RESTORING DEGRADED LANDS: CONTEXT, STRATEGIES & AIMS

Jordi Cortina-Segarra – University of Alicante, SER Europe RESTORING DEGRADED LANDS: CONTEXT, STRATEGIES & AIMS

• Multicriteria and multiagent decisions • Ecosystem services vs. priority criteria • Spatial and temporal scales • Quarry restoration as post-normal science • SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Multicriteria and multiagent decisions

SER Primer on Ecological Restoration 2004

Ecological Restoration is the practice of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that is damaged, degraded, or destroyed.

Protecting biodiversity, increasing the provision of goods and services Multicriteria and multiagent decisions Multicriteria and multiagent decisions

Dupouey et al. (2002). Ecol. 83:2978-2984 Multicriteria and multiagent decisions Orihuela, SE Spain (12/01/2015) Multicriteria and multiagent decisions

ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SEMI-ARID LANDSCAPE (VENTÓS EXP. AREA, SE SPAIN)

25 Shrubland Stipa 24 tenacissima steppe Pinus 23 halepensis plantation 22

21

20

19 Pasture

18

17 Dryland crop 5 16 4 3 15 2

RICHNESS VASCULAR PLANTS (Nº OF SPECIES) OF (Nº PLANTS VASCULAR RICHNESS 30 25 20 1 15 WATER PRODUCTION (%)10 0 5 SOIL ORGANIC M.CARBON Derak (%)(2015) Multicriteria and multiagent decisions

ACTIVE-PASSIVE? COST-BENEFIT? PINE PLANTATIONS?

WETLANDS?

METRICS? CROPLANDS? NATURE-SOCIETY? Multicriteria and multiagent decisions Multicriteria and multiagent decisions STAKEHOLDER PROFILE Nº STAKEHOLDER PROFILE Nº Local Administration 9 Tourism 4 Provincial Administration 1 Eco-commerce 3 Regional Administration 8 Active leisure/Adventures 5 Farmer Associations 5 Housing/Building 2 Irrigation communities 8 Mining 4 Agricultural commerce/Nurseries 1 Commercial associations/Services 3 Ecoculture and rural development 6 NGO 4 Hunting 3 Politicians 5 Protected areas 4 Trade Unions 2 University/Research 6 Neighbourhood associations 5 Multicriteria and multiagent decisions RANKING OUTPUTS FROM 13 DESIRE PROJECT CASES, 13 SCORES, SEMIARID WORLDWIDE

de Vente, J. et al. (2016). Ecology and Society, 21(2). CICE DIVISION ES CREVILLENT AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS PASTORAL PRODUCTS, HONEY NUTRITIONAL ASPARAGUS SNAILS MATERIALS MEDICINAL, FIBER, CANES

SURFACE WATER

decisions PROVISION ENERGY AQUIFER WATER BIOMASS WATER CLEANING REGULATION RESIDUES AND TOXICS ATENUATE URBAN IMPACTS SOIL PROTECTION FLOW REGULATION FLOOD CONTROL WILDFIRE CONTROL POLINATION multiagent CORRIDORS

MAINTENANCE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PEST CONTROL REGULATION / / REGULATION MAINTENANCE BIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS SOIL FERTILITY and and CARBON FIXATION REGULATION TEMPERATURE, MOISTURE TOURISM SPORTS PHYSICAL AND INTELECTUAL ENVIRON. EDUCATION INTERACTION WITH BIOTA AND CULTURAL HERITAGE ECOSYSTEMS

CULTURAL LEISURE ACTIVITIES AESTHETIC VALUE

Multicriteria BIODIVERSITY Multicriteria and multiagent decisions

DEFINITE (Decisions on a Finite set of alternatives) (Institute for Environmental Studies, University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; www.ivm.vu.nl).

