transactions via the HelloCash mobile money platform, with a value of US$450,000. Since the start of the service 20 years ago, nearly US$32 million in transactions have taken place.

5,000 households received cash transfers and financial literacy training in drought stricken areas of Afar Zone 3and Siti Zone: The cash transfer intervention targeted 5000 pastoralists and households transitioning out of pastoralism (TOPs) in Siti and Afar Zone 3 selected woredas. Households in the lowest wealth quartile in these communities were the primary targets of the cash transfer intervention. PRIME collaborated with Afar MFI and Somali MFI to implement this activity in both regions. All targeted households opened bank account with the MFIs, attended financial literacy and nutrition training and received cash through their bank account, with the option to withdraw from nearby MFI branches, mobile banking agents, and designated payment outlets. This activity is completed, with 2500 households in Afar zone 3 having received three rounds of cash through their conventional bank account, while in Siti zone 2500 (1067 through mobile bank account)

5 households received three rounds of cash through conventional and mobile bank accounts. Even though the cash transfer activity is completed, households have the option to continue being clients of these MFIs and to use their bank accounts for future saving.

The newly established Rays MFI opened its first four branches for service: PRIME has been supporting Rays since its establishment, and continues to provide financial and technical assistance. During the reporting period, Rays facilitated training for all their newly hired staff to ensure they provide the best service in their respective branch offices.

612 VSLAs with 11,219 members have been formed through the private service provider model PRIME support for Private Service Providers (PSPs) for the formation and expansion of VSLAs through the PSP model continued this year. The model is a more cost-effective and sustainable method to expand outreach in target communities and provide the service and is adopted across all PRIME intervention areas. During the reporting period, the overall achievement of VSLA establishments via PSP model was impressive. The total number of groups formed and total VSLA members now stand at 612 and 11,219 respectively. The total amount of members’ savings reached ETB 4,375,671 (US$200,000) with a total loan outstanding balance of ETB 1,206,986 (US$55,000).

Facilitation of disability adjustment appliances: ECDD in collaboration with Mercy Corps and SOS Sahel Ethiopia facilitated the provision of disability adjustment appliances. A total of 69 (52 female) trainees with mobility impairment enrolled in Yabello, Negelle, and Moyalle. TVET Colleges were provided with different appliances. The cost for the appliances was covered by PRIME with the referral linkage formed with Cheshire Services Ethiopia Hawassa Branch.

Increasing access to agricultural inputs: Eighteen agricultural input suppliers (i.e., twelve in Eastern cluster and six in Southern cluster) were supported through cost-shared small grants. After successful business expansion, these input suppliers continue to supply various agricultural inputs. In this reporting period, 8,871 households (6,230 male and 2,841 female) have accessed various types of vegetable seeds, improved cereals, pulses and forage seeds, farm tools and agro chemicals from these agricultural input suppliers. Households invest around ETB 5,845,085 (US$266,000) on improved inputs and agricultural equipment. PRIME will continue to provide technical support, business coaching/mentoring and data tracking in the coming year.

Adult Literacy Training: The general objective of adult literacy training is to establish a well-planned, organized and coordinated adult education system that will provide access to quality and relevant learning programs to youth and adults that will enable them to participate competently in the social, economic, and political development of the region. 1,256 men and 757 women attended literacy training conducted by FSA in Awash Fentale, Argoba, Amibara, Dulessa and Gelalo woredas. Dulessa woreda, in particular, is performing well in both student numbers and a strong female ratio. In Awash Fentale, due to access to the city and road system, the number of students is

6 lower and has fewer women. Generally, we observed an improvement in the month of March with increased numbers of students, more women participants, and lower dropout rates.

IR4: Ensure enhanced innovation, learning and knowledge management

The final versions of the 2015 Annual Household Survey and Midline Survey Reports were submitted this quarter. Key results from the surveys show that PRIME is associated with increasing dietary diversity for children aged 6 to 23 months and pregnant and lactating women, PRIME is associated with increasing access to animal health services, and PRIME is linked with reducing drought vulnerability in high intensity areas in comparison to low intensity ones. The LKM team from Mercy Corps, in collaboration with Haramaya University staff, also focused efforts on monitoring and evaluating the emergency drought response interventions in Afar Zone 3 and Siti zone of Somali region. Interviews with market actors for livestock (traders) and for veterinary products (PVPs) working with PRIME will provide a market baseline, while interviews with beneficiaries of the cash transfer program will provide insight to the project on nutritional outcomes, coping strategies, use of the cash transfer and satisfaction with MFI services. To understand the contribution of PRIME interventions towards building resilience in Fanfan zone, Mercy Corps regional resilience hub and the learning technical support unit at Mercy Corps headquarters carried out research in four woredas of the zone. While the research is similar to what TANGO is doing around Jigjiga town, this research aims to look at different geographical areas and provide a ‘baseline’ with planned follow-up surveys to observe resilience capacities in PRIME target households and communities. PRIME is providing some support to this resilience research, assisting with technical and programmatic inputs. The quantitative and qualitative data collection was conducted and preliminary data analysis completed. The draft report was shared with IR leaders and their deputies. The final report will be shared during quarter 17. This information will inform Mercy Corps, PRIME partners, and the overall resilience community about what interventions are contributing most to resilience and whether PRIME’s approach is making a difference in these communities.

Finally, the proceedings of Haramaya university Research findings have been published and are being distributed to stakeholders at federal and regional level. PRIME partners and USAID have also received copies during this year. During Y16 the IR4 team conducted progress monitoring of three interventions: livestock de- stocking and veterinarian voucher intervention (drought response), birkads construction, and pond excavation. Through qualitative data collection, the team found that most interviewed livestock traders noticed a positive change in the respective livestock market, especially on livestock price. Access to feed remains the main challenge to those traders we interviewed. Price determination based on livestock body condition was the second challenge most reported. PRIME interviewed pastoralists who received veterinary vouchers as part of the drought response intervention. Pastoralists believed that after the intervention their livestock improved

7 their health status, especially for those too weak to stand. CAHWs also played a role, including providing awareness about the use of vouchers and the use of drugs.

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 5: USE OF NUTRITIONAL PRODUCTS: The PRIME Nutrition team continued collaborating with the regional, zonal and woreda health officials to improve nutritional capacity of local health facilities, to effect nutrition behavior change of supported PRIME households. In order to ensure improved capacity for health professionals, a series of Maternal, Infant and Young Child Nutrition (MIYCN), Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture (NSA) related trainings, promotions, practical demonstrations and meetings were conducted to strengthen nutrition systems at institutional and community levels.

PRIME developed MIYCN manuals for trainers and participants adjusting them for pastoralists and agro-pastoralists settings. In addition, to improve counseling services at health facility and community level, PRIME in collaboration with the ENGINE project and local government health offices developed and printed MIYCN counseling cards for health facilities, community volunteers, mother action cards, MIYCN posters and WASH posters. These materials were designed specifically for communities in each of the 3 regions (i.e., Somali, Borena, Guji, Afar).

In the fourth year of the PRIME project, 545 health workers/health extension workers and 280 community volunteers were trained on MIYCN utilizing the developed MIYCN manuals. Through cascade counselling and trainings, those trained government employees and volunteers reached 40,046 households with nutrition counseling.

The nutrition team employed various interventions to improve the availability and quality of animal feed for better animal and child nutrition to increase availability and access to milk for children. The implemented activities included the training of development agents (DAs) on nutrition sensitive interventions. In total, 728 Development Agents (DAs) and model farmers were trained on nutrition sensitive agriculture using the nutrition sensitive training manual. The trained DAs further cascaded the trainings and reached 6620 community members on the key messages of nutrition, WASH, cooking demonstrations, keyhole gardening, perma-garden techniques, improved fodders and animal health issues.

In order to reach additional beneficiaries with key nutrition messages, the PRIME nutrition team in collaboration with local theater art groups, school clubs and government bureaus organized 48 different promotional events. The topics included the concept of the first 1000 days, the importance of critical hand-washing, cooking demonstrations to highlight dietary diversity and community dialogues on the use of concentrated feed. These promotional events reached 37,407 people in Oromia, Somali and Afar regions.

PRIME activities contributed positively to nutrition outcomes as evidenced by the midline survey, which indicated that the percentage of pregnant and lactating women that ate 4 or more food groups increased from 2.2 at baseline to 2.7 at midline. For children below 2 years of age this percentage increased from 0.5 at baseline to 5.7 at midline.

Innovation Investment Fund

AGP Poultry performance:

8 AGP has trained 70 AGP Poultry Agents to date and currently has a total of 28 operational agents in the Borena/Guji Zone. These agents have achieved high productivity from their incubators, with mortality rates below 7% among agent-group birds. Of the 28 agent groups currently in business, 6 have already finished the distribution of the second cycle and started the third round. 12 have distributed chickens for two cycles. Furthermore, AGP technical coordinators are conducting weekly fieldwork progress meetings with zonal livestock and IMX bureau officials to facilitate the market linkage for the Agents and to solve the field distribution challenges. In this quarter AGP has created nine additional full time jobs, resulting in a total of 133 jobs created.

Expansion of Somali MFI branches: PRIME supported SMFI branch expansion in seven different woredas and in Addis Ababa. With this expansion, SMFI’s performance has improved and the number of savers in these branches has increased to 3,222 this year. The number of borrowers also increased to 3993 due to the expansion. The total loan amounts disbursed and savings mobilized up to this reporting period is 14,550,268 ETB and 17,826,424 ETB, respectively.

Afar Microfinance Institution progress updates: Mercy Corps has continued to provide technical and financial assistance based on the sub-award agreement with Afar MFI. The performance of the MFI is improving over time, and during the reporting period, they have recorded significant increases in terms of numbers of savers and loans to clients. Afar MFI also participated in the cash transfer intervention during the El Niño drought response in the region this year. PRIME continued providing technical and financial assistance to AMFI to improve its core financial service function. Currently, PRIME is facilitating the MFI during a procurement process of core-banking solutions to connect its branches. In addition, the MFI is expanding its coverage by opening new branches in the region.

9 II. SUMMARY OF RESULTS TABLE1 FY13+FY14 FY13+FY14 FY16 FY16 +FY15 +FY15 Indicator Disaggregation Target Achieved Remark Targets Achieved (Y4 only) (Y4 only) (Y1+Y2+Y3) (Y1+Y2+Y3)

CROSS CUTTING INDICATORS 236,474 households reported as beneficiaries in Ki-projects. A 4.5.2-14: Number of discount based on IR Total 125,000 118,649 75,000 74,513 integration found vulnerable households through the annual household survey (69.67%) was applied. Achievement = 99.4% Number of beneficiaries has substantially 4.5.2(5): Number of farmers increased cause due to and others who have applied the expansion in the use new (improved) of mobile banking Total 16,687 50,80 4 27,380 45,542 technologies or management services, facilitation of practices as a result of US commercial destocking assistance activities in Afar and Sitti zone as well as the expansion of MIYCN Number of beneficiaries has substantially 4.5.2(34): Number of people increased due to the implementing risk reducing expansion in the use of mobile banking services, practices/actions to improve Total 29,000 64,054 27,380 45,542 facilitation of resilience to climate change commercial destocking as a result of USG assistance activities in Afar and Sitti zone as well as the expansion of MIYCN

PPR 4.8.2-26: Number of # of beneficiaries has stakeholders with increased substantially increased capacity to adapt to the because the expansion in Total 20,300 56,274 27,380 45,542 the use of mobile impacts of climate banking services as well variability and change as a as the expansion of result of USG assistance MIYCN

4.5.2(7): Number of Achievement 163%. Total 49,225 48,042 6,174 10,097 individuals who have received Financial literacy USG supported short-term training Provided for Male 28,198 28,845 3,944 5,024 agricultural sector cash transfer beneficiaries contributed productivity or food security Female 21,027 19,557 2,230 5,073 training (RIA) (WOG) for the over achievement

1 we are re-calculating some numbers that will be reflected in FTFMS/AidTracker+

10 FY13+FY14 FY13+FY14 FY16 FY16 +FY15 +FY15 Indicator Disaggregation Target Achieved Remark targets achieved (Y4 only) (Y4 only) (Y1+Y2+Y3) (Y1+Y2+Y3) Achievement 134%. Sales of livestock and 4.5.2(23): Value of dairy products have been incremental sales at farm- 11% higher than USD 12,657,936 13,728,874 8,100,000 10,873,573 expected (USD 582 level attributed to FtF versus USD 644). This implementation might be due to the destocking facilitation provided by PRIME. 4.5.1(24): (NEW) Number of agricultural enabling environment policies completing the following 5 6 3 3 processes/steps of Achievement 100%. development as a result of USG assistance (S) Area 5 6 Institutional architecture for 0 improved policy formulation Enabling environment for 3 1 private sector investment Agricultural trade policy 0 Agricultural input policy 1 Land and natural resources 1 1 1 tenure, rights, and policy Resilience and agricultural 0 1 1 risk management policy Nutrition 0 1 1 Other 1 4 Disaggregates Not Available 0 Process/Step 5 6 Analysis 1 1 Stakeholder 2 4 1 1 consultation/public debate Drafting or revision 1 1 1 Approval (legislative or 1 regulatory) Full and effective 1 1 1 1 implementation Disaggregates Not Available 0 Total policies passing through one of more 5 6 3 3 processes/steps of policy change

11 FY13+FY14 FY13+FY14+ FY16 +FY15 FY16 Target Indicator Disaggregation FY15 targets Achieved Remark achieved (Y4 only) (Y1+Y2+Y3) (Y4 only) (Y1+Y2+Y3) Achievement is Total 1460 1641 1846 1190 4.5.2(11): Number of food 64%. security private enterprises Private Sector 1152 602 1686 448 (for profit), producers Producer Orgz 0 36 279 organizations, water users Water User associations, women's 0 13 0 Assoc groups, trade and business associations, and Women's groups 0 266 40 Trade and community-based 10 45 5 1 organizations (CBOs) Business assoc receiving USG assistance CBOs 273 286 155 0 (RIA) (WOG) Disaggregates not 25 393 422 available 4.5.2(2): Number of hectares under improved technologies Total 32,390 34,544 25,000 6,322 or management practices as a result of USG assistance PPR 4.8.1-29 Number of person hours of training in Total 78,000 200,041 39,000 12,630 natural resources management and/or Men 56166 143775 27,300 9,440 biodiversity conservation Women 21,840 56,266 11,700 3,190 supported by USG assistance PPR 4.7.1-12: Total number Total 30,460 49,223 51,000 125,333 Achievement of clients (households and/or 8,199 246%. This is Borrowers 5,000 13,858 4,000 because the microenterprises) benefiting expansion in the from financial services 117,134 provided through USG- Savers 24,930 33,465 47,000 use of mobile banking services assisted financial intermediaries, including non-financial institutions or Insurance 560 1900 - - actors Total 2700 1701 1910 1645 4.5(2): Number of jobs New 795 531 attributed to

FTFimplementation (RIA) Continue 1115 1114 Obtained 1,213 - - 4.5.2(38): Value of new private sector investment in the agriculture sector or food Total (USD) 13,500,000 13,767,972 1,871,000 1,734,969 chain leveraged by FTF implementation (RIA)

12 FY13+FY14 FY13+FY14 FY16 FY16 +FY15 +FY15 Indicator Disaggregation Target Achieved Remark Targets Achieved (Y4 only) (Y4 only) (Y1+Y2+Y3) (Y1+Y2+Y3)

Total 14,150 12,577 7,171 14,312 Achievement 200%. Cascading of mother 3.1.9(1): Number of people Male 5,150 5,392 3,289 7,638 trained in child health and infant and young children nutrition nutrition through USG- Female 9,000 7,185 3,882 6,674 (MIYCN) trainings in supported programs (S) all clusters helped to trained more peoples. Total 88,500 70,698 38,046 40,046 Achieved 105%. The figure in Ki projects is Male 44,835 35,972 19,323 27,421 3.1.9(15): Number of 71,510. A discount children under five reached rate of 44% due to by USG-supported nutrition overlaps within IR5 programs (S) Female 43,665 34,726 18,723 44,089 activities as calculated through the Annual household survey.

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III. CORRELATION TO THE MONITORING PLAN

Data for this annual report were gathered through PRIME’s Ki-projects, after verification from Data for this report was gathered through PRIME’s Ki-projects, after verification with data in the project’s output tracking sheet and through business information gathered by the EMD team at field level and reported to IR1 and IR3. Data for VSLA members (financial beneficiaries) is being collated and reported by the Rural Financial Services specialist through the SAVIX information system. Information for institutions supported was extracted from the institutional database Kimetrica and Ki.projects developed for PRIME and from SAVIX information for the number of VSLAs.

Kimetrica, during this period, has been working on updated definitions of PRIME’s custom indicators, based on new evidence and the methodologies used during the last annual household survey and midline survey. The indicators with new definitions are: 1. Women dietary diversity (pregnant and/or lactating women) 2. Children 6-23 months’ dietary diversity 3. Percentage of households accessing Animal Health Services (disaggregated by CAHW and PVP) 4. Prevalence of households with moderate/severe hunger 5. Annual income

During this reporting period USAID Feed the Future has revised its handbook of definitions of indicators. Accordingly, PRIME LKM team identified those revised indicators and sent to AOR for approval. PRIME FY17 targeting and reporting will be based on the revised. The summary of precious and revised indicators can be found in Annex 10.

IV. RESULT BY RESULT ANALYSIS

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 1: IMPROVED PRODUCTIVITY AND COMPETITIVENESS OF LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCTS:

Key Result 1.1: Productivity in Key Livestock Market Systems Increased

Productivity and Competitiveness Improved in the Dairy Value Chain in Northern Somali, Afar and Southern Operational Clusters This set of interventions, is aimed at improving the dairy value chain for resilience, competitiveness, creating access to sustainable milk market for pastoralists, improves milk production in terms of quality and quantity and improves both household nutrition status, and household income through facilitating development of sustainable and vibrant dairy value chain over the PRIME Year 4 resulted in:

PRIME supported two medium sized milk-processing plants: Addiskidan in Awash, Afar and Berwako in

14 Jijiga. The facilities reached a combined throughput of 2.5 MT of milk per day during this fiscal year. Twelve privately and/or cooperatively owned milk collection centers in ESRS, Afar and Oromia consolidated their operation and improved operations with PRIME support. Additional activities over the FY aimed at to improve productivity and competitiveness of the dairy market system included:

Milk Quality and Sanitation Training for Milk Collection Centers and Agents in the Southern Cluster: Three-day trainings provided for 34 participants of which 24 were women. The training was facilitated in collaboration with Ethiopia Meat and Dairy Development Institute. The main topics covered during the training were: (1) clean milk production, (2) post production quality assurance during collection and transportation and (3) efficient and effective milk value additions (processing) methods.

Exposure Visit for Milk Collection Centers to Medium Scale Milk Processing Plants in Bushtit and Adama: To equip milk collection centers, that have been supported through PRIME, with knowledge and skills in milk quality. This includes sanitation and broad product ranges, modern milk processing and handling technologies/practices. PRIME has facilitated 3-day exposure visits for 42 trainees of which 29 were women, including milk collection centers and district & zonal government representatives. During the visit, participants were exposed to dairy management (feeding, health and hygiene), milk transportation, milking practices, milk quality testing and milk processing and packaging.

Small Competitive Cost Shared Grants for Improvement of Milk Shops in the Eastern Cluster: The milk shop or milk canteen business model is very popular in the urban areas of both Eastern and Southern PRIME operational clusters. These small milk retail businesses are almost exclusively owned and managed by women or groups of women. During the reporting period, PRIME completed the selection of 10 successful winners out of 33 applications from Jijiga, Dagheabour and other urban areas. These small cost shared business expansions are expected to increase the quality of product, marketing potential and ultimately quantity of milk and milk products sold. That will in-turn improve the demand for milk from both producer groups in the urban areas and the nascent milk processing enterprises in the pastoral areas.

Productivity and Competitiveness Improved in the Live Animals and Meat Value Chain in Northern Somali, Afar and Southern Operational Clusters As the most important value chain for a majority of the target beneficiary base, the live animal and meat production and trade value chain continued to be the productivity and competitiveness improvement focus for PRIME over the FY in all operational clusters.

15 With the support of PRIME IIF, the Jijiga Export Slaughterhouse (JESH) completed its establishment including construction, equipping, receiving business license, receiving Ethiopian Government and United Arab Emirates food safety and quality certifications. Test production and troubleshooting was conducted and implementation of HACCP and Halal food safety and quality requirements is in progress. It is expected that this facility will initiate regular operation during FY 2017 and serve as lead consolidator for value added small ruminant meat export in the region, serving the marketing needs for no less than 50,000 livestock producing households in the Eastern Cluster. This 7 million USD lead enterprise the establishment of which was supported by PRIME with 1.5 million USD grant and $350,000 USD Somali Regional government infrastructural improvement investment is currently employing over 50 regular employees and it is expected that will give rise to additional multiple service provision and supply enterprises in the vicinity.

In order to improve productivity and competitiveness of live animal production and trade market system, PRIME continued the implementation of the business expansion initiatives of local livestock trading enterprises in establishing small feedlots to add value to livestock traded from the eastern and southern operational areas. As a result of these activities, twelve local livestock trading enterprises expanded their operations and adopted numerous new technologies, management and marketing practices. These enterprises improved employment from 91 to 134 FTE jobs, and increased quarterly trade of livestock from $493,702 to $1,558,676 through September 2016. The crowding in effect in the area, where PRIME provided 33% of total investment ($428,000) towards the development of small feedlots has proven to be extraordinary since it has stimulated numerous other livestock traders to start investing in similar operations for livestock fattening, purchasing and using supplemental feed and fodder. The improvements of the livestock trading businesses as sown by the capitalization of the enterprises and ownership of fixed assets (collateral) enables them to apply for financing whereas the traders were able to get business loans from Oromia international Bank.

Additional activities over the FY aiming to improve productivity and competitiveness of the livestock trade and meat market system included:

Training in Meat Hygiene for Meat Traders in the Eastern Cluster: This training was attended by 70 individual business owners and local cooperatives. Participants gained the necessary information and education of methods and steps to maintain hygiene from start to finish in the meat selling process. Experts and participants discussed and covered

16 major hygienic issues important to meat preservation and consumption. Technical and business skill training for feedlot operators in Borena: In order to follow up on the technical and business capacity and market linkage of the nascent feedlot operators in Borena, PRIME facilitated a training event in collaboration with the Ethiopian Meat and Dairy Technology Institute and Rooba Business Consultancy. Thirty-three trainees, feedlot owners, managers and zonal and woreda government experts participated in the training. As a result, the technical knowledge on fattening as well as related business skills were improved, building on their existing traditional knowledge and experience. The training was used to also conduct discussions on livestock marketing challenges with the Trade and Market Development Office of Borana Zone whose officers participated in the training. As a result, the Trade and Market Development Office of Borana Zone committed to promoting market linkages, information flow and business environment as needed.

Feedlot Management and Business Skill Development Training for Feedlot Operators in Southern Cluster: To further build capacity of feedlot operators some of which are also recipients of business expansion grant support, PRIME facilitated feedlot management and business skill development training for feedlot business owners and managers. Twenty-seven individuals (owners and employees) from 13 feedlot businesses and 1 PDO expert attended the training. The training was facilitated in coordination with experts from the Ethiopian Meat and Dairy Institute and Haramaya University. The training had two sessions.

Productivity and Competitiveness Improved in the Animal Health Products and Services Market Systems Northern Somali, Afar and Southern Operational Clusters Animal health services and products remain the most important inputs in the pastoral and agro- pastoral livestock production system. PRIME continued its support for the development of sustainable, quality and accessible animal health service providers and product suppliers in all operational clusters. A result of the numerous activities aimed at expanding the network of Private Veterinary Pharmacies, their linkage with the Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs), improved and affordable access to these services was assured for 78,950 pastoral and agro-pastoral households. PRIME supported 33 PVPs to expand their operations and open/establish 39 additional retail PVP outlets in underserved pastoral areas. The total investment mobilized for the expansion of the sustainable and sound PVP network amounted to $483,382 of which PRIME contributed $153,173 (30% cost share). The supported PVP SMEs have as of September 2016 added 60 new jobs and now permanently hire 127 employees, have increased the number of CAHWs that they permanently collaborate from

17 271 to 383 and have increased total monthly sales of veterinarian products from average 31,500 to 53,800 USD by September 2016. This network of PVPs and CAHWs was further engaged in emergency activities implemented in Afar and Siti during the FY as contractual vendors for the Restricted Value Vouchers interventions aiming to protect livestock owned by over 20,000 drought affected households.

Additional significant activities over the FY aiming to improve the productivity and competitiveness of the livestock industry through expansion and improvement of animal health services included:

Workshop on Control of Illegal Veterinary Drug Trade and Unfolding Newly Endorsed Government Proclamation (VDFACA) No: 728/2011 in the Southern Cluster: To increase awareness of animal health input market actors and various stakeholders on illegal veterinary drug control - in line with the Government Proclamation No: 728/2011 - PRIME facilitated a workshop with the Federal Veterinary Drug and Feed Control Administration Authority at Yabello and Negelle March 14-15, 2016 and March 17-18, 2016 respectively. In total, 153 (21 female) participants from private businesses and government offices attended the workshops. As a result of the workshops CAHWs, animal health experts, PDO and PVP owners increased their awareness on veterinary drugs definition, illegal drugs market, downside of illegal drugs, controlling mechanism and regulatory actions and roles of stakeholders.

Business to Business Discussion/Linkage between PVPs and CAHWS in the Southern Cluster: In order to further strengthen the relationships between the PVPs and CAHWS and assure better and more accessible service to animal health products and services a B2B event was conducted during the FY. Historically, the lack of legal and licensed veterinary drugs and equipment suppliers has in the past brought to a situation whereas the CAHWs and pastoral households had to rely on illegally traded drugs as the only option. Six PVPs from Moyale Oromia and Somali region: Dodo, Hiwot, Dirre, Dr. Golo, Harar and Yenya where linked and strengthened their relationships with the CAHWs through group and one on one discussions, exchanging addresses and contacts. Some PVP owners agreed to credit or rent drugs and equipment to CAHWs respectively in order to alleviate the main constraint that the CAHWs are facing in terms of lack of operational money. Furthermore, discussion and

18 experience sharing, which were made among CAHWs and Government Animal health workers were taken as good opportunity during B2B and refresh training. Finally, both Somali and Oromia regional government representatives noted the issues mentioned during the B2B meeting and committed to contribute towards the improvement of the business environment for the future development and improvement of the market for animal health products and services.

Exposure visit for Private Veterinary Pharmacies from Afar to Veterinarian Product Importers and Wholesalers in Addis Ababa: The objectives of this activity were: (1) to enhance PVPs’ soft and hard skills by creating interactive forums and dialogues between PVPs and upstream input suppliers and strengthening their involvement in the institutional and functional relationships and interactions across input markets; and (2) to develop PVPs understanding of the law and enforcement around veterinary pharmaceutical trade and regulations. During the course of the visit to wholesalers in Addis Ababa the Ethiopian veterinary drugs and feed importers and distributors association; Veterinary Drugs and Feed Administration and Control Authority (VDFACA) and Veterinary input suppliers in Ethiopia were involved. Six PVPs from each woreda of Afar Zone 3 participated in a three-day visit with presentations from the regulatory authority that included (1) veterinary pharmaceuticals registration system in Ethiopia; (2) good pharmaceutical distribution practices and good pharmacy practices; (3) statutory packages and enforcements of the VDFACA; (4) overall discussions and explanations around veterinary drugs trade in Ethiopia and specifically on challenges and opportunities the PVPs need to explore from the sector; (5) bilateral discussions and negotiations with Equatorial Business Group, Tropical Pharmaceutical Trading, and DAT international trading. The PVPs also visited several shops in Addis Ababa.

Competitive Cost-Shared Business Expansion Grants to Private Mobile Veterinary clinics in Southern Cluster: In order to further improve availability and access to sustainable animal health services in the Southern Cluster, during the FY PRIME published a call for applications/proposals for private veterinary clinic (mobile services) expansion. During this FY PRIME signed one sub-award agreement with Arero Mobile Veterinary Clinic to expand its reach and service for additional 900 households.

Community Animal Health Workers (CAHWs) Refreshment Training in the Southern Cluster: The objectives of this activity included: (1) refresh the knowledge and skills and stimulate CAHW involvement in provision of animal health services within their mandate in the target woredas; (2) provide a venue for discussing and identification of most prevalent animal health preservation issues the communities where the invited CAHWs are operating; (3) strengthen the linkage between CAHWs and PVPs; 4) provide a venue for experience sharing among CAHWs and between CAHWs and Government Animal health workers. The training was designed to create a maximum interaction between the facilitators and the participants by designing facilitation tools that encouraging active participation. The training was delivered in

19 two sessions: class based theoretical training and practical group work. 38 of which five female CAHWs attended the training that was conducted in Moyale on June 3-5, 2016.

Productivity and Competitiveness Improved in the Livestock Feed and Fodder Market Systems Northern Somali, Afar and Southern Operational Clusters Improving pastoral and agro-pastoral producer’s access to and utilization of supplement feed and fodder has been a continuous objective of PRIME over life of project and activities in the FY have been implemented in coordination and integration with IR2, IR3 and IR5, due to the nature of the market system. To increase the availability of quality animal feed/fodder in the target areas, PRIME advertised calls for proposals for feed/fodder business expansion in all operational areas. Due to limited agro ecological conditions and limited marketing opportunities majority of the business expansion proposals received over the FY did not show feasible promise for sustainable success. During the FY PRIME continued to offer technical support to the limited number of grantees to complete their expansions. Both “Mohamed Sharifo”, a livestock feed supplier and recipient of PRIME support started the operation of the feed store and started supplying concentrate feeds to the local community. Oromia Pastoralist TVET College in Yabello started the operation of the animal feed production facilities-expansions during the FY. In addition, the Oromia Pastoralist TVET College also started its educational objective using the feed production facility. PRIME will support these facilities to establish permanent business links with supported feedlot operators and poultry SMEs that are currently facing challenges in assuring consistent supply with various concentrates. To address the pastoralists market segment, the TVET plans to establish distribution outlets in several woredas in Borena through a micro franchising model. PRIME has the experience and good track record in supporting micro franchising business models and will support the effort in the quarters to come. It is expected that numerous youth employment opportunities will be provided with a successful operation of this facility.

