TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD
REPORT 195
GROU D-WATER RESOURCES OF PART OF CE TRAL TEXAS WITH EMPHASIS ON THE A TLERS AND TRAVIS PEAK FORMATIONS
VOLUME 1
November 1975
Ily
William B. K!cmt, Rnbert D. I>crkins. and Henry J. Alvarez
Published .md di~tributcd b\ (he TCH~ Water I:k:vclopmcnt Board TEXA WATER DEVEI.OPMEm BOARD I)mt Offit:c Box 1311R7 Au~tin. TC"dS 7H711
John H. McCoy, Chairman Robert B. Gilmore. Vice Chairman \"tJ'I.!';:.It;Otl JI" lI~l or nprl,dlldi"" of (ltI" ori,,!jllo1J m,JI(·,;.l1 cont,'il/cd ill this public,aio"_ W. E. Tinsley Mihon POttS i.t' /I()( ob,.,it,ul frum ("lrt'r"oll,n~, i$ Jft·ely gr.l/1tcd. TlJt' Ho.ml fI'iJl/ld .lJ'11rni.lu· c..d 11I;g A. L. Black .lCk 110I/'/("(~I!/''"I "t.
Harry P. Burleigh. E:\ccutivc Director DEDICATION
This report is dedicated to the memory 01 Robert D. Perkins, one of Its author". Bob, his wife, and two daughters were victims of a plane crash near Temple. Texas on November 17, 1972. Another employee of the Texas Water Development Board. Joe Henry, was also lost in this unfortunate accident.
Bob, a native of Stephenville In Erath County. was born December 8,1940. He attended Tarleton State College, and in 1966 received a Bachelor of Science Degree In Geology from TCKas Tech University. While at Texas Tech, he was President of the Geology Club In 1962-63 and a member of the Sigma Gamma Epsilon honorary geology fraternity.
Bob joined the staff of the Water Development Board In February 1966 and worked in the Waco field office until December 1971 when he transferred 10 El Paso 35 head of the regional field office of that city.
The Board and Its staff pay tribute here to Bob Perkins' fine work and express our deep feeling over the very tragic loss of this highly skilled professional.
iii GROUNO-WATER RESOURCES OF PART OF CENTRAL TEXAS WITH EMPHASIS ON THE ANTLERS AND TRAVIS PEAK FORMATIONS
ABSTRACT
The area covered by this report Includes aU or parts of Bell, 1,200 acre-feel from the Glen Rose Formation, 1,060 acre-leet Bosque, Brown, Burnel, Callahan, Comanche. Coryell. Eastland, from the Paluxy Formation, and 580 acre feet from the Ellis, Erath, Falls, Hamilton. Hill, Hood, Johnson, Lampasas, Woodbine Group. In 1967. the Antlers and Travis Peak lllnestone. Mclennan, Milam, Mills, Navarro, Somervell. Travis, Formahons Yielded about 16,800 acre-feet of watet" for public and Williamson Counties In the central part of Texas. It has It supply, about 16,100 acre· feet for IrrlgaUon, about population of about 846,000 (19701 and an area of 5,900 acre·feet for rural domestiC use and livestock, and about 13,888 square miles. The economy of this region IS supported 3,700 acre· feet for Industrial USll!. principally by Ii!tlt industry, governmental agencIes, and a{P'ieulture. The Cities of Waco and Temple are important Water levels of the pnncipal Cretaceous aqUifers in the manufacturing centers. Irngatlon from grourxhvater SOllrces is study region are generally declining. The amount of decline practICed In Comanche. Eastland. Erath, and adjacent countIes ranges from a few feet to 450 feet in 1967 III the Waco area The productIon of oil and gas also conmbutes to the economy in where the supply IS from the TraVIS Peak Formation. The amount the northwest and eastern areas. Ground water. used extensively of fresh water being withdrawn from the Hensell and Hosston for peanut irrigatIOn, public supply. ,mel mdustry. IS essential to aquifers in parts of Bell, Coryell, Hill. and Mclennan CountIes the present and future welfare of the region. exceeds the estimates of reenacge, and the ground-water supply IS being depleted by removal 01 water from storage. Digital The geologic units of Ihe study region gpnerally consist of a computer aquifer Simulalion studies of the Travis Peak Formation southeast-dipping sequence of Cretaceous rocks which 10 the year 2020 IIld'cate that tremendous water-level declines uncomformably overlies a complell of Paleozoic and older rocks. should occur downdlp In the existlllg areas of heavy pumpage as a The