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Descripción Del Macho De Formica Subrufa Roger, 1859 Y Creación De Un Nuevo Subgénero (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

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Descripción Del Macho De Formica Subrufa Roger, 1859 Y Creación De Un Nuevo Subgénero (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Eos, t. 65 (2), págs. 281-291 (1989) Descripción del macho de Formica subrufa Roger, 1859 y creación de un nuevo subgénero (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) POR A. TINAUT Resumen En el presente trabajo se describe al macho de Formica subrufa Roger, 1859; el cual había sido descrito concisamente y con dudas por EMERY (1909). En base a la morfología de las tres castas y a aspectos de tipo etológico se incluye a este especie en un nuevo subgénero que denominamos Iberofor- mica aludiendo a la distribución preferente de esta especie, siendo así apar- tada del subgénero Serviformica Forel, 1913 en el que había sido incluida hasta ahora. Summary In this paper the male of Formica subrufa Roger, 1859 is described. It had been described concisely and with doubts by EMERY (1909). This species is included in a new subgenus that is named by us lberofor- mica, according to the morphology of the three castes and aspects of the ethologic sorts, and with the preferential distribution of this species, being in that way separated from the subgenus Serviformica in which it had been included until now. INTRODUCCIÓN Formica subrufa Roger, 1859 es una especie conocida tan sólo del sur- este de Francia y de la Península Ibérica en donde es bastante frecuente so- bre todo en Andalucía y Levante, a pesar de lo cual sus sexuados no han sido fáciles de encontrar por lo que tan sólo se conocían de ellos las descripcio- nes dadas por EMERY (1909) y recogidas por WHEELER (1913), estas descrip- ciones eran demasiado escuetas pero además la del macho era atribuida con dudas a este especie. Por esta razón hemos considerado oportuno incluir en este trabajo una descripción lo más completa posible para las tres castas. Esta especie había sido incluida hasta ahora en el subgénero Serviformi- ca Forel, 1913; el hallazgo de una larga serie de machos recogidos ene! mis- mo hormiguero nos ha permitido ver que presentan una serie de caracteres 282 A. TINAUT uniformes y diferentes a los que presentan los machos de F. fusca Linneo, 1758 y especies próximas, lo que unido a las particulares características de las obreras y de las hembras de esta especie nos hace creer conveniente la creación de un nuevo subgénero en el que de momento tan sólo se incluye a esta especie y al que denominamos Ibero formica nov. subg. aludiendo a la distribución, preferentemente ibérica, de la única especie en él incluida. DESCRIPCIÓN Iberoformica nov. subg. ESPECIE TIPO: Formica subrufa Roger, 1859. CARACTER1STICAS.—A pesar de incluir tan sólo a una especie las caracte- rísticas que designamos para el subgénero las vamos a establecer por com- paración con las otras especies del género Formica Linneo, 1758. Considera- mos por tanto que podemos delimitar estas características a las siguientes: obreras con el peciolo de tipo nodiforme y mesonoto cóncavo; hembras con el mesotórax y el metatórax menos desarrollado que lo normal para el géne- ro y gastro con el primer segmento casi rectangular, lo que le confiere un cierto parecido con las obreras; por último los machos son de tamaño simi- lar al de las obreras, nudo peciolar bajo y triangular, sagita muy apuntada y volsella más esbelta. Obrera. (Fig. 1b).—Monomórfica, oscilando su tamaño entre 5,2 mm y 6,0 Fig. 1.—A.: Perfil de obrera de Formica lemani. B: Perfil de obrera de Forrnica subrufa. DESCRIPCION DEL MACHO DE FORMICA SUBRUFA 283 mm. (27 -= 5,53; 0,23 n = 20). Cabeza pardo oscura o rojiza, tórax oscurecién- dose progresivamente del pronoto al epinoto, peciolo y gastro; algunos indi- viduos son uniformemente pardo oscuros; apéndices de color similar al de la cabeza. Todo el cuerpo sin brillo, debido a una microescultura de tipo pun- tiforme. Quetas cortas, truncadas y suberectas, distribuidas por todo el cuer- po. Cabeza algo más larga que ancha, casi rectangular, ángulos occipitales redondeados. Mandíbulas fuertes, estriadas, con seis dientes agudos. Borde anterior clipeal convexo, clípeo carenado, bordes laterales y posterior cur- vados. Aristas frontales cortas y rectas. Escapo largo, sobrepasando el bor- de occipital. Artejos del funículo más largos que anchos, los cuatro prime- ros prácticamente iguales entre sí, el resto un poco más cortos. Ojos com- puestos grandes, situados en la mitad posterior. Ocelos normales. Tórax con el meso-metanoto cóncavo, lo que representa, junto con las que- tas erectas, el carácter más significativo de este especie. Peciolo lateralmente biconvexo, frontalmente casi cilíndrico, no escami- forme. Gastro con brillo sedoso y plateado debido a una finísima pubescencia y a la microescultura, además las quetas blancas tumbadas y pequeñas que se encuentran por todo el cuerpo son aquí un poco más abundantes. Hembra. (Figs. 2 y 3).—De tamaño superior al de la obrera (7( = 9,1; 0,46 n = 3). Tiene sin embargo, un aspecto algo similar a ella. Brillo sedoso. Ca- beza y tórax rojizos, peciolo y gastro pardo oscuro. Pilosidad similar a la de las obreras, aunque un poco más fina. Cabeza ligeramente más larga que ancha (IC= 1,10 0,04, n = 3). Mandíbu- las fuertes y estriadas, con ocho dientes agudos. Borde anterior clipeal con- vexo, débilmente escotado en el centro. Clipeo con una quilla central. Aris- tas frontales y antenas como en las obreras. Ojos compuestos grandes y si- tuados en la mitad posterior. Ocelos normales. Tórax levemente más estrecho que la cabeza. Pronoto visible dorsalmen- te. Escudo, escudete y metanoto formando un solo plano. Epinoto en curva suave. Microescultura a base de estrías. Las quetas tumbadas y pequeñas son numerosas en el epinoto. Peciolo corto y alto, en forma de escama pero más grueso que lo típico para Formica. Apice débilmente escotado en el centro. Gast ro similar al de las obreras, alargado y con el primer segmento casi tan ancho como largo en vista dorsal. Macho (Figs. 4 y 6 B, E e I).—De pequeño tamaño( 7 = 6,04; 0,19, n -= 14). Todo el cuerpo de color negro uniforme, incluidos los apéndices. Pubescen- cia erecta muy corta y distribuida por todo el cuerpo, no tan gruesa como en las obreras. Cabeza triangular con el borde occipital más ancho que el clipeal. Ojos compuestos reniformes ocupando la mayor parte de los bordes laterales. Ojos simples muy visibles y elevados. Superficie cefálica microrreticulada, sin brillo. Muy pubescente en la mitad anterior, más escasa en el resto; quetas erectas por toda la superficie. Mandíbulas con el extremo apical apuntado, sin dientes. Clípeo con el borde anterior redondeado, no aquillado, aunque según cómo le de la luz puede dar lugar a confusión. Entre las aristas fron- tales aparece una pequeña quilla que llega hasta un espacio liso y brillante 284 A. TINAUT A el• Fig. 2.—Vista dorsal de las hembras de A: F. subrula y B: F. lenumi. DESCRIPCION DEL MACHO DE FORMICA SUBRUFA 285 A 41111111g1(lir 111P- •••••••n Fig. 3.—Perfil de las hembras de A: F. lemani y B: F. subrufa. (La escala representa 1 mm). delante del ocelo central. Escapo largo, sobrepasando al borde occipital, gla- bro; artejos del funículo más largos que anchos, el primero más corto que el segundo, del segundo al quinto más de una vez y media más largos que anchos, en el resto esa proporción disminuye. Tórax microrreticulado, aunque con un ligero brillo. Toda la superficie pubescente y con quetas suberectas abundantes. Apéndices del mismo color que el tórax, alas transparentes con las nerviaciones de color negro, siguiendo el mismo patrón que en el resto de las especies del género.- Peciolo ligeramente escotado en el centro, bajo y de perfil triangular, rec- tangular en vista frontal. Numerosas quetas erectas en toda su superficie. Gastro alargado, pubescente y también con numerosas quetas erectas. Genitalia típica por la sagita con el ápice estrecho y recurvado, volsella digitiforme y placa subgenital menos convexa que en el resto de las especies del género. Serie androtípica formada por 43 machos recogidos en el mismo hormi- guero en Sierra de Loja (Granada) (UTM: 305VF1091) el treinta de junio de 1988. Quedan depositados en la colección del autor y en la del Departamen- to de Biología Animal, Ecología y Genética de la Universidad de Granada. 286 A. TINAUT A Fig. 4.—Macho de F. subrufa. A: perfil. B: antena. C: palpo maxilar. D: cabeza en vista frontal. (La escala representa 0,1 mm para A y 0,05 mm para B, C y D). DISCUSIÓN En primer lugar indicar que los machos aquí descritos difieren de la des- cripción dada por EMERY (1909) en la que este autor indicaba una longitud de 7 a 7,5 y una coloración de las mandíbulas y estipes rojiza; los demás ca- racteres dados pueden corresponderse con los encontrados por nosotros si bien por el tamaño creemos que se trataba del macho de alguna especie del subgénero Serviformica. Otro punto previo a tener en cuenta es la validez taxonómica de Servifor- mica como subgénero de acuerdo con diferentes autores (FoREL, 1913; EMERY, 1925; DLUSSKY y PISARSKI, 1971 o BARONI-URBANI, 1971) o bien con- siderar a las especies incluidas en el mismo como pertenecientes a un grupo denominado grupo fusca (YARRow, 1954 o WHEELER, 1913), invalidando por tanto a dicho subgénero, opinión compartida también por BROWN (1973). Nosotros como puede inferirse estamos de acuerdo en mantener dicho subgénero si bien, como ocurre en este caso, a medida que se van conocien- do mejor sus especies, pueden irse perfilando las relaciones filogenéticas existentes entre ellas y delimitarse así mejor su amplitud. Por esta razón nuestra comparación la vamos a realizar entre los diferentes subgéneros, escogiendo para ello a la especie que los caracteriza o a un grupo de espe- cies claramente afines.
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