Additionally, more significant activities aimed at improving the productivity and competitiveness of the animal feed and fodder market systems implemented within the IR1 objective of PRIME during the FY include:

Hay Making and Fodder Saving Training in the SC: The training objective was to improve the capacity of the beneficiary groups to produce and conserve animal feed in the quality and quantity needed for both improved productivity at mean time increased resilience to feed/fodder shortage incidents. 39 representatives from as many fodder producing groups, government/PDO experts and rangeland managers selected from 6 enclosure areas participated on two days

20 practical and theoretical training. Participants got good knowledge and skills on traditional way of fodder conservation and its constraints and desirable conditions for hay making and urea molasses treatment (UMT). Field demonstrations were conducted on Kifle agro-input supplier nursery site. Based on practical and theoretical training delivered, two closures “Kalo” areas fodder producing group, with 400 HH members have conserved and made hay from 40 hectares of closure areas and treated 150kg of grass with molasses and Urea.

Training in Fodder Production and Preservation Techniques for 59 Model Farmers in the Eastern Cluster: In collaboration with the Somali Regional Livestock and Pastoral Development Bureau, PRIME conducted three-day training on fodder production and preservation for 59 participants from agricultural cooperatives in Gursum and Erer districts with the expectation that this will impact 177 impact beneficiaries. The training was conducted in two rounds both theoretical and practical, one round in each Gursum and Erer district. Participants were selected from Jigjiga, Gursum, Erer and Babile Oromia.

Hydroponic Fodder Production Research and Demonstration: In an effort to increase awareness of and exposure to supplementary feed/fodder production technologies appropriate for dry areas, during the FY PRIME initiated research of hydroponic fodder production in its implementation areas. The research aimed to: (1) study the production and economic feasibility of hydroponic production and (2) introduce hydroponic fodder production model to a wider audience of pastoralists, agro pastoralists and extension workers. While commonly viewed as a prohibitively expensive fodder production method, the expansion of hydroponic (on demand fodder production) is rapidly expanding in regions in the world that exert low potential for agricultural production and yet have high demand for animal products especially milk and eggs.

After testing hydroponic fodder production in the Mercy Corps and PRIME partners field offices in Jijiga, Negele, Yabello and Arbaminch, demonstration exposure to the technology, its merits, fodder production cost analysis and alternative technology approaches started being presented and demonstrated to diversified audience incusing: farmers cooperatives management, local development agents and small scale livestock fattening groups (usually women). A total of 350 trainees were exposed to the technology. Trainings and demonstration events will continue over FY 2017. Upon the completion of the research and demonstration activities, PRIME will transfer the equipment and technology to be further used for education through practical application by academic institutions and agricultural research stations as well as potentially to

21 TVET Colleges as interest is shown by those institutions to carry on with either the research of demonstration to interested producers.

Key result 1.2: Market linkages improved

Business to Business Forum Between Livestock Traders and Commercial Abattoirs in the Eastern Cluster: The objective of this activity, the type of which was regularly conducted with PRIME support in the past quarters was to create constant market linkages between livestock traders involved in commercial off taking in Siti zone and commercial slaughter houses in Addis, Modjo, Debraziet and Adama. The workshop brought together local Livestock traders, big livestock exporters and abattoirs in the Dire Dawa Siesta Hotel. The one-day event was jointly organized by PRIME and the AGP- LMD Project. A total of 35 participants from the private sectors and government officials attended the B2B event. LMD managed to motivate four export abattoirs, representatives from the Ethiopian Meat and Dairy Institute as facilitators, four major live animal exporters and two government officials to take active part in this meeting. PRIME on the other hand invited and facilitated the presence of 22 local livestock traders and exporters, majority of which are PRIME destocking contractors operating in the Siti zone.

Livestock Supply Workshop at Adama: PRIME facilitated the workshop in collaboration with the Ethiopian Meat and Dairy Development Institute and Ethiopian Live Animal Traders Association. The workshops aim was to address paradox in demand and supply in livestock market system. Presentation on livestock welfare and international livestock market standards have been made by Ethiopian Meat and Dairy Development Institute. Business to Business discussion and temporary trade deal/negotiations have been made successfully. 16 local livestock traders/feedlot operators and 10 central market actors (6 abattoirs and 4 live animal exporters) were introduced to each other and made trade deals. Eventually, central market actors have ordered more than 10,000 livestock heads (shoats & cattle). Each feedlot operator/livestock trader has been linked with at least 2 abattoirs/exporters. The Ethiopian Livestock Traders Association initiated opening of coordination office in Borana zone (Yabello) and invited local traders to register for membership. The Association represents traders, facilitates trade relationship among members and along supply chain as well as offers services in duty free import of livestock transportation means and holding ground land acquiring.

Business to business discussion forum conducted between feedlot operators, livestock traders and meat retailers / hotel/ restaurant: Recognizing that the growing domestic market for livestock products is additional potential for pastoral regions livestock producers facilitated market linkage with domestic customers: hotels, restaurants and retail butchers. During the FY several B2B discussion forums were conducted in Guji Zone at Negelle Borena with a total of 20 participating enterprises from the hospitality and catering industry.

22 Rehabilitation and Upgrading of Afar Zone 3 Livestock Market Infrastructure: To improve the livestock marketing system in the region, PRIME Afar Cluster IR1 team in coordination with Regional Pastoral and Agricultural Development Bureau (PADB), during the FY initiated and conducted rehabilitation and regular maintenance activities of four primary market centers in the cluster. Major rehabilitation work included: (1)installation of shades; (2) installation and fixing of water tankers; (3) assuring water supply line and water pumps for Dulesa market; (4) maintenance and repairing of livestock loading ramps, water troughs, communal latrine, doors, fences, etc. During Quarter 14 all rehabilitation works have been completed and handed over to the regional PADB and respective woreda government offices that manage the markets. Along with handover, discussion and agreements were made with concerned woreda GO to share responsibility and ensure sustainable functionality and maintenance of the markets in the future. The issues discussed and actions taken include:  Ensure sustainable functionality of the market centers in discussion and coordination with woreda PADOs, Admin, finance, water supply office, etc.;  PADOs and town authorities will be responsible for hiring guards for the market centers;  PADOs will be responsible for assuring sustainable water supply and costs related;  PADOs will be responsible for sustainable utilization of maintained latrine/toilets and water supply for livestock as well as organizing latrine/toilets maintenance through charging for usage during market days;  PADOs will use 60% of the tax collected by finance for this and other purpose through woreda PADOs;  Mobilization of livestock producers and traders to use the market centers will be carried out in coordination with woreda administration and police, key livestock traders, community market facilitators, kebele administration, clan leaders and influential individuals and through enforcing live animal marketing regulation.

Key Result 1.3: Enabling Environment Improved

Discussion Forum/Workshop for Livestock Traders and Transporters for Better Livestock Transportation Systems in the Southern Cluster: Borena and Guji zone are known by production and supply of livestock for both local and export market. Currently, animals traded are transported along all the supply chain either by ordinary truck or on hoof. However, the competitiveness of animal transport is affected by various problems. To identify and address problems involved in livestock transportation system, two

23 workshops were conducted in Negelle Borena and Yabello, bringing together actors including transporters, livestock traders, brokers and relevant government bodies. 67 people (10 females) participated in both workshops. The following issues and problems were raised:

 Lack of awareness on new proclamation on animal transportation and welfare  No health service before animal transported at market center  Lack of follow up from owners during loading  Overloading of vehicles  Inexistence of resting places for animal on the transportation routes  Outside market center marketing/ illegal traders  Poor experience of drivers in transporting live animals

Several action points were discussed and raised among the participants in the workshops including: (1) government offices such as the trade and market development office, PDO, transport office, municipality office and traffic police have recognized the problems and agreed to work on addressing those problems in coordinated way; (2) facilitation of training for creating awareness on animal welfare and new policy of live animal transportation for all actors is needed; (3) all livestock traders participating in the business should be licensed; (4) improving market infrastructures (loading and unloading) and facilitating duty free import of animal transportation trucks for interested investors should be strongly considered.

Key Result 1.4: Effective Emergency Response Protects Pastoralists’ Assets

During the FY 2016 a large portion of PRIME targeted areas was under the influence of adverse effects of the El Niño climatic phenomena. It brought drought in the North East areas of Ethiopia, some of which overlapped with PRIME target areas for an extended period of over one year. Hence, during the FY PRIME focused on this key result by implementing several crisis modifying and emergency activities, using approaches that preserve and further contribute to the development of the key market systems.

Support to the Somali Regional State Authorities in the emergency Fodder Transportation from Gode to ten kebeles in three woredas of the Siti Zone: From mid-2015, the El- Nino phenomena induced drought, produced serious reduction in pasture, browse and water availability for the livestock reared in the majority of the northern woredas of ESRS. The Ethiopian Somali Regional Government purchased during March of 2016 a large quantity of Sudan grass fodder from several agriculture cooperatives located in the Shebele Zone along the Shebele river. The ESRS Government made a pledge to the humanitarian and development agencies operating in the region to assist the transportation of the fodder purchased from the Shebele Zone to the drought affected areas in the Siti Zone. PRIME reacted to this call and rented 10 trailer trucks to transport 480 MT of dry Sudan grass and deliver it beneficiaries in 10 kebeles in the Siti zone located in Shinile, Hadegala and Ayshia woredas. The fodder distribution to the affected households was conducted by the kebele administrations and as a

24 result 1,037 households were able to obtain supplement fodder for their herds and flocks as emergency assistance.

Supporting Control of High Impact Animal Diseases in Zone 3 of Afar through Facilitation of Livestock Vaccination: Implementation of this sub-activity began in March 2016 in Awash Fentale woreda. 25,200 sheep and goats have been vaccinated against sheep and goat pox with PRIME support by the Awash Fentale public animal health service providers. In the course of implementing this activity, 12 CAHWs and 12 government staff participated in both vaccinating and coordinating. Implementation of the activity continued in the remaining 5 woredas of Zone 3 of Afar during Quarter15.

Commercial Destocking of Sheep and Goats in Drought Affected Areas of Siti Zone of ESRS and Zone 3 of Afar: Due to the failure of two consecutive rainy seasons in the North and Western parts of Somali Regional State of Ethiopia and Afar; drought severely affected large number of pastoral households resulting in declining body condition and death of large number of livestock. Field reports developed in Quarter13 of PRIME in September 2015 confirmed that most of districts in Siti zones are affected and facing serious disruptions in the core function of the livestock market system. Over the FY 2016 PRIME implemented three separate interventions in order to stimulate livestock offtake from the drought affected areas through the regular market system while protecting the value of livestock owned by the livestock rearing households. In order to tackle the poor livestock market conditions and in effect market interruption due to the drought without affecting but rather improving the market system, PRIME facilitated commercial destocking in 11 drought affected woredas including: Awash Fentale, amibara, Argoba, Dulecha and Gewane of Zone 3 in Afar and Erer, Shinile, Dembel, Hadigala, Biki, Afdem and Gursum of ESRS. The activities aimed at intensifying the livestock off take from Siti and Afar in partnership with local registered and licensed livestock trading enterprises qualified to receive a livestock destocking subsidy for the animals they purchase and sell in markets away from the drought affected areas.

In reviewing the past interventions and destocking approaches used by different institutions the PRIME team addressed the following methodologies: (1) provision of direct loans to businesses to be used to increase livestock offtake and trade (cooperatives, private traders, financial institutions etc.); (2) direct livestock purchasing and slaughtering conducted by relief organizations; (3) offering facilitation familiarization and linkage events for livestock traders and communities etc. Some of these methodologies are or were recently rendered illegal. This mostly relates to international organizations purchasing livestock from producers directly or indirectly.

25 Other methodologies are illegal or poorly regulated, such as provision of direct loans to livestock traders; and some promote poor slaughtering practices and pose health risks while sending the wrong development messages to the livestock rearing communities, such as rewards for poor planning and management and perpetuating unsanitary and environmentally unsound roadside slaughter destocking. To facilitate destocking through increased livestock offtake by registered and licensed trading companies, PRIME developed a new model for a destocking subsidy contract, by which the eligible and willing livestock traders are to be provided a destocking subsidy per head of sheep or goat destocked from the targeted markets, and including animal traceability and verification paperwork procedures. The activities relied on the market actors naturally involved in the livestock value chain to do their functions in a more intensified way stimulated by the purchase subsidy.

Eligible livestock traders were selected following a transparent process of reviewing expressions of interest from all local livestock trading enterprises that expressed interest. The eligible trading enterprises were offered a subsidy contract based on their foreseen potential to offtake small ruminants in three activities between November 2015 and June 2016. By the end of June 2016, thirty livestock trading enterprises (8 in Afar and 22 in Siti Zone) destocked 38,200 sheep and goats from the targeted markets. The off-take subsidy varied based on market conditions from 210 to 250 ETB/per head of small ruminant animal (sheep or goat) and was positioned in value to offset the additional costs that the traders incurred during the process of marketing of the livestock. The subsidy was the driving force of the commercial destocking and the traders used it to cover the cost of transportation through delivery to slaughterhouses, purchasing animal feed (grass, sorghum, wheat bran, maize etc.), payment to livestock keepers, purchasing veterinarian inputs, watering the animals, brokers, paying for loading and unloading services, etc. Prior to these interventions there was a depressed demand for the livestock in the target drought affected areas because the traders were not interested in purchasing the drought affected animals. Commonly reported prices in the affected markets before the interventions were ranging between 350 and 500 per head of sheep or goat. As result of this subsidy and increased demand the price in the targeted markets reported after the start of the interventions, did not reduce below 700 ETB on average for the duration of the destocking activities during the drought period and averaged 750 ETB/head. Majority of the livestock purchased from the target markets were traded to the suppliers of the slaughterhouses in Nazeret and Mojo.

The identification of the destocked animals for destocking verification and traceability was very important part of the activity. PRIME used ear notching to make sure that the shoats do not come back to the same market again and to avoid fraud. Both ear notching and permanent body marking with livestock crayons were used.

The main challenges encountered during the implementation of the activities include:

 Lack of legal registration by the local livestock traders. PRIME required all contracted traders to obtain necessary registrations, licencing and business bank accounts. All livestock traders subsequently testified that the business registration modernised their business and make them more focused on the business.  Lack cash for trade transactions for some of the livestock traders have been hindering their increase in the off take of the animals.

26  Little understanding of the approach by the woreda agriculture offices in the beginning, a problem that was quickly overcome after the benefits for the sustainable livestock trade were observed regionally.

The commercial destocking activities in the Siti Zone of ESRS and Afar concluded in June 2016 with 38,200 small ruminant animals valued at $1.2 million destocked with $396,000 destocking subsidy provided by PRIME.

Restricted Value Veterinarian Products voucher Intervention in Drought Affected Areas in Siti Zone of ESRS and Afar: These were activities that PRIME implemented as a direct result of the cost extension received from USAID for emergency interventions in the drought affected areas of Siti Zone and Zone 3 in Afar in FY 2016. During the reporting period, restricted value vouchers for veterinarian products were implemented in the target areas. Over 20,000 households, owning over 420,000 heads of livestock, benefited from the activities. The restricted value voucher interventions were conducted in collaboration with 29 local private veterinarian pharmacies from Afar and Siti that acted in close coordination and partnership with their CAHW networks in 50 kebeles in the targeted areas. Upon start-up of the activities, discussions were conducted on all levels of ESRS Siti Zone and Afari Regional Government including the Woredas Administrative councils and PADO’s. The discussions included Kebele selection, beneficiary targeting, voucher distribution, the role of government, the role of PVP’s, and areas of cooperation. After these coordination discussion, the selected woreda PADO’s identified most affected kebeles and assigned targeting committees constituting of 5 – 6 members from different segments of the community (DA, elders, women representative, Kebele chairman and clan leader) in each kebele. During the targeting, 100 most vulnerable households in each kebele were distributed restricted value vouchers valued at 300 ETB per household. The vouchers were restricted to the beneficiary targets being able to exchange them for a limited number of most important over the counter veterinarian products (parasite control products and mineral and vitamin supplements) available to purchase at the 29 contracted local PVPs.

In parallel with the vouchers distribution, community mobilization, awareness creation about voucher system and training of beneficiaries was conducted on topics of how, where and for which products vouchers can be used as well as training mandated by the USAID Ethiopia PERSUAP for mitigating potential negative effects of this activity to human health and environment. PVP Vendor contract were signed with 29 PVPs following a transparent call for expression of interest by eligible, local registered and licensed PVPs with the capacity and ability to service the vouchers. The eligibility criteria for signing voucher redemption service contracts

27 with the PVP also included: location of the PVP in proximity of the targeted areas and their contractual acceptance of rules mandated in terms of: voucher holders service provision, pricing, due documentation process for voucher redemption and claiming reimbursement from PRIME for the vouchers exchanged for the prescribed veterinarian products. An important part of these activities was to improve the soundness of the market system for veterinarian products in the targeted areas in Afar Zone 3 and Siti. Due to this intervention, five PVPs that previously operated illegally and inconsistently, were officially registered and licensed. Achieving the objectives of improving the market systems by crowding in market actors in this value chain will enhance the service to the community in its enrichment. Those targeted woredas that did not have any registered PVPs on their territory, now have at least one. In the past, due to the free distribution of drugs and especially during drought and other emergencies by different organizations and even the local government, the PVPs were unable to thrive and were forced to close their shops due to the influx of donated veterinarian products.

Due to the PRIME restricted value vouchers interventions valued at $260,000, the PVPs are feeling the increased local demand and are seeing a business opportunity and some of them are actively thinking to expand their business in even less accessible areas. The diversity of the products carried by the PVPs also increased since products like vitamins and mineral supplements for livestock came to be in larger demand by the customers (targeted households). The PVP’s were given the possibility to also use CAHWs as linkage to the households targeted since a delegated CAHW by the voucher recipient could redeem the products from the PVP during the activities. This increased activity of no less than 35 CAHWs in the targeted areas to actively assist the households in purchasing and using the products made available through the voucher intervention. Some of the results that were observed during and after the implementation of these activities include: (1) enhanced capacity of PVPs and expansion of the PVP network in less accessible areas in the drought affected woredas; (2) introduction of new types of legally registered veterinarian products and nutritional supplements; (3) market linkage between households CAHWs and PVPs improved; (4) Capacity of CAHWs in providing service for the communities increased. Success stories of IR1 intervetions can be found in Annex 9.

IR1 Priorities in FY 2017

During FY 2017, PRIME will continue focusing on market system strengthening activities conducted during the previous period, in order to maximize the effects of improved market relationships brought about from the business expansions in all market systems pertaining to the livestock and its competitiveness: (1) animal health services and products; (2) dairy; (3) live animals trade; (4) animal feed and fodder.

As the challenging effect of the drought experienced by the PRIME recipients and end household beneficiaries decline during the FY 2017 PRIME will continue support to the market systems building for increased resilience. During the drought brought about by El Niño adverse effect, one of the most severe ever in the PRIME target areas, it was proven that investments in economic and market development, natural resources relevant to the livestock industry and value addition to livestock increases resilience of the pastoral communities. It is expected that another climate influencing event – La Niña, may produce modest to severe drought or increased rainfall

28 risks (flooding), conditions in some regions in the PRIME Southern Operational Cluster and in Afar during FY 2017. PRIME will continue to vigilantly monitor and appropriately react by stepping up market based emergency activities in the livestock and livestock related value chains.

Regular implementation of PRIME activities in all clusters will continue during FY 2017. While it is expected that majority of the Cost Shared Business Expansion Grants implemented through IIF and IR1 funding) will gradually be completed during Quarter 17 and 18, PRIME will continue focusing on adding value to the new investments done by the enterprises in the supported livestock related value chains. Those value chains include: (1) animal Health Products and Services; (2) Livestock production and trade; (3) Milk production and trade; (4) Animal feed and fodder production and trade. The follow up on those activities will include:  Further improvement of trade and market linkages established and expanded through the investments leveraged;  Introduction and development of new business and marketing practices;  Support expansion of the market base for all value chain core participants and supporting functions;  Support the improvement of business environment and integrative linkages to other PRIME and other stakeholders IRs and objectives.

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 2: CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:

Key result 2.1: Improved Science and Information for decision-making

Community Rangeland Management planning workshops As one of the major steps of the PRM process, PRIME has been supporting and facilitating communities' rangeland management planning processes over the past two years and so far, has helped communities of 15 rangeland systems in Borana & Guji zones of Oromia, zone 3 of Afar, and Siti zone of the Somali region to develop their respective rangeland management plans and corresponding bylaws to help with the implementation of the management plans. The objective of the Rangeland management planning workshops was to formulate community owned management plans for each rangeland system with the participation of the relevant stakeholders such as the community elders, Gedo leadership structures in Borana and Guji, clan leaders in Afar and Somali, Range Councils, Kebele administrations, development agents, and the woreda- level relevant government sector offices. Accordingly, the Heads of Offices and experts from woreda government offices, including from the Justice Office, PADO, Mineral & Water Resource Development office, Land Use Administration offices, and Oromia Forest Wildlife Enterprise, wildlife reserves and sanctuaries have participated in the management planning processes.

The planning workshop participants identified key resources needed for their livestock production such as perennial and seasonal rivers, ponds, hand-dug wells, rangelands and grazing locations, and salt licks etc. and listed major problems and suggested management actions to be taken to solve the problems. They have also identified and ranked those problems related to the

29 availability of rangeland resources in their respective sub-units. The participants suggested management actions which may reverse the identified problems. These problems included communal grazing reserve management, area closure, systematization of dry and wet season grazing land utilization, proper management and protection of saltlick sites, water scheme rehabilitation and development, internal conflict management, regulation of farmland expansion and privatization of communal grazing land, strengthening customary institutions, and grazing management through applying a systematically controlled grazing system, including resting of pastureland to allow for recovery. The management plan of all the 16 rangeland systems have been developed, and shared back to the respective woreda level experts and partner NGOs to include comments before the draft documents are presented on plan verification meetings held at grazing and sub grazing system levels.

Following the addition of the comments, the same participants will be expected to sit for verification meetings on which stakeholders would ascertain if there are any component of their plans that are missing, as well as identify the proposed roles and responsibilities of the stakeholders.

Rangeland Management Plan Endorsements The rangeland management plan endorsement is a stage of the PRM process that comes after verification of the components of the community’s management plan and is the stage at which the plan document is recognized and endorsed by all stakeholders. Along with the final plan document, PRIME has developed an accompanying standard agreement format, both of which were presented and signed by range councils and signed and stamped by stakeholders to mark the official endorsement of the plan document. The agreement formats as well as the detailed development activities planned in the management plan document were prepared in the respective official languages of the regions for ease of understanding during signing and for convenience during the implementation stage.

PRIME has supported and finalized the endorsement of ten rangeland management action plans in the southern and Afar clusters - four under SOS in Guji and Borena zones, two in Guji zone, one in Borena zone, and three in Afar. The endorsed documents were shared for all stakeholders and for witnessing agencies for documentation.

The three rangeland systems (Golba-Genale, Golba-Dawa, Dida) endorsed their rangeland management plans in Guji zone. The first one is under the SOS operation area in the Guji zone and the latter two under Mercy Corps’ operation area in the zone. Gomole, Malbe, and Dirre were endorsed under the SOS operation area in Borena zone. The Plan of Wayama rangeland system, which is found in Borena zone under Mercy Corps operation area, was also endorsed.

Rangeland Monitoring Baseline data collection The PRIME team in collaboration with the team of experts from USFS and with the involvement of experts from local government sectors has been jointly working on establishing the baseline rangeland health monitoring data in selected sites in Borana, Guji and Afar during the reporting year. The baseline data collection mission was to collect samples of various vegetation species and soil types and establish a baseline against which future changes will be compared for monitoring whether the management practices and system is making positive changes. It consists

30 of characterizing the soil, range condition, vegetation, and community information data collection. The data collection system consists of four data sheets: 1) cover sheet with basic site information, range condition, and soil erosion indicators; 2) description of a soil profile on the site; 3) vegetation transect data; and 4) a “community sheet” where Mercy Corps briefly interviews local elders and community members on the grazing history of the site, and seeks their ideas on range management going forward. During this set of data collection, Mercy Corps tested electronic methods using two different applications that upload collected data to a cloud server: Land PKS and ArcCollector.

LandPKS Mercy Corps deployed the LandPKS system (www.landpotential.org) , developed by Jeff Herrick, Adam Beh, and others at the Jornada Research Center in New Mexico, USA. LandPKS software consists of two modules, LandInfo (for basic site information, soils, and range condition data) and LandCover (for vegetation data).

ArcCollector ArcCollector, built as an extension of ESRI ArcGIS online, allows the collection of geo- referenced data in user-created attribute tables. The ArcCollector application was used to record additional information on site potential and rangeland condition. In addition to intensive monitoring plots, simple map verification point data was also collected in order to further verify and refine vegetation maps being developed in cooperation with the FS Remote Sensing Applications Center (RSAC). The ArcCollector application for

31 figure: Team collecting rangeland monitoring data the mapping points is identical to that used for the intensive monitoring points.

So far, 135 monitoring plots have been established in Borana, Guji, Afar, and Somali and this work is still ongoing. The number of pilot baseline data collection plots are expected to increase next year. The table below summarizes the number of rangeland health monitoring pilots established so far.

Area Rangeland Treatments Control Total Afar Amibara 3 3 6 Awash 3 3 6 Gowane 5 3 8 Borena Dirre 18 18 36 Gomolle 6 6 12 Malbe 9 9 18 Guji Dida 14 6 20 Golba Genale 9 9 18 Somali Kebribeyah 3 8 11 Total 70 65 135

Range ecology training to government experts and members of the rangeland councils In the reporting year, PRIME has facilitated a four day capacity building training on Range ecology for about 50 people represented by rangeland council members, community representatives and government experts in Babile Somali. The objective of the training was to improve participants' understanding of basic concepts of range ecology and grazing management techniques that can help them in their communities' day-to-day rangeland restoration activities. The training included field practice and demonstrations of the application of some rangeland monitoring tools including an animal use summary, Rangeland Health Evaluation (RHE) exercise, and Grazing Response Index (GRI) where the intensity, timing, and duration of grazing is assessed. The trainers were a group of experts from Jijiga University, the PRIME IR2 team and government experts previously trained on the same subject.

GPS training and data gathering for mapping of PRIME interventions PRIME’s GIS expert (Beressa Edessa) has been providing GPS training for PRIME’s field teams of all IRs in all the three clusters with the aim of facilitating GPS data (coordinate) collection for all PRIME supported activities in order to facilitate the mapping of all project activities. The mapping of the activities are expected to provide information for the PRIME management team to decide where and what to focus on during the remaining project period and to ensure at least geographic integration of the different components of the project activities being supported under the different IRs. Accordingly, the field teams for each IR have collected data and the project’s GIS expert for all the three clusters (Oromia, Somali and Afar) has done the mapping of the project activities.

In Afar, PRIME’s Gewane team and PRIME’s GIS expert discussed with the regional Bureau of Environmental protection and land use (EPLUA) how to work together more closely to ensure coordination and avoid duplication of efforts. During the meeting, support for GIS management

32 and implementation was identified as an area to be provided by PRIME. As a result, GIS technical support was offered to EPLUA regional experts to build their capacity, exchange PRIME project and other legacy data for the region, to strengthen collaboration and coordination and minimize unnecessary duplication of efforts as well as facilitate collaboration with the Afar regional EPLUA bureau.

Building the Capacity of Local and Regional DPPBs in Improved Early Warning Information Management and Dissemination Methods

Website development for the Afar regional DPFSPCO to enhance and strength their early warning system: PRIME helped the Afar regional DPFSPCO in developing its own website as part of enhancing and strengthening the regional early warning (EW) system. The website is vital for the early warning system by enabling the sharing of situational analysis updates, rapid assessment reports and relevant climate information that will help users identify vulnerable districts and the most likely threats.

The overly delayed process of website development for the regional DPFSPC office has finally been completed and handed over to the regional DPFSPC office. Currently the website is functional and can be accessed at the website address: http://dpfspco.gov.et.

Training on Basic Data Collection and Dissemination Techniques for Kebele Early Warning Committee Members: Training on basic early warning data collection and information dissemination techniques were given for 66 (47 Men, 19 Women) KEWCMs which were extracted from 30 kebeles of all target six woredas of the PRIME project during the reporting year. The first training was conducted from May 26-27, 2016 for trainees from Amibara, Gela’alu, and Gewane woredas and the second training was conducted on the next two consecutive days from May 28-29, 2016 for trainees from Awash Fentale, Dulessa, and Argoba woredas. The trainees were KEWC members that include kebele based Development Agents (DAs), health extension workers, school directors, and community representatives. From each kebele, two participants were selected, thus a total of 10 KEWCMs and 1 woreda PADO EW expert have attended the training.

The training helped the revitalization of EW data collection and dissemination to woreda DPP desks, and in return, the dissemination of available EWI/advisories to the community. Therefore, at this first phase of the training KEWCMs, the trainees were selected among those community members who are literate and can understand and fill out the monthly data collection formats. The training was facilitated by the regional DPFSPCO EW experts, and woreda DPP EW experts have also assisted the trainees in exercising (group works on filling and understanding) the monthly and weekly data collection format that are currently being used by the DPFSPCO. In addition, trainees have also developed an action plan that can assist them in accomplishing their roles in the Community based EWS?