principal aquifers are of Cretaceous age and consist of sand result of projected pumpage, Small water·level declines have been and limestone unl1$_ The Antlers lind Travis Peak Formations, noted in the Paluxy Formation and the Woodbine Group, while which are hydrologically connected in Brown, Comanche, and only seasonal waler-Ie...el fluctuations have been observed In the Eastland Counties, are the most important aquifers. These Glen Rose Formation and the Edwards and associated IimestOfles. formations extend on the surface or In the subsurface through essentially the entire study region. The Travis Peak Formation large quantities of ground water of good Quality are contains the Hensell and HOS5ton Members which are the two available for development in the study region. Approximately most important water bearing units. Other important 87,000 acre-feet 01 ground waler could be pumped annually until water-bearing units are the Glen Rose FormatIon, Paluxy the year 2020 Irom the Antlers and Travis Peak Formations Formation, Edwards and associated limestones, and the under optimum condilions. Based on estimated recharge III lhe Woodbine Group. outcrop and a digital computer simulation of pumpage and water level declines. this would nOI lower water levels to a depth Fresh ground water containing less than 1,000 milligrams greater than 400 to 500 leet below the surface of the ground or per liter lmg/Il dissolved solIds is available from the Cretaceous below the top 01 the water-bearing sands until the year 2020. An aquifers throughout most of the study regIon. The Travis Peak estimated 1,836 acre-feet of water IS available from Ihe Woodbine Formation generally yields water of good chemical Quality wnh Group and apprOlClmately 930 acre· feet is available from the an approximate dissolved solids range of 300 to 3,000 mg/l Paluxy Formation. These amounts can be pumped annually within the region. In general, the water becomes more saline With without lowering the static water levels below the top of the depth. Ground water suitable for irrigation is produced from the aquifer or below 400 feet below land surface. More detailed Antlers and Travis Peak Formations in Comanche, Eastland, mformation is needed to determine the quantity of water Erath, and adjacent countIes. Most of the water from the Travis iJIIallable Irom (he Glen Rose FormatIOn and the Edwards and Peak Formation, with proper treatment, will meet industrial associate
Glen Rose Formation 7 Paluxy Formation 20 Page Paluxy Formation 8 Edwards and Associated Limestones 21 ABSTRACT Edwards and Auoclau~d limestones 8 Woodbine Group 22 INTRODUCTION 3 Woodbine Group 8 WELL CONSTRUCTION 24 Purpose and Scope 3 GENERAL GROUND·WATER HYDROLOGY. 8 GROUND-WATER PROBLEMS 24 location and Extenl 3 HydrologiC Cycle. 8 Improper Well Constructlon and Complellon 24 Topography. SOlis. and Vegetation 3 Source and Occurrence 8 Rapid Decline of Wat~r Levels 24 Chmate 3 Recharge, Movement, and Discharge 8 Contamination of Ground Water 24 Population 3 Hydraulic CharacteristIcs . 8 CONCLUSIONS . 24 Economy 3 Fluctuations of Water Levels 9 RECOMMENDATIONS 25 Previous Investigations 4 CHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUND WATER AS RELATED TO USE 9 SElECTED REFERENCES 25 Acknowledgements 4 General Chemical Quality of Ground Water 9 Method of Investigation 4 TABLES Public SUPllly and Domestic and Livestock 10 Personnel 4 1. Stratigraphic Units and Their Water· Bearing Characteristics 6 Irrigation 10 Well·Numbermg System 4 2. Source, SIgnificance, and Concentration of Dissolved·Mineral Industrial 10 Constituenu and ProPertIeS of Water ,, 9 Definitions of Terms 4 OCCURRENCE AND AVAILABILITY OF GROUND WATER 11 3. Water-Quality Tolerances for Industrial Applications 11 GEOLOGY AS RElATED TO THE OCCURRENCE OF GROUND WATER 5 Antlers and Travis Peak Formations 11 4 Results of Pumpmg Tests .,, 12 GeologIC History . 5 Source and Occurrence. . 