Brooches on the move in Migration Period Europe Magnus, Bente Fornvännen 2004(99):4, s. [273]-283 : ill. http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/2004_273 Ingår i: samla.raa.se Brooches on the move in Migration Period Europé By Bente Magnus

Magnus, B. 2004. Brooches on lhe move in Migration Period Europé. (Spenner pä vandring i folkevandringstidens Europa). Fornvännen 99. Stockholm.

During the sugar-beet harvest of 1942 a fragment of a Baltic crossbow brooch (KLM 20732) was found inside Gräborg, the largest of the Migration Period ring forts of Öland. On the basis of fragments of a casling mould for a similar brooch found at the central place of Hdgö on Lake Mälaren, Joachim Werner laler postulated that this type of brooch was mosl probably produced al Helgo. Around 1980 a female grave was excavated at the Bavarian row grave cemetery of Altenerding in Germany, containing a similar crossbow brooch and other pié­ ces of jewellery foreign to that region. The finds were tentativdy interpreted as pointing towards Seandinavia, and the lady was ascribed an ethnic affilialion: Swedish. This paper examines the arguments for this condusion and offers al­ ternatives. It also touches upon lhe difficult problem of interpreting foreign ob­ jects in female graves, particularly brooches, as ethnic markers.

Hen le Magnus, Saltmälargalan 6, SE-111 60 Slot kholm [email protected]

Gråborg, the Grey Fort, is the largest of the ted excavations on a small scale in Gråborg Migration Period ring forts of Oland. 16 forts during 2001—2003. are known today and three have been postula­ In the late summer of ig42, the sugar-beet ted on account of finds and place names (We- harvest was in full swing on a plot within the gra-us 1976, p. 36). Gråborg is not quite circu­ walls of Gråborg when a young woman suddenly lar and the area within the walls measures 210 found a small decorated metal object. Bertil Alm­ by 162 m. The surrounding wall is built mainly gren, then a young student spending the sum­ of rectangular blocks of limestone and its mer on the island, was suniinoned, and could in­ crown measures 640 m in circumference. Dur­ form the public that the object was made of gild­ ing the Middle Ages an outer ditch was added ed silver and was part of a fibula (fig. ui-c; KLM to the defence system. There are three gates, 20732). The find is the bow and foot in one pie­ one in the north, one in the south and one in ce of a crossbow brooch made of gilded silver the north-west, two of which were rebuilt in the and decorated in chip carving with spiral ten- Middle Ages and furnished with a vault and a drils and one animal head at each end. The tower. The area within the walls has been tilled brooch lacks the cross bar and its terminal at least since the 171b century. Several linds knobs as well as the are. The pin, which judging particularly from the Viking Period and the from traces on the fibula was made of iron, is early Middle Ages (after AD 1050) have come to also missing. The fibula measures 66 nun in light during seasonal agricultural work (Sten­ length and 1.2—1.5 mm in width. berger 1933, p. 214 ff). U.E. Hagberg has direc­

lornvännen gg (2004) 274 Bente Magnus

£1 I ^v". «•'

Fig. i a-c. Fragment of a crossbow brooch . Gilded sil­ ver. Gråborg ring fort, Öland, Sweden. KLM 20732. Photograph by ti. Hildebrand, Raä. Scale 1:1.

A produet front Helgo? foot, and a compact gilded silver crossbow The brooch fragment was first published by brooch of the Gråborg type. This set of jewelle­ Werner (1951) who conduded that it was Masu- ry led Werner to condude thal the buried wo­ rian, a condusion accepted by Äberg (1953, p. man was most probably of Scandinavian origin 93 f). fn a låter artide about the mobility of ob­ and that her silver brooch may have been pro­ jects and persons, Werner (1970) again focused duced in a workshop at Hdgö (Werner 1970, on the Gråborg brooch due to a find from p. 78 ff). Sage on the other hand, who excava­ Hdgö of two fragments of a mould for the cas­ ted the grave, says the furnishing characterises ting of a similar crossbow brooch (fig. 2). Wer­ a lady buried in the coslume of the southern ner refers to works of Äberg and Oxenstierna Baltic region "...das charakterisiert aber wohl where the type is described as East Prussian am treffendsten Grab 421, in welchem im (Masurgermanic). The two mould fragments friihen 6. Jahrhundert eine Dame in der fräind- from Hdgö and the Gråborg brooch made him ländischen Tracht des sudlichen Ostseeraumes question the traditionally ascribed origin of this ihre letzte Ruhestätte fand" (1975, p. 275 f), type of brooches (ig7<», p. 80) and instead sug­ which is not quite the same as Werner's con­ gest a Scandinavian origin. dusion. Werner's tentative condusion was strengthe- Menghin (iggo, p. 75, Abb. 62) niaintai- ned by a female grave (grave 421) at the Ba­ ned that the jewellery of grave 42 1 has its coun- varian row grave cemetery at Altenerding in ici parts in the South Baltic region and that the Oberbayern, Germany with an unusual set of je­ lady in question probably originated there. wellery (Sage 1 g84, p. 1 20 f). It consists of two What the terms "siidliches Ostseeraum'" or dress pins and a neck ring of bronze, a bronze "South Baltic region" ineans is not entirely crossbow brooch with ribbon-shaped bow and clear, but obviously neither Sage nor Menghin