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Key result 2.2: Increase capacity for effective governance for climate resilience

Material support to Afar regional DPFSPCO to strengthen disaster response capacities & coordination The regional disaster prevention, food security programs coordination office (DPFSPCO) is the agency mandated to coordinate responses to various hazards and crisis occurring in the region. Strengthening disaster response and coordination capacities of the office has been the critical element of PRIME’s support. To improve the capacity of the office in coordinating emergency responses and improve climate information sharing both within the office and with other DRR stakeholders, PRIME procured and delivered office furniture and communication equipment to the regional DPFSPCO. The material and equipment include desktop computers, printers, Wi-Fi apparatuses (wireless access points), photocopiers, servers and monitors, an LCD projector with pointer, office chairs, guest chairs, office tables, document shelves, flip chart stands, and a television with satellite receiver. The support also included covering the cost of installation and configuration of the communication equipment including the set-up, network installations and configuration of the desktop computers, the server, the printer and the Wi-Fi router in the emergency operation center. The support provided has helped the emergency operation center of the regional disaster prevention and food security programs coordination office to be fully furnished and functional and hence improved the office’s early warning information sharing and emergency response, and management capacity.

Supporting multi-agency seasonal assessment of “Sugum” season across all the Afar region PRIME has supported the Afar regional DPFSPCO Offices for the regional level multi-agencies 2016 Sugum/Belg season assessment in the reporting year. Based on the request from the regional DPFSPCO, the project provided a financial contribution to support the assessment, although the office later on returned the money, that they received money to cover the whole cost of the assessment from other running programs/projects in the region.

The assessment was planned from June 6 – 26, 2016 in 20 woredas in all zones of the region. The assessment aimed to assess the performance of the rainy season, livelihood condition of communities, food security situation, etc. after the cessation of the Sugum/Belg rain in the region. The assessment was used to provide information on the status of food security in the region for decision-making, and PRIME has been supporting these assessments for the past three years.

Similarly, support has also been given to Liben woreda of Guji zone in south cluster for the 2016 Ganna season pre-harvest assessment, aimed at assessing the performance of the Ganna rain and the food security situation in the Woreda (detail has been reported in Q15 report).

Besides supporting seasonal assessments, PRIME has also been tracking weekly trigger indicators such as condition of rainfall, pasture, water, milk production, feed availability, terms of trade, mobility patterns, livestock body conditions, crop conditions, unexpected shocks and the general food security situation. This helps to continuously monitor the local situation in project intervention areas and keep PRIME management up-to-date on the food security status for informed decisions, particularly on timely triggering crisis modifier initiatives whenever the situation requires emergency response interventions.

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Supporting regular rangeland council dialogues PRIME adopted and has been applying PRM (participatory rangeland management) processes as an approach for addressing natural resource management and governance issues, and rangeland councils have been the key owners of the processes of the participatory rangeland management. Thus, PRIME continued supporting the quarterly rangeland council’s dialogues in all 24 rangeland systems in the three regions to encourage the rangeland councils to regularly meet and discuss key natural resources use and management issues that require their collective decisions and actions and address them in a timely manner. These dialogues have been an empowering process for council members, and helped the project to facilitate the identification and prioritization of natural resource rehabilitation and enhancement needs of communities, facilitate the development of community action plans, and support the implementation of these plans.

As a result of these regular dialogues, rangeland councils have been able to regularly come together and discuss issues that require action to improve access to pasture and water resources and improve overall rangeland management. Along with mobilizing their communities for implementation of different development activities in their respective rangeland systems including the rehabilitation of water points, selective bush clearing, fencing of communal enclosure sites, relocation of inappropriate settlements, soil and water conservation activities and the dismantling of private enclosures as identified and prioritized in their respective rangelands, management plans have been developed. In all cases, the role of rangeland councils was key in convincing and mobilizing communities for their natural resource management and development works in their respective rangeland systems.

Supporting the facilitation of multi-stakeholders consultations meetings and workshops in Borana and Afar on the process of facilitating the communal land registration and certification partnering with the LAND program PRIME has been jointly facilitating with LAND project workshops and dialogues held at both Borana and Guji zones in south cluster and in Amibara Woreda in Afar during this reporting year. PRIME has been supporting and co-facilitating local level coordination of those multi- stakeholders meetings and workshops on the processes of facilitating the communal land registration and certification initiatives underway by the USAID funded LAND program in Borana and Afar. As part of the ongoing process, PRIME jointly supported the facilitation of different events that have been organized during the reporting year where stakeholders in eleven districts in Borana and Guji zones came together at four central locations such as Negelle Borana, Moyalle, Yabello and Mega towns to discuss key issues, such as the communal land registration and certification processes. About 285 people (246 men and 39 women) representing different community groups and institutions including the Borana, Gujii and Gabra Gada leaders, NRM elders, youth, women and farmers, government stakeholders from PDO, local level administration, LU&EP and PA leaders have participated in the dialogues held at the four locations.

The main agenda of the series of consultation workshops was “What is the appropriate unit of land for the registration and certification of the communal lands, whether it is at the kebele, reera, dheeda, woreda or zone level?” Except for a few participants, in all meetings, more than 98% of participants revealed that their interest is for the communal land registration and

35 certification to be complete at the rangeland system (dheeda) level. Among the justifications participants used were the importance of maintaining livestock mobility for the pastoral lifestyle and the interdependence of communities. Interdependence within the dheeda and neighboring rangeland systems was highlighted in the sharing of resources day-to-day and during emergencies. The distribution of key rangeland resources they depend on (i.e. water, mineral saltlicks, wet and dry season grazing areas, forests, etc.) across the wider landscape, and compatibility with communities' way of life and their indigenous knowledge and experiences in managing the communal rangelands resources at the rangeland or dheeda level were the core points repeatedly raised by the participants at all locations. They also pointed out that the current depletion and degradation of resources is mainly due to the weakening of their customary resource management system as a result of a competing kebele structure of the government that has broken down the management systems of the rangeland ecosystems.

Currently, this process is stuck in both Borana and Afar. In Borana the issue is the government’s disagreement with communities’ interests on the unit of land for the registration and certification. In Afar, the issue is a lack of clear direction and guidance by the regional EPLUA on how to work in line with the regional government’s land use policy. There seems to be a lack of clarity and confusion among the regional EPLUA on the regional land use policy and the Awash Basin’s draft land use/land suitability/studies, and also, a lack of clarity on government’s investment plans in the region. So, the LAND program team are working on addressing these issues and expect to come up with agreed upon plans for ways forward.

Training on PSP model & the Application of climate information for Local Decision-making This sub-activity was implemented by organizing two separate and consecutive trainings at two different locations of the region (Awash 7 kilo and Aysaita towns). At these two consecutive trainings, a total of 44 participants (35 Male, 9 Female) attended. The participants were 37 trainees, 1 traditional forecaster, 1 meteorologist, 3 DPFSPCO experts, the head of the DPFSPCO, and EWFS process owner. In addition, 3 PRIME team members have also attended and facilitated the trainings.

The first training was given for zone 4 and 5 woredas and it was conducted at Awash 7 kilo town from September 23-24, 2106. During this training, only half of our targeted participants (10 trainees) attended from only five woredas (Hadelela, Semurobi, Telalak, Yallo, and Awara woredas). However, 20 trainees from ten woredas were expected to attend this training, and five

36 woredas (Teru, Ewa, Gulina, Dalifage and Dewe woredas) did not send their EW experts to the training due to the late communication about the training and poor mobilization by the regional DPFSPCO, unwillingness of woredas PADOs to send participants, and a lack of transportation in some woredas.

The second training was held at Aysa’ita town for zone 1 and zone 2 woredas trainees from September 27-28, 2016. In this training, 27 trainees from 14 woredas (Elida’ar, Milee, Dubti, Aysaita, Chifra, Afambo, Ada’ar, Erebti, Ab’ala, Afedera, Bidu Megale, Berahle and Dalol woredas) attended and an absence was recorded from only 2 woredas (Kori and Koneba woredas) with unknown reasons.

PRIME is supporting the regional Disaster Prevention Food Security Projects Coordination Office (DPFSPCO) and local level DPP desks to enhance their capacity and systems for effective CBDRR intervention. PRIME is facilitating the adoption of improved early warning information dissemination systems, demonstrating PSP processes (application of climate information for CbDRR planning and decision-making), provision of different capacity building trainings, awareness creation events, supporting seasonal performance assessments, engaging on emergency response interventions (provision of livestock feed) etc.

This sub-activity was implemented with the aim of introducing and supporting the institutionalization of the PSP process as a valuable approach to build the adaptive capacity of communities and institutions towards climate change. By valuing the benefits of the PSP model, the regional DPFSPCO has taken the initiative to facilitate the promotion and the adoption of PSP on all of its structures (DPP structure at woreda of the region). Therefore, through this sub- activity, PRIME has provided the necessary financial and technical supports required for facilitating and illustrating the ownership of the process by the office. The PSP model works by engaging different stakeholders and allowing them to prepare a flexible and wide range of CbDRR plans based on possible future climate scenarios. PSP assists pastoralist and agro- pastoral households, community based institutions, local and/or regional government institutions to make informed decisions for preparedness and response actions based on the available climate information.

According to the feedbacks from the trainees, the training has enhanced their capacity on CbDRR planning and raised awareness on climate change, climate change impacts, application

37 of climate information for decision-making. The training also helped with assessing and understanding available EW information dissemination systems (mechanisms), increased their awareness on meteorological services provided by NMA, and the principles and use of downscaled scientific climate information and traditional weather forecasting systems.

The training helped the participants to acquire the knowledge and understanding needed to prepare a CbDRR plan based on existing seasonal climate information, and by incorporating the indigenous knowledge on early warning in the DRR and preparedness planning process. It also helped participants identify the most and appropriate preparedness and response actions that can be implemented at a local level for building better adaptive capacity and resilience of communities and institutions.

Key result 2.3: Implementation of climate solutions

Supporting the restoration and rehabilitation of rangelands Rangeland restoration activities through different techniques including physical soil and water conservation measures, selective bush clearing and protection of degraded areas from livestock interference to allow vegetation recovery provides both economic and environmental benefit through increased rangeland productivity. Communities across all the three clusters were keen and committed to continue with different natural resource restoration activities regardless of the drought challenges encountered during the reporting year in most of the project intervention areas and have accomplished a significant amount of works during the reporting year.

Rangeland rehabilitation activities undertaken at Erer Gotha

38 SWC measures (left) and enclosure (right) underway at Nebed Gelle, Babile In East cluster Babile Oromia Nebed Gelle sub-grazing unit, Harshin, Erer-Gotha, Mulli and Gashamo, communities have undertaken different rangeland restoration activities including the construction of soil bunds, stone-faced bunds, selective bush thinning and fencing of areas identified to be enclosed to reduce pressure from livestock interference and allow vegetation recovery.

Likewise in South cluster, PRIME has been supporting communities of Gomolle, Dirre, Malbe, Golbo, Woyama and Filtu rangeland systems on different rangeland restoration activities, mainly with a focus on selective bush clearing, area closures and some physical soil and water conservation measures around the catchment areas of Haro-bake micro-dam in the reporting fiscal year. Communities of four kebeles surrounding Haro-bake micro-dam, namely Bake-town, Cholkasa, Dhadim, Dida Yabello and Harboro kebeles, have been involved in the restoration activities of the catchment areas of the micro-dam. Each community has done different soil and water conservation activities like soil bunds, micro-basin structures and fencing off of the areas they identified to be protected for recovery within parts of the catchment areas that are in their respective kebeles.

In Afar, PRIME’s support on rangeland restoration activities has been focusing on Prosopis clearing and management through the integration of mechanical and manual labour, particularly in Amibara, Gewane-gelalo, and Awash Fentale woredas. In Dulessa and Argoba woredas, restoration of degraded areas through area closure and physical soil and water conservation measures were the priorities. Therefore, communities of Amibara, and Gewane-gelalo rangeland systems have prioritized Prosopis clearing among the other range restoration and rehabilitation activities they want to implement and they have undertaken 330ha of Prosopis clearing in Halaydege area. PRIME provided its front loader machine with an operator and fuel/oil, and lunch allowances and technical support to communities on the public work days. The district pastoral agriculture development office has also supported the activity by assigning a focal person for follow up, mobilization, and facilitating the day-to-day implementation of the activity.

Rangeland management council members have played a key role in the mobilization and coordination of the community to participate in the task. The activity was planned to continue in Bonketo-Molale grazing unit of Gewane-Gelalu rangeland system but because of a heavy rain and also long overdue maintenance requirement for the loader machine, the clearing activity has been interrupted. In Argoba and Dulessa, they focused on the restoration of degraded areas through different soil and water conservation measures, including area closures, construction of soil bunds, etc. The following table summarizes the type and quantity of different rangeland restoration activities accomplished across the three regions during the reporting year:

39 Summary of rangeland rehabilitation activities accomplished in the reporting year.

Rangeland Area of land cleared (Ha) to-date Selective Bush thinning /Prosopis Clearing Afar Amibara 330 Argoba 154 Dulessa 54 Total 538 ha South Gomolle 1007 Dirre 596 Malbe 365 Wayama 71.5 Golbo 200 Filtu 35 Total 2274.5 East Mulli 845 Erer-Gotha 560 Gashamo-Daror 555 Babile Somali 200 Babile Oromia 250 Kebribeyah 800 Harshin 300 Total 3,510 G/Total 6,322.5ha

Prosopis clearing activity and after the regeneration of lost grass & other spp Halidegie grazing area.

Water points development and rehabilitation In most pastoral areas, scarcity of water affects the well-being of many pastoralists and seriously limits their endeavors to develop livestock and rangeland resources. Considering the severity of the problem of water scarcity, PRIME has continued supporting the development of water points, mainly surface ponds and Birkas that hugely benefit thousands of pastoralists and agro- pastoralist communities. Over the last 3 years, the water points constructed and rehabilitated by PRIME have ensured better access to water services to thousands of households across the three clusters and have improved their resilience. The development of these water points have also improved the utilization of dry season grazing areas that used to be used for only a short period

40 of time due to the lack access to water. In the reporting year, PRIME supported the rehabilitation and construction of ten water points in the three clusters. The water points include six ponds (Jingada pond & Dibilie pond in Kebribeyah; Awhyrad pond in Babile Somali rangeland systems, one in Afar Awash Fentale; Kutele Erebe pond; and two in the Southern cluster: Bursano pond in Golba Genale and Dhungo in Dida rangeland system), two Birkas in Harshin, and two traditional wells in Dida rangeland systems in the southern cluster.

In the Afar Awash rangeland system, construction of the Kuutele-Erebe pond has been undertaken by hiring a construction company and mobilizing a chain excavator. Construction and stabilization of a 25m lined inlet canal and silt trap of the embankment were the key activities carried out, besides the excavation of the main reservoir of the pond. The pond has a capacity to harvest about 7,500m3 of water and support 1,023 households for 3-4 months during dry season. The local community has contributed their labor in fencing the water point.

Kutele-Erebe pond under construction The construction of the three surface water-harvesting ponds in East cluster (Jingade, Dibile, and Awhyrad ponds) have been done using PRIME’s front wheel loader machine supported by rental dump trucks to dispose of excavated materials. Jingade pond has the capacity to harvest 10,500 cubic meters of water and benefit about 517HHs. Diblie pond is also planned to harvest about 14,000 m3 of water and support 385 households, and Awhyrad pond has the capacity to harvest 7,500 cubic meters of water and support 650 households. Communities have actively participated in the construction of all the water points and contributed free labor, particularly for compacting the embankment and for fencing of the water points after the completion of the construction works.

Dible pond under construction

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In Southern Cluster, construction of one new pond with the capacity to harvest about 10,500 cubic meters of water and support about 650HHs, and rehabilitation of one pond (Bursano in Golba genale) and rehabilitation of two traditional wells (Ellas) in Dheeda Dida, have been supported during the reporting year. The rangeland council members, together with PRIME’s team and Woreda PDO, have played key roles in the identification of the location of this new water point and in mobilizing communities for the works. The excavation works were completely done by PRIME’s front wheel loader machine and dump trucks were also rented for disposing the excavated materials from the pond’s reservoir. At Dhingo pond, a total of 17,744 m3 of soil was excavated to a depth of 3.5m and the pond has the capacity to harvest about 15,082 cubic meters of water that could support 400HHs in Siminto sub-grazing unit as key dry season water source.

Due to the scarcity of surface water, traditional wells are the most important source of water, particularly in dry season grazing areas in Borana. These traditional wells, locally called Ellas, have a significant social, cultural, and economic role in the Boran communities’ pastoral way of life. Ellas are considered a communal water point and all clans in the area have equal rights of use. The two Ellas rehabilitated are located along the riverbank and used to be flooded every season, threatening the existence of the Ellas. Local communities used to invest their time and labor year after year following every season to fix the damages caused by the flooding. PRIME facilitated the assessment and identification of the technical gaps with active involvement of the community members, Woreda government partners, and the rangeland councils and facilitated the rehabilitation of the two wells. The rehabilitation works included the construction of masonry stabilization walls, river training measures and water collection troughs. Two new cattle troughs were also constructed on the side of each well, upgrading the existing wasteful traditional troughs made of mud. These two Ellas are expected to benefit more than 400 households for both domestic and livestock uses year-round.

PRIME’ front wheel loader on pond excavation duty in Did Liban, Guji Zone

42 Summary of Water Points Rehabilitated/developed in year IV of PRIME’s budget year

Cluster S/N Range land Name or type of the water point Capacity # of user (m3) households South 1 Golba genale Bursano pond 2,500 100 2 Dida Dheeda Dhungo pond -new 17,744 400 3 Dida Dheeda Jilo Goma & Did Huka Ellas - Constant 400 rehabilitation yield Afar 4 Awash Kutele Erebe pond - new 7,500 1,023 Fentale East 5 Babile Awhyrad pond - new 7500 650 Somali 6 Kebribeyah Dibilie pond - new 14,000 385 7 Kebribeyah Jingada pond - new 10,500 517 8 Harshin Masle Birka - rehabilitation 776 60 9 Harshin Da’awaley Birka -rehabilitation 680 250 Total 3785

Hay making training for elders and range council members of Dire dheeda The spring was the main rainy season ‘Gana” in Borana, PRIME has been promoting hay making practices by harvesting and storing grasses for dry season use. Hence, the project organized trainings and awareness raising events to encourage pastoralists and agro-pastoralists on fodder saving (hay making) techniques, particularly on communal enclosures (Kallos) in Dire rangeland. A total of 40 community elders and rangeland council members (13 of them women) from four sub-rangeland units of the Dire grazing system (“Reeras” namely Danbala-dhibayu, Hara-alo, Annole, and Melbana) participated in the training. Similar training was given in Wader rangeland system in Guji zones, mainly for Social analysis and action (SAA) group members in six kebeles (Heba, Anchoka, S/Lagu, Tulam, Derba and S/Garbi). A total of 47 people (7 female) have participated in the three day training.

The training enabled the participants to improve their traditional ways of pasture management by saving fodder without losing its nutrients (hay making time) and how to store it for a long period, as well as how to apply a cut and carry system without causing overgrazing and degradation in communal enclosure sites. After the training, the participants set up action plans for their respective areas (enclosure sites in their respective sub-rangeland units) to harvest and save the fodder, starting from early July 2016 using the techniques they learned during the training. Furthermore, the training will support all communities that are directly benefitting from those communal enclosures in saving a better amount and quality of fodder for their livestock for the next dry season.

Participatory Scenario planning (PSP) workshop and Advisory dissemination In the reporting year, PRIME continued to facilitate participatory scenario planning workshops, creating a space for traditional and scientific forecasters to communicate their respective seasonal forecasts to the stakeholders and facilitate a discussion on the different scenarios and the development of preparedness plans. This also included the development of advisory messages to be disseminated with the wider community. The PSP process empowers local governments and community members to validate upcoming seasonal climate risks and impacts

43 against existing coping strategies, and provides further analysis of local climate patterns and the likelihood of hazard occurrence in order to come up with the most effective and sustainable strategies to reduce vulnerability and adapt to disaster impacts. The PSP process creates a common platform for climate communication, which respects, reviews and combines knowledge from pastoral communities and the scientific community, and helps communities and local governments to agree on options, develop disaster preparedness plans, and make climate-resilient livelihood decisions for implementation.

Accordingly, PRIME facilitated 29 PSP workshops across the three PRIME operational areas of Afar, South and Somali region. The PSP events were organized twice in some woredas before the onset of short and main rainy seasons and once in the remaining woredas just before the onset of the main rainy season. A total of 1275 participants (184 women) drawn from regional Meteorology Agency directorates, traditional forecasters, Administration, PDO, DPPO, water, education, health, and women’s affairs councils of respective woredas and top rangeland council elders took part on the workshops. Moreover, private sector actors including feed/fodder, livestock drug suppliers and livestock traders also participated. Institutionalization of the approach by the DPBs in Afar and Somali regions and the respective DPPB bureaus in Borena and Liben zones encouraged integration of PSP into community livelihood adaptation and local government development planning, enhancing continuity of the process. The table below summarizes PSP workshop participants in the reporting year:

Cluster and Woreda PSP Workshop participants Male Female Total South Gorodola 88 15 103 Wadera 93 9 102 Yabelo 50 13 63 Dire 45 12 57 Dilo 41 12 53 Teltele 47 13 60 Dhas 50 2 52 Moyale 57 5 62 Miyo 61 2 63 Liban 57 8 65 Arero 77 5 82 Afar Awash Fentale 22 5 27 Argoba 14 4 18 Dulessa 25 4 29 Amibara 15 4 19 Gela’alu 18 5 23 Gewane 17 7 24 East Babile 48 7 55 Erer Gotha 45 10 55 Mieso/Muli 37 17 54 K/bayah/Jigjiga 100 3 103 Daror 41 12 53 Gashamo 43 10 53 Total 1091 184 1275

44 The process enabled the participants to consider climatic probabilities with uncertainty in the climate forecast, assessing their likely hazards, risks, identification of feasible adaptation options, opportunities and impacts, and developing scenario based plans. Discussions made on the potential implications of the scenarios developed on livelihoods designed contingencies that adequately respond to the levels of risk and uncertainty. It also enabled them to create a linkage between community and the government in developing joint adaptation plans to respond to climatic risks. The table below summarizes an example of forecast information and advisories developed during the PSP workshops for Borena and Guji Zone woredas for the short Hagayya rainy season:

S/N Zone Woreda Rainfall General Key hazard Advisories for adaptation Opportunities Forecast observation & identified Information trend observed 1 Guji Liban 35% above Normal to Drought, The following packages of -Governments normal, 45% above normal crop pest, advisories were identified; strong support on normal and rain is human and -Economic use of pasture implementation of 20% below expected livestock like hay making and farm adaptation normal diseases residues, timely measures, 2 Wadera zone15% Normal to outbreak, rehabilitation of water -Government & above, 60% above normal and point. watershed Gorodola normal and rain is unexpected -Using the existing kalos management 25% below expected flood, wisely. program normal -Practicing bylaw of dry -Community & 3 Borena Arero 33% above the rain starts and wet season grazing kebele level EW normal late and ends area and rearranging committee for -33% normal on time; and settlements. wider and generally -Timely rehabilitation of dissemination of -33%below below normal existing kalos. EWI normal -Timely selling of animals - community 4 Moyale -33% above rain will delay -and saving in bank/ level HEWs normal in onset, but changing to permanent good community -33% normal normal assets understanding and cessation with -Changing some animals to about disease -33%below relatively low drought resistant symptoms and normal amount animals.eg:-camels & prevention measu 5 Miyo below Normal to shoats res normal 10% above normal -Giving awareness to -Presence of DAs above rain is mothers in order not to be at normal, 40 expected exposed to malnutrition. community/kebele Normal rain -Facilitating for mothers to level and 50% get water & pasture around good supply of below in order not to affect the pesticides in the normal baby area 6 Dhas -33% above the rain starts -Creating awareness to join normal late and ends livestock insurance -33% normal on time; and -Planting early maturing and generally crops -33%below below normal -Selling some animals & normal purchasing food for the remaining. Using treated water for consumption, using mosquito net to prevent disease are the major one

45 Dissemination of PSP Advisories for Household and Community Resilience Following the participatory scenario development processes, advisories were developed and translated into local languages and disseminated through the facilitation and support of the project to reach to the wider community through different methods. Respective woreda DPPO, EW committee members, members of the rangeland council, and DAs played a key role in the dissemination of the PSP advisories and implementation of adaptation actions. Timely access to, and communication of, seasonal climate advisories from PSP is empowering communities to take advantage of the opportunities that climate presents, which is a key part of adapting to climate change. The scenario-based advisory messages are prepared in a leaflet form, and translated into the local languages of respective regions in a user-friendly format for quick and easy understanding of the advisory information.

         Advisory template distribution to facilitators at Erer (left), and dissemination of PSP advisories during public gatherings, Wadera district, Guji zone(right)

To ensure the timely dissemination and utilization of PSP advisories, a team composed of the PRIME technical team, community early warning committees, and government line offices monitored 16 woredas of all three regions, and it was found that approximately 21,069 people received the PSP advisories. Beneficiaries included agro-pastoral households, VSLA members, CAHWs, traders and woreda sector offices. Most households received the advisory information directly from DRM members and rangeland councils at village level rangeland management discussions, public gatherings and kebele meetings. The table below summarizes the number of communities who received the advisories in South and Somali clusters:

Cluster Woreda Number of people received the advisories Male Female Total South Miyo 1331 784 2115 Moyale 959 704 1663 Dhas 694 757 1451 Liban 2295 426 2721 Arero 1607 784 2391 Total 6886 3455 10341 East Babile 1120 368 1488 Mieso/Muli 1230 480 1710

46 K/Bayah/Jigjiga 1020 980 2000 Daror 1020 980 2000 Gashamo 1020 980 2000 Erer Gotha 1250 280 1530 Total 6660 4068 10,728

Training on PSP model and Application of Climate Information for Local Decision-making During the reporting year, two PSP model trainings were facilitated in Afar, at Awash 7 kilo and Asayta towns from the 23-24th and 27-28th of September 2016 aimed at introducing the PSP model to the Afar regional government’s early warning and disaster prevention and preparedness bureaus at a different level (regional and Woreda) and institutionalization of the PSP process. The training is part of the institutional capacity building of government partners and contributes towards the adaptive capacity of communities and institutions in climate change, making optimal decisions for preparedness and timely responses based on the available climate information and different scenarios developed, CbDRR planning, and enhancing capacity of EW experts on application of climate information for decision-making. Forty-four participants (9 women) drawn from traditional forecasters, meteorologist, DPFSPCO experts, the head of the DPFSPCO, and EWFS process owner, attended the training.

The training enabled the participants to understand CbDRR planning, enhance their awareness on climate change, climate change impacts, and application of climate information for decision- making. The participants also realized the importance of integrating both traditional weather forecasting systems and downscaled scientific climate forecast information in local decision- making.

Trainees exercising CbDRR planning Social Analysis and Action (SAA) for Adaptation and Resilience in Pastoral Communities Household livelihood strategies in pastoral areas are shaped by socio-cultural, behavioral, economic and environmental contexts. In 2014, PRIME adopted the SAA methodology as a communication tool and iterative process to work with communities through regularly recurring dialogue and collective action to address underlying drivers of vulnerability to climate change and the behavioral and socio-cultural factors limiting adaptive capacity, from the very personal to the highly structural levels.

47 Over the last two years, PRIME facilitated the establishment of 64 SAA groups (7 in Afar, 25 in South and 32 in East clusters). The community facilitators for each of the groups were given capacity building training and attended a sensitization workshop to introduce the SAA approach and raise awareness among the public. In addition to establishing new groups and training sub- group facilitators from the community, PRIME has been facilitating the SAA conversations in each of the subgroups with a focus on priority areas like fodder production and hay making, gender issues in relation to adaptation, a savings culture, equitable gender norms, and herd management. PRIME continued supporting SAA groups’ dialogues and discussions to address the underlying causes of climate change vulnerability, and socio-cultural factors limiting adaptive capacity. From the very personal to different community levels in all the three operational areas, Afar, Somali and South clusters, involving core SAA groups composed of community early warning committees, members of the rangeland council, development agents, local pastoral and agricultural development offices, health extension workers, and women and youth groups.

In Afar, three woredas (Argoba, Amibara and Awash) and 7 pilot SAA groups with 165 members (63 Women) conducted their regular monthly dialogues focusing on behavioral and attitudinal change on prioritized socio-cultural and behavioral issues that hinder their adaptation to climate change. PRIME provided refreshments and material support including saving boxes. Similarly, in the southern cluster, two SAA groups in Liben woreda of the Guji zone were able to produce improved fodder and saved it as hay for the dry season. In Guji Zone, Wadera and Gorodola woredas, 11 SAA groups have harvested fodder and begun fattening animals.

During the year, monitoring visits held by a team composed of PRIME, SAA group facilitators and represented SAA members have indicated that the SAA approach has helped the groups to understand key socio-cultural barriers and constraints, encouraging them to overcome challenges and start implementation of climate smart and adaptive livelihood strategies. In southern cluster, Woyama and Dida rangeland systems, 35 members of the SAA groups developed their individual action plans that included conserving pasture for hay making, petty trading, livestock fattening, opening bank accounts and saving money, and livestock trading. In east cluster, SAA groups established in Babile and Erer were provided a refresher training on facilitation skills and the technical aspects of saving and fodder production.

SAA group members at Hariro village(Borana)during hay making (left), Qabale Hussen, Irdar SAA group member in Borana (right) is completing the constructed 4 room house to rent for shops

48 In addition to directly implementing activities based on the SAA dialogues, the SAA group members have served as good models for co-villagers to engage in the production and management of fodder. In this regard, 52 community members in two kebeles of Wayama rangeland have preserved fodder as hay.