11 5 Range of Constituents and Propenies of Ground Water From Precambnan 5 RepresentatIve Wells in t~ Antlers and Travis Peak FormatIons Recharge, Movement, and Discharge 11 in the Northwest Outcrop and Adjacent Are~ 14 PaleoZOIC 5 Hydraulic Characteristics 12 6. Range of Constituents and Propenies of Ground Water From TriaSSIC and Jurassic. 5 ReprMentatIVe Wells m and Adjacent to the Calcareous Changes in Water Levels 12 Facies of the Travis Peak Formation 16 Cretaceous 5 ChemIcal Quality 13 7. Range of Constituents and Properttes of Ground Water From Tertiary and Quaternary 5 Rej)fesentatlvc Wells In the Hensell Member of the Travis Utilization and DevelOPffil'nt 15 Peak Formation , 17 Stratigraphy 5 Public Supply 15 B. Range of Conslltuents and Properties of Ground Water From Structure 5 RepresentatIve Welts in the Hosston Member of the Travis Industrial 16 Peak Formauon . 17 STRATIGRAPHY OF THE WATER·BEARING FORMATIONS 7 Irrigation 16 9. Estimated Pumpage of Ground Water From the Principal Pre·Cretaceous Rocks 7 Cretaceous AqUIfers. 1967 18 Domestic and Live:HOCk 16 Antlers Formation 7 10. POWII!r·Yield Tests From Selected IrrigatIOn Wells 1M Comanche, The Digital Computer Model of the TraVIS Peak Formation 16 Eastland, and Erath Count1M 19 Travis Peak Formation 7 Procedure 17 11. Reported 1961 and 1967 Brine Producllon and Disposal in Brown. Hosston Member . 7 Callahan, Comanche. Eastland, and Erath Counties 21 Predicted Water· Level Declines 18 Sligo Member . 7 12. Range of ConSll1uents and Properttes of Ground Water From Ground Water Available for Development. 18 RepresentatIve Wells in the Glen Rose Formation •, 23 Pearsall Member 7 Areas Most Favorable for Future Development 18 13. Range of Constituents and Properties of Ground Water From Hammett Member 7 RepresentatIve Wells 1M the Paluxy Formation .,• 23 Disposal of Salt Water in Areas of Oil and Gas Field Cow Creek Membel 7 Operations. 18 14. Range of ConstituentS and Properties of Ground Waler From RepresentatIve Wells in the Edwards and Associated Hensell Member 7 Pre-Grelaoeous Rocks 18 Limestones 23 TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont"d.) Page Page 20. Diagrams of Well Construction Used to Produce Water From 42. Map Showing Approximate Water·Level Decline in Wells Completed Sand and Gravel AqUIfers in the Study Region . 24 in the Travis Peak Formation. 1900·Spring 1967 48 p,,, · 27 15. Range of Constituents and Properties of Ground Water From 21. Geologic Outcrop Map 43. Map Showing Proiected Decline of Water Levels in Wells Representative Wells in the Woodbine Group 23 Completed in the Hensell Member of the Travis Peak 22. Map Showing Approximate Altitude of the Base of the Formation, Spring 1967-1975 49 Antlers and Travis Peak Formations · · ·· · 28 FIGURES 44. Map ShOWIng PrOjected Decline of Water levels in Wells 23. Map Showing Approximate Total Thickness of the Erosional Completed in the Hensel! Member of the Travis Peak Remnant of the Anlters Formation, the Hosston Member Formation, Spring 1967-1990 50 1. Map Showing Location of Study Region . 3 of the Travis Peak Formation, and the Calcareous Facies of the Travis Peak Formation 29 45. Map ShOWing Projected Decline of Waler Levels in Wells 2. Average Annual Precipitation, 1931·60, and Average Monthly Completed in the Hensell Member of the Travis Peak Precipitation for Period of Record at Selected Stations 3 24. Map Showing Approximate Altitude of and Depth to Top of Formation, Spring 1967·2020 51 the Hosslon Member of the Travis Peak Formation 30 3. Well,Numbering System 4 · · · · 46. Map Showing Projected Decline of Water Levels in Wells Map Showing Approximate Altitude of and Depth to Top of Completed in the Hosston Member of Ihe TravIs Peak 4. Map Showing Regional Structure and Generalized 25. the Travis Peak Formation 31 Formation, Spring 1967·1975 52 Geologic Outcrops 6 ·· " ·· · Map Showing Approximate Total Thickness of the Hensell 47. Map Showing Projected Decline of Water Levels in Wells 5. The Hydrologic Cycle 8 28. Member of the Travis Peak Formation. 