ILWIS (Integrated Land and Water Information System) (http://www.ilwis.org). Multicriteria and multiagent decisions Ecosystem Services, Béni Boufrah, N Morocco Service Indicateur Thuya Reb. Pin Matorral Cultures Cactus Fertilité du sol % CO du sol 4,1 3,2 3,5 1,5 3,1 SS Production primaire PPN (g C m-2 an-1) 620 615 370 360 205 Contrôle d’érosion Contribution relative +++ ++ - - + SR Régulation des inondations Contribution relative +++ ++ - - + Régulation climatique locale T à la surface du sol (°C) 32,2 31,5 33,7 34,3 33,8 Accumulation de biomasse Biomasse (kg ha-1) 7850 10650 1710 2700 6000 Offre fourragère Valeur pastorale (%) 1 0 4 10 2 SA Offre de nourriture Valeur nutritive (106 Kcal ha-1) 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,5 2,9 Richesse en PAM Recouvrement PAM (%) 25 14 46 8 14 Provision d’eau Contribution relative ++ + + + + Valeur esthétique Valeur esthétique (score) 3,9 2,2 3,4 3,6 1,9 SC Valeur traditionnelle Valeur traditionnelle (score) 3,2 1,4 2,8 3,8 3,8 Richesse spécifique Richesse floristique 21 19 33 30 47 BD Endémisme & rareté Nb espèces vég. menacées 1 0 2 2 3 Richesse cynégétique Offre nourriture -habitat (score) 3,6 1,7 3,6 2,9 3,2 Offre d’emploi Offre annuelle (jours/ha/an) 20 75 15 30 10 BE Génération de revenus Revenu monétaire (Dh/ha/an) 1300 4000 3750 6150 4200 Coût Coût d’installation (Dh/ha/an) 6000 5000 3000 8000 2000 Multicriteria and multiagent decisions

(a) Scientifiques & Gestionnaires χ2=50.797; N=19; p<0.0001 Land use values based on ES and 0,250 a b b 0,200 c stakeholders’ vision d 0,150 2

χ =181.16; N=67; p<0.0001 Score global 0,100 0,250 a

0,050 b b c 0,200 0,000 d (b) Collaborateurs 2 0,250 χ =54.342; N=20; p<0.0001 0,150 a b b 0,200 c d

0,150

Score global 0,100

0,100 Score global

0,050 0,050 0,000

0,000 (c) Usagers directs 2 ThuyaThuya FiguierFiguier de barbarie Cultures PlantationsPlantation du pin Matorral 0,250 a χ =77.817; N=28; p<0.0001 Cultures b b b barbarie pin 0,200 c

0,150

0,100 Score global

0,050

0,000 ThuyaThuya FiguierFiguier de barbarie CulturesCultures PlantationsPlantation du pin Matorral barbarie pin Multicriteria and multiagent decisions Santa Ana Mountains, S California, USA

Kimball et al. (2015). Rest. Ecol. 23 Prioritization criteria

NATURAL SEMI- FUNCTIONS LAND SOCIO- AREAS NATURAL SCAPE ECONOMIC Spatial and temporal scales

EDEN Project, Cornwall, UK Spatial and temporal scales

GREEN INFRASTRUCTURES

European Environmental Agency (2014) doi:10.2800/11170 Spatial and temporal scales WORK AREAS AREA 1. CREVILLENT FOREST UNIT • Province of Alicante, SE Spain • High risk of desertification & flooding • Semiarid • 225,000 Ha

AREA 1. ENGUERA FOREST UNIT

Río Cabriel

Río Júcar Cofrentes Cortes de Pallás • Province of Valencia, SE Spain Millares Río Júcar

Jalance Quesa

Jarafuel Bco. del Agua • High risk of wildfire, hunting Teresa de Cofrentes Bicorp Río Reconque Río Sellent Zarra Navarrés Río Escalona

Bolbaite Río Grande Chella

Ayora • Rbla. Riajuelo Anna Dry sub-humid

Bco. Boquilla Enguera • 185,041 Ha Spatial and temporal scales

FORESTS WETLANDS RAINFED CROPS

SHRUBLANDS SAND DUNES ABANDONED

RIVERS IRRIGATED CROPS Spatial and temporal scales Spatial and temporal scales Active vs. passive restoration Habitat Time Ref. Aquatic (240) +40 Jones & Smith (2009)

Terrestrial +20 to Sansevero & Gambin tropical +100 (2015)

Prach et al. (2016). J. Veg. Sci. 17: 193-200 Bonet & Pausas, Plant Ecol. 2004 “Passive and various active restoration approaches need to be weighed on a case-by-case basis and depend on the goals, relative rates of recovery desired, and various social and financial costs implicit in each option” (Zahawi et al., 2015) Spatial and temporal scales

Preferred vs. expected timeframe (years) of outcomes to be achieved (n=48). 800 Conservation Parks, 12,000 ha, SE Queensland, Australia

Guerrero et al. (2017). Rest. Ecol. 25: 858-865. Quarry restoration as post-normal science