Improved Fodder Production In Afar, supplementary improved fodder production and promotion was piloted as an alternative livelihood adaptation through demonstrating fodder cultivation practice with 60 beneficiaries selected from 10 kebeles of Amibara and Argoba woredas. Three types of improved fodder seeds (15kg Panicum, 52kg Alfalfa, and 153kg Cowpea) were distributed to the beneficiaries through a cost-sharing approach. Initially, the plan was to cultivate forage by rain-fed farming in Argoba woreda, and by irrigation in Amibara woreda. In Argoba woreda, however, the cultivated fodder plots were not productive because of Belg rain failure. The plots cultivated by irrigation at Amibara woreda were successful and the beneficiaries benefited from the pilot plots. They were able to provide fresh green pasture for their livestock, generate additional income by selling fodder to their neighbors, conserved fodder (hay) for dry periods, with increased milk production. Results of the pilot production indicated that the fodder production can be scaled up in areas where irrigation water is available.

Pictures of improved fodder production plots in Afar, Argoba (left rain fed)& Amibara(right two through irrigation)

Following the promising and successful results of the pilot works done in the previous year, PRIME, in consultation with the woredas’ PADOs, has facilitated the scale up of similar supplementary fodder production activities with selected 200 agro-pastoral households in all six woredas during the reporting year. Thus, during the reporting period, the project purchased four types of improved forage seeds that suits the environment of Afar zone-3 and distributed it to households who have shown interest to engage in the supplementary forage production activity. About 123.5kg of Panicum, 62kg of Rhodes, 25.25kg of Alfalfa, and 33.5kg of pigeon pea were distributed in Gewane, Gel’alo, Amibara, Awash Fentale and Argoba woredas for 148 HHs. The table below summarizes seed distribution at woreda and kebele level.

49 S/N Woreda/kebele Quantity and # of HHs who received the seeds 1 Gewane (yigile, geleladora, & Bieda 77.5 kg for 40 HHs kebeles) 2 Gela’alu Woreda (gefrem, debel, 60kg for 40 HHs &Biedaforo) 3 Amibara Woreda (bedulale) 30.50 kg for 20 HHs 4 Awash fentale Woreda (Doho, Sabure, 46.25 kg for 38 HHs Boloyta, & Kebena) 5 Argoba woreda (Gachine, tach- 30 kg for 10 HHs metekeleya, & geberoch) Total 244.25kg for 148 HHs (113 Men, 35 Women),

Fodder seeds being distributed

Fodder production plots at Doho kebele of Awash fentale woreda

Hay making training for elders and range council members of Dire Dheeda PRIME has been promoting hay making practices and harvesting and storing of grasses for dry season use as one of the adaptation practices. Hence, the project organized trainings and awareness raising events during the reporting year to encourage pastoralists and agro-pastoralists to participate in fodder saving (Hay making) techniques, particularly on communal enclosures (Kallos) in Dire rangeland. A total of 40 community elders and rangeland council members (13

50 of them women) from 4 sub-rangeland units of Dire grazing system (“Reeras” namely Danbala- dhibayu, Hara-alo, Annole and Melbana) participated in the training. A similar training has been given in Wader rangeland system in Guji zones mainly for Social analysis and action (SAA) to group members in 6 kebeles namely Heba, Anchoka, S/Lagu, Tulam, Derba and S/Garbi. A total of 47 people (7 of them female) have participated on the three day training.

The training enabled the participants to improve their forage management practices on how to save fodder without losing its nutrients (hay making time) and how to store it for a long period, as well as how to apply the cut and carry system without causing overgrazing and degradation in communal enclosure sites. After the training, the participants set up action plans for their training respective areas (enclosure sites in their respective sub-rangeland units) to harvest and save the fodder using the techniques they learned during the training. Furthermore the training will support all of the community that are directly benefitting from those communal enclosures in saving a larger amount and better quality of fodder for their livestock for the next dry season.

Table of summary data for the PPR and FtF indicators

Number of hectares under improved technologies or management practices Main Activity/technologies East South Afar cluster Total cluster cluster Bush control and management - 2229.5ha 2229.5ha Prosopis clearing - - 330ha 330ha Soil and water conservation 3310 10 208ha 3528ha Area closures 200 35 235ha Total 3,510ha 2274.5ha 538ha 6,322.5ha

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 3: STRENGTHENED ALTERNATIVE LIVELIHOODS FOR HOUSEHOLDS TRANSITIONING OUT OF PASTORALISM

Key Result 3.1: TOPs employability increased through life skills, financial literacy and Entrepreneurship training

Over 1,230 TOPs graduated and attending Short-term vocational training in Different TVETs New cohorts of TOPs are enrolled to attend vocational skill training in different TVETs through PRIME’s short-term vocational scholarship program. During the year, 758 young and unemployed TOPs started skills training in over 20 different skills training. Since PRIME started supporting the TVET to expand their training streams and improve their curriculums, over 80% completed and graduated and the remaining 20 are still attending the training. This year’s achievement brings the total number of TOPs that are graduated or continued to attending the short-term training to 1,238. In addition to facilitating the scholarship, PRIME has provided financial assistance to TOPs from very poor families to attend and successfully complete the training. Those that are completed the training are pursuing jobs, started their own employment and some searching for job. Graduated cohorts of TOPs are reporting that they have obtained jobs and some started their own business that they wouldn’t have obtained without the skills training facilitated by PRIME. PRIME is

51 training to link interested TOPs to access finance from MFIs should they want planning to start their own business.

The types of training and performance of TVETs in Southern, Afar and Eastern clusters is presented below.

Short-Term Training Scholarship Program for TOPs (Afar Cluster): In this reporting year a second short training was implemented in Afar cluster with 327 trainees enrolled to attain short term skill training in the field of automobile driving, heavy machinery operators training, basic computer skill and metalwork.

Facilitation of Second Round Scholarship for Youth TOPs (female and male) on Machinery Operating Training in zone 3 of Afar cluster: The second round scholarship on machinery operation training has been granted to 100TOP’s (98male and 2female TOP’s) from all the six woredas in Afar Cluster. It was through announcement of the contract to eligible machinery operation training provider institutions that Chora Heavy Duty Machinery Operation Training Center signed agreement with AISDA-PRIME to facilitate the training with in four consecutive months in Awash 7Kilo Town. The training has been on operating two kinds of machineries (50 trainees on Excavator Operation and 50 on Loader Operation).

The training has been conducted during 23 May-22 September 2016. The skill training has been arranged in three different phases (Theoretical Phase, Practical Phase and Workshop Phase). The theoretical phase encompasses the basics of machineries and their operations. The practical phase covers exposure to the respective machineries, demonstration and practicing by the trainees. The workshop phase lets trainees preparing, identification and performing maintenance of basic machineries. A total of 98 trainees completed the training and admitted to COC examination and 98 of them have successfully approved to be certified competent.

Scholarship for women TOPs on basic computer training in zone 3 of Afar cluster: Basic computer application program and maintenance training scholarship has been to 25 afar women youths (TOPs) mobilized from Awash Town Administration, Amibara and Argoba Woredas for 45days training in Awash 7-Kilo town. Based on the eligibility criteria set selection and identification of trainees was done in collaboration with woreda government and Awash city administration. Hence, 25 Afar women youths (TOPs) got registered and attended the training for consecutive 45 training days at SAMI BILU TVET College, Awash 7 kilo town. The training has equipped the trainees with computer application programs of Microsoft word, Microsoft excel, Access, Microsoft power point and computer maintenance emphasizing both on theoretical concepts, backgrounds, and definitions at the class room and on intensive

52 practical training at computer laboratory. PRIME EMD team has been continuously monitoring the training and receiving feedbacks from trainees.

Afar Lucy TVET College: 20 (5F) youths with disabilities have graduated from Lucy TVET College in Afar Cluster in the field of metalwork. Assistants are also assigned for wheelchair using trainees.

Follow up of short-term training scholarship program for TOPs (Afar Cluster): PRIME’s Afar cluster followed up and tracked the 120 driving skill training graduates whose training it supported. 71 were certified with driving license and qualified both on computer and field driving skill examinations. The remaining are struggling to secure the driving license and taking the computer examination and practice field driving license from the region Trade, Transport and Industry Bureau. PRIME created linkage with employer enterprises such as Kesem and Tendaho sugar corporations.

Skill training at Jigjiga Polytechnic Collage, Melse Zenawi Memorial and Babile TVET In Easter cluster, PRIME partners Mercy Corps, ACPA and ECDD have been facilitating skills training for unemployed TOPs coming from different districts of Somali region. This year alone in three different TVETs (Jigjiga Polytechnic Collage, Melese Zenawi Memorial and Babile TVET) 159 unemployed TOPs got opportunity to attend skill training in eight different vocational training streams. This brings total number of TOPs that have obtained scholarship opportunity through PRIME’s assistance to 276.

Jigjiga Polytechnic College: Short-term skills training for 30 TOPs and 24 (4 female) youth with disabilities obtained scholarship opportunity to attend different skills training at Jigjiga Polytechnic College. The trainees were enrolled in the field of garment and textile, automobile driving, carpentry and furniture making, electronics maintenance and dressmaking which are currently demanded in the labor market. When the trainees complete their training, they will be organized in MSEs based on their skillset and interest to start their own business. PRIME will follow them up to strengthen business start-up.

Babile TVET: PRIME has provided technical ad material support to Babile technical and vocational education institute to upgrade its capacities and start new training streams for TOPs in its main training center in Babile and satellite center in Bisidimo town. Following the TVET’s upgrade, in the first cohort the TVET enrolled 88 young male and female TOPs in ICT and 12

53 TOPs in auto mechanic skills trainings. The training is in progress and expected to be completed in the following quarter.

Facilitation of disability adjustment appliances: ECDD PRIME in collaboration with Mercy Corps and SOS Sahel Ethiopia facilitated and provided disability adjustment appliances for PRIME scholarship awardees to attend skills training without difficulties. A total of 69 (52 Female) trainees with mobility impairment enrolled in Yabello, Negelle, and Moyalle TVET Colleges were provided different appliance. The cost for the appliances was covered by Mercy Corps and SOS Sahel Ethiopia with the referral linkage formed with Cheshire Services Ethiopia Hawassa Branch. Accordingly, the following disability adjustment appliances were provided.

Type of Appliance Yabello Negelle Moyalle Total M F M F M F M F Orthopedic Appliance (KAFO and AFO) 1 4 3 11 - 2 4 17 Pair of Crutches 3 3 5 10 - 1 8 14 Orthopedic Shoe 1 4 3 11 - 2 4 17 Mobility tri-cycle 1 2 - 2 - - 1 4 Total 17 52

Basic Business Skill and Business Development Skill Training for entrepreneurs with disabilities (Afar Cluster): ECDD facilitated a 5-day Basic Business Skill (BBS) and Business Development Skill (BDS) training to 18 (5 female) entrepreneurs with disabilities engaged in small businesses in Afar cluster Amibara woreda. The objective of the training was to equip the trainees with the skills of running business, bookkeeping, and business development.

Competitive Business startup grant for TVET graduates with disabilities After completing their short-term skills training in Negelle Borena and Yabello, PRIME supported graduates with disability to organize them in to micro and small enterprise. The SME in Negelle Borena was organized in furniture making while those from Yabello were organized in dress making and secretarial service provision. As part of the skill training program, ECDD PRIME project has provided equipment to the SMEs as a startup. Moreover, the local governments have provided land to build working space and shades.

54

Business skill training for entrepreneurs with disabilities

3,328 job seekers (TOPs) are registered in the HelloJobs System During this quarter, 466 job seekers from Afar and Somali regional states registered in the HelloJobs database, bringing the total number of TOPs registered to 3,328 (2,769 male and 559 female). The profile of these job seekers is now available for employers to access it from the system free of charge.

To increase the coverage jobseeker registration in the system, Mercy Corps and Amasis (HelloJob operator) are trying the following approaches with positive results thus far. Sending Bulk SMS to 15,000 HelloCash customers to inform them to register on HelloJobs. 870 responses were received out of which registration was completed for 424. Out of 60 scholarship graduates of machinery operation from Afar supported through PRIME, registration was completed for 38 of them.

Major challenge: In spite of Amasis securing Human Resource (HR) license, job seeker registration using agents in the cluster was impossible as there is no system or legal framework that can allow an agent to collect payment from a jobseeker which caused a significant delay in the intended number of job seeker registration. As Amasis is working on their business model to expand in to more geography, the sub-awarded agreement with PRIME has ended. However, the service is available in Somali region and other non-PRIME operational geographies.

Adult Literacy Training The general objective of adult literacy training is to establish a well-planned, organized and coordinated adult education system that will provide access to quality and relevant learning programs to youth and adults that will enable them to participate competently in the social, economic and political development of the region. 1,256 men and 757 women attended literacy training conducted by FSA in Awash Fentale, Argoba, Amibara, Dulessa and Gelalo woredas. Dulessa woreda in particular is performing well in both student numbers and a strong female ratio. In Awash Fentale, due to access to the city and road system, the number of students is lower and has fewer women. Generally, we observed an improvement in the month of March with increased

55 numbers of students, more women participants, and lower dropout rates.

FSA was working on Integrated Functional Adult Literacy (IFAL) program during the last project implementation period with the intention of improving the literacy skill (reading, writing and calculating) of the pastoralist communities in order to create employment opportunity where they could generate income. The beneficiary profile of adults who completed level one education during this year is as stated in the below table. Beneficiaries Profile who completed level one adult education Number of beneficiaries who attended July 2016 August 2016 September 2016 Woreda School M F T M F T M F T Amibara Bedulale - 5 5 - 5 5 6 1 7 Ambash 3 8 11 3 8 11 3 8 11 Asoba 8 1 9 8 1 9 8 2 10 Aledebi 16 5 21 16 5 21 17 6 21 Gelssa 15 3 18 15 3 18 15 3 18 Buri 3 41 44 3 41 44 3 41 44 TOTAL 45 58 103 45 58 103 46 60 106 Awash Alula 2 16 18 2 16 18 2 16 18 Fentale Dudub 2 7 9 2 7 9 2 7 9 Deho 14 8 22 14 8 22 14 8 22 Sabure 14 24 38 14 24 38 14 24 38 Boloyita 5 1 6 5 1 6 5 1 6 Kebenna 8 9 17 8 9 17 8 9 17 TOTAL 45 65 110 45 65 110 45 65 110 Dulessa Tirtira 39 64 103 39 64 103 37 60 97 Durufili 24 6 30 24 6 30 24 6 30 Segento 25 14 39 25 14 39 19 23 42 Hurunto 35 15 50 35 15 50 35 15 50 Edali 20 7 27 20 7 27 20 7 27 Dama'egona 20 5 25 20 5 25 20 5 25 TOTAL 163 111 274 163 111 274 155 116 271 Argoba Gachani 8 9 17 8 9 17 6 8 14 Sufager 10 - 10 10 - 10 10 - 11 Abali 8 - 8 8 - 8 7 - 7 Gebriye 14 5 19 14 5 19 8 4 12 Shumager 10 2 12 10 2 12 10 1 11 AnbessaMelka 10 - 10 10 - 10 10 - 10 TOTAL 60 16 76 60 16 76 51 13 64 Gale'alo Mero-Buri 10 5 15 10 5 15 13 7 20 Bedum 5 6 11 5 6 11 6 5 11 Fale-Buri 13 2 15 13 2 15 13 1 14 Subuli 15 2 17 15 2 17 13 7 20 Dengelgeta 6 4 10 6 4 10 4 7 11 Gela'alu 10 2 12 10 2 12 11 6 17 TOTAL 10 5 15 10 5 15 65 29 94 Total 323 255 578 323 255 578 362 283 645

56 Gender The above beneficiaries profile designates that one out of total beneficiaries; 44.1% of them are in April, 44.1% in May and 43.9% in June are female. This shows us the number of female beneficiaries is 44.03% in the past three months which shows better improvement from time to time.

Dropout rate From the above data; out of total 1086 registered beneficiaries 578 (53.2%) in April, 578 (53.2%) in May and 645 (59.3%) in June were attending the class, which means out of total registered beneficiaries, 55.8% of them are successfully following their education in the past three months. As a result; dropout is the major problem which affects the achievement of the objective the program in effective and efficient way.

Successful achievements Day to day follow up of the program; identify the major accomplished tasks and challenges. Collect monthly data from each woreda supervisors, combine the report and prepare monthly report for concerned bodies

Best achievements on career‐based adult education program or functional adult literacy program that can enhance the skill of the farmers, pastoralists, women and youth in the occupation. This education may enable them to be successful by creating further income generating schemes that help them focus on their surroundings.

Identification and fulfillment of the necessary teaching materials to keep adult education running in the community.

Monitoring and evaluating the overall activities of program sites. Result on weakness and strength of every sites, facilitators and supervisors are reported to the concerned bodies creating best collaboration and working atmosphere on vertical relationship (among supervisors, project coordinator and program manager) and horizontal relationship (among supervisors) for better achievement.

There are many beneficiaries who acquire basic knowledge of reading, writing and calculating in their stay under FSA’s adult literacy program. Due to reading and writing skill many of them changes their life by saving, getting job opportunity and TOPs; woreda education offices and Kebeles acknowledge PRIME for its contribution in the community through letter of acknowledgement. Woreda Education offices also play a great roll by providing teaching material for adult learners to minimize drop out. This shows the complementarities between education sectors and FSA as a whole.

Disability inclusion: Creating opportunity for people with disabilities ECDD in collaboration with Mercy Corps and SOS Sahel provided disability adjustment equipment including wheelchair, crutch, and braces for 54 (31 F) trainees with mobility impairment who have been registered for short term skill training in Negelle and Yabello.

57

IFAL Closure Event

Thirty-four (14 F) trainees with disabilities enrolled in Negelle Borena TVET College have successfully completed their courses. Out of the total graduates, 30 (12 F) saved Birr 10,000 from their monthly allowance during their training period and were organized by Medium & Small Enterprise Development Agency (MSE). Furthermore, 4 graduates started their own jobs in dress making businesses. Additionally, 22 (9 F) trainees with disabilities are currently enrolled in Yabello Polytechnic College for short term skill in the field of dress making, hairdressing, furniture making, ICT, sanitary installation and welding.

A scholarship for short-term skill training started for 40 (5 F) youths with disabilities in Amibara woreda of Afar Region at the Werer Lucy TVET College. The field of training in which the trainees are enrolled is metal fabrication and the duration of the training will take 3 months. Moreover, the trainees will be provided with disability adjustment allowances during their stay in the training. Assistants are also assigned for wheelchair-using trainees.

Similarly, short-term skill training scholarships for 25 persons with disabilities is under process to be launched in Jigjiga town and its outskirts. PRIME identified trainees with disabilities and discussed with Regional BoLSA and Jigjiga Polytechnic College the training fields suitable for trainees and market demands.

Disability mapping was conducted in Gelealo, Amibara, Awash Fentale, Gewane, Argoba, Dulecha woredas of Afar region to make all PRIME activities disability inclusive. The mapping identified 4,320 (1,087 F) persons with disabilities with age 30-45 years. The type of disabilities includes physical impairment, visual and hearing impairment, and intellectual disability.

58 Following a sub award grant provided to TVET colleges to equip them with teaching materials in alternative accessible formats and make their premises physically accessible for trainees with disabilities, Negelle Borena TVET College and Afar Lucy Polytechnic College has constructed ramps and walkways from the college main gate.

Entrepreneurship Incubation Centers’ Capacity Assessment (all clusters) This assessment is aimed at increasing pastoralist communities’ awareness on alternative income generation opportunities and business know how through the support of different institutions working on business incubation. The findings from the assessment contribute to program design to improving the livelihoods of people transitioning out of pastoralism.

Policy makers and different stakeholders in Addis Ababa have been contacted. Some of them are Federal Micro and Small Enterprise Development Agency, Ministry of Education, Entrepreneurship Development Center, Federal Technical and Vocational Agency, Oromia Technical and Vocational Agency, FDRE Ministry of Federal and Pastoralist Development Affairs, Oromia Pastoralist Commission. In addition, the assessment includes the views of experts in the three clusters and information pertaining to entrepreneurship incubation centers established by different institutions such as Universities and TVETs located near pastoralist communities. The full report can be found in Annex 1.

Key Result 3.2: Increased income opportunities for TOPs

PRIME business expansion activity created 578 new jobs in Somali, Oromia and Afar regions Several enterprises and financial institutions supported by PRIME in the Eastern, Southern and Afar Cluster reported they have created a total of 578 new full-time jobs. The types of enterprises span from livestock, non-livestock, and financial institutions. PRIME has provided a cost share business expansion grants for small, medium and large enterprises to expand their business in pastoralist areas to create new jobs for TOPS and create market for producers.

Basic Business skill (BBS) training for micro-franchise women: Micro-franchising is a developmental tool that seeks to apply the proven marketing and operational concepts of traditional franchising to small business. Whereby micro-entrepreneurs are provided with a proven business model in terms of PATRASSE (profitability, adaptability to context, teachable, affordability, scalability, sustainability and employability) and the chance to benefit from the best practices of successful micro-entrepreneurs, as well as from the purchasing power and scale of the franchisor.

As part of PRIME facilitative approach to enable VSLA Micro-franchise women at BBS training - Yabello members (women) to start income generating activities through a micro-franchising model, five-day BBS training was facilitated during this quarter. Participants (50 female and 8 male) drawn mainly from VSLAs and Private Service Providers

59 (PSPs). PRIME outsourced trainers from the Women Innovative Self-help Enterprise (WISE). The following core topics were covered during the training:  Generating and selecting business ideas  Major considerations and identification of business  Marketing and networking  Basic business management skills

Basic Business Skill (BBS) Training for Micro franchise women in VSLAs: To pilot micro- franchising business model, the most fast moving consumable goods identified manufacturing companies such as GUTS-Agro Industry and ETAB were selected, local wholesalers’ from Yabello woreda were selected and manufacturing and local wholesalers were linked. After the micro-franchising piloting activities were introduced at Yabello woreda, 60 women from VSLA groups were selected from seven PAs including Dharito, Abunnu, Dikale, D/Saden, D/Yabello, Harboro and Cholkasa, and business skills training were provided. In additional those sales women were linked to local wholesalers by business agreement. The main objectives of training were to build capacity of sales women on business skills such as concepts of small business, how to develop business mindset, customer handling, market survey, and preparing business plan through micro-franchising business model. Thus, training was organized at Yabello and 54 people were participated including the FA and PSP. Through provision of business skill training for women VSLA members, they equipped with the basic skills to successfully manage the micro franchise business and motivated to engage in income generating activities.

Photo: When women are participated on BBS Training for Micro Franchise Business @ Yabello Woreda Pastoralist College and Milk Union Cooperative Hall.

Impact beneficiaries are VSLA members from a minimum of 7 and maximum 12 groups. As the number of members in each group vary from about 15 - 25 members. Thus, if 7 groups with 25 member (7*25) it will be 175 and if 12 groups with 15 members (12*15) it will 180. All of the VSLA members have been trained by Field Agents/Private Service Providers when each of the VSLA groups were formed. Challenges: Local wholesalers demand grants support because they heard that PRIME project provide competitive grants. The Agreement between the whole seller and ETAB was delayed. Lesson: Manufacturing company identification must be focus local demanded products that have less competition.

60 Facilitating Cash Transfer and Financial Literacy Training for Drought Stricken Areas of Siti Zone in ESRS and Zone 3 in Afar Regional State PRIME received additional funding from USAID to respond to the effects of the drought caused by El Niño in Afar Zone 3 and Siti Zone of Somali region. One of the interventions for drought response is Cash Transfer and Financial Literacy Training. The cash transfer intervention under this Cost Extension targeted 5000 pastoralists and households transitioning out of pastoralism (TOPs). Households in the lowest wealth quartile of these communities were the primary targets of the cash transfer intervention. PRIME partnered with Afar MFI and Somali MFI to implement this activity in their respective regions. All targeted households are meant to open bank accounts in the respective MFI, attend financial literacy and nutrition training and receive their cash through their bank account Financial literacy training - Afdem with the option to withdraw from nearby MFI branches, mobile banking agents and designated payment outlets. By the end of the year under review, the cash transfer activity successfully completed. 2500 households in Afar zone 3 received three rounds of cash through their conventional bank account while in in Siti zone 2067 households received all the three rounds of cash through their mobile bank account and the remaining 422 received via conventional bank accounts. While Mercy Corps leads this activity, PRIME partners ACPA, AISDA and CARE are participating in implementation of this intervention.

Overall Objective and Expected Results Linkage Provide unconditional cash grants to beneficiaries living in drought-affected woredas, to enable and encourage them to purchase food for household or agriculture and livestock inputs as needed, thereby protecting livelihood assets.

Facilitate cash transfers to beneficiaries through bank accounts opened with Somali Microfinance and Afar Microfinance Institutions, enabling an efficient modality for future drought-response transfers and strengthening linkages between emergency and development through market and MFI expansion.

Facilitate training for cash recipients through MFIs to encourage savings habits; building the absorptive capacity of beneficiaries for future drought.

Cash transfer and Financial Literacy training in Siti zone: following agreement signing with SMFI, PRIME, in collaboration with target woredas and kebeles administrations completed registration and selection of 2500 households from 3 woredas (13 kebeles). As per the agreement with PRIME, Somali MFI in collaboration with Ethio-Telecommunication Corporation distributed mobile phone with sim card to 2067 beneficiaries, where PRIME cost shared 50% of the price of the mobile phone and SIM card to open Hello Cash mobile banking accounts. The remaining 433 beneficiaries in Mieso woreda (Madane and Gedgus kebeles) opened conventional bank accounts due to the lack of mobile network connectivity in these kebeles.

61 Alongside accounts opening, Somali MFI provided capacity building and financial literacy training to all the beneficiaries three times. The objective of the training was preparing the target beneficiaries to utilize the cash for food and felt need of the household. During the financial literacy training, nutrition messages were integrated. Posters, nutrition flyers with cash transfer information and nutrition messages on dietary diversity were designed and distributed to all beneficiaries. Nutrition education sessions, nutrition flyers and posters are all meant to teach households about dietary diversity in order to build a healthy balanced household food basket when buying Agent paying cash to beneficiaries - Afdem household food. After account opened and training provided, all 2500 households received three rounds of cash through their mobile and conventional bank account. Beneficiaries are able to withdraw cash from SMFI branch and SMFI’s HelloCash agents. (See Annex 9 for success story)

Cash transfer and Financial Literacy training in Afar Zone 3: The financial literacy training and cash transfer program was implemented in three woredas of Afar Zone 3: Gewane, Amibara and Dulessa. Afar MFI is the key partner in implementation of the cash intervention and targeted 2500 households as beneficiaries for the cash transfer. The targeting was conducted in partnership with woreda administration councils, woreda PADOs, kebele administration and community representatives through close follow up and support from PRIME team. In each kebele, a committee of six individuals was assigned to facilitate the targeting activity after orientation from PRIME on the selection criteria and procedures. After targeting was completed, Afar MFI provided financial literacy training to the beneficiary households and Afar MFI opened saving accounts for selected recipients in each household. PRIME released and transferred the amount allotted to each beneficiary to Afar MFI for three consecutive months which the MFI deposited to the beneficiaries saving accounts. The 2500 beneficiaries accessed and withdrew the cash transferred from Afar MFI Awash branch designated payment centers (located in each kebele). The financial literacy training meant to improve beneficiaries’ awareness on the importance of saving and the sharia compliant financial services available at Afar MFI. Some beneficiaries kept (saved) some of the cash transfer in their account.

Beneficiaries from ten different kebeles were contacted and interviewed for their use of the cash transfer, dietary diversity and coping strategies at the time of their second cash transfer. PRIME also asked beneficiaries about their satisfaction with the MFI services and other sources of income. See Annex 9 for a success story on beneficiary from Afar.

62 Summary of Profile of Cash transfer beneficiaries in Siti Zone Targeted beneficiaries' gender disaggregated data -status of beneficiary HHs

Name # of HH heads # of HH members # Lacta # of HHs PW Elderl Or of (Family Size) preg ting with D y pha Wored nant moth malnouri n a mot er shed hers under 5 children FH MH Total F M total HHs Afdam 584 249 833 2193 1951 4144 69 183 630 91 114 1 Mulu 751 83 834 2519 2374 4893 125 180 551 32 86 118 Erer 470 363 833 1583 1166 2749 122 97 431 43 21 0 Total 1805 695 2500 6295 5491 11786 316 460 1612 166 221 119

Summary of Profile of Cash transfer beneficiaries in Afar Zone 3

Targeted beneficiaries' gender disaggregated data - status of beneficiary HHs Name of # of HH heads # of HH members ( # # of HHs with Elderly Woreda Family Size) pregnant malnourished >55 mothers under 5 children FH MH Total F M total HHs Gewane 185 615 800 1749 1999 3748 95 800 163 Amibara 253 720 1000 2308 2688 4996 66 1000 104 Dulessa 176 524 700 1334 1566 2894 38 700 97 Total 614 1859 2500 5391 6253 11,638 199 2500 364

Highlights of overall achievement and impact of cash intervention in Siti zone and Afar Zone 3: SOMALI REGION SITI ZONE (AFDEM, MIESO AND ERER) - As a result of the cash transfer and financial literacy training in Siti Zone 2500 households got a National ID for the first time; - 2067 mobile bank account and 433 have conventional bank account; - 1805 female headed households have cellphones and have access to financial, social and market information saving habits, remittance system in Siti Zone improved; - 24 mobile and agent banking are operational and functional serving the beneficiaries to cash in (deposit) and Cash out (withdraw) anytime; - 2500 households received three rounds of cash transfer.  AFAR REGION ZONE 3 (AMIBARA, GEWANE AND DULESSA) - As a result of the cash transfer and financial literacy training in Zone 3 in Afar 2500 households got National ID for the first time; - 98% of households opened bank account for the first time

63 - 614 women household have access to financial through their bank account; - Households are in conversation with AMFI to have insurance products for social insecurities. - CASH TRANSFER AND FINANCIAL LITERECY TRAINING IMPACT - Temporary relief from financial stress and improvement of purchasing power of the beneficiaries; - A total of 700,000 USD cash transferred to beneficiaries and this increased cash in the local economy; - 2,419 women have bank account, exposed to financial literacy and nutrition training, and can make household decision in spending the cash.