32 Completed in the Hosston Member of the Travis Peak Formation, Spring 1967·1990 53 6. Hydrographs of Water Lellels in Wells Completed in the Antlers . · . ·· Map Showing Approximate Altitude of and Depth to Top of and Travis Peak Formations Under Water·Table Conditions, 27. the Paluxy Formation 33 48. Map Showing Projected Decline of Water levels in Wells and Monthly Precipitation at Comanche, Texas. 11 Completed in the HosSlon Member of the TravIs Peak Map Showing Approximate Total Thickness of the Paluxy Formation, Spring 1967·2020 54 7. Graphs Showing Relation of Decline in Water Levels to 28. 34 Transmissibility and Distance for Artesian Conditions in Formation 49. Map Showing Areas Most Favorable for Development of lhe Hensell Member of the Travis Peak Formation, 13 29. Map Showing Approximate Altitude of and Depth to Ground Water From the Travis Peak Formation in the Top of the Georgetown Formation . 35 Study Region, 1967 to 2020 . 55 8. Graphs Showing Relation of Decline in Water lellels to Transmissibility and DistanCtl for Artesian Conditions Map Showing Approximate Total Thickness of the 50. Map Showing Approximate Net Thickness of Sand Containing in the Hosston Member of the Travis Peak Formation. ... .4 30. Edwards and Georgetown Formations Where Fresh to Slightly Saline Water in the Paluxy Formation · · . 56 They Contain Fresh to Slightly Saline Water. 36 9. Graph Showmg Relation of Decline in Water Lellels to Time 51. Map ShOWing Approximate Altitude of Water Levels in Wells and Distance as a Result of Pumping Under Artesian 31. Map Showing Approximate Altitude of and Depth to Top of the Completed in the Paluxy Formation, 1967·1968 . 57 Conditions From the Hensen Member of the Travis Peak · · · . Woodbine GrouP . 37 Formation .4 ···· 52. Map Showing Approximate Altitude of Water Levels in Wells 32. Map Showing Approximate Total Thickness of the Completed in the Edwards and Georgetown Formations, 10. Graph Showing Relation of Decline in Water Levels to Time and Woodbine Group, 3B Spring 1967 58 Distance as a Result of Pumping Under Artesian Conditions ··· From the Hosston Member of the Travis Peak Formation 15 33. Map Showing Approximate Net Thickness of Sand Containing 53. Map Showing Approximate Net Thickness of Sand Containing Fresh 10 Slightly Saline Water In the Hensell Member of the Fresh to Slightly Saline Water in the Woodbine Group 59 11. Graph ShOWing Relation of Decline in Water Levels to Time and Travis Peak Formation . 39 Distance as a Result of Pumping Under Water·Table Conditions From ·· · " 54. Map Showing Approximate Altitude of Water Levels in the Hosston Member of the Travis Peak Formation 15 34. Map ShOWing Approximate Net Thickness of Sand Containing Wells Completed in the Woodbine Group, 1965·1968 . BO Fresh to Slightly Saline Water in the Antlers Formation and 12. Hydrographs of Water levels in Wells Completed in the Travis Peak in the HOSSlon Member of the Travis Peak Formation, 40 55. GeologiC Section A·A', lampasas, Burnet, Williamson, and Formation Under Artesian Conditions. 15 · ··· Milam Counties · 81 35. Map Showing Sulfate, Chloride, and Dissolved-Solids · 13. Hydrograph of Water levels in Recorder Well ST-40.31-802, Content in Water From Selected Wells. 41 58. Geologic Section B-B', EaS1land, Erath, Bosque, Hill, McLennan County 16 Mclennan, and Limestone Counties ... 6' 36. Map Showing Dissolved-Solids Content in Water From Selected Wells 14. Diagram for the Classification of Irrigation Waters, Showing Completed in the Hensell Member of the Travis Peak Formation 42 57. GeologIC Section C·C', Callahan, Eastland, Comanche, Quality of Water From Representatille Wells in Comanche, Hamilton, Corvell, Mclennan, and Faits Counties . 82 Eastland, and Erath Counties. 17 · · · " ·· " 37. Map ShOWing Dissolved·Solids Content in Water From Selected Wells Completed in the Hosston Member of the Travis Peak 58. Geologic Section 0·0', Navarro, Hill, limestone, McLennan, 15. Graph ShOWing Public Supply Ground·Water Pumpage From the Antlers Formation 43 Falls, Bell, Williamson, and Travis Counties 62 and Travis Peak Formations in the Study Region, 1955·67 . 17 ·· . " .