Coal Mine As Pontes (Galizia)

http://www.isdfundacion.org/ Quarry restoration as post-normal science

Coal Mine As Pontes (Galizia)

http://www.isdfundacion.org/ Quarry restoration as post-normal science

Coal Mine As Pontes (Galizia)

http://www.isdfundacion.org/ Quarry restoration as post-normal science Quarry restoration as post-normal science LIMITATIONS

• Regreening • Scarce attention to geomorphology • Deficient soil management • Maintenance, evaluation, monitoring • Supervised by Industry Dept. not Environmental authorities • Complex norms, overlap with other sectors (urbanization, water, pollution...) • Logistics • Guarantee covering the whole area (high expenditure) M. Jorba, J.F. Martín Duque, C. Martínez, J.M. Nicolau (2016). Ecological basis for a national strategy on Green Infrastructure, Connectivity and Ecological Restoration. (in press) Quarry restoration as post-normal science Cap de l’Horta (Alacant) - Concurso Barranco Orgegia (Alacant) Internacional de Ideas del Corredor Litoral de Alicante (2017)

Cala Vidre, Ametlla de Mar (Tarragona) 2015 Quarry restoration as post-normal science

Assumptions of: • Unpredictability Rules Values • Incomplete control • Plurality of legitimate perspectives Knowledge • Requires an extended peer community

Work against: • Traditional incentive systems • Current trends in public sector management • Loose organization of many end users Funtowicz and Ravetz (1993). Futures 25: 735−755. Colloff et al. (2017). Cons. Biol. 31: 1008-1017. Campbell et al. (2015) Sci. Tot. Environ. 534: 4-13. SER Europe role to promote high quality ER The Society for Ecological Restoration

. International network of practitioners, researchers, indigenous people, non- governmental organization representatives, consultants, land managers and governmental agency staff who work in the field of ecological restoration. . With nearly 3,000 members in 70 countries, SER is well-respected as the primary global entity regarding restoration issues. . SER members study and practice restoration in almost all ecosystem types – from prairies, savannas, and forests to tidal estuaries, freshwater wetlands, and coral reefs. SER Europe role to promote high quality ER The Society for Ecological Restoration SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Affiliated member organizations SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Resources

Island press SER Reports and Scientific journal- app Restoration book series Publications SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Resources SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Resources e-Newsletter

@SER_Europe www.ser-europe.org SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Resources SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Specialized courses • Summer school Dry Grassland Restoration. Hungary , 21- 25/08/2018. http://restorationcourse.okologia.mta.hu • Restoration of degraded drylands and monitoring of desertification processes. IAMZ-CIHEAM, IUCN, ICARDA, Zaragoza 5-10 Feb. 2018 • Creation and management of a register of donor sites for almost natural revegetation, Anhalt Univ. Appl. Sci., Bernburg 2-3/6/2015 • Approaches in wetland restoration – focus on fen landscapes, aware Project-Warsaw, Poland 21-25/04/2013 • New developments in restoration research and applied ecology, University of Münster, Germany, 26-28/2013 • RENO-SER2011 regional conference. Restoring the North – Challenges and Opportunities. Selfoss, Iceland, 20-22/10/2011 • SER2011 regional workshop and field days. Natural grassland as a source of biodiversity improvement. Bernburg, Germany, 18- 20/05/2011 SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Certification Program SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Support

• DG GROW/DG ENV 'Reconciling biodiversity protection and extractive activities’. • CONAMA • IUFRO • EcoPlantMed • Landcare • ECOMED • NASSTEC-INSR • Heidelberg Cement/QuarryLife • FAO-FLRM • IUCN • Cambridge Conservation Initiative (SLP) • QuarriesAlive • … SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Support

• DG GROW/DG ENV 'Reconciling biodiversity protection and extractive activities’. • CONAMA • IUFRO • EcoPlantMed • Landcare • ECOMED • NASSTEC-INSR • Heidelberg Cement/QuarryLife • FAO-FLRM • IUCN • Cambridge Conservation Initiative (SLP) • QuarriesAlive • … SER Europe role to promote high quality ER Biannual Conferences ICELAND 2018 9TH-13TH SEPTEMBER (SERE2018.ORG) SER2019: Cape Town, South Africa THANK YOU!!

JORDI CORTINA [email protected] @RestEcol_UA

TERECOVA – Tools for integrating ecological restoration into land planning in the Region of Valencia (CGL2014-52714-C2-1-R)