Financial Services: MFIs/Banks: Strengthening, Expanding and linking

Somali Microfinance Institution-Belcash: Mobile and agent banking client number and transaction hits new high record Mercy Corps has supported the Somali MFI in the introduction and rollout of mobile and agent banking (HelloCash) solutions to increase access to inclusive financial services in the region. During the year, HelloCash was inaugurated in the presence of high level delegates from Federal and Regional government, the United States Ambassador to Ethiopia and USAID mission representatives.

Mobile and agent banking clients of SMFI have now reached a record high where over 111,000 individuals signed up for mobile and agent banking service and over 750 new agents were established. The coverage and service of HelloCash is growing tremendously, through the HelloCash mobile money platform over 6000 daily transactions with a value of $450,000 are taking place. Since the start of the service 20 months ago, nearly 32Millons of USD transaction has taken place. The coverage of HelloCash can be reached in all woredas of Somali region except in Highlights of AMFI’s annual performance kebeles where connectivity is an issue. There are  7560 (3908 F) new savers newly introduced services that have been added  7,249,927 ETB saving mobilized during the year, for example bulk payment, airtime  837 new borrowers top-up, and bill payment. These products  9,246,410 ETB loan disbursed (especially the top-up) changed the usage of HelloCash and increased demand deposit by customers. PRIME’s IIF financial and technical assistance made possible for SMFI to rollout mobile and agent banking technology in addition to its existing services. BelCash Technology Solutions PLC is SMFI’s partner and providers the technology and content of mobile and agent banking.

Expansion of Somali MFI branches: PRIME supported SMFI’s branch expansion in seven different woredas and Addis Ababa. With this expansion, SMFI’s performance improved and the number of savers in these branches increased to 3,222 this year. The number of borrowers increased to 3993 due to expansion. The total loan disbursed and saving mobilized up to this reporting period are 14,550,268 ETB and 17,826,424 ETB respectively.

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Afar Microfinance Institution progress update: Mercy Corps has continued to provide technical and financial assistance based on the sub-award agreement with Afar MFI. The performance of the MFI is improving overtime and during the reporting period has recorded significant traction in terms of numbers savers and loan to clients. Afar MFI is also participated with PRIME in cash transfer intervention drought response in the region this year.

PRIME continued providing technical and financial assistance to AMFI to improve its core financial service function. Currently the PIME support MFI is under procurement process of core-banking solution to connect its branches. In addition, the MFI is expanding its coverage by opening new branches in the region.

The newly establish Rays MFI opened its first 4 branches for service PRIME has been supporting Rays since established and continued to provide financial and technical assistance. During the reporting period Rays facilitated training for all their newly hired staff to ensure they provide the best of the service in their respective branch offices. The training included the following topics:

• Islamic MFI product and service • Fundamental concepts of MFI and Lending Methodologies • Saving and Personal Financial Panning • Accounting for microfinance institution and Financial Analysis • Credit Appraisal, Monitoring and Delinquency Management • Risk Management in Microfinance • Customer handling

After the training, Negelle, Moyale, Harkelo and Addis Ababa branches fulfilled the necessary requirements for operation and are now open to provide savings and local money transfer services. PRIME also supports the MFI to improve their core functions.

Saving mobilization and awareness creation campaign continued in Moyale and the surrounding kebeles which include kebele 1, kebele 2, Shawa bar, Arbalee, Kabanawa, Chamuk and Malab kebeles. In the campaign, brochures written in Oromifa and English have been distributed giving message about Rays MFI, the services it offers and how to access these services. 94 voluntary saving accounts have been opened in Moyale branch since the saving mobilization campaigns started of which 48% of the accounts holder are female, 8% of accounts belong to institutions and 44% are male. The campaign also has continued in Negele and the surrounding kebeles including Ardhaburiri, qarsamale, koba’ali, gobija and Dhibano kebeles. And the brochures have

65 also been distributed in these kebeles. 139 voluntary accounts have been opened in Negele branch since the campaign started of which 58% of the account holders are female customers and the rest for male. The total loan proposals submitted to Rays MFI branches for financing have reached 38 of which 10 of them are in the last stages of evaluation and are expected to be financed soon.

Assessment on Value Chain Financing for Livestock in Eastern Cluster (HU) The study was conducted in Eastern Cluster and it is assessed the value chain finance in Agriculture particularly in relation with the live animal production and trading in eastern cluster. The data collection and gathering information completed and data analysis and interpretation is underway. The assessment will enable to understand available financial products and financial service providers.

Thus this specific sub activity has the following objectives:  Identifying the source of finance in the live animal value chain  Assessing the financial access for the live animal business  Exploring the main challenges of live animal business value chain finance  Assessing the way to create linkage with the financial service providers  Presenting the policy implication for the improvement of value chain in the sectors

The output of the assessment is expected to serve different financial institutions in designing policy and strategies related to value-chain financing in pastoralist areas in a bid to improve the resilience capacity of the community. During the assessment livestock market areas and stakeholders at different parts of eastern cluster have been reached. These include Jigjiga, Hartsheik, Dagahabour, Togwujale, Sinille and Diredawa. The final report of the assessment will be submitted in Q16.

Financial Services- VSLAs/RuSACCO: Strengthening, Expanding and Linking: performance update Strengthening capacities of rural saving and credit cooperatives (Southern Cluster): As a continuation of activities implemented in the last three quarters, PRIME provided technical assistance and financial assistance for woreda Cooperative Promotion Office (CPO), to strengthen the financial and technical capacity of RuSACCOs through CPOs. In Arero and Moyale woreda, due to this link, RUSACCO members increased their monthly compulsory saving by 66% and they started new or additional types saving and loan products such as voluntary saving, school expenses/fees saving, emergency loan and trade loan. In addition, during the quarter, Goro Dola and Wadera COPs signed partnership agreement with PRIME. Accordingly, the two offices have completed all milestones.

Strengthening capacities of rural saving and credit cooperatives (Afar Cluster): PRIME started to linkage of RUSACCOs and VSLAs found in Awash and Amibara woredas with Addis-Kidan milk processing plant and will continue doing this activity in the future. Consultative workshop on the establishment and strengthening of RUSACCOs among stakeholders was conducted in Semera to alleviate problems related with Cooperatives in general and RUSACCOs in particular.

Establishments of VSLAs groups through Private Service provider:

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612 VSLAs with 11,219 members have been formed through the private service provider model The establishment of Village Saving and Lending Association (VSLA) through the PSP model continued in year 4 across all PRIME areas. VSLA PSP methodology provides relatively safe place for poor households to save their money in the village, borrow money and increase their income. The VSLA updates from Mercy Corps, ACPA, SOS Sahel and CARE are presented below.

PRIME support for Private Service Providers (PSPs) for the formation and expansion of VSLAs through the PSP model is continued in this year. The model is a more cost- effective and sustainable method to expand outreach in target communities and provide the service and is adopted across all PRIME intervention areas. During the reported period, the overall achievement of VSLA establishments via PSP model was impressive. Total number of group formed and total VSLA members are now stands at 612 and 11,219 respectively. Total amount of members’ savings reached ETB 4,375,671 ($200,000) with total loan outstanding balance of ETB 1,206,986 ($55,000).

Location Numb Numbe % of Value of Value of Atte Drop Average Avg. er of r of female savings loans ndan out annualize outstandi Group Membe Memb this cycle outstanding ce rate d savings ng loan s rs ers rate (per size (per Member) Member) Souther 339 6,351 50% 1,993,901 602,086 96% 1.3% 458 537 n Cluster PRIME Project Eastern 208 3,747 83% 2,082,220 554,500 96% 3.9% 684 3,081 Cluster PRIME Project Afar 65 1,121 59% 299,550 50,400 98% 1.9% 1,075 1,050 Cluster PRIME Project Average 204 3,740 63% 1,458,557 402,329 96% 1.7% 738 1,556 Total 612 11,219 4,375,671 1,206,986

21 VSLAs merged to form 5 RuSACCO in Eastern Cluster: PRIME has been supporting Private Service Providers to establish and train village level saving and lending associations (VSLAs). Nine Private Service providers established 72 VSLAs in Keberibayah and made them to save and share out their savings. In this reporting period, PRIME team in collaboration with Kebribayah district cooperative promotion office upgraded 21 VSLAs with a total of 231 (217 Female) members into 5 RuSACCOs and obtained their license after the members agreed to merge their groups into RuSACCOs. This expected to better positions members to have access financial services and additional loan for their members from formal financial institutions.

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68 Summary of VSLA groups upgraded to RuSACCO

S.N Name of new Total Names of VSLAs # of Address RuSACCO Members united under this VSLAs Female Male Total RuSACCO united Woreda Kebele 1 Dur- 61 1 62 Ayaan 5 K/bayah H/Sheik Dur Horseed Dayah Samo Jecel Saredo 2 Barwaqo 71 4 75 Afteh 4 K/bayah H/Sheik Wadajir Mustaqbal All-Barako 3 Hormud 49 1 50 Hodan 4 K/bayah H/Sheik Alla Amin Barwaqo Adna 4 Ruman 36 8 54 All Ayaan 4 K/bayah K/bayah Hogmal Town Ruman Rays 5 Habon 64 5 69 Midnimo 4 K/bayah K/bayah Hawl Wadag Town Samia Hormud Total 281 19 310 21

Refresher training for field agents (Southern cluster): To prepare PSPs in their task of supporting group share outs and in their transition to certified PSP status, a second refreshment training was provided for 28 field agents in Yabello for a three-day training in June 2016. The content of the training included the following topics: share-out under various scenarios, and pricing of services (menu, fee structure, pricing, service agreement, negotiation, dealing with non-paying group, promotion and marketing of services and income modeling under various productivity scenarios).

VSLA Cash Box Distribution (Southern cluster): PRIME distributed 31 VSLA cash boxes for 31 PSPs in Liben, Arero, Dhas, Moyale, Dire, Yabello, and Taltale woreda. The cash box is meant to support VSLAs keep their savings in a safe box. Local suppliers for cash box production were identified so that VSLA groups can find cash boxes for future purchase.

Stakeholders training on VSLA formation via PSP model (Southern Cluster): The training was provided for key stakeholders such as Zonal and woreda level Cooperative Promotion Office experts, OCSSCO officers and NGOs livelihood or financial service officers (NGOs which work on inclusive financial services intervention in Southern cluster) in Borena and Guji zone. The training was facilitated and organized in Yabello for eight days. The overall objectives of the training were to encourage adaptation of the innovative PSP saving group model and promote

69 collaboration among key stakeholders or institutions to improve the quality of financial service available to communities.

Strengthening existing VSLA formation Via PSP model (Southern cluster): To strengthen capacity of field agents, performance follow-up and technical support were provided to achieve the following indicators:  Translate VSLA training into practice  Attain consistent and standard performance  Identify and correct VSLA performance gaps in a timely manner  Report on implementation progress in a timely and accurate way  Establish their reputation and credibility in their operating area  Build market demand for when they will be operating on a fee-for-service basis

Follow up visits indicate that PSPs are performing well but they are behind in terms of organizing additional groups on fee basis and directions were provide to improve their service.

Financial Services: VSLAs/RuSACCO: Strengthening, Expanding and Linking performance update

Strengthening capacities of rural savings and credit cooperatives (Eastern Cluster): PRIME facilitated training and technical assistance for 27 RuSSACOs in Fafan and Jarar zones in Somali Regional State. 242 members of management committees (221 women and 21 men) of 27 RuSSACOs were trained in eight rounds across eight districts. The objective is to sensitize and train management committee members on improving the quality of their core services and products and governance, as well as Sharia compliant loan product procedures.

Strengthening capacities of rural savings and credit cooperatives (Southern Cluster): PRIME signed a cost share grant agreement with seven cooperatives. Out of these, three are from Guji Zone (Liban, Wadara and Gorodola) and four are from Borena Zone (Miyo, Moyale, Dhas, Arero). Recently, it is only two woredas that starting implementing activities (Liban woreda and Moyale CPOs). The Cooperative Promotion Agencies in Liban woreda conducted assessments and identified the main obstacle and problems, after which they provided training consultancy to RUSACCOs. As a result, their membership has increased on average from 74 to 103. The total number of members has increased from 591 (F 219) to 825 (F 350). The average individual member regular savings also increased from 38 ETB to 60 ETB. Consequently, eight RUSACCOs have managed to mobilize 162,580 ETB as additional total saving.

All eight RUSACCOs have developed four types of loans with different terms and conditions: fertilizer loan, emergency loan, education loan and business loan. Some of them started to provide loans through cost mark-up. PRIME supported eight additional RUSACCOs in these areas, one of them was Gudina Walin saving and credit cooperative, located in Negelle Borena town. Before this intervention, this RUSACCO had only conventional one-year duration business loans that could not meet the members’ demand as most are Muslim. The

70 RUSSACO diversified its loan product and developed four type of loans with different terms and conditions; fertilizer loan, emergency loan, education loan and business loan. Consequently, it has disbursed 401,634 ETB interest free (cost markup) loan for 103 members. As the RUSACCO has started to meet demand of members, it has increased its membership by 50% (from 282 to 423) and monthly savings amount by 4% (from 116 ETB to 120 ETB).

Liban Cooperative promotion office has provided training for 39 participants (F=33), including the executive committee of eight RUSACCOs and an expert from the CPO office, on business plan development and bookkeeping; while Moyale woreda Cooperative Promotion office discussed with seven RUSACCOs on how to increase membership and product development. As result of this; they have increased their average individual member regular saving from 25 ETB to 45 ETB. Their total savings is 945,412 ETB.

Micro loans for over 1000 women start-up business facilitated by PRIME: PRIME- Mercy Corps and ACPA team supported the Somali Microfinance Institution (SMFI) to facilitate micro loans for 1180 women from different woredas of Somali region. SMFI provided entrepreneurship and financial literacy training for the selected women while PRIME covered operation costs needed for the training. At the end of the training, all women TOPs were linked to SMFI and opened savings account. Following that, SMFI disbursed a total loan amount of 3,584,000 ETB as per individual business proposal. The participants regularly save with SMFI monthly and will repay the loan monthly. Upon repayment of first round loan received, clients will be eligible for another loan on voluntary basis.

Summary of loan for women Description Female borrowers Male borrowers Total borrowers Total amount disbursed

ACPA 127 9 136 544,000ETB

MC 1039 5 1,044 3,040,000ETB

Total 1,166 9 1,180 3,584,000ETB

Linking solar suppliers with VSLAs through facilitating training for PSPs: Photo-voltaic Solar Home System Technical and Business Skills training was provided for twelve PSPs/FAs and two Yabello TVET teachers. The main objective of the training was to create access to solar products and provision of after sales services through different sales outlet to reach to end users of large pastoralists and agro-pastoralists community and creating additional marketing opportunity for solar suppliers and income diversification for PSPs. The training was provided for 7 days, for PSPs from Yabello, Liban, Gorodola and Wadara woredas. TVET teachers are included in the training to maintain skills locally and to equip electronics department students with solar maintenance skill and knowledge. The training was provided in collaboration with Dayod Engineering.

The practical sessions conducted at training center involved field practical installation of one 30w-SHS at Higo Primary School as well as maintenance of one 600w- SHS-at Wachile Health

71 Post. The activity has been facilitated through integration effort between energy and financial service sectors of the PRIME EMD team.

VSLA PSP Methodology training for stakeholders (GO and NGOs): To equip stakeholders with knowledge of VSLA-PSP methodology and share best practices and lessons learned, PRIME provided five days training at Yabello town for 32 (F=2) participants invited from NGOs (Save the children, Goal Ethiopia, CIFA, GPDI, AFD, Dorcas, ACF) and Zonal and Woreda Cooperative Promotion Offices (Wadara, Goro Dola and Liban of Guji Zone and Dhas, Arero, Moyale Oromia, Miyo, Yabello, Dirre and Teltelle) and MFIs. During the training participants acquired knowledge on how VSLA PSP methodology work, Group formation and Governance, Constitution, Saving, Loan and Social fund policies, record keeping, meeting steps, PSP timeline and its phases (Preparatory, PSP and network). Finally, the participants acknowledged PRIME adopts an innovative approach in the establishment of VSLAs and planned to include the model in their future interventions.

Key Result 3.3: Market Access Expanded to Increase Employment Opportunities

Increasing access to agricultural inputs 18 agricultural input suppliers (twelve in Eastern cluster and six in Southern cluster) have been supported through cost sharing small grants. After successful business expansion, these input suppliers continue to supply different agricultural inputs. In this reporting period, 8,871 households (6,230 male and 2,841 female) have accessed various types of vegetable seeds, improved cereal, pulse and forage seeds, farm tools and agro chemicals from these agricultural input suppliers. Households invest around ETB 5,845,085 ($266,000) on improved inputs and agricultural equipment. PRIME will continue to provide technical support, business coaching/mentoring and data tracking in the coming year.

Number of businesses Households reached Transaction made Male Female Total ETB 12 agri input business- EC 3,877 2,339 6,216 4,829,004 6 agri input business- SC 2,353 302 2,655 1,016,081 Total 6,230 2,841 8,871 5,845,085

Competitive grant for fish and fish product suppliers In this reporting, PRIME supported Dhane Galgalo fish supplier around Negelle Borena to complete business expansion and be ready to supply fish for urban consumers through two sales points (in Negelle Borena and Melka Guba towns). The business is expected to create market opportunity for three cooperatives engaged in fish. In the coming quarter the business will start full operation by buying fish from cooperatives and supplying fish to end consumers.

Local seed business activity

In partnership with Jigjiga University, PRIME has supported nine model agro pastoralists to produce improved potato seed variety named “Gudane” using irrigation in fafen valley. The seed multiplication was done on two hectares of land and they will help other farmers’ access productive potato seed in their locality. In this reporting period, the planted potato seed variety

72 has been harvested. Construction of potato seed storage (Diffused Light Store) was also completed for on-farm demonstration and seed storage. In the coming quarter over 220 quintals of potato seed tuber were harvested and marketed to the community for planting in the coming season. To scale up the activity, JJU organized three days training on improved potatoes seed cultivation, harvesting and storage skills for 30 farmers selected from Jigjiga, Gursum woredas. After the training a one-day field trip for the trainees was organized to demonstrate the harvesting and seed quality management. Journalists from Ethiopian broadcasting cooperation and regional television (ESTV) accompanied in the field day and prepared Program for field day and training to broadcast the lessons learned to wider community.

Renewable Energy Sub-Sector Facilitation of Biomass Briquette Machine Demonstration/ Showcasing event: PRIME supported Girja Enterprise to facilitate a demonstration of Biomass Briquette machine from 19 to 28 of May 2016 in four districts including Dire, Yabello, Moyale and Liban. The objective of this intervention was to stimulate demand for the technology and contribute to green energy production and usage in the cluster. Different stakeholders including small business owners, youth and women were invited and attended the event. Besides displaying a prototype of the machine, banner, broachers and produced sample briquettes were used by Girja Enterprise to promote the technology during the event days.

With the assistance of zonal biomass energy expertise, visitors were given detailed technical explanation how it works. Some sample briquettes were also given to small cafeteria and restaurant business owners to test them. Approximately 1500 individuals visited the showcasing in the four towns. At the end of the day, nine expressions of interest (three individual and six microenterprises) for purchasing the machine were received by the owner of Girja enterprise. To bring the technology into practice, PRIME may cost share at least three interested buyers from the cluster.

Business performance of solar energy product regional distributers: PRIME monitored the progress of businesses that received cost sharing grant, training, market linkage assistance and other support from the project. Information was gathered on partner’s business performance such as sales volume, value of sales and number of clients (households) reached through partner private businesses during the quarter. In this quarter, the micro-solar energy product regional distributors (DAYOD Engineering plc, Dinsefa Electronics trading and Google Computer business) sold 101 products at ETB 81,626.

Summary of business performance of solar product distributers Businesses name Quantity sold Sales Dinsafa Electronics 9 7740 Google computer 88 60580 Dayod Engineering 4 13306 Total 101 81,626

Grain Threshing Service providers strengthening:- PRIEM has supported the creation of six grain thresher service providers in Southern Cluster and Eastern cluster. Business performance of these service providers during this reported period show that 745 HHs (72 female) have got the

73 service and the six service providers able to generate ETB 255,209 in revenue. These service providers had also employed 28 (1F) individuals on average for 45 days.

Facilitation of awareness creation workshop on Improved Crop Storage Bag To enhance agro pastoralists’ access to improved crop storage technologies in Borena and Guji zones, PRIME has facilitated awareness creation workshop in partnership with Hashim Jemal HiTech Trading House (Grain Pro’ Crop Storage Technology Supplier). The workshops held at Yabello & Negele towns for two days in each location and 27(1F) participants have attended the workshop. Seven (7) Agricultural input suppliers, 9(1F) private service providers (PSPs) as potential sales agents and 10 government sector Zonal/Woreda Expertise were involved in the workshop including one researcher from Oromia Agricultural Research Institute Yabello Area Office. During the workshop the following topics were covered.

The workshop/training sessions were planned and delivered as follows:  Context review by brainstorming)  Introduction to Grain Pro Storage Technologies as Solution  Demonstration of products outside classroom (hands-on materials)  Feedback & discussion on how supply for the product can be expanded into the area

Facilitation of Grain Pro Crop Storage Bag Market Promotion Campaign PRIME facilitated market linkage between Hashim Jemal HiTech Trading House (Grain Pro’ Crop Storage Technology Supplier) and Agricultural input suppliers (Jatani Seed Marketing Unit at Yabello and Kifle agri input supplier at Nagelle Borana). Following the market linkage, PRIME has supported agricultural input suppliers to conducting marketing campaign in main market areas of Borana and Guji zone. Accordingly, the storage bag market promotion campaign which last for two weeks (from September 15 – 29/2016) has covered 14 market places & six agro-pastoral kebeles in seven project intervention woredas (Dire, Miyo, Teltele, Yabello, Goro Dola, Liben & Wadera). Using local theater groups and pastoral development office and employees of agri input suppliers, important promotion messages and training services have been delivered for about 700 households. During the promotional campaign, more than 600 pieces of the storage bags (100kg) sold and order for 300 pieces was gathered.

Forum facilitated to create linkage between vegetable and grain market actors Vegetables and grain market linkage forum was facilitated in Negelle town to improve linkage among major market actors, with the participation of 70 producers, traders, agro-input supplier and experts from supporting government line offices from Liban, Gorodola and Wadara woredas of Guji zone. During the discussion, vegetable and grain marketing bottlenecks were identified and linkage was created among producers, agro-input suppliers and irrigation motor pump maintenance service providers.

Agro-pastoralists and Development Agents received onion seed multiplication training The training was conducted in Negelle town to improve the technical capacity and skill on onion seed production for model agro-pastoralists, government experts/DAs and agro-input suppliers. The training was facilitated partnering with Yabello dryland agricultural research center. 28 people (25 M and 3 F) participated. The training will significantly improve skills of agro-

74 pastoralists and contribute to the enhanced production and productivity of vegetable farming. The follow up/monitoring of the training outcome will be reported in next quarter.

Training on fruit grafting techniques In eastern cluster agro-pastoralists produce fruits as a source of income. Yet production and productivity of fruit is very low mainly due to lack of improved fruit seedlings and adequate technical knowledge/skill. PRIME partnered with Meseret Agricultural Consultancy to facilitate a practical training on fruit grafting techniques for 29 agro-pastoralists selected from major fruit production areas of the cluster. The trainees have acquired practical skill to raise improved fruit seedlings locally. The trainees will be supported through cost shared competitive small grant for establishment of private fruit nurseries so as to facilitate dissemination of various improved fruit seedlings to the larger community.

Promote & Implement Efficient/Renewable Energy Technologies

Two locally manufactured Small Wind Turbines Installed in Afar Region Following Phase 1 of the wind turbine project implemented in Jigjiga, a further two locally- manufactured small wind turbines were built during phase 2 in October 2015 and installed in Afar region through the partnership with Wind Empowerment. A course was given by Wind Empowerment instructors to a total of 24 (1 female) staff, teachers of Samara University and private sector actors, including hands-on training about wind turbine construction as well as in-depth background theory relating to the technology and implementation. During the two-week intensive training, trainees manufactured two turbines, towers and electrical systems. The turbines were installed in two separate locations, one in a village called Sudan camp, Dubti woreda located 35- 40kms from Semera and a second one in Semera University campus for research and education purpose.

The local shop of a rural settlement in Sudan Camp, was electrified using a 3.6m rotor diameter locally manufactured small wind turbine, installed at 12m hub height, and 600W of solar panels in order to provide electricity for mobile phone charging, lighting and refrigeration of beverages in the shop. The

75 off-grid electrical system consists of a 1000W inverter, a 24V 740Ah battery bank and a diversion load charge controller. The small wind turbine used in the installation was manufactured locally at Semara University during a 7-day course with 22 participants. Students of the university participated in the course which included theoretical lectures on small wind turbine technology and applications and practical workshops on small wind turbine construction.

The practical sessions were again organized in three working groups. The wind turbine was then installed with the course participants in the rural community of Sudan Camp, along with the solar panels and the electrical system.

Following the course and installation a presentation was given at Mercy Corps HQ to members of staff and invited key industry player to summarize the outputs and achievements of the sub- activity. Discussions were held between Mercy Corps and Wind Empowerment staff regarding the continuation of the project working on the success and lessons learned from Phase 1 and 2.

Increased quality of Life for Sudan Camp The availability of renewable energy in the local shop for mobile phone charging, lighting and refrigeration has increased the quality of life for the villagers. The shopkeeper has additional electrical power to increase his income which will be spent locally further increasing the economic development of the local area.

Solar energy product regional distributers PRIME conducted performance monitoring of business expansion grantees in Southern cluster to find out sales volume, value of sales and number of clients (households). Accordingly, the grantee for solar energy product regional distributer (DAYOD Engineering plc, Dinsefa Electronics trading and Google Computer business) and the cost-free PRIME partner (HIDASIE TELECOM SC) have sold a total of 68 products valued at ETB 102,644 and were able to reach more than 68 clients in this quarter. Among function of solar system is mobile charging, where mobile charging service run by an entrepreneur named Dawit in Borbor charges more than 200 mobile-phones per day.

In addition to distributing micro-solar lanterns through its agents for sale to households, DAYOD Engineering Plc, has identified a new market segment for Solar Home Systems. This market segment includes churches, mosques and rural schools that require larger systems. The partner has hired one professional for Negelle and also changed its business premises to the center of town so as to respond to the potential demand. Despite the supply shortage encountered for one

76 product of high demand, the partner keeps on working with previous agents as well as creating new linkage with recently trained VSLA field agents.

Cook stove production and marketing promoted through a one-day regional workshop In collaboration with Somali Regional State Mining, Energy and Environmental protection agency, PRIME facilitated a one-day workshop for 32 cook stove value chain actors (12 female and 20 men) to understand opportunities, market players and linkages in the sector. Participants were drawn from traditional cook stove retailing enterprises, distributors, producers (individual business and energy groups) and entrepreneurs from different woredas of Eastern Cluster and the regional Energy Bureau. PRIME also facilitated an exposure visit for six model traditional cook stove producers (all women) selected based on their active engagements in the sector and willingness to improve their business linkages. The six women cook stove producers and marketers visited Engela cook stove producers in Modjo, Adama and Awash and exchanged their experiences while creating business linkages. Currently, PRIME provides coaching and technical assistance to the women entrepreneurs who are currently preparing their business to use these opportunities.

Regional Solar Distributor Performance in Eastern Cluster As a result of past linkages facilitated by PRIME, Haji Abas who is a PRIME grant recipient and acting regional solar distributor in Jigjiga, has created business linkages with Fosera Manufacturing Plc and Robin Solar Engineering Company in Addis Ababa. With this linkage, Haji Abas procured 85 more solar products and distributed to his retailers’ networks in villages and small towns around Jigjiga. Haji Abas also developed linkage with village-based retailers in Degahbour and reportedly sold solar products of about 45,000 ETB worth to the retailers.

Training on photo voltaic Solar Energy In collaborations with Fosera Manufacturing PLC which assembles and distributes Pico Solar Home Systems throughout Ethiopia, PRIME facilitated two days training for 26 local business entrepreneurs (25 men and 1 woman) on Photo voltaic and basic technical knowhow of Pico PV Systems. The objective is to capacitate the local saving energy businesses such like energy saving cook stove and solar energy businesses in Somali Region, to be able to distribute and maintain, and create large network retailers and dealers for the system.

77 IR3 Priorities for Year 5 TOPs employability increased through life skills, financial literacy and entrepreneurship training  Provide technical support for AGP poultry to select SMEs  Finalize the ongoing process of competitive grants for cooperatives of persons with disabilities and conduct close monitoring of the implementation of the grant

Increased income opportunities for TOPs  Provide TA for all three MFIs  Finalize the cash transfer activity and monitoring in Afar cluster and Eastern Cluster  Support field team for strengthening the VSLA groups to convert into RUSACCOs

Market Access Expanded to Increase Employment Opportunities  Facilitate training and linkage of agricultural input suppliers with Addis-based post- harvest crop storage bag suppliers  Documentation of best practices and lessons on agricultural input supply small grants  Facilitating and supporting agricultural input supply business expansion in south and eastern cluster

INTERMEDIATE RESULT 4: ENHANCED INNOVATION, LEARNING AND KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT

Key result 4.1: Project performance enghanced through effective monitoring

Management Information System for PRIME: Ki-projects™ & Ki-metrics™ PRIME Management information systems (MIS) are comprised of web-based project management, performance measurement and information dissemination software applications. The MIS applications support PRIME’s efforts to foster project integration, mainstream results based practices, increases quality and efficiency in activity design and promote transparence in program business management processes. These applications include Ki-projects™ and Ki- metrics™ for output and outcome level project management.

Ki-projects™ Customizations in Ki-projects™ continued FY16, including:  Creation of a new field to enter the number of hours of training for activities implemented.  Updating the reporting formula to use the number of training hours in the field added in the dashboard during Q15.  Including “other” trainings from IR5 in the calculation of the number of individuals who have received agricultural or food security training.  Changing the system based on requests from IR4 leader for granting access to team leaders to provide comments on CN initiation  Modifying approval rights and responsibilities for IR2 activities under Mercy Corps and others as requested by IR4 leader and Chief of Party.

78  Updating email addresses for Mercy Corps users when they migrated to @mercycorps.org.  Made JAWS screen-reading software compatible with Ki-projects to allow people with visual disabilities to use it in developing, reading and approving concept notes and reports online.

Ki-metrics™: Institutional Database An institutional database (IDB) was developed in Ki-metrics™ to monitor the progress of the institutions supported by PRIME and which will serve as main data source for Feed the Future and PPR indicators related to employment, financial services, number of enterprises and other institutions supported by the project, and potentially hectares under improved management (in consultation with IR2).

New features/customizations were also performed during FY16 in the IDB. Among them:  Changing the system to automatically produce date rather than entering it manually for reporting purposes.  Modifying user edit rights to enable new staff to be able to edit records of staff that are no longer working for PRIME.  Updating codes in forms to facilitate tracking of data entered by staff.  Restricting the system so only users entering the data can modify it but everyone can see it.  Updating woredas and zones as per data provided by field staff.

Data Quality Checks Kimetrica performed daily checks on Ki-projects data uploaded, listing information entered that needs to be reviewed by field staff and submitted it to the IR4 team. Kimetrica also compiled information from activities that need input data on the number of training hours from previous quarters to update the dashboard. Kimetrica also performed daily checks in the Institutional Database. In coordination with field staff, duplicated records have been deleted.

Data quality reports for Ki-projects were submitted for October and November 2015, Q13, for January and February 2016, Q14 and Q15. KIMETRICA will submit Quarter 16 report during first week of November and will be annexed to quarter 17 report. Kimetrica also submitted PRIME IDB assessment reports cumulative up to November 2015, February 2016, March 15 2016, May 10 2016, June 22 2016, July 22 2016 and October 17, 2016.The latest report is included in Annex 2.

Refresher Trainings During Quarter 15, Kimetrica produced training materials to improve the use of Ki-projects, the use of the IDB and approval processes. The training was provided in the three clusters:

Cluster Ki-projects IDB Approvers Eastern cluster (Jigjiga) 34 13 4 Southern cluster 36 34 10 (Negelle) Afar cluster (Awash) 15 16 5

79 Annual Household Survey and Midline Survey The final version of the Annual Household Survey 2015 report and annexes was submitted during Q15 to the IR4 leader (Annex 3). The midline survey report was finalized during Q16 (Annex 5). Presentation of results for both surveys were produced and discussed with partners during the May and June 2016 partners’ meetings. Kimetrica developed briefs for both reports and these will be published in the PRIME website once design is finalized. The most important impact analysis for PRIME includes the following three results:  PRIME is associated with increasing dietary diversity of children aged 6 to 23 months and pregnant and lactating women  PRIME is associated with increasing access to animal health services  PRIME is also linked with reducing drought vulnerability in high intensity areas in comparison to low intensity ones.

Kimetrica deployed the necessary logistics for collecting the Annual Household Survey 2016 data. Data collection took place between 1 and 18 August 2016. Indicators for FY16 reporting have been calculated though data for final number of beneficiaries is being updated in Ki- projects to finalize calculations. The report is being drafted and will be delivered as expected at the end of October 2016.

Year 3 PRIME’s partner and recipient assessment spot check Kimetrica performed spot checks in March 2015 in all three clusters to assess PRIME consortium partners and recipients, specifically looking at program data quality and the progress of activity implementation and planning. At the recipient level, the objective was to assess performance and compliance with the agreements signed with PRIME as well as to evaluate partnership quality. The main findings included:

 Data quality and data collection systems showed improvement when compared to the results of past internal data quality assessments. Validity increased from 73 to 81%.  Data collection tools have also improved to include necessary features for data collection.  Particularly in EC, there was a lack of consistency in records in the reports as well as across the systems (Ki-projects and Output tracking sheet), and limitations on how impact beneficiaries are counted  Reporting timeliness was poor, with only 42% of reports submitted on time.

For recipients, the following were the key findings:  Most recipients complied with their key milestones (95% overall compliance) and are mostly satisfied with PRIME’s quality of support and timeliness.  The main reason for dissatisfaction was the size of the grant given  Most recipients also find the impact of the support mostly positive, although some issues for PRIME to review in the future were mentioned.

The results of the spot check were shared with partners several quarters ago, but the report was not finalized until this quarter 16 due to competing priorities. Many of the recommendations drawn by the spot check were taken on (including canceling the output tracking sheets, increasing the frequency of refresher trainings) and the data quality for the program is now being monitored daily, rather than as spot checks. The final report can be found in Annex 6.

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Progress monitoring drought response interventions – Afar cluster Mercy Corps’ LKM team visited eight livestock traders who signed a contract agreement with PRIME to participate in the destocking process. The team also interviewed pastoralists of the area during market days while they were selling their shoats to contracted sellers. Intermediate successes and challenged were documented and actionable recommendations were shared with program staff for their proactive measures – which were accordingly corrected, improving program quality. Major achievements and challenges identified include:

Achievements  Almost 4500 heads of shoats were off taken from these markets.  Smart commercial subsidy helped to engage large livestock traders who were new to these markets before the intervention.  Enabled local livestock traders to stay in the livestock market business contributing to the sustainability of the linkage.  During June 2016 market observation, the market price of one medium size goat increased by 200-300 birr compared to the price in April 2016, before the intervention.

Challenges During the visit, almost all livestock traders involved in de- stocking through smart subsidy were highly fixated in Worer and Awash 7 town markets, which are very accessible for transportation and nearer to destination markets. We Series1 Argoba Series1 observed that only one trader based in Gachini town was off- 12% Awash 7 taking shoats from Argoba (Gachini) and Dulessa markets. 11% 24% Both markets are far from the main asphalt road and 23% therefore represent higher transactions costs. Series1 Series1 Dulessa Amibara The LKM team shared their concern with the program team 11% 40% 10% 38% and recommended to positively influence livestock traders to Gewan & participate in livestock marketing in these relatively Meteka inaccessible woredas by providing appropriate information 18% about market price and volume so that the traders can see the opportunities there.

Veterinarian vouchers intervention To monitor the progress of veterinary products voucher scheme intervention in Afar national regional state, Mercy Corps’ LKM team visited five PVPs and interviewed voucher recipients that purchased vet products at participating PVPs to check the terms of trade and whether they were following guidelines provided by PRIME. During the July 2016 visit, none of the PVPs post veterinary products price list in their shop which is vital for recipients to purchase at a fair price and for the woreda government to monitor the market price. This was communicated to program staff who informed both the PVPs and government authorities when needed. All PVPs have now posted the price list helping us monitor any voucher induced price increase.

81 During the visit, the LKM team also noticed inadequate communication with some PVPs in Awash Fentale woreda: while vouchers had been distributed to 322 recipients, the three PVPs in the area had sold very different number of products: Sofiya PVP had sold veterinary product to 210 recipients, Lucy PVP sold to 38 recipients and Awash PVP sold none. Lucy and Awash PVPs complained that the main factor for their low performance was due to lack of timely information from PRIME when the vouchers were distributed in Duho and Dudub Kebeles. They perceived that Sofiya PVP got the information about voucher distribution schedule and used the advantage to sell veterinary products during the same date and place.

The LKM team clarified to Awash and Lucy PVPs that number of vouchers distributed so far in Awash Fentale woreda were only to 331 recipients out of 1500 targeted beneficiaries and promised to discuss with the program staff so that they can get similar information. Accordingly, the program staff met with these PVPs and planned together which greatly improved coordination and implementation of the intervention.

Cash transfer program With technical support from Mercy Corps’ headquarter research and learning team, the PRIME LKM team, with collaboration from Haramaya University on the ground, designed a survey to learn whether beneficiaries nutrition outcomes and coping strategies improve due to the contribution of the cash transfer (including use of the cash), as well as to know whether the savings culture improves after financial training and their satisfaction with Afar Microfinance Institution. Enumerators were trained and undertook the survey in ten kebeles of three woredas of Zone 3: 250 households were surveyed right after the second transfer to be asked about their behavior with the first cash transfer and most of these were interviewed a second time about their use and behavior after the second cash transfer (some households were not reached due to migration). The preliminary findings of the survey have been shared with the program team and the final analysis will be presented in Q17/18.

Market Actors Baseline PRIME LKM team undertook a market actors’ baseline for livestock and veterinary drugs to generate firsthand infromatin to be used for monitoring and evaluation of PRIME drought emergency response interventions, understanding the contribution of PRIME and the impact of the intervention on market prices, actors’ financial capacity, promoting legal business, market access and linkages. Methods used included review of existing documents, field visits during implementation, market observations and individual interviews with traders and PVPs. All contracted PVPs and traders were interviewed; the team is analyzing the collected data and have shared preliminary results with program staff. Final analysis will be produced early in Q17.

Progress monitoring drought response interventions – Eastern cluster Market Actors Baseline Similar to the tool used in Afar, this baseline survey data collection was conducted in June 2016 from 14 livestock traders and nine PVPs with whom Mercy Corps signed contracts for the drought response in Eastern cluster. The survey covered six woredas in Sitti zone and the report will be finalized in Q17.

Livestock Destocking in Siti Zone

82 PRIME agreed with nine livestock trading institutions working in Afdem (Biki), Erer, Mieso Somali, Shinile, Denbal and Hadegala for the emergency livestock destocking intervention. PRIME’s monitoring team focused on identifying changes in the livestock market, sorting out possible challenges that livestock trading institutions were facing as well as understanding the sustainability of the linkage and destocking without involvement of outside support. Sample qualitative data was collected from PRIME livestock destocking institutions working in Shinile, Erer, Afdem, Mieso Somali and Dembal livestock markets. Quantitative data was collected from PRIME’s EC EMD team. The qualitative data collected yielded the following results:

Changes in the livestock market: most of the interviewed livestock trader notified presence of positive change in the respective livestock market especially on livestock price.

Challenges: access to feed is the main challenge all the interviewed livestock traders reported. Price determination on the basis of livestock body condition was another challenge.

Lesson Learned: livestock traders who are originally from local areas have a high tendency to sustain the business and the reverse is true for livestock traders who are not originally from the area. Therefore, based on the finding, working with local traders for destocking can maintain the sustainability/continuation of purchasing livestock from the local market.

Veterinarian voucher interventions in Siti Zone The progress monitoring included discussions with each woreda Livestock, Crop, and Rural Development Office. Based on the information obtained from them, the emergency response intervention brought good coordination between different actors. For instance, in areas where CAHWs are not available, government animal health technicians played a great role in helping pastoralists better understand about the drug usage and supervise the activity progress.

Changes in the livestock conditions: interviewed pastoralists disclosed presence of positive change in the livestock body condition, better health and productivity. The interviewed pastoralists believe that the vet voucher intervention happened at right time to save the lives of livestock. However, some of the vouchers distributed have expired without getting the intended vet drugs Ruqi and Kurfasawa kebele of Afdem and Mieso Somali Woredas respectively.

CAHWs: CAHWs were one of the main co-implementers of this activity. CAHWs played a great role including vet drugs distributions, giving awareness about use of vouchers and helped the community with information about drugs usage and provided services for a charge.

Major Challenges: The interviewed PVPs believed there was a gap between voucher distribution and veterinary drug delivery period. As a result, some of the beneficiaries did not come to receive the drugs and searching them took time.

Recommendations: another vet voucher intervention can establish a sustainable network among veterinary input suppliers and users like livestock owners, CAHWs, PVPs, wholesalers as well as boost the technical and financial capacity of the local veterinary vendors like CAHWs and PVPs.

Progress monitoring of regular interventions

83 Machinery Operators Training - Afar The Afar cluster is facilitating a second round machineray opreation training for 100 people (98 male, 2 female). The trainees are from six woredas of Zone 3 based on selection criteria set by AISDA as follows: unemployed and above 21 years old; having a grade 8 certificate; can cover their living cost during the training time; and they must be pastoralists looking to transit out of pastoralist life.

While the trainee profiles were well documented, AISDA closely followed the training, training materials were provided, and attendance is properly taken; the training is given only by one instructor and one assistant. The theoretical part can be done with this limited number of instructors (on a shift bases), but it is difficult to do practical training for the 100 trainees. There is also a delay on traine entry and from the names in attendance it is possible that up to 25% of the trainees are either non-Afari or non-pastoralist. Moreover, woreda administrations influence replacement of trainees after the training has started, which affects in turn the quality of the training. The woreda administrations did not send formal leters when they wanted to change the trainees. A longer selection period for the scholarship opportunity may allow woreda administration to look for Afari communities to provide this assistance, creating also more awareness of these communities to the opportunity. The MOU to be signed between AISDA and the woreda government on selected beneficiaries cannot be changed after the training has started.

RUSACCOs support in Eastern cluster The EC LKM team conducted performance monitoring on RUSACCOs in four woredas of Somali region (Awbare, Araso, Dhegabur, and Birkod). The team observed their performance, progress, bylaws, internal loans and repayment procedures. Documentation and savings mechanisms, scheduled calendar meetings, agendas and proceedings were also checked to ensure they were properly documented.

The general obsrevation of the field visit was that most of the visited RUSACCOs are operating well in strengthening their financial systemand improving their income through internal loans, however, there are some RUSACCOs that are not progressing as expected and need support in mobilizing resources and creating profitable business. Some of the RUSACCOs made slight improvements in modifying their bylaws to restructure it through day to day learnings, the loan payment procedures are based on Islamic Principles where interest-free service are offered to all members as they implement internal loan payment systems.

The three leading RUSACCOs (horsed, Alla-amin, and liban) have strong documentation and have even created linkages with other RUSACCOs creating unions. Their capital has reached about 940,000 ETB. The remaining RUSACCOs however are not very strong as they have been recently established and have less capacity systematically and financially. Islamic financing has been strongly accepted by the community and can be easily implemented. Free interest rates of internal and external loans are now strongly progressing. RUSACCOs have already startd dealing with SMFI for loans.

Birkads Construction and Ponds Excavation The PRIME LKM team monitored the progress of the construction of Birkads in kebeles in Gashamo and Kebribeyah woredas. The team found delays in the implementation of the works

84 by the companies contracted which led to the PRIME IR2 team to meet with the contractors – one company was delayed due to lagging payments, but the other companny promised to mobilize contstruction materials within a short period of time. Communication with kebele leadership and community representation was also found imporatnat to avoid disagreements over the progress and expectations. Frequent oversight of the progress of construction is also necessary.

In quarter 16 there have been new developments in construction of Birkas in Kam-omer and Ballimedgan kebeles of Gashamo. The contractor reported that due to financial challenges they could not finish the work. The contractors payments based upon an inventory of the work completed thus far, and based upon an engineering evaluation. To this end, a team composed of IR2, IR4 and representatives from the contractor went to Gashamo to assess the accomplished construction work.

Progress Monitoring on Adoole Geel Listenership group There are two modalities of listening to the Adoole Geel drama by the targeted community: the first one is that those LG living in Faafan zone have access to Jigjiga FM and therefore, listen based on pre-schedule airtime, memory card has been distributed to others who live in Siti and Jarar and listen to the drama at agreed meetings.

The EC LKM team conducted progress monitoring on the Adoole Geel Listenership group in identifying groups’ attendance, participation and practices. The monitoring looked at Adoole Geel messages, identified and measured the listening frequencies, changes in the targeted areas, and sorted out possible operational/technical challenges that the listenership group might have, as well as understanding the knowledge and practice of the community towards good nutrition practices.

The attendance of the interviewed listenership groups has been good. The groups pointed out that Adoole Geel Radio Drama helped the community understand good nutrition practices in the household and improve the awareness of the community towards household nutrition. There have been times when the Faafan FM radio is out of air for technical reasons and as precaution memory cards were provided to Faafan zone LG so that they don’t miss the topics in the air. Most interviewed listeners said they listened to the show 2 to 3 times per month

Lesson Learned: most of the LGs were able to recall the topics transmitted including maternal health, child feeding (1000 days), dietary diversification, and animal health/feed which are crucial in child and mother nutrition investment. These LGs are regularly practicing the messages transmitted and encouraging others in the community to do the same.

Jobs tracking sheet Based on last year’s USAID’s Data Quality Assessment for PRIME, the team took the suggestion from the assessment team to develop a better way to capture jobs attributed to FTF implementation. The PRIME IR4 and EMD teams prepared a jobs created data collection template to fill out with the support from private sector partners. Three templates were developed, and field staff were trained to test the formats in Eastern and Southern clusters. Field

85 staff provided feedback and forms were finalized. The final version is attached in Annex 10 of this report.

Mapping Barwaqo Milk Processing Factory’s distributors and retailers The Eastern cluster’s IR4 team conducted a mapping of Barwaqo’s milk distributors and retailers in Jigjiga (22 retailers) and Dire Dawa (2 distributors and 29 retailers). Data for two months of milk distribution was also collected from retailers and distributors, showing that 14,179 bottles of camel milk (500ml) and 614 bags of cow milk (500ml) were distributed in Jigjiga, of which 10% of camel milk and 23% of cow milk was spoiled and returned to Barwaqo. In Dire Dawa, 10605 bottles of camel milk of which 2% spoiled and was returned to Barwaqo.

The IR4 team also interviewed distributors and retailers and identified the following setbacks:  Promotion of Barwaqo milk processing factory’s products is limited. This hindered people’s understanding about the availability of pasteurized camel and cow milk in the market  Short shelf-life of pasteurized camel and cow milk was possibly due to the uneven milk distribution frequency as well as city electrical interruptions – the latter especially makes distributors and retailers hesitant to take in large quantities of milk.  Limited visibility. Some of the large camel and cow milk retailers have not signage for their shops.

Key result 4.2: Project decision making and adaptations based on strong evidence

El Niño Resilience Research Initiative To understand the contribution of PRIME interventions towards building resilience in Faafan zone, Mercy Corps regional resilience hub and the learning technical support unit at Mercy Corps headquarters are carrying out research in four woredas of the zone. While similar to what TANGO is doing around Jigjiga town, this research is meant to look at different geographical areas and provide a ‘baseline’ with planned follow-up surveys to observe resilience capacities in PRIME target households and communities. PRIME provided some support to this resilience research, assisting with technical and programmatic inputs.

The Eastern cluster LKM team conducted the qualitative data collection portion of the study in Awbare, Babile Somali, Kebribayah, and Harshin woredas. Prior to the data collection, the team selected sample kebeles, recruited two women data collectors (to complement the two male EC LKM officers) and trained all of them on the data collection tool. In the eight selected kebeles, 83 interviews were completed between key informants, including 12 government offices, 17 community leaders, nine SMEs, six NRM councils, four VSLAs, and 19 positive deviants; as well as 16 focus group discussions (8 male/8female).

Mercy Corps’ Learning Unit at headquarters selected Green Professional Services to collect quantitative data during the quarter 16 which has been analyzed (along with the qualitative data). Writing is underway after preliminary results were shared with the PRIME SMT and will be finalized in Q17.

86 SenseMaker With matching funds, PRIME tested the SenseMaker application to measure and monitor attitudes and behavior change for its nutrition work in all clusters. An initial pilot of the tool was done in FY14, through which lessons and recommendations were drawn to improve both the framework and procedure for story collection. During FY15, PRIME expanded its use of SenseMaker to cover NRM activities and the nutrition soap opera.

During quarter 16, the IR4 leader, with the support of a core team of IR5 and IR4 team members and advice from a Narrate Consultant, finalized the analysis of stories collected around the soap opera for Southern Cluster. The learning brief has also been developed.

Eastern cluster collected 60 nutrition stories in Gashamo, Afdem and Hadigala with the support from HAVOYOCO’s circus groups and 70 stories on natural resource management from Harshin and Deghabou districts (no stories on the soap opera were collected as broadcasting in Somali region has not yet started) early in the fiscal year. Southern cluster collected 60 nutrition stories fromo three kebeles, and 100 stories in Dire, Miyo and Yabello woredas of Borena zone for the soap opera – as part of the last story collection after the last (20th) episode of the drama. The Afar cluster collected 140 natural resource management stories from Gewane and Amibara woredas. These stories are in the process of being analyzed.

Market Facilitation Approach Monitoring Mercy Corps and CARE, with technical assistance from Practical Action, developed tools to monitor PRIME’s market facilitation approach in order capture the effects of PRIME interventions. The PRIME team is pursuing three monitoring pilots in Somali region (financial services, traders/brokers, and animal health services) to track changes in two key areas – crowding in/replication and improved quality of market relationships.

Practical Action consultant Luis Osorio-Cortes, visited Ethiopia to conduct interviews with the IR4 and EMD teams, and to document the process and learning from the pilot. The final documentation and learning brief report can be found in Annex 7.

Key result 4.3: Policy information base strengthened During the fiscal year, Haramaya University continued or finished several research pieces, which have been annexed to this report (Annex 11). Below a quick summary of the research:

Policy and Practice in Land Administration and use in pastoral areas: analysis of implications on development interventions in the three clusters The research focused on the gap between policy/law and practice in land use structure in pastoral communities, and provided alternative approaches for land use policy and legal structure that will better suit pastoralist needs. Data was collected from key informants, households, and secondary sources in July and August 2015 in Afar and Eastern clusters as the LAND project is researching in the Southern cluster. Some of the key findings and opportunities found include:  There is demand from the local community to work together with formal institutions in policy implementation  Existing land policy and laws, if implemented, will enhance the realization of land use rights of pastoralists

87  Strengthening collaborative environment between the customary and formal institutions is key to better implement land policies and for the betterment of the pastoralist community.

Land policies and laws in Afar and Somali regional states have not been implemented as planned. In the case of Somali region, it should be supported to issue regulations and directives to improve implementation of land laws in the region.

Analysis on Micro and Small Enterprise Policy This research analyses existing FDRE government policies, laws, plans and programs on MSEs with particular emphasis to the three clusters, identifying good practices for enhancing entrepreneurial engagement of pastoralists and suggeting possible ways of improving existing policy andd practice in MSE policies and legal frameworks for pastoralist communities wehre PRIME is operating.

Some of the recommendations under this policy research includes:  Revising the current MSE policy to ensure pastoralist areas also benefit from it  Scaling up effort to privde skills training for MSE operators and for those looking to start their own  Improving access to finance for MSEs epsseically in Afar regional state  Increasing the credit ceiling imposed on MFIs so that MSEs can get sufficient startup capital  Creating conditions for MSEs to get a rewarding market for their products and services  Strengtheninig the link between TVETs and MSE so that technologies generated by the former can be put to a production process by the latter.

Rapid assessment of impact of drought occurrence on TOPs number, distribution and employability and livelihood of pastoralists (under IR3) This assessment’s findings include: Limited financial Access Access to finance is very vital issue to allow pastoralists access to and success in other economic activities. However, most households have limited access to finance, even from RuSACCOs. As the table below illustrates 96 (70.6%) of respondents do not have cooperatives in their vicinity.

Availability of Cooperatives Availability of Cooperatives Number Percentage No 96 70.1 Yes 41 29.9 Total 137 100

More importantly, from those who have a cooperative in their vicinity (41) only 17 of them are members of the cooperative and only 3 of them received loans from their cooperative.

TOPs Number and their Direction of Influx One of the major observed impacts of this drought is the increase in number of pastoralists transitioning out into another economic activity and/or migration to another places. From the

88 sample households, 92 (67%) have at least one family member move to another economic sector. On average about three members of the family moved to another sector from these households. The table below shows most of them moved to be daily laborers in their vicinity and other places. Other economic activities include mat making, village shops, petty trade (mostly onion), and weed clearing.

Economic Activities of New TOPs Types of Economic activity Number Percentage Daily Laborer 40 43.5 Charcoal making 5 5.4 Permanent government worker 4 4.3 Other Economic Activity 43 46.8 Total 92 100

Recommendations  TOPs would benefit from organizing in cooperatives, particularly in financial cooperatives, to break the vicious circle of financial shortage trap.  Majority of TOPs move to non-skilled economic activities like daily labor. This creates over supply of labor and low wage rate in effect. To solve or to minimize this problem, it would be better to give them a short term training based on the available demand in the locality.

Cost benefit analysis of community-based climate change adaptation strategies in the lowlands of Ethiopia: the cases of Eastern and Afar clusters This research found that migration is still one of the best net return adaptation strategy practiced by pastoralists in the long-run. Months of food availability affected almost all adaptation strategies and households with more experience raising livestock are less likely to use irrigation and crop variety selection. For pastoralist communities, support for water harvesting, rehabilitation of degraded land and migration requirements/options are needed; whilst for agro- pastoralists, development of irrigation schemes, disease and pest control are the most vital requirements to expand their agriculture.

Haramaya is finalizing reports or collecting data for the following research: 1. Comparative cost analysis of locally produced animal feed and fodder and opportunities for introduction of specialized feed and fodder crops in pastoral and agro-pastoral areas (IR1) 2. Assessement and Development of short-term teaching curricula and materials to animal health assitants and technicians in Eastern cluster (IR1) 3. Entrepreneurship incubation centers capacity asseessment in PRIME intervention areas (IR3)

Key result 4.4: Information dissemination and coordination improved

Learning briefs and Case Studies During the period under review, the team finalized a learning brief PRIME’s market systems facilitation approach benefits vulnerable households, and a case study on PRIME’s partnership with RENEW private equity services. The PRIME IR1 and IR2 teams visited Siti Zone to

89 produce learning briefs on the emergency interventions (commercial destocking and veterinary product vouchers). The process and procedures followed were documented, as well as major achievements, challenges encountered and lessons learned. During the visit, the team had discussions with livestock traders, government line offices, PVPs, and beneficiaries. IR4 and IR5 finalized the Soap Opera for Social Change Learning brief, which should be available in Q16, along with a brief on SenseMaker® results for the Soap Opera in southern cluster. These six learning briefs can be found in Annex 7. Mercy Corps’ Technical Support Unit on Climate and the Mercy Corps East Africa Resilience Hub supported PRIME in the write up on a series of case studies on how PRIME and Mercy Corps Ethiopia and partners have integrated climate change adaptation in their programming, and the tools they are using to achieve so. The series of four case studies were titled:

 Experiences and lessons in climate change integration  Integrating climate change into market-based development programming  Insights on how to operationalize climate integration  Experiences from Ethiopia and the Mercy Corps’ PRIME program

These can be found in: http://www.mercycorps.org/research-resources/climate-resilient- development/case-study-series Market-based approaches for marginalized populations The Institute of Development Studies (IDS) will be including PRIME’s work with people with disability as an example of market-based approaches that benefit the most marginalized. Mercy Corps’ IR3 and IR4 teams in collaboration with ECDD put together the case study. IDS will be summarizing the example and finalize the write up during PRIME’s Q17

BeamExchange Annual Conference PRIME worked with the BeamExchange team to collaborate in their annual conference (May 2016). Netsaalem Bahiru, IR3 advisor, moderated a session on challenge funds in development projects. His participation was co-financed by the BeamExchange and PRIME.

Meetings, blogs, webinars and newsletter stories Joint Program Cell meeting PRIME (Michael Jacobs, COP; and Diana Picon, IR4 leader) participated in the latest JPC meeting which took place in Addis Ababa from 14 to 16 June 2016. The meeting meant to help inform USAID in the planning process for development of a new resilience framework (2017- 2021). Michael Jacobs also presented on PRIME’s resilience contributions.

BeamExchange blogs Diana Picon, former IR4 leader was invited by BeamExchange and VECO to participate in a peer-to-peer learning event to share experiences in using SenseMaker® in market and systems programs. The event, which took place in Belgium from 26 to 27 October 2015 brought together projects from different regions and organizations focusing on how to improve the use of SenseMaker®. Ms. Picon wrote a blog to this effect for the BeamExchange website summarizing

90 the key learnings from the event. The blog can be found in: https://beamexchange.org/community/blogs/2015/11/19/SenseMaker®_prime/

Lorenz Wild, former Senior Economic Technical Advisor for PRIME, also wrote a blog in the BeamExchange website on whether the market systems approach can be used in both thin and nascent markets – and/or whether activities should differ in these two environments. The blog can be found in: https://beamexchange.org/community/blogs/2015/11/17/nascent-thin/

BeamExchange staff also produced, with technical support from PRIME’s IR1 and IR4 teams a snapshot on our approach to nutrition outcomes through a feed/fodder intervention in drought areas using the crisis modifier approach. The blog can be found in: https://beamexchange.org/practice/snapshots/prime-ethiopia/

Frontlines Story PRIME submitted a story to USAID to be published in Frontlines magazine. The article, entitled “Healthy Animals for Resilient Households” demonstrates the important contributions the expansion of PVPs is making to building resilience and enhancing nutrition. The article can be found in https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/frontlines/resilience-2015/healthy-animals- resilient-households.

Internal communication and coordination Second round of PRIME research findings presentation – Afar cluster Haramaya University presented to PRIME staff the results of ten research papers written for PRIME to 60 staff and stakeholders in Afar cluster. The topics are:

 Rapid Assessment of Impact of Recent Drought Occurrence on TOPs Number, Distribution and Employability and Livelihood of Pastoralists(IR3)  Assessment on Energy Efficient Stoves Market: The Case of Eastern, Southern and Afar Clusters (IR3)  Cost-Benefit Analysis of Community-Based Climate Change Adaptation Strategies in Lowlands of Ethiopia: The Case of Eastern and Afar Cluster (IR2)  Analysis of the Value Chain and Marketing for Animal Feed Supply Chain (IR1)  Milk Market Research: Challenges and Opportunities for creating efficient milk marketing chains for pastoralists in the three PRIME clusters (IR1)  Assessment of National Animal Disease Surveillance and Reporting at Regional and Federal Level: Challenges and Opportunities (IR1)  Research on the cause of pre-weaning morbidity and mortality of calves, lambs and kids in the three PRIME clusters (IR1)  Policy and Practice in Land Administration and Use in Pastoral Areas: Analysis of Implication on Development Interventions in Afar and Ethiopian Somali regions (IR4)  Analysis on Micro and Small Enterprises Policy in PRIME areas (IR4)  Disability Inclusion in Policy Framework: Policy Analysis on Inclusive Pastoral Development(IR4)

Intranet/Website

91 Kimetrica addressed all vulnerabilities USAID identified in the PRIME website, with the exception of one issue related to the presence of an administrative directory – which is normally expected from a content management system such as WordPress. In order to address this issue Kimetrica would need to limit users from accessing the login page or restrict access only to a limited network. The IR4 leader suggested keeping this access as is as the risk score with this is low for USAID.

Marking and Branding IR4 provided a 2-hour orientation to the IR1 and IR3 teams on USAID branding and marking issues during a meeting the Economic and Market Development team had in Addis Ababa. A preliminary plan of activities in the clusters that need branding and marking was also developed in the session, which was further refined to guide the support of the Communications Specialist. PRIME participated in a Feed the Future branding and marking presentation delivered by USAID. The project is highly encouraged to start applying Feed the Future guidelines for branding. Mercy Corps has communicated this request to all partners during the last partners’ meeting and will work with USAID to ensure the project follows these new guidelines.

External communication and coordination Poster Event On November 18, 2015 PRIME organized a successful poster session to show the achievements thus far and gain stakeholders’ buy-in and feedback. The event, called “Resilience in Action: Creating Opportunities in Ethiopia’s Dry-lands,” brought together about 150 participants including regional and federal government representatives, members of the donor community, non-governmental organizations, resilience experts and private sector members shared successes and challenges in building resilient households in pastoralist areas of Ethiopia. Along with posters from each IR technical team (Annex 5), PRIME private sector partners (IIF recipients) were in charge of tables either displaying their products or to discuss how PRIME’s support has impacted their business and beneficiaries in the areas where we implement.

After the event, PRIME sent an online survey to participants to get their impressions on the event, how informed they felt about PRIME, and what components were the most important/relevant to them. After this feedback and the one-to-one conversations held during the event, the PRIME team believes the event was extremely successful.

92 Presentation of Research Mulugeta Getu and Workneh Kassa attended and presented a paper in an ‘International Conference on Resilience, Research and Innovation’ held in Djibouti on October 26-28, 2015. Over 70 papers were presented that addressed a wide range of issues with special emphasis to challenges of ASAL communities in IGAD member states. In addition to presenting one of Haramaya’s research for PRIME findings on the importance of livestock insurance for pastoralists, PRIME was repeatedly mentioned as an example for its efforts in building long-term resilience of communities.

ATLAS/TANGO coordination: Thought Leadership and Learning Project (ATLAS) is working toward the development of adaptation decision-making tools based on the particular needs of USAID, its partners and the adaptation community. The main goal of this work is to test and build a robust methodological toolkit to support improved decisions on the use of climate change financing in development programming. The assessment utilizes two projects funded under USAID/Ethiopia’s Feed the Future Programs (PRIME and GRAD) to test a series of tools for selecting – from among a range of potential adaptation options – those that are most effective in terms of meeting development outcomes. During the reporting period, PRIME collaborated with ATLAS/TANGO by providing access to ki-projects for the costing piece of their study, and arranged for meetings in Southern cluster and Eastern cluster for the TANGO consultant to have key informant interviews with beneficiaries and local government.

IGAD/JaRco review: On behalf of Intergovernmental Authority for Development (IGAD), a team from JaRco Consulting undertook a review of cross-border pastoralist programs/projects in Ethiopia and Kenya to forward recommendations that would facilitate smooth implementation of projects that are targeted to benefit communities living along the cross borders of the two counties. IR1 and IR4 leaders met with JaRco to discuss the learnings from PRIME (which was also designed based on RAIN learnings).

REAAP – M&E feedback

93 Catholic Relief Services’ REAAP activity completed its baseline survey and met with other USAID partners to present its results and seek recommendations in setting targets, especially due to the drought situation in their areas of implementation. The PRIME IR4 leader attended this meeting and provided inputs to their baseline information and targeting exercise.

GAAP2 proposal USAID, in partnership with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), is developing a project-level version of the Women's Empowerment in Agriculture Index (Pro-WEAI), and invited USAID partners, including PRIME, to apply. After submitting a concept note and receiving questions from IFPRI, PRIME realized that the timelines GAAP2 required were not possible to fit into the project’s M&E plan.

Presentation and Publication of Research Three Haramaya University research reports were presented at a national workshop on “Building Resilience and Reducing Vulnerability in Moisture Stress Areas through Climate Smart Technologies and Innovative Practices” which took place in January 2016 and was organized by Haramaya University in collaboration with ZOA. The workshop had 130 participants from

94 universities, national and regional institutions and NGOs. The papers presented were on climate change hazards, early warning indicators and user requirements for forecast information; policy analysis on land use and administration; and analysis on micro and small enterprise policy.

PRIME supported the 4th national conference on “Science and Technology for Sustainable Pastoral Development” which took place from 26-27 March 2016 at Jigjiga University. The conference had 110 participants from universities, research centers, regional bureaus, Federal Ministry of Pastoralist Development Affairs, Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources, amongst others. Two researches were presented by PRIME; one on feed value chain and marketing and another on inclusive financial services.

The proceedings of Haramaya University Research findings have been published under the title “Proceedings of Research for Enhancing Pastoralists Livelihood through Resilience and Market Expansion” and is being distributed to stakeholders and federal and regional level. PRIME partners and USAID have received copies during quarter 15.

Haramaya University also supported the “International Workshop on Camel Dairy Technologies” of which the IR1 team also participated.

Key result 4.5: Two-way communication channels strengthened

Annual Government Review Meeting - Afar Afar cluster has conducted its Year 3 annual review meeting from December 9 to 11 2015 at Awash Town Genet Hotel. Fifty external participants from regional and woreda level government partner, AMFI, private enterprises, milk collectors, NRM councils and clan leaders participated in the meeting. Each intermediate result (IRs) presented their progress versus plan to the participants, Addis Kidan milk processing enterprise and Afar MFI also did a 15-minute update at the meeting.

Addis Kidan milk processing enterprise presentation EMD team presentation

Lessons learned  Share a clear plan with budget and targets of the year in order to strength partnership and increase the project accountability to the government and beneficiaries.  Plan and reports should be shared timely for both woreda and regional governments  Every team member has to work and update the woreda PADO and Administrative bureaus after or before each activity is implemented in the woreda

95  Unplanned promises should be avoided when staffs have discussion with government partners  On this particular review meeting we invited private sector recipients, clan leaders and NRM councils, and this created a more open and transparent discussion

Opportunities PRIME interventions were well accepted by the community and our private sector beneficiaries, if we increase our effort to have the full support of the government PRIME can bring a better impact in its future intervention. Inviting private sector beneficiaries, clan leaders and NRM councils is really important for review meetings – it made the meeting very interactive and created learning opportunities.

Creation of a repository library The PRIME Afar team deemed important to have a repository in which staff could exchange information easily without the need to be online (as connectivity is an issue in Gewane). The repository library has now been created and will be maintained by the LKM field level advisor in Afar, though full access (reading and writing) will be given to managers and IR advisors, while other staff will have reading rights only. The repository will host all important project documents to be shared amongst staff, preventing their loss when staff leaves or computers are damaged, will centralize printing and will allow transfer of large documents.

Joint monitoring event in Guji Zone The joint monitoring event was organized from 23 to 25 May 2016 in Guji zone to share PRIME’s achievements and implementation progress, listen to stakeholders’ views, and involve them in the processes of monitoring and implementation. 18 zonal and woreda level project signatory offices head, including DDPB, Cooperative Promotion, Women and children Affairs, and TVET office attended the event. During the first day, a presentation of achievements so far and challenges met were presented by PRIME field level advisors including Haramaya University and ECDD representatives. During this session, participants asked questions for clarifications on different issues and made suggestions on how some things could be improved. A poster session was also part of the event, allowing each IR representative to give a quick presentation to attendees and respond to any questions or comments made.

On the second and third days, field visits were organized so participants could interact with recipients, teachers, and beneficiaries (such as a person with disability who obtained a short-term scholarship). In Liben woreda, participants visited Kifle Agricultural Input business, Abdi Milk Collection and distribution center, DAYOD Engineering PLC (solar product wholesaler), Negelle TVET College, Dhungo pond, and Maliyicha well construction site. In Wadera woreda, the team visited Udo Genale Feedlot business; Buze and Soliana Milk Collection and distribution centers. Some of the key recommendations from participants include:

 PRIME project needs to erect signboards at Dhungo pond and Maliyicha well construction sites  Strong follow-up needed for private businesses that received grant from PRIME project to see whether they are implementing in the agreed principles or not

96  It is recommended to balance activity implementation among project implementation districts e.g. milk collection and distribution center does not exist in Gorodola district  PRIME project should assess the level of operational success of donated equipment to Negelle TVET College  AGP project representative in the field should give desired level of support for SMEs  Short term scholarship training for Person with Disability activity intervention needs to scaled up and if possible start training in Wadera TVET College  PRIME project alternative energy interventions should also incorporate biogas and bricks making activities  PRIME project partners need to work in apiculture management in Wadera woreda including linking producers with existing local and national honey markets  Frequent interaction with government experts would be required to spread PRIME approach and implementation process and achievements  PRIME partners should give further consideration on how the project impacts and lessons documented and disseminated to stakeholders  There is a need to promote fish eating habits to pastoralists communities taking into account the nutritional benefits  It is necessary to organize demonstration day/ field visits within the woreda to scale up livestock fattening business in PRIME implementation districts

Joint Monitoring visit with Government stakeholders in Afar PRIME Afar cluster held a joint monitoring visit with regional sector bureaus from September 26 to October 2/2016. Regional Pastoral Agricultural Development bureau (PADO), Finance and Economic development bureau, Environmental protection and land use administration, disaster prevention and food security coordination and representatives from the regional council participated in the visit.

Each field level technical advisor presented PRIME’s accomplishments in the last four years of implementation, to give a full picture of the project to participants. After the presentation, participants reflected that their opinion was that PRIME focused its implementation in accessible woredas, that grant activities benefitted the private sector and gave little attention to cooperatives. NRM activities, they said, did not include land use administration personnel in the woredas, or consult the regional bureau and woreda administration during site selection and this may create conflict between the regional government and the communities if rehabilitated sites fall under areas which the government has selected for investment.

After the briefing day the team visited the project sites during six days. Major issues raised by the Woreda Bureau heads:

 The project is not willing to disclose its budget to the woredas.  No joint planning with sector bureaus and even the one prepared by the project is shared with woredas very late and it is not understandable.  PRIME is only working with the community not with concerned woreda administrators.  PRIME has a lot of capacity building activities, but physical activities are very few.  The project has performed well on the NRM activities.

97  The veterinary voucher scheme is not accomplished in Amibara because the project staffs were not willing to discuss the issue and bring a solution on time.  Gelealo woreda was out the crisis modifier program without a justification to the government  During the drought crisis its PRIME that give us first hand support other than any institution in the zone.

In addition to the visit to all woredas the team visited Addis Kidan milk processing enterprise. During the visit to Addis Kidan, the team tried to solve the complaint raised by the milk collector cooperatives, that the enterprise is refusing to accept milk from the cooperatives and collecting from outside of the project intervention areas. The enterprise explained that sometimes the supply is beyond its capacity and also the cooperatives are not suppling quality milk, they are mixing goat and cow milk. In addition, the enterprise explained the difficulties that it faces regarding power supply to make the enterprise functional and the regional team took the assignment to discuss this with the regional Electric power bureau.

The regional monitoring team has also mentioned that the agreement between the enterprise and the milk collector cooperatives needs to be amended to include some articles that can benefit the cooperatives more. The team also suggested that the enterprise should use a word from the local language for its official name that can represent the region.

On the final day the regional team debriefed the PRIME team. They concluded that PRIME has done a significant work on NRM, but other activities are focused on capacity building so it has to focus to add other physical activities in the remaining period. They really appreciate the Addis Kidan milk processing enterprise and believed that it will create a better market opportunity for the pastoralists. Plans should be submitted timely and developed jointly in the future. Site selection for NRM activities has to be done together with the land administration office. In general, the team emphasised that the project has a strong communication with the community and has get their trust also but regarding partnership with government bureaus it has to work more in the remaining time.

SMS Platform PRIME SMS platform has been functional for about six months since it’s launching in early 2015. The IR4 team has used the platform to collect data from PVP grant receivers. However, the team realized that the required data was not collected up to the expectation because of bad mobile network, where recipients were responding to questions but too late or duplicated. Thus Mercy Corps PRIME LKM and nutrition discussed and initiated to use the SMS platform for disseminating key nutritional messages to PRIME beneficiaries.

The PRIME nutrition team held a short meeting and discussed how to manage the SMS platform for nutritional message dissemination. The team has agreed to change from two-way communication to one-way communication due to above described pitfall. Besides, the team agreed to disseminate the key messages only to some targeted groups like RLCM, SAA, VSLA, and RuSSACOs and health extension workers indiscriminately. To this end the team set two phases in which the first phase is pre-testing the SMS platform by sending text nutritional message to PRIME teams and government experts from ESRS regional health bureau followed

98 by the actual dissemination of key messages to the above mentioned target groups. Now EC PRIME LKM and nutrition team are developing key messages and translating them to the local language. The pre-test and actual key messages dissemination will be accomplished in the next quarter.

IR4 Priorities for FY17

 Finalize Annual Household Survey 2016 report  Develop a qualitative study to better understand results seen in Afar and Somali regions  Collect data as part of AHS 2017 and provide the necessary information for FY17 reporting  Transfer PRIME’s website to Mercy Corps by October 31, 2016  Transfer Ki-projects and Ki-metrics data by March 31, 2017 to Mercy Corps in-house TOLA system  Finalize write-up for Mercy Corps resilience study in Fafan zone  Analysis and write up on emergency response surveys (cash transfers and market-based activities). Second round of data collection for CTP in Afar and first and second round of data collection for CTP in Siti.  Finalize SenseMaker® analysis and write up for NRM and Nutrition.  Present SenseMaker® findings and Ki-projects poster at the American Evaluation Association Conference 2016 in Atlanta, GA.

Key result 5.1: Knowledge, Awareness and Practices around Household Nutrition

Adoption of MIYCN Training Manual and training for MOH core members PRIME engaged a private consulting firm to lead the development of Maternal Infant and Young Child Nutrition (MIYCN) training tool kit. The consulting firm and PRIME Nutrition team engaged with the respective regional government health bureaus starting from the formative research stage through the review and adoption, to the contextualization of the Maternal Infant and Young Child Nutrition (MIYCN) training toolkit material. The tool kit was translated into Oromifa; Somali; Amharic and Afari languages. Health workers (HW), health extension worker (HEW) and community health volunteers (CHV) are now the main users of the toolkit. The toolkit consists of the Trainer of Trainer (TOT) manual, participant manual, community volunteer guide, and community volunteer counselling cards.

In developing the MIYCN training toolkit, the consulting firm reviewed various Infant and Young Child feeding (IYCF) reports as well as maternal health manuals and guidelines directly related to the maternal infant and young child nutrition produced nationally and internationally. The consultants carried out pastoral-focused formative research to collect information on area- specific cultural and social norms that may hinder proper uptake of MIYCN services by communities. The MIYCN toolkit development process was a four-tier process that utilized the top to bottom approach. The consultants developed the MIYCN Trainer of Trainers (TOT) manual and it was validated by the MOH core team. Validation occurred during the TOT training organized by PRIME for 25 core trainers from the three regions’ health bureaus and PRIME’s nutrition partners (3F).

99 The MIYCN TOT manual aimed to enhance the knowledge, attitude and skill of participants on optimal breastfeeding; optimal complementary feeding; maternal optimal nutrition practices during pregnancy and lactation; effective counseling skills in the pastoralist and agro pastoralist areas to promote maternal infant and young child nutrition; and on adult learning skills to cascade similar skills to the community level health workers/HEWs. Based on this training strategy, the core groups cascaded the same training to woreda health supervisors and the trained supervisors gave the same training to the HEWs. The HEWs then cascaded the training to community volunteers and together they offered real time and ongoing counseling services for community members on MIYCN. Due to the development of this manual, MIYCN interventions were harmonized and the capacity of government health staff was built to enhance the provision of proper counseling on MIYCN for community members. This whole process created an improved system for offering effective, correct, and appropriate counselling for all pregnant and lactating women (PLW).

MIYCN woreda level health worker ToT training The MIYCN TOT training for HEW Supervisors was conducted for four consecutive days in each of PRIME’s operational regions. MIYCN trainers certified during the MIYCN core group trainings facilitated the training. The objective of the training was to provide basic skills and to facilitate further cascade trainings to HEWs.

Woreda level supervisors have the additional responsibility of supervising the overall process of MICYN and will act as the focal person for the PRIME project. Through this training 86 HEW supervisor (11 Female and 75 Males) received this skills training in Afar, Oromia and Somali regions.

Woreda-level MIYCN TOT participant

MIYCN cascade training for HEWs A three days MIYCN cascade-counseling training for HEWs in project target woredas of Somali, Afar and Oromia regions took place and reached 388 HEWs (164 male and 224 Female) using a context-specific MIYCN training guide and flip cards adapted by the PRIME project. The health extension supervisors, who had received MIYCN TOT training in collaboration with PRIME staff, organized and facilitated this MIYCN cascade training. The training methodology implored theoretical MIYCN concepts as well as practical cooking and counselling demonstrations.

100 The content of the training focused on optimal breastfeeding, optimal complementary feeding, and maternal optimal nutrition practices during pregnancy and lactation, effective MIYCN counseling skills and adult learning skills to cascade similar skills to the community-level volunteers.

HEW practical cooking demonstration during cascade MIYCN training

MIYCN cascade training for Community Volunteers To improve the knowledge and skills of the community volunteers in Afar and Oromia regions, the adopted MIYCN training package was delivered on nutrition counseling of the maternal infant young child nutrition to 280 (73 Male and 207 female) CHVs participants. The training was practical with the intent to improve and promote the good/positive practices regarding the maternal infant and child nutrition. The training was designed to benefit both illiterate and literate trainees with the full knowledge and skills to support households with pregnant, lactating women and children under two, about specific nutrition messages. Developing the skills required to deliver key nutrition messages and nutrition counseling services for the communities, was part of the training curriculum.

CHV training in Oromia region

Cascading training on MIYCN Model households The trained HEW and Volunteers cascaded the MIYCN counseling and cooking demonstration activities to 6813 participants (3227 men and 3586 mothers). The counseling was aided by using previously developed MIYCN SBCC material like the HEW counseling cards, volunteers counseling cards, mothers action cards and posters.

101

HEWs cascading the training for community volunteers and Women to women groups

Community Conversation events on MIYCN PRIME’s nutrition team facilitated Community conversations (CC) that evolved around MIYCN care and practices for proper nutrition of PLW as well as for children under two. The community conversations were initiated to improve and promote the good/positive practices regarding the maternal infant and child nutrition. They also focused on ways to avoid bad nutrition practices.

The conversations were participatory and involved both men and women. The community was shown a six-minute MIYCN music clip and a one-minute TV spot about the first 1000 days, before the community conversation started. The videos triggered a discussion of nutrition issues among the audience. The PRIME MIYCN music clip and one-minute 1000 days TV spot were developed using the formative research findings about key barriers to MIYCN. They were developed to guide and promote the adoption of appropriate positive behaviors for Oromia communities.

Community Conversations in Oromia region

Community conversations were facilitated in 5 kebeles in Liban, Gorodola and Wadera woredas of Guji zone and 3 kebeles in Yabello, Dire and Moyale woredas of Borena zone. Conversations benefitted 2800 community members (1450 female) through 23 events. In order to reach large audiences with key nutrition messages the nutrition team also distributed the music video clip and the TV spot on CDs for health offices. The videos were then displayed in waiting rooms to

102 people visiting health facilities. In total, 270 Compact Disks (CDs) were produced and distributed to health offices/centers in PRIME woredas of both Borena and Guji zones.

During this year, PRIME’s nutrition team organized 14 community dialogues on nutrition and WASH in Fafan, Siti and Jarar zones with various groups established by PRIME such as the rangeland council members, VSLA and Community Health Volunteers. The objective was to improve the water sanitation and hygiene practice in the households and to explore the primary barriers related to proper utilization of WASH practices. The dialogues addressed 420 people with key messages around WASH and nutrition.

Transmission of the MIYCN music video clip via Yabello FM radio. Yabello FM further reinforced this initiative, using their radio channel to broadcast these materials at no cost to the PRIME project. This collaboration with Yabello FM and the Oromia RHB and Zonal office to broadcast the developed materials has helped in reaching a wider population.

Development and productions of SBCC Material PRIME’s nutrition team conducted formative research to assess the gaps regarding nutrition- counseling materials. No materials were found that were contextualized for the different lowland regions where PRIME works. PRIME’s nutrition team in conjunction with a consulting company then developed the context specific MIYCN SBCC materials during this reporting period. The materials included a one-minute TV spot and a six-minute music video focused on the concepts of 1000 days, MIYCN counseling cards for HEW, MIYCN counseling cards for volunteers, MIYCN mother action cards, MIYCN poster and WASH posters, and publications of articles on Siffsin magazines series.

During the El Niño response, the SBCC team developed posters and flyers for mainstreaming nutrition into the cash transfer project. Each beneficiary received a flyer that promoted consumption of a diversified dietary; saving cash in a bank account or buying feed or fodder for your animals.

Essential Nutrition Actions (ENA) Training of Trainers for health workers The PRIME nutrition team from the southern cluster, in coordination with Borena and Guji zone health offices, conducted the Essential Nutrition Actions (ENA) TOT for HEWs. The main purpose of this training was to equip frontline health workers with skills and knowledge to improve maternal child health and nutrition counseling. These trainings conversely strengthened the health communication services at both health facility and community level. All training participants (health extension workers) from different kebeles of Wadera; Gorodola; Liban and Dillo woredas centrally gathered at the district level for the trainings. Forty-six (46) HEWs (1 man and 45 women) trained and the facilitators trained health professionals from Regional Health Bureaus and Zonal Health Offices. Trainings were facilitated using ENA national guidelines. Trained HEWs will now be able to provide proper counseling for pregnant and lactating women during the critical periods at health posts and further cascade the ENA trainings to community members.

103 Cascading the ENA Training to Community Level PRIME’s Nutrition team in collaboration with the respective regions and woreda health offices, cascaded ENA training at the community level and reached 3065 (1978 men and 1087women). These ENA cascade trainings primarily targeted community leaders to provide them with skills on how to facilitate ongoing dialogue to enhance community level counseling and community support group on the seven key action messages for ENA. Messages focused on exclusive breast- feeding, adequate complementary feeding for children 6-23 months with continued breastfeeding for at least 24 months, adequate nutritional care of sick and severely malnourished child, adequate nutrition for women, prevention of vitamin A deficiency for women and children, prevention of anemia for women and children and prevention of iodine deficiency for all members of the households. Trained health extension workers who received the ENA TOT training facilitated this community level ENA cascade training. The training participants vowed to utilize ENA for their own households and further reach pregnant and lactating women in their communities. Formal linkages created between HEWs and trained community level participants for further technical support and follow up on their day-to-day work at the village level.

MIYCF training for influential and religious leaders In all the three clusters PRIME’s nutrition team, in coordination with zonal and woreda health offices, facilitated two-day trainings on Maternal Infant and Young Child Feeding (MIYCF) for religious leaders and influential community members. Through this strategic training, 99 influential and religious leaders benefited; of these 15 were women and the rest men. The main objective of this training was to provide basic knowledge and skills around MIYCN to engage influential and religious leaders in promoting the importance of infant and young child feeding practices and the concept of the “First 1000 days”. This was a consented effort to address one of the key “influencing group” for PLW based on the barrier analyses survey results. In addition, these trainings created a platform for supporting health workers and community volunteers in challenging barriers and significant behavior determinants that propagate undesired behaviors like social norms, taboos and other typical knowledge gap issues.

Nutrition add-on training for Range Land Council Members Considering that, the underlying causes of malnutrition are multi-sectorial; PRIME focused on adding nutrition orientation or sensitization trainings for the different non-nutrition groups organized by IR2 and IR3. In a bid to operationalize multi sector involvement in addressing nutrition issues, the PRIME nutrition team in collaboration with other IRs organized nutritional add-on training for 116 (97 men and 19 women), rangeland council members 645 VSLA members (271 males, 374 females) and 117 SAA group members. To maximize adult concentration; participatory facilitation skills were employed. Two-way communication; flip chart presentations; group discussions and demonstrations were among some of the utilized methods. Trainings covered the basics of nutrition including the 1000 days concept, dietary diversity to improve knowledge, attitude and practices around nutrition, and the role of men in maternal and childcare.

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MIYCN Add-on Training for the Social Action and Analysis group and other groups' leaders Nutrition add-on training for Integrated Functional Adult Literacy (IFAL) In the Afar cluster, the Nutrition team (IR5) in collaboration with the Alternative Livelihoods team (IR3) organized nutrition add-on trainings for teachers selected to facilitate Integrated Functional Adult Literacy (IFAL). Nutrition add-on trainings prioritized IFAL because of the existing institutional avenues as well as the clear structures and potential for reaching more community members. To strengthen the layering of activities and to ensure maximum impact, IR3 and IR5 developed joint training schedules on refresher trainings for teachers on IFAL and nutrition add-on topics.

The IFAL program is implemented in five woredas of Afar and the nutrition add-on was conducted with selected teachers in the same woredas and benefited 57 (50 males and 7 females) teachers. The training methodology used a participatory approach including group discussion, demonstration and role-play. Nutrition topics covered included exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding practices, feeding the sick child, maternal feeding and the role of man or husband in maternal care and childcare. During the training participants received a facilitators’ guide or reference materials for cascading each topic to the community level. Development of a double action plan to blend nutrition messages with their day-to-day activities was a commitment made by participants to support PRIME’s nutrition behavior-change process. During the same reporting period, IFAL teachers reached 1259 (698 men and 561 women) community members through cascading of these topics.

Cooking Demonstration – on Preparation of energy and nutrient dense complementary feeding by IFAL

105 Nutrition Ad-on training for Emergency program beneficiaries The PRIME nutrition team reached cash transfer recipients and supplementary feeding program beneficiaries through Maternal, Infant, and Young Child Nutrition (MIYCN) messages in Somali and Afar region. The nutrition messages/counseling was to promote informed use of cash/food transferred on indispensable and lifesaving purchases/uses, such as diversified food items for the families, purchasing of fodder/feed for milking livestock as well as the benefits of saving of cash at the locally available financial institutions. The MIYCN counseling and the BCC sessions were integrated with the cash transfer beneficiary registration sessions and combined nutrition and cash transfer through fliers, posters and MIYCN counseling cards that reinforced nutrition messages. Accordingly, 7514 cash transfer beneficiaries (3479 male and 4035 Female) benefited from the cash transfer activity. Similarly, 20,188 (13,786 female and 6402 male) targeted supplementary feeding program (TSFP) beneficiaries benefited from nutrition counseling in targeted woredas of Somali and Afar regions.

Promotion of Dietary Diversity

Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture (NSA) Several studies have shown that Dietary Diversity is positively associated with overall dietary quality, micronutrient intake of young children and household food security. A higher DD has also been associated with better nutritional status of children in developing countries including Ethiopia. Pastoral communities have always been associated with very low dietary diversity values because family diets are mainly associated with milk and meat products but less fruits and vegetables. As such, the PRIME project embarked on promoting household production of vegetables meant for household consumption. PRIME encouraged the key-hole gardening (KHG) approach that utilizes grey water and perma-gardens for those households with access to greater amounts of water.

Keyhole Gardening (KHG) Training and Promotion PRIME’s Nutrition team conducted a 3-day TOT on Nutrition Sensitive Agriculture for 16 (14 men and 2 females) AEWs supervisors selected from targeted woredas of Afar regions. Key Hole Gardening and Vegetable Gardening continued as part of improving dietary diversity through improving vegetable access for pastoralist households. During this year, 681 community members (411 men and 270 women) in Afar cluster were reached through the promotion and training on KHGs. The team promoted the importance of building the KHGs as well as giving a practical demonstration on how to build a KHG at the kebele level. Sustainability, as a core principle, was operationalized through skill-enhancement of Agricultural extension workers, woreda level representatives from Health Offices, Pastoral Agricultural development officials, Education officials, and Women Youth and Children Affair officials. Community members, agricultural extension workers, and woreda experts constructed 30 KHGs as demonstration sites in Afar. Somali region trained 60 DAs on NSA from Shinile, Erer and Mieso/Mulu woredas of Siti zone. Each DA cascaded the training to five (5) community members who, in addition to the training, constructed KHG in their backyards. The total number of community members reached with this activity was 150.