38. Map ShOWing ApprOXImate Location of Irrigation Wells in Comanche, 59. Geologic Section E-E', Hilt and Navarro Counties 63 16. Graph Showing Industrial Ground,Water Pumpage From the Antlers Eastland, Erath, and Adjacent Counties, 1954·1967 44 and Travis Peak Formations in the Study Region, 1955·67 '8 BO. GeologIC Section F·F', Hood, Somervell, Bosque, Hamilton, 39. Map Showing Approximate Altitude of Water Lellels of the "Basal Coryell, Bell, Burnet, Williamson, and Travis Counties 63 17. Graph Showing Irrigation Ground·Water Pumpage From Sands" of the Trinity Group, About 1900 45 Ihe Antlers and Travis Peak Formations in Comanche, Eastland, Erath, and Adjacent Counties, 1954·67 18 40. Map Showing Approximate Alutude of Water Levels lB. Map Showing location and Amounts of Reported 1961 and in Wells Completed in the Hensell Member of the 1967 Brine Production and Disposal in Brown, Callahan, Traliis Peak Formation, Spring 1967 46 Comanche, Eastland, and Erath Counties. 22 41. Map Showing Approximate Altitude of Water lellels in 19. Diagrams of Chemical Analyses of Ground Water and a Typical Wells Completed in the Antlers Formation and in tha Oil-Field Brine 22 Hosston Member of the Tralils Peak Formation, Spring 1967 47
" The average annual precipitation ranges from 24 inches in 7.5 percent of the State's population. More than 65 percent of Austin, although having light industry, derives its economy the northwest to 36 inches in the east_ These figures are based on the region's population lived in urban areas having 2,500 or more mainly hom the activities of State and federal governmental National Weather Service records for the 3O-year period 1931·60, inhabitants. Some of the urban areas are the cities of Austin, agencies. Killeen, another major city in the region, is the home of and are illUltrated on Figure 2 along with average monthly Belton, Brownwood, Cameron, Copperas Cove, GeorgetOlNn, Fon Hood, the largest free worki armored posL precipitation for periods of record at selected stations. Hillsboro, Killeen, lampasas. Marlin, Mexia, Stephenville, Taylor, Temple, and Waco. The remaining inhabitants lived in rural ..eas Agrtcuhure has contributed substantially to the economy GROUND·WATER RESOURCES OF PART OF CENTRAL TEXAS WITH The average annual gross lake·surface evaporation for the or smaller communities. of the region. In some parts, the development of ground water for EMPHASIS ON THE ANTLERS AND TRAVIS PEAK FORMATIONS period 1940-65 I1lInged from 60 inches 10 the east to 80 inches in irrigation has greatly increased the production of agrtculturat the northwest (Kane. 19671. products and improved the standards of living on farms. Farming Economy includes raising various grains, small garden and truck vegetables Location and Extent INTRODUCTION and fruits, peanuts, and various forms of livestock. Dairy farming Population The principal manufacturing plants are in or near larger is practiced throughout the region and is of local Importance. The study region has an areal extent of 13,888 square Cities; however, some plants 10 smaller cities process local Ranching consists of raising cattle, goats, hogs, and sheep and is miles, and represents 5.02 ~cent of the State's total area. It is in Purpose and Scope In 1970, approximately 846,000 inhabitants lived within products, especially those related to agriculture. The cities of especially important where farming is not predominant. the Brazos, Colorado, and Trinity River basins and includes all or the region covered by this report. This represented about Waco and Temple are important manufacturing centers, while Field investigations were conducted during the period from parts of 20 