Fornvännen g.t {2004) Brooches on lhe move in Migration Period Europé 275

tion for a small ring. The pin's stern and head are separated by a moulding. According to Werner the pins are Scandinavian: "Dieses Nadelpaar ist skandinavisch und besitzt von Norwegen iiber Schweden bis Finnland zahl­ reiche Parallellen" (1970, p. 80). In the Mig­ ration Period dress pins were in use in Sean­ dinavia and Finland, but they disappear from the graves in the early Merovingian Period in Norway and mainland Sweden with a change in dress fashion. On Gotiand and Bornholm, in Finland and particularly in the Baltic countries, however, dress pins continued in use. Perfo­ rated dress pins with rings to fästen long chains of bronze spirals are well known from Lett- gallia (Balodis ig4o, p. 128, figs. 4, 5, 7).

Fig. 2. Two fragments of clay moulds for casting a I have not been able to find exact parallels crossbow brooch. Hdgö, Uppland, Sweden. Scale to the pins from Altenerding among the pub­ lished Scandinavian material. In the fairly large material of dress pins and casting moulds for dress pins from Hdgö, this design does not oc­ agreed with Werner about the Scandinavian cur (Waller iggö, p. 48). Dress pins with mush­ origin of the buried lady. According to Meng­ room-shaped heads in round are well known hin, the large Bavarian row grave cemeteries from Gotland both in the Migration Period Erding-Altenerding and Straubing-Bajuwaren- (period VL2; Nerman 1935, p. 70 f, Taf. 38, strasse show signs of a mixed population. This figs. 382~3gi) and particularly in the Early stems from the hislorically attested withdrawal Merovingian /Vendel Period (period VII:i; of the Roman troops in lhe 51b century, which Nerman 1969, p. 6g 1, Taf. 14—15). None, how­ left this region free for Germanic and other ever, have a flat and perforated mushroom sha­ groups of tribal seltlers to move in. ped head. Most of the pins from Gotland be­ long to non-grave contexts but they also occur The. jewelkry from Allenerding grave 421 in a number of graves at the cemetery of Werner's idea of a Scandinavian origin for the Barshalder (Rundkvist 21x13, p. 156, fig. 1 o: 13D; Bavarian lady and also for the crossbow brooch i'.174, fig. 10:1 gF; p. 205, lig. 10:228). from Gråborg has continued to circulate in the On Bornholm, dress pins belong to the fe­ archaeological literature (cf. .Arrhenius 1992; male jewellery of the Early Merovingian Pe­ Koch iggg; Bitner-Wröblewska 2000, 2001). It riod, c. AD 540—600 (AM II-III, Hoilund pha­ may therefore be of interest to re-evaluate the se lAB; Hoilund Nielsen 1987, p. 6g, lig. ig). basis for Werner's condusion, particularly in At the cemetery of N0rre Sandegård Vest the the light of research done since ig70. Let us use of dress pins ceased completely around the treat the "Scandinavian" piéces first (fig. 3). transition of phase 1D2 to phase 2A, i.e. AD The pair of dress pinsis foreign to the Bavarian 700 (Jörgensen & Nörgård Jörgensen igg7, p. female dress of this period. I presume ihal 45, fig. 15). In Orsnes' seminal study from Werner was convinced of their Scandinavian 1966 there are only a few dress pins (p. 160 ff, origin after taking part in the Hdgö conferen­ figs 197—805). Most of them have been found ce in ig68 and seeing the casling moulds for in Bornholm and belong early in the period. dress pins found at this site (Waller 1996). The Although dress pins were much used in Altenerding dress pins are made of bronze wilh Seandinavia during the Migration Period, the a flat mushroom-shaped head with a perfora- dress pins of the Altenerding grave may well bc

Itonvännen gg (2004) 276 Bente Magnus

Fig.3. Tbc major objects from grave 421, Altenerding, Bavaria (after Sage 1984).

Fornvännen gg (2004) Brooches on the måne in Migration Period Europé 277 of South Baltic origin but made according to is the best preserved and the most distinctly fa- Gotlandic or Bornholmian fashion. Another pos­ shioned of the group with spring and coil and sible source for the dress pins may be Anglo- punched decoration. Then follows the Kentish Saxon England where such pins, but mostly brooch, the brooch from Öland and the small used singly, are rather common (Timby iggö, indistinct brooch from Muhlhausen (Werner p. 5g; Evison ig87, p. 82). Ghronologically the 1955, p. 76, Abb. 1, 1—3). However, new speci­ dress pins belong in the Late Migration Period mens of this type of brooch have turned up in or Early Merovingian Period. I condude that recent excavations in Kent. In the cemetery on the dress pins constitute a weak link in any Mill Hill, the well-furnished female grave 73 chain of indications aiming to put an ethnic contained a cast imitation of such a brooch stamp on the Altenerding lady. (Parfitt &: Brugmann 1 gg7, p. 45 f, fig. 13c!, fig. The bronze brooch from grave 421 is a cross­ 16). Also, the eponymous Ozingell site has bow brooch of a rare type named Ozingell af­ produced another pair of brooches of the same ter an early grave find from the Isle of Thanet, type as the original 1 gth century find (Parfitt & Kent, England. Here, two similar brooches were Brugmann igg7, p. 46). It seems that the case found (Shetelig 1 g 1 o, p. 73, fig. 44; Äberg 1983, for a Scandinavian origin for the Ozingell type p. 128, fig. 220; Werner 1955, p. 75; Schulze- brooches is rather weak. It is in fact most pro Dörrlamm 1 g86, p. 618 ff). Olher brooches of bably an Anglo-Saxon type. A further brooch of this type are one from Sättra, Gärdslösa parish, this type was published in 2002 (Droberjar Öland; one from grave 130 at Hoogebeintuni 8003, p. 109). It was found in a sunken feature near Leewarden on the coast of Holland (Wer­ building at Jenstein 2 near Prague and seems ner 1955) and a fragmented piece from a fe­ to be the finest specimen of them all with a va­ male grave in the row grave cemetery at Gö- ried punch decoration. mersche Landstrasse, Mtihlhausen, Thuringia The bronze neckkl consists of a rod with cir­ (Behm-Blancke 1959, p. 240 ff, Taf. 3g; Schulze- cular section and a flattened front part with Döriiannn 1986, p. 61g 0- The brooch from punched decoration. Its distinguishing feature Öland is according to Äberg a unique find in is the hook-and-eye fastening on the right- East Seandinavia. It probably belongs with three hand side, which is unique. This feature is un­ other simple crossbow brooches, a bronze finger known in Seandinavia. Kivikoski considered it ring and some glass beads deformed by fire, a special Estonian feature without citing refe­ found in a cremation grave in a small cairn rences, cf. Orsnes 1966. Neck rings were po (SHM inv. no. g585; Stenberger 1933, p. 63; pillar during the Migration and Early Mero­ Beskow Sjöberg ig87, p. 2go, no. 20, 340). vingian Periods on Golland and Bornholm, in The Miihlhausen grave contained several Finland and in the East Baltic region. A few have small brooches of presumed Anglo-Saxon ori­ also been found on the Swedish mainland and gin in addition to an imitation of an Anglo- in AngloSaxon contexts (Adams & Jackson Saxon great square-headed relief brooch with 1990, p. 59, 156). Orsnes (1966, p. 168 1) assig­ a tongue-like terminal lobe, no distinci side lo- ned the Altenerding necklet to his group Q8 bes on the loot plate and riidimentary decora­ and generally considered the south Scan­ tion (Behm-Blancke 1959, fig. 3g). Schulze- dinavian necklets of the early Merovingian Dörrlamm (1986, p. 320) considered the small Period to be local produets inspired by the fa­ Ozingell brooch to be of Scandinavian origin shion cn vogne east of the Baltic Sea. Wamers and the "relief brooch" to be an imitation of a (2000, p. 54 i), referring to Werner 1970, sug­ Scandinavian one. Haseloff (1981, p. 497 ff), gests a south Swedish origin for the lady of on the other hand, considered the relief brooch Altenerding grave 421 and maintains that her to be a Gentral German copy of a Scandinavian necklet may have parallels from Öland. No model made by a craftsman who showed little necklet of this type is, however, known from understanding of Germanic Animal Style I. Öland according to the publications Olands järnåldersgravfält I-IV (The Iron Age cemete- The type Ozingell brooch from Altenerding

Fornvännen gg (2004) 278 Bente Magnus

ries of Öland). The same goes for Bornholm ches, the decoration of the Gråborg brooch and Gotland. On Gotland necklets of similar shows affinity with brooches of the Gotland- shape but with the fastening contraption worn at Öland type (Näsman ig84; Sjovold igg4, figs the back of the neck are not known from grave 28—2g) in the following features: the silver döts finds, only from votive deposits. Nerman con­ in niello on the moulding, the spirals executed siders necklets an East Baltic influence (Ner­ in chip carving on the bow, and the "buffer" man 1935, p. 71), which is as close as we can get which protrudes below the animal head termi­ at the moment. Consequently, the proposed nal on the foot. The animal heads of the Grå­ Scandinavian origin för the Altenerding necklet borg brooch and other brooches of the same is dubious. type are also similar to the animal-shaped Ven­ The crossbow brooch from the Altenerding del Period sword pommel from Kirmukarmu, grave is of a type well-known in the south Baltic Vesilahti parish, Finland (Kivikoski 1973, Abb. area. It is made of gilded bronze cast in several 508). The general outline of the brooches is al­ piéces and measures 60 mm. Much research so obviously related to Early Vendel Period has been done on the origin and chronology of crab brooches like the very fine specimen from this brooch type (cf. Bitner-Wröblewska 2000, Hallbjäns, Lau parish, Gotland (fig. 4). 2001; Bliujiené ms.). I will not enter that dis­ The two piéces of a casting mould for a cussion, but present some views on the scant crossbow brooch of the Tumiany type found at Swedish material related to the Altenerding Hdgö (fig. 2) may be interpreted in a number grave, namely the Gråborg piece and the two of ways. The mould must have been used to ma­ fragments of a mould for casting a brooch of ke a brooch of the compact type with a simpli- that type found at Hdgö. fied construction in three parts, i.e. the whole The brooch from Gråborg belongs to a type brooch cast in one piece, plus a spiral and the called Daumen/Tumijany (Bitner-Wröblewska pin on the back. No other fragments of the 2000, p. 183; 2001, p. 83 ff). Only one part of mould were retrieved at Hdgö, but we must as­ it remains, the bow and foot in one piece (fig. sume that they once existed and were used for 1). Originally it had a number of additional casting at least one compact crossbow brooch. parts: a cross bar, two terminal knobs, two spi­ Unfortunatdy, the mould fragments were found rals, an are and a pin. The pin catch is rectangu­ very early in the 25 years' campaign at Hdgö lar with cross-hatching on both sides. The de­ and no information about the exact find spöt coration of the brooch is executed in deep chip within building complex no. 3 is recorded (Års­ carving with animal motifs as well as scrolls. rapport 1968, p. 1 1). Tbousands of fragments of The decoration is divided in two halves by way moulds for casling more than 210 Migration of a ribbon-like moulding running the entire Period relief brooches were found in tbc work­ length of the brooch. It shows traces of niello shop areas at Helgo, but lhe majority of the with silver döts. The motifs are the same on both brooches produced have never been found halves and may thus be understood seen from (Lundström ig72,p. 137). They were most like­ above as well as from the sides. The moulding ly melted down and the metal re-used when the branches off in four places framing two terminal relief brooches went out of use. Most of lhe ob­ animal heads and one at each end of the bow. jects produced at Hdgö belong to the period c. The heads have open mouths displaying teeth AD 300—550. However, casting moulds for or the tongue. On the foot of the brooch above brooches of the låter 6th century, the Early the terminal head and on both sides of the mid- Vendel Period (such a.s small equal-armed rib there is a panel with a pattern which may be brooches. Husby brooches, crab brooches and interpreted as a couple of animal limbs. bird brooches), demonstrate that at least one workshop continued to operate after the main The decorative style looks at first glance like production had come to an end. Scandinavian Style I. A doser look, however, re­ veals that it is not, but soniething with dose affi- Despite the two mould fragments, my opi­ nities. Compared with Scandinavian relief broo nion is that there is little reason to believe that l-toovänni-n t)g 121104) Brooches on the move in Migration Period Europé 27g

Fig. 4. Grab brooch. Hallbjäns, Lau parish, Gotland, Sweden. Drawing by C, Bonnevier. Scale 1:1.

the compact type of the Baltic crossbow broo brooches are stray finds, but the Hönstorp ches originated and was generally produced in brooch was found not too far north of Gråborg Seandinavia. There is a much stronger case for (Åberg ig23, p. 131, fig. 234, 235). The Dau- such brooches to have been produced in Ma- nien/Tumiany type contains both slender and suria in present north-east Poland, as both compact crossbow brooches with relatively large Äberg and Werner once maintained. The cross­ knobs and with most of the brooch body deco bow brooches of Bitner-Wröblewska's two main rated with either spirals or animal motifs in re­ types are foreign to the costume of Migration lief. The shape of the knobs demonstrates their Period Seandinavia, female as well as male. relation to Late Roman brooches with onion Bitner-Wröblewska (2000, p. 183; 2001, p. knobs and to the låter Baltic poppy capsule 7g) has suggested a division of the Baltic and crossbow brooches. The Daunien/Tinniany ty­ Masinian crossbow brooches according not to pe, to which the Gråborg brooch belongs, was shape, but according to presence or absence of made in two main varieties, one composite and relief decoration. This original solution to a one compact. They have a wide distribution difficult problem gives two main groups of from Bavaria över Masuria to Lithuania, Latvia crossbow brooches, which she has named the and Oland (see map in Bitner-Wröblewska Sensbnrg/Mragowo type and the Daumen/Tu- 2001) and confirm the widespread net of con­ miany type, respectivdy. To the Sensburg/Mra- tacts among people on the move that is cha­ gowo type (crossbow brooches of slender con­ racteristic of the mid-first millennium AD. struction without relief decoration but with a As for the chronology of tbc brooches, opi­ animal head terminal on the foot) she reckons nions differ very little. Werner (ig7o, p. 78) three specimens found at Öland: at Hönstorp, dated Altenerding grave 421 to the first half of Algutsrum parish; at Skogsby, Torslunda pa­ the sixth century AD, which has become a gui- rish; plus one unprovenanced brooch. The deline for the dating of this type of crossbow

Fornvännt-n t)t) 12004) 280 Bente Magnus brooches (cf. Kazakevicius 1983, p. 104; Bitner- To answer the first question: as far as we Wröblewska 2000, p. ig; 2001, p. 87). I find it know, post-marital residence was virilocal, i.e. difficult to suggest a chronological framework the woman went to live with her husband's fa­ for this type of brooches based on the available mily. If there were differences in costume be­ material. Generally they seem to belong to the tween her home region and her new home, final phase of the Migration Period or even the one would presume that she would be given earliest phase of" the Merovingian/Vendel Pe­ the appropriate dress of her luisband's home riod. region when moving into her new household (Straume iggs, p. g7 ff)- But more to the A n exa mple of exoga my ? point: is it likely that she would be dressed in Werner conduded that the lady of the Alten­ her "native" costume or decorated with her erding grave 421 could be an obvious example "native" jewellery when buried or cremated? of exogamy. To my knowledge no grave find The second question is whether women we­ with a set of jewellery similar to that of the re used as political pawns outside of the very Altenerding grave is known from Seandinavia. dite among the Germanic societies. As far as It comprises an unusual inixlure of Baltic and we know, this was not common, and the lady of Anglo-Saxon items, and the only items that the Altenerding grave 421 did not, judging may tentativdy be labelled Scandinavian are from the furnishings of her grave, belong to the two dress pins. the top level of society. She may of course have Ursula Koch (1 ggg) bas listed all known been the victim of abduetion (Vierck 1970, p. male and female grave finds containing objects 394) and have followed Thuringians 011 their that do not conform with the "normal" pattern way to South Germany, as proposed by Koch. of South German row grave cemeteries on the Vierck's condusion that, judging from her je­ right-hand side of the Rhine in the second wellery, the lady of Altenerding was most pro­ quarter of lhe sixth century. Her underlying bably Anglo-Saxon, seems better founded than idea is that female dress accessories disdose the any suggestion of a Scandinavian origin. Arrhe­ ethnic affiliation of the deceased, i.e. that North nius (1993) has discussed exogamy in relation Germanic/Scandinavian women who were mar­ to early Germanic marriage traditions, låter co ried off to men further south in Europé were dified in laws, about morning gift and dowry. buried in their original regional costume. This She maintains that gold jewellery like bractea­ was also the idea behind Werner's postulate tes and gilded silver great relief brooches may that the woman of Altenerding grave 421 was well have been part of a morning gift within the an example of exogamy from South Seandi­ Germanic dite. When such piéces appear "fo­ navia. Koch, who calls the lady in question reign" in relation to the rest of the funerary "Swedish", considers the Scandinavian influx outfit, exogamy may well be the explanation. into South Germany to have come with the Thuringians, allowing links to the written history Settlers and raiders of this people. She may be right, but there are My intention with this artide is not to question major problems in assigning graves to ethnic whether cases of exogamy are possible to de­ groups and postulate exogamy. duce from an archaeological material. Rather, it Before suggesting an ethnic interpretation is to focus on Werner's artide from 1970 which there are certain questions to be answered or at has had such a profound influence both 011 the least discussed. The first is whether women gi­ chronology of the Baltic Middle Iron Age and ven in marriage far from their home region were 011 the conception of the importance of the likely to be buried in their "native" costume. Se­ Scandinavian influence south of lhe Baltic Sea. condly, was exogamy a common political way of The widespread distribution of the Daumen/ securing bonds between families other tban Tumyani brooches of the variant found in Grå­ among the Germanic societal dite in the Mig- borg may be due to itinerant craftsmen who ad­ ration Period? opted Scandinavian ornamental details when

Fornvännen gg (2004) Brooches on the move in Migration Period 281 producing typical Baltic brooches (Bitner-Wröb­ curred during the Migration Period at Gråborg lewska 2001, p. 87 f). Brooches like the one or one of the other forts of Öland. The island's from Gråborg are considered to be jewellery wealth must have worked like a magnet on war- for high status men (cf. Bliujiené ms.), but could lords of the east and south shores of the Baltic, obviously be worn also by women outside of the and the threat of seaborne attack must have been core distribution area of the brooches. The permanent Moreover, from Öland the straits of Gråborg brooch may thus have belonged either Kalmar gave easy access to mainland Sweden. to a man or a woman. If we choose to see it as a The Baltic interest indicated by the single finds male attribute, the next question is, what a of Baltic Migration Period brooches on Öland high-ranking Baltic or Masurian man was doing does not seem as clear in the Vendel Period within the walls of the largest Migration Period and appears very limited in the Viking Period. fortress of Öland. This question is eqnally rele­ There is a låter type of Baltic crossbow brooch vant for the other single finds of Baltic broo­ with poppy capsule knobs, related both to the ches known from Öland (cf. Äberg 1923, p. compact and to the slender type of crossbow 123 ff.) brooches from the Migration Period and/or The position of the island of Öland in the Early Vendel Period. It occurs in Finland and in Baltic Sea opens it to peaceful as well as martial the east Baltic area in the Viking Period. A frag­ contact both with the Swedish mainland and ment of this type of brooch came to light in the areas east and south of the Baltic Sea. The 16 ring fort of Eketorp on Öland and another at ring forts testify to the population's need for Hilleshög in Uppland (J.P. Lamm ig87, p. 70 defence, and the numerous hoards of Roman ff). The Hilleshög fragment has interlace deco solidi, ring gold and gold jewellery from this ration which is otherwise unknown on broo­ period give an indication of the island's wealth ches of this type. This caused J.P. Lamm to pos­ (I lerschend 1980, p. 252). The gold finds are tulate a possible Scandinavian origin for this type not spread evenly över the island, bul gather in of brooch as he associated it with the two much the coastal areas on either side of Gråborg, the earlier mould fragments for a crossbow brooch largest ring fort of the island, in the region from Helgo. Hilleshög is not very far from located between the third and fourth largest Helgo and the låter urban settlement of Birka ring forts Ismanstorp and Mossberga as well as in Lake Mälaren, and both sites have yielded south of the second-largest ring fort Löt (Näs- workshop debris from jewellery casting (Am­ man ig84, p. 127). The distribution of Baltic brosiani 1994, igg5; K. Lamm 1977). Like brooches on Öland seems to be connected with Werner, J.P. Lamm indicated that the Swedish settlements, as only one has as yet been found workshops may have contributed to the pro­ in a grave. duction of Baltic crossbow brooches. Only fur­ ther finds of workshop material may strengt- Settlers and raiders from the east and south hen or weaken this suggestion. Baltic regions were probably common on Öland in the Migration Period, despite the fact that a Origin myths current in the Migration number of single brooches is all the proof we Period among a number of Germanic gentes have. There is, however, a folk tradition con­ taught that their mythical forebears had once nected with the ring fort of Gråborg saying that emigrated from the island of Scandza. This the fort was once owned by a king Bugislev. He idea seems to have a modern archaeological may tentativdy be identified with the historical counterpart. person Burislef, son of the i2th century Swe­ dish king Sverker the old in his second marria­ PostscrifH ge to Rikissa, daughter of king Boleslev III of Several of the Baltic/Masurian Migration Poland (Stenberger 1933, p. 232, note 2). Period crossbow brooches and the Viking Pe­ Even if this tradition may have appeared as a re­ riod ones have very distinct knobs in the shape sult of a Medieval historical situation, it is not of large poppy capsules, a feature which may unlikely that a similar situation may have oc­ originally have been inspired by provincial Ro-

Fomvännen gg (2004) 282 Bente Magnus

man brooches with onion shaped knobs (Nowa­ Haseloff, G. 1981. Die germanische Tierornamentik der kowski igg8, p. 55). This makes one wonder \'ölkerwanderungszeil. Berlin. whether the men (or women) who wore them Herschend, F. 1980. Myntat och omynlat guld. 'Ivå stu­ dier i öländska guldfynd. Uppsala. were thought to possess esoteric and/or medi­ Hoilund Nielsen, K. 1987. '/.ur Chronologie der junge­ cal knowledge. Poppy comes in many variants ren germanischen Eisenzeit auf Bomholm. Acla and the opium poppy was well known in anti­ Archaeologica 57. Copenhagen. quity. Pliny, in his books on Natural History - 1999. Female gravegoods of southern and eas­ (book ig, p. 167—16g; book 20, p. 198—206), tern Seandinavia from the late Germanic Iron discusses the different species of poppy and is Age or Vendel Period. Hines, J. et al. (eds). The Pace of Change. Studies in Early Medieval Chro­ rather explicit a.s regards the production of nology. Cardiff Studies in Archaeology. Oxford. opium and its medical use. - 2000. The political Geography of Sixth- and Seventh Century Southern and Eastern Sean­ A cknowledgements dinavia on the Basis of Material Culture. Kaza­ 1 am indebted to Dr. Karen Hoilund Nielsen, kevicius, V. et al. (eds). Archaeologica Hallien \. Vilnius, Ärhus and Dr. Kent Andersson, Stockholm for Jörgensen, L.& Nörgård Jörgensen, A. 1997. N0rre reading the manuscript and comnienting Sandegård Vest. A Cemetery from lhe 6—Sth Centuries upon it, and to Audroné Bliujiené, Vilnius, for on Bornholm. Nordiske Fortidsminder Serie B, letting me read her manuscript on the vol. 14. Copenhagen. Lithuanian Migration Period. Kazakevicius, V. 1983. A rare animal-headed cross­ bow brooch from Plinkaigalis in Lithuania. Fornvännen 78. References Kivikoski, E. 1973. Die Eisenzeit Einnkmds. Neuaus- Adams, B. 8cJackson, D. 1990. The Anglo-Saxon Ce­ gabe. Finnische Altertumsgesdlschaft Helsinki. metery at Wakerley, Norlhaniplonshire. Exca­ Koch, U. 1999. Nordeuropäisches Fundmaterial in vations by Mr. D. Jackson, 1968-9. Northampton- Gräbern Suddeulschlands rechts dei Rhein. von shireArchaeology 22 (1988-89). Northampton. Freeden et al. (eds). Völker an Nord- und Oslesee Ambrosiani, B. 8c Eriksson, B. 1994. Birka vikingasta­ und die Franken. Römisch-Germanische Kommis­ den 4. Sveriges radios förlag. Stockholm. sion. Reiss-Museum Mannheim. Bonn. - 1995. Birka vikingastaden 5. Sveriges radios för­ Kriiger B. (ed.). 1986. Die Germanen. Geschichte und lag. Stockholm. Kullur der germanischen Slämme in Mitteleuropa II. Balodis, F. 1940. Det äldsta iMlkmd. Uppsala. Berlin. Behm-Blancke, G. 1959. Angdsächsischc-r Import in Lamm, J.P. 1987. Konsthantverk och kommunika­ Thuringen. Ausgrabungen nnd Funde. Nachrich­ tion över Östersjön under järnåldern. Skepp nrb tenblatt fur Vor- undEruhgesehichle4. Berlin. Smide. Artiklar tillägnade Ver Lundström. Statens Beskow-Sjöberg, M. 1987. Olands järnäUersgravjäll I. Sjöhistoriska Museum. Stockholm. Statens Historiska Museum & Riksantikvarie­ Lamm, K. 1977. Early Medieval Metalworking on ämbetet. Stockholm. Hdgö in Central Sweden. Oddy, W.A.(ed.). As- Bitner-Wröblewska, A. 2000. Between Guronia and jrects of early metallurgy. British Museum. London. Bavaria. Animal-head brooches resulting from Lundström, A. 1972. Relief Brooches. Introduction long-distance connections during Migration to Form element and Variation. Holmqvist, W. et Period. Kazakevicius, V. et al. (eds) Archaeologia al. (eds). Excavations al Helgii IV. Workshop Earl I. Hallit11. |. Lithuanian Institute of History. Vilnius. KVHAA. Stockholm. — 2001. From Samland to Rogaland. East-Wesl connec­ Menghin, W. 1990. Eruhgesehichle Bayerns. Stuttgart. tions in Ihe Baltic basin during Ihe Early Mlgiiition Nerman, B. 1935. Die Völkerwanderungszeit Gotlands. Period. Warszawa. KVHAA. Stockholm. Bliujenc, A. Ms. Origin of the sixth century Baltic 196g. Die Vendelzeit Gotlands. Tafeln. KVHAA. zoomorphic artefacts and the development of a Stockholm. Baltic animal style. Nowakowski, W. 1998. Die Funde der römischen Kaiser­ Droberjar, E. 2002. Encyklojmlie Rimské a Germanske zeit nnd der Viilki-rivanderungszeil aus Masuren. Be- Archeologii- v Ceeliäili a na Moravf. Prague. standskataloge / Museum fiir Vor- und Fruhge­ Evison.V. 1987. Dover. The Buekland Anglo-Saxon schichte, Band (i. Berlin. Cemetery,aArchaeological Report 3. Historie Build­ Näsman, U. 1984. Zwei Relieffibeln von der Insel ings and Monuments Gommission for England. Öland. Ihaehislorische Zeitschrift 1. Berlin 8c New London. York. fomvånntn gg (2004) Brooches on the move in Migration Period 283

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Sammanfattning

Artikkelen tar sitt utgångspunkt i et funn av en bayern, og graven dessuten inneholdt fremme­ baltisk armbrostfibula inne i Gråborg, Ölands de gjenstander som man mente pekte mot Skan­ st0rste borg fra folkevandringstiden. Et par dinavia (så som draktnåler, en draktspenne av ty­ fragmenter av en stopeform til slike spenner pen Ozingell og en halsring), var grunnen lagt ble funnet veldig tidlig i utgravningene på for å gi kvinnen en svensk etnisk tilhörighet. Hdgö, ogjoachim Werner koplet disse to fun­ Artikkelen gjennomgår argumentasjonen for nene sammen og hevdet i en artikkel at slike denne slutningen og awiser den, men påpeker baltiske fibler var produsert på Hdgö i folke­ problemene med å tolke fremmede gjenstan­ vandringstiden. Da en liknende spenne ble der, isaer draktspenner i kvinnegraver, som et­ funnet i en kvinnegrav på et rekkegravfelt i Ober niskt- markörer.

Fornvännen gg (2004)