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Field Level Training for the community how to construct a Key Hole Garden

Permagarden Training for PRIME targeted the Model Households In the Somali region the nutrition team selected 35(2M, 33F) Model HH beneficiaries in Gurzum, Fafan, Jijiga and Hadaw of Fafan Zone as pilot beneficiaries for Perma-gardening. The selected beneficiaries received three days of theoretical and practical training regarding the objectives and the techniques to develop a Perma-garden; and support to construct their own Permagarden.

During the year 4, six thousand and seventy (6070) community members from project-targeted woredas of Afar, Oromia and Somali region received skills training on nutrition-sensitive agriculture that focused on food handling and safety, post-harvest storage, KHGs and Perma- gardens.

Community-based cooking demonstration event PRIME’s Afar Nutrition team organized community-based cooking demonstrations along with promoting keyhole gardening (KHG) at the household level. At harvest time for most vegetables (spinach and Swiss chard), the team organized the cooking demonstrations to use what was growing in various high-nutrient/energy dense recipes. The cooking demonstration events took place in Awash Fantale Woreda, Doho Kebele and Amibara Woreda, Worer High school. The participants (especially the pastoralist women) were grateful for sharing recipes that could help them improve household nutrition.

Practical demonstration on cheese making and tomato paste preparation Mango Jam, tomato paste, ketchup and peeled tomatoes

Preservation training A three-day food preservation training took place in the Afar Region for agriculture extension workers (AEWs), HEWs, and Nutrition focal persons selected from 4 woredas of Zone 3. The

107 preservation training reached 29 (19 male and 10 female) government sector staff. The training focused on theoretical and practical demonstrations of fruits, vegetables (tomato puree, peeled tomato and Mango Jams) and milk preservation (making cheese). The training also covered food hygiene and environmental sanitation, introduction to food preservation, food preservation and processing techniques. Trainees learned preserve various items as a strategy to reduce post- harvest losses that are rampant in most Ethiopian rural communities. During the training, the PRIME project staff collaborated with Addis Kidan Milk Processing Enterprise to demonstrate milk preservation (changing milk to cheese) techniques. The 29 agricultural extension workers (AEWs), HEWs and nutrition focal persons are expected to cascade the training to 1200 community members.

Practical demonstration on cheese making and tomato paste preparation and Mango Jam, tomato paste, ketchup and peeled tomatoes

Promotion of Hygiene and Sanitation for Improved Nutrition In this year, the government of Ethiopia declared an outbreak of Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD) in some parts of Oromia region. The OR Health Bureau coordinated partners working in these areas to support a timely response. The PRIME nutrition team and BCC team in partnership with a local theater group and in collaboration with local government and other non-government organizations organized 13 WASH campaigns reaching 7150 people (3547 female and 3603 male) community members. The promotional campaigns on hygiene and sanitation focused on the critical hand washing times. Hand washing was promoted to improve handwashing practices hence prevent diarrheal disease for improved child and maternal nutrition.

Promotional campaign on the ‘First 1000 Days’ PRIME’s nutrition team, in collaboration with zonal health offices of Oromia and Somali regions conducted 17 promotional events on the first 1000 days. The promotional events conducted in partnership with a local theater group in Oromia benefited 7775 (4850 females and 2925 males). To gauge participants’ understanding of the conveyed desired behavioral messages; PRIME used “question and answer” sessions soon after the drama performance. Havoyoco using its circus team conducted 18 edutainment’s shows in 19 kebeles from 11 districts of Fafan and Siti zones of Somali region. These edutainment activities conveyed four messages on “the first 1000 days”, dietary diversity, investment in animal health using quality animal drugs, and promotion on fodder conservation, preservation and purchase. The edutainment reached 17,450 individuals (5419 M, 11,961F and 5817 HH) from pastoral and agro-pastoral households. Of the individuals

108 reached, 3,838 were lactating mothers, 399 were pregnant women, and 172 people had disabilities.

Nutrition awareness campaigns through school clubs Nutrition awareness campaigns were conducted by the school club members who were trained by PRIME on youth-drama performances delivering the key nutrition messages of “the first 1000 days” and diet diversity. School club members reached audiences totaling 3159 (1612 female, 1547 male) people in Oromia.

School health -club drama performance

SOSC radio drama production and broadcasting The Nutrition and BCC team finalized the production and promotion of Soap Opera for Social Change (SOSC) or the serialized radio drama. It is part of the PRIME BCC strategy to promote the main PRIME nutrition messages. HEWs and schoolteachers in the PRIME operational areas received a copy of the broadcasted recordings to use as ongoing dialogue with different community members of Mirgituu drama in Oromia. In order to gather various community feedback about Mirgitu season 1, the team conducted rapid community reflections in the Southern Cluster. Some of the pertinent findings from this rapid assessment included the

Soap Opera Drama Posters for Somali, Oromia and Afar regions respectively

109 community’s eagerness to support production a season 2 drama; that would also include climate change and market systems as new emerging themes. Soap opera radio drama in the Somali language is entitled “Adoole Geel” has been broadcasting via Jigjiga FM 99.1. In the Afar Region is broadcast through Argoba FM and Ethiopian Broadcasting cooperation.

SenseMaker® • PRIME uses SenseMaker® software to collect information on what listeners value and regard as important, based on their recollection from a story they can relate to the soap opera episodes. Data is analyzed through triads and dyads to learn if messages and characters were being well-taken by listeners and learn what in the messages was important to listeners. This could then help the team design future messaging/programming, and make sure that listeners accept the characters, the way they interact, and the way messages are communicated.

Key findings summarized below:

• The overwhelming majority (90%) of people felt positive/strongly positive about their stories. There were no strongly negative feelings from storytellers. • Stories referred to the five (5) key messages the soap opera is trying to get across. Most storytellers talked about livestock health, followed by nutrition and women decision- making. • Men and women remembered stories about livestock vaccination. Pregnant women nutrition stories were remembered more by women than men. Both men and women had the least interest in economic-decision-making.

110 PRIME Soap Opera for Social Change Reflection Meeting

PRIME’s nutrition and SBCC teams held a three-day reflection meeting of Soap Opera for Social Change (SOSC) in Addis to draw the road map for SOSC season 2 based on the lessons learned from SOSC season 1. All nutrition and key IR4 staff, along the PRIME’s senior gender advisor attended the reflection meeting. During the meeting, the strengths and weaknesses of the three PRIME nutrition soap operas (Adoole Geel, Tekem and Mirgituu), the production process, and the broadcasting and functionality of radio listenership groups (RLG) were discussed. The IR4 team also presented information about the SenseMaker Survey for Mirgitu.

SOSC season 2 developments

PRIME’s SBCC team is in the process of producing season two (SOSC 2) of the soap operas consisting of ten episodes and two feedback sessions.

Second season SOSC Pre-production In order to develop an entertaining program that also has consistent and correct messages, the PRIME team followed the 'radio design document' approach. In this approach, PRIME organized a participatory workshop with content experts, audience members and creative persons to clarify the audiences, provide rationale, objectives, purpose, a format and the key messages for SOSC2. The five (5) day design workshop had 35 participants from regional and zonal government offices and members of PRIME’s consortium partners. A design document was developed and it’s serving as a ‘roadmap’ for the writers and producers developing the drama and the live feedback sessions. The story lines and treatment of all episodes was completed including translation of five episodes into the three (3) local languages. The production of SOSC 2 will be finalized in the first quarter of year five ( 5) of the PRIME project and should start airing at about the same time.

111 Nutrition Booth at International SBCC Summit The first inaugural international Social Behavior Change Communication (SBCC) Summit was held in Ethiopia with the theme “Elevating the Science and Art of Social Behavior Change Communication.” Three PRIME nutrition team members participated in the summit. PRIME had a booth displaying its SBCC and the team had opportunities for cross leaning in the field of SBCC.

Key result 5.2: Increased/Sustained Availability of and Access to Milk & livestock products

Improved Availability and Quality of Animal Feed for Nutrition Fodder promotion for milking animals during dry season The two feedback sessions for Tekem, that the Afar team organized, mainly focused on fodder and animal health services. In the two sessions, livestock and animal health experts provided summary keynotes around messages broadcasted on the first 10 episodes of the TEKEM radio drama. Their technical advice guided discussions on the importance of fodder conservation and seeking animal health services for increasing livestock productivity with a focus on improving household nutrition. Following the broadcasting sessions, all RLG members (130 individuals) engaged in community conversations for two rounds/two consecutive week’s issues on fodder and animal health services.

Community Dialogues on the use of Concentrated Feed The Somali nutrition team with the support from development agents organized community level dialogue on use of concentrated feed. The objective was to create and increase the demand and utilization of concentrated feed for dry season. Concentered feed promotion was on usage of the dried straws/stover mixing with urea or molasses and keeping the nutritive values for long time. Through this approach, households will have access to feed in dry season hence sustaining milk production from milking animal and guaranteeing milk access for children. The dialogues were supported by demonstration and experts’ technical briefing sessions on how to prepare the concentrated feed and 280 pastoral and agro-pastoral model households benefited.

Feed Production and Conservation Training Feed Production and Conservation Training was conducted in Shinile and Erer woredas for 140 model agro–pastoral households and 10 development agents. The training was meant to provide model households with modern methods and ways of feed productions and conservation that can support them for increased and sustained milk production from their livestock particularly during the dry season to protect the nutritional status of household. The trainees are expected to improve their feed production and conservation practices and cascade these to other community members.

Improved equity in HH decision-making During the fourth year, the PRIME nutrition team in collaboration with women and child office Borena zone, conducted two promotional events on equitable household decision making for

112 improved nutrition. Promotional events, conducted in partnership with a local theater group, benefited 1,100 local community members (650 women) at Boku and El-Woya villages of the Borena zone. Live dramas and question and answer sessions mainly conveyed the desired behavioral messages during the events. The major aim of the promotional events was to promote the value of joint decision making between couples in prioritizing of household resources and especially food expenses. PRIME’s equitable decision-making research showed that more resources in the hands of a woman would translate to an improved household dietary diversity. As such, these campaigns aimed at advocacy for more financial empowerment of women, which would translate into improved household nutrition and conversely improved child and maternal nutrition.

PRIME’s nutrition team in Afar conducted nutrition outcome events in Argoba and Dulessa woredas aimed at empowering women in household decision making. Edutainment using Inkitino, a local theatre group, entertained the communities with music, songs and dramas. They led the edutainment sessions and Women and Child Youth Affairs chairpersons also participated. The Question & Answer (Q&A) session during the event improved the attitude of the communities in empowering women to increase their share in househld decision-making incuding prioritizing household income for better nutrition outcomes of the family. In total 1100 community members (350 men and 750 women) were addressed by the promotional events in the two woredas.

Argoba and Dulessa Woredas promotional events

Key result 5.3: Strengthened Local Capatcity for Supporting Improved Nutrition

TOT on PRIME Youth Drama Performance PRIME’s team collaborated with woreda education officials by organizing a TOT training for local government staff to link PRIME’s drama with the school clubs as part of a sustainability strategy. An international consultant with experience in intergenerational theatre performance facilitated the training, which was held in Jigjiga town with 20 participants selected from Afar, Southern and Eastern clusters. The participants consisted ministry of education’s Cluster Resource center (CRC) school club leaders, circus and theater group leaders, education bureau experts and PRIME’s social and behavior change communication practitioners. During the TOT, PRIME senior gender advisor also presented on how best the TOT can be gender sensitive.

113 Participants were provided with hard and soft copy of the PRIME youth drama handbook for their reference during the skill cascade trainings. Cluster specific groups presented action plans of cascading the gained knowledge to their school club members so that they can perform future dramas on PRIME’s nutrition behavior messages for the school and surrounding communities.

Cascade Training on PRIME youth drama performance The PRIME nutrition team facilitated a three-day drama performance and cascade training for school clubs and school supervisors to engage school clubs in live drama performances. Accordingly, this training benefitted 542 school club members, school directors and Integrated Functional Adult literacy (IFAL) leaders from selected schools of Somali, Oromia and Afar regions. About 108 students and 18 teachers were reached through school clubs training on 1000 days and dietary diversity, and for 9 school clubs in Jigjiga, Kebrabeyeh, Awbare and Harshin woredas of Somali region. The objective of the training was to change the nutrition misconceptions existing at household level. In particular, misconceptions related to lactating and pregnant women.

Workshop on nutrition coordination with Government sectors This year the Borena and Guji nutrition teams, in coordination with Borena Zonal health office, organized a nutrition coordination workshop. Thirty-six representatives from the woreda and zonal levels including PDO, Women and child, Education, Health, and Economic and Finance government sectors, attended the workshop. The coordination workshop was a platform for supporting inter-sectoral collaborations among government sectors and a way to enhance the engagement of each sector on nutrition-sensitive interventions based on the national nutrition program of the country. All sector offices reported how the PRIME project supported them in understanding nutrition-sensitive interventions and enabled them to change perceived attitudes about the importance of the interventions on addressing the underlying causes of poor nutrition. They mentioned that they appreciated learning skills for implementing nutrition-sensitive interventions for their sector. The workshop concluded on a high note with the development of a joint action plan between PRIME and government sectors.

PRIME Nutrition sensitive initiative including WASH School nutrition and health clubs are some of the institutional avenues the PRIME nutrition team uses as entry point to reach the vast majority of communities with basic nutrition messages. Equipping school nutrition clubs and drama/theatre group with basic nutrition-sensitive messages including promotion of backyard/keyhole gardening, animal husbandry, dietary diversity and significance of proper nutrition during the first critical 1000 days and WASH could contribute to improve nutrition. At least 96 school club members (66 male and 30 female) received skills training in nutrition-sensitive agriculture including WASH for Gota Garman, Baraaq, Shinile, Hadhigala, Biki and Bila schools located in Siti zone of Somali region.

Integrated WASH and Nutrition Training for DAs and HEW PRIME reached 247 extension workers (150 males and 97 females) with an integrated WASH and nutrition training in Somali and Afar regions of the project target woredas. The main objective of this training became a reality through provision of basic knowledge and skills for participants to integrate WASH into their day-to-day interventions. The topics covered in the training were basic concepts of WASH and nutrition, the differences and links between hygiene

114 and sanitation, the five domains of hygiene behavior, improved sanitation and hygiene for better nutritional outcomes, fecal contamination, barriers to improved sanitation and hygiene, an overview of safe water systems, hand washing with soap, and linkages with nutrition. Especially in Somali region, the training benefited the current effort of government response to AWD outbreak as some of the districts faced the outbreak and others suspected the risk of the AWD outbreak occurrence.

Trainees on group discussion and presentation

Year 5 work plan

 Community Conversations on the five nutrition-behavior themes for PRIME  Trainings for health workers; HEW; model households, and community volunteers on MIYCN  WASH and MIYCN promotions  Multi sectoral coordination meetings at various levels from the region to woreda level  Supporting nutrition related surveys  Ongoing dialog and counseling on MIYCN by the trained lead members of the existing groups for its members  Promoting and /or training of KHG and Perma-garden for selected Mother to mother support groups and model HHs  Community based cooking demonstration events for mothers and care takers related to complimentary feeding  School clubs campaigns for the five nutrition-behavior themes for joint monitoring of PRIME activities with government sectors  Nutrition sensitive Agriculture training-for DAs  School clubs conducting PRIME dramas  SOSC sessions - two activities

115 INNOVATION AND INVESTMENT FUND

Addis Kidan and Barwako Milk processingFactory This set of interventions, is aimed at improving the dairy value chain for resilience, competitiveness, creating access to sustainable milk market for pastoralists, improves milk production in terms of quality and quantity and improves both household nutrition status, and household income through facilitating development of sustainable and vibrant dairy value chain over the PRIME Year 4 resulted in:

With the support of the PRIME’s IIF two medium sized milk-processing plants: Addis Kidan in Awash, Afar and Berwako in Jijiga, ESRS entered continuous production, creating sustainable and permanent markets for initially over 1,000 pastorals and agro-pastoral households. These enterprises produce and market pasteurized cow and camel milk, cow milk yoghurt and local ricotta cheese. Due to the drought conditions in Afar and northern ESRS where these facilities source the raw milk, the amount of milk available decreased during the reporting period. However, the facilities reached a combined throughput of 2.5 MT of milk per day during this fiscal year. Twelve privately and/or cooperatively owned milk collection centers in ESRS, Afar and Oromia consolidated their operation and improved operations with PRIME support. These market system actors received business expansion support from PRIME with a total value of $376,998 bringing $890,074 in leverage by the applicant enterprises. The enterprises increased employment from 24 to 57 full time equivalent jobs, serve as sustainable and reliable market for over 840 milk supplying households, purchase 170MT of raw milk monthly from local communities and have achieved $150,000 monthly sales of milk and milk products. In addition to improving income streams for small holder pastoralists, the business expansion have significantly reduced women pastoralists work burden as they started selling their milk at their vicinity.

Additional activities over the FY aimed at to improve productivity and competitiveness of the dairy market system included:

AGP Poultry performance: AGP have trained 70 AGP Poultry Agents who received training and currently AGP has a total of 28 operational Agents. These agents have achieved high productivity from its incubators, and seen mortality rates below 7% among its Agent groups’ birds. Of the 28 Agent groups currently in business, 6 have already finished the distribution of the second cycle and took the third round, and 12 out of the total agents has distributed chickens for two cycles. Furthermore, AGP field technical coordinators are conducting weekly field work progress meeting every week with zone livestock and IMX bureau officials to facilitate market linkage for the Agents and solve the field distribution challenges. In this quarter 16 AGP have created nine additional full time jobs, so total job created is 133.

Challenge and Lessons learned: TOPs dropout from scholarship mainly because of high expectation for allowance payment from the project and because of the negative perception that “TVET graduates don’t quickly gain employment”. Through discussions, PRIME supported TOPs from poor families to get allowance such that they can attend the training. Also, PRIME is working to link graduates with job matching service. Job matching activities will continue through job fair and registration of

116 jobs seekers via HelloJobs system to make increase employment rate and make jobseekers more visible to employers.

Since January as the situation of the drought was getting worse and most of the saving groups reduces their saving, and women micro franchises did not regularly lift products from the agents.

USAID FORWARD PRIME partners Havoyoco, ECDD and Barawaqo were visited to provide capacity building support on financial monitoring (HAVOYOCO) and on VAT reporting support as USAID requirement. A monitoring visit was conducted for HAVOYOCO to ensure their performance under PRIME is under the agreed terms and conditions. Significant improvements were observed during this visit, mainly on proper documentations, financial transactions record keeping, budget follow up and cash flow statements. HAVOYOCO’s activities and payments corresponded to approved concept notes which help the organization monitor its budget and implementation. Their overall performance on financial management has shown improvement compared to the previous visit as a result of corrective actions requested by Mercy Corps. Mercy Corps, CARE and ECDD discussed how to improve disability inclusion within the PRIME project. ECDD is taking the lead and will provide a guidance document as part of support to partners for better implementation of disability inclusion through the end of the project.

As a result of the visit support, partners received a feedback report from Mercy Corps. Mercy Corps also visited Rays MFI to conduct a grant kick-off meeting focused on reviewing the agreement terms and conditions, donor regulations and reporting requirements and create a better understanding on the requirements during project implementation. Financial monitoring visit was conducted for Rays MFI in two days focusing on provision of technical support to Rays key staff on financial management specific to PRIME financial requirements.

Capacity building support and follow-up continues to be provided to partners as part of USAID Forward. The key findings of the capacity building reflection and learning workshop show that local partners have improved their capacity as a result of various training interventions. The importance of conducting rapid assessments on three selected local partners for furthering them in the USAID Forward process was agreed upon.

At the end of June, PRIME conducted a one-day extraordinary partners’ meeting in Addis Ababa. The meeting was attended by 30 participants, mostly senior management members from all partner organizations. The meeting sought to identify the most important challenges faced by partners in the last three years of implementation and agree on possible solutions to address these problems for future improvements. Ultimately, this conversation seeks to create a stronger consortium in the remaining years of PRIME and beyond.

Mercy Corps has conducted a monitoring and organization capacity assessment visit to AMFI from July 28, 2016 to August 04, 2016 with the objectives of identifying of key challenges and/or areas need improvement to AMFI and also realized those strengths of AMFI for better performance and strengthen partnership. The monitoring visit also to ensure their performance under PRIME is under the agreed terms and conditions. Significant improvement were observed from AMFI as a result of PRIME support during this visit mainly on proper documentations,

117 financial transactions and reporting, having implementing financial application software QUICK book for reporting and Financial analysis. This software application is using to saving and loan accounts AMFI able to generate customer accounts status quickly and make easy for reporting. This is the key success to AMFI basically technical support from Mercy Crops. This is helpful for both organizations for cash transfer intervention during emergency situation at Afar region. Each beneficiary account its cash transfer has recorded in the system can generate report from that.

Part of the capacity building activities, the institution has supported from PRIME on basis of grant with sub award agreement #32206S022 and implemented activities such as key staffs have participated on international Islamic Financing trainings, provided office equipment such as computers, AC conditioners, cash count machines, generators and motorbikes for branch offices capacity support and branch expansion purposes all supported from PRIME were realized during monitoring visit. PRIME also proceeding its support to AMFI to have core banking software and hardware to access core banking system and its implementation will be started during the next quarter. PRIME has also implemented emergency response activities to Afar region together with AMFI during this quarter. AMFI is a strong partner with Mercy Crops PRIME during the emergency cash transfer response through providing financial service facility to targeted beneficiaries of Afar community as required.

Here below mentioned success from AMFI observed during Monitoring visit.  Increased its client and operational income from emergency cash transfer operation working with PRIME.  PRIME management flexibility to wards project support process which has recognized and acknowledged by AMFI.  One of the branch offices of AMFI “Abala” branch clients have started to return their first given loan amount and processed to get their second loan this is as a result of financial service access from AMFI to the community.  As a result of increased number of clients from community (2500emergency beneficiaries) due to emergency cash transfer process; AMFI has increased its financial capacity due to community saving amount and improved its service providing capacity to the community as well. Few customers from the community beneficiaries have starting saving to their accounts which is one of the key success “ improved community understanding towards benefits of access and using financial service”

Monitoring visit has also conducted to Rays MFI from July 09 till 14th July 2016 the visit mainly focused on Rays Branch offices capacity assessment and its implementation capacity to ensure their performance under PRIME support with agreement#32206S020 the agreed terms and conditions.

Below here are key areas of accomplishment were observed from two branch offices during monitoring visit

 Established new offices and staffs were deployed and started their implementation

118  Saving mobilization and awareness raising were conducted and participants are community members, Community based institution and woreda government officials.  Mobilization still continued and till June 30, 2016, six kebele from Moyalle and five kebele from Negella a total of eleven kebeles were touched by Rays.  Rays have customers from community members only at this time and it has still improving its access to community based institutions to increase its clients. Till June30, 2016, Moyalle field office has opened 23 accounts and Negelle field office has opened 56 accounts to their respective field offices with total saving amount 16531.50etb at Moyalle and 4,408etb at Negella.  Ensured PRIME supported furniture, computers and cash boxes were using by branch offices.  PRIME support core banking software and data severer to Rays under procurement process and will be started its core banking system by next quarter.  One vehicle 4X4 Hilux procured and supported from PRME to Rays MFI as part of capacity building support activities.

USAID Forward Priorities for FY17  Monitoring Visit to Barawaqo MPF and Close out visit to DPPB EW  Conduct supportive visit and OCA to HAVOYOCO.  Conduct rapid assessment with three PRIME partners to understand the USAID Forward objectives achievement/status  Coordinate with CARE to conduct close out visit to partners to be closed during this quarter.

CROSS-CUTTING THEMES Gender in Pastoralism presentation (Addis Ababa) The new PRIME Gender Advisor began exercising her position during the quarter, with the majority of her time spent in orientation and discussion with various PRIME consortium members. The gender advisor gave a presentation on “Gender issues in Pastoralism” for IR leaders and other PRIME staff. The purpose of the presentation was to share experiences and the importance of promoting gender equality among agro/pastoralists. Specific topics included economic and socio-political issues, labor organization in pastoralist communities, resource management, conflict, mobility and communal task structure and organization. Also discussed were: current changing patterns as pastoralists seek to adapt to climate change; evolving social, political and economic conditions; privatization of resources; the growth of private enclosures; urbanization; population growth; opportunistic farming; and threats posed due to rangeland degradation.

Due to emerging practices of alternative livelihood options such as income generating activities and a shift to agro-pastoralism, women bear more workload. During drought or other human/animal health hazards women’s susceptibility is by far higher in the pastoral areas where natural resources are in limited supply. As a coping strategy, women are involved in collecting and storing hay, carrying home-based forage for calves and small ruminants, and collecting wild

119 food, all of which increase the burden of women. Discussions were then held related to PRIME activities and various impacts PRIME's interventions have.

Gender Networking Meetings (Addis Ababa) USAID Gender Champions Meeting The gender advisor attended the USAID Gender Champions meeting and presented the preliminary findings of the rapid gender analysis in drought affected areas of Ethiopia. Ethiopian Network for Gender Equality in Agriculture (ENGEA). The Ethiopian Network for Gender Equality in Agriculture was initiated by the Women Affairs Directorate that is established by the Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources (MoANR) to ensure programs and projects mainstream gender. Establishment of the network at the national level was launched on December 19, 2015. CARE Ethiopia has been assigned with an advisory role along with nine other INGOs. The meeting included presentations on "women food heroes" - reflecting on the role and contribution of women in agriculture. The PRIME gender advisor participated in planning for the upcoming five years of the network.

PRIME SAA groups (Afar) The gender advisor participated in an assessment of Afar SAA groups (including PRIME and other CARE Ethiopia programs) to develop a minimum standard for SAA. Preliminary results included concerns that gender is not as well integrated into NRM and CCA activities as it should be.

DISABILITY PRIME partner ECDD focuses on the promotion of inclusive development for people with disabilities, mainstreaming disability issues in government and projects. The role of ECDD in PRIME is to build the internal capacity of consortium members and local partners to practice and develop disability inclusive policies activities while providing regular technical assistance to program staff to ensure an inclusive design, implementation and monitoring of program activities. Disability-focused activities during FY16 included:

Skill training at Nagelle, Yabello & Moyale TVETs and other Private Training Centers in Southern Cluster Under PRIME project Mercy Corps, SOS Sahel and ECDD has been facilitating short-term skills trainings for young female and male TOPs in collaboration with three public and one private TVET in southern cluster. A total 452 young and unemployed TOPs from different woredas of Gujji and Borena zone have been granted scholarship 16 different training opportunities to choose from based on their interest and demand from the labor market. This brings the total scholarship granted in southern cluster to 635.

Driving skill training in southern cluster Tasa roba Driving Training Institution: During the year under review, 102 young and unemployed TOPs have been trained in driving skill training. Out of the total 42 young and unemployed TOPs successfully completed driving skill training. The remaining 60 TOPs are attending the training and expected to complete their training in the next quarter. These trainees have acquired standard driving skills that help them obtain decent jobs as driver in labour market. The training has been provided in two categories of driving i.e. Dry

120 Freight- level II and Public- Level I. Following training completion, students were awarded temporary driver license, pending issuance of regular driver license.

Moyale TVET College: this year 106 TOPs enrolled in Moyale TVET in year-4 and successfully graduated in dressmaking and hairdressing skills. So far 206 (2 male) TOPs in three different batches have been graduated from moyale TVET and most of the graduates reported that they have started they won business after the training

Negelle Polytechnic College: in Negele Polytechnic Collage 144 (18f and 34 PWD) TOPs have completed skills training in 8 Dressmaking and hairdressing at Moyale TVET different training streams and graduated during the year. Moreover, 34 (18 female) people with Disabilities (PwDs) trained in furniture and dress making/garment skills have successfully graduated during this year. PRIME supported Guji zone Labor and Social Affairs Office and Negelle Polytechnic College to enroll PWDs from low income families. The training helped them to acquire compatible training of their choice and made them ready to work and earn income. During the graduation ceremony, ECDD, Mercy Corps, SOS Sahel Ethiopia and government partners organized a telethon aimed at creating awareness and opportunities for the During driving skill training practice in Southern cluster graduates. For the fundraising, graduates exhibited products and furniture they made during the training. By so doing, they were able to raise 38,900 ETB and deposited at their group bank account to startup a business. Negelle Borena Municipality has given work premise and land for PWDs to start their business operation. As a follow-up activity PRIME announced a call for proposals to provide competitive cost sharing grants to strengthen and kick start their own business. Moreover, the second round scholarship Graduation ceremony for people with disabilities in Negelle program training has been started with 51 students enrolled at Negelle Polytechnic College in plumping, construction, furniture and metal work departments.

Yabello Polytechnic College: PRIME provided scholarship opportunity for 100 TOPs (53 female and 22 PWD) to attend training at Yabello Polytechnic College. All the 100 TOPs completed their training successfully and now they are pursuing jobs, started their own employment and some searching for job. So far 183 TOPs have

121 graduated from yabello Polytechnic College since PRIME started supporting the TVET to expand their training streams and improve their curriculums.

V. FINANCIAL SUMMARY

PRIME EXPEDITURE SUMMARY REPORT AS OF Sept 30, 2016 Per IR AMOUNT (USD) IR 1 13,330,538 IR 2 13,431,672 ECIR 3 10,366,044 IR 4 7,610,161 IR 5 3,759,639 Crisis Modifier 1,500,000 GRAND TOTAL 49,998,054

Per Funding Stream GCC 15,265,473 FtF 28,853,662 Nutrition 4,378,919 Crisis Modifier 1,500,000 GRAND TOTAL 49,998,054

122 List of Annexes Annex 1. EICC assessment Annex 2. IDB and ki-projects data quality check Annex 3. AHS 2015 report Annex 4. AHS 2015 presentation Annex 5. Mid-line survey presentation Annex 6. Partner and recipient assessment spot check report Annex 7. Learning briefs Annex 8. Joint Planning Cell presentation by PRIME Annex 9. Success Stories Annex 10: Jobs tracking Sheet form Annex 11: HU paper volume 1

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