counties-Bell, Bosque, Brown, Burnet, Callahan, September 1964 to September 1969 to determine the Comanche, Coryell, Eastland, Erath, Falls, Hamilton, Hill, ground-water resources of part of the central Texas region, with Lampasas, Limestone. McLennan, Milam, Mills, Somervell, Travis, • emphasis on the Antlers and Travis Peak Formations. The Travis and Williamson. Data were also used from the fringes of Ellis, -1-+++-H++-H++-1 Peak Formation contains the Hensell and Hosston Members, Hood, Johnson, and Navarro Counties. Consideration was given '1-++-1= which are the two most important water-bearing units of this to only that portion of each county in which usable ground water region. The study region is shown on Figure 1. is found within the Antlers and Travis Peak Formations.
The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine For the purpose of this report usable ground water is o the CNXurrence, availability, dependability, quality, and quantity oonsidered to be water which contains less than 3,000 milligrams of ground water used for public supply. industry. and irrigation. per liter (mg/l) dissolved solids. However, it is recognized that N ~ ~ from the Antlers and Trayis Peak Formations, and to establish a ground water with hIgher dissolved-solids content is desalted and ~ -R relationship between pumpage and water-level decline. The used in some areas. , ...u,....." [loST\. 'u~ e- _ 1'")9 -1H7) secondary purpose was to determine the occurrence, availabdity. , '" dependability, quality, and quantity of ground water in the • remaining water·bearing units of the study region. Topography, Soils, and Vegetation •- • Most of the land SlJrface expressions in the study region we ,- the result of stream erosion of relatively nat or gently dipping '. rocks that are exposed on the surface. Along its southern and .' ~ eastern edges, the region has gently roiling prairies with low relief and a well-developed, dendritic drainage. Soils consist of dark calcareous clays, sandy lcams, and clay loarns in the uplands. while dark gray to reddish·brown calcareous clay loams and clays are found in the bottomlands. Vegetation in the uplands consists of tall bunch grasses and scattered mesquite, while elm, hackberry, and pecan are usually found in the bottomlands.
In the northwest, the physical features consist of gently !, sloping prairies with moderate relief and mature dendritic drainage. The northeast has an irregular topography of high relief '. with erosional knobs, abl'\lpt valleys. resistant outliers, and o o moderate to rapid surface drainage caused by major streams cutting across the v8fious rock fOf'Tnations. Soils are usually Iight-colored, oeutral to slightly acid sand, sandy looms, and loamy sands. Vegetation in the northwest and northeast part of the region consists mainly of tall bunch grasses, mesquite, cedar, '-- 1$OO-,"IJ and scrub oak. •" ...""::rr:;=r=r'r-.-,, •""-'-TTr-F,-',,,-,-, -H-+-++++-HH-+-+-l - The central part of the region has moderately high relief ~ with tabul..- divides, small timestone-eapped mesas, sharp-cut .: f::l:+ ""'II...... 1:H-+- valleys, and a thorough dendritic drainage_ The soils are dark, i, Figure 1 stony. shallow to deep calcareous clays in the uplands and '. Location of Study Region reddish-brown to dark !l""8Y clay lcams and clays in the o o bottomlands. Tall bunch grasses, scattered mesquite, some live oak, and cedar grow in the uplands while oak and juniper are The general scope of this investigation included the usually found in the bottomlands. collection. compilation, and analysis of data relating to ground ....,,,, ('9... 0-1965) water from the Antlers and Travis Peak Formations in central Elevations range from 350 feet in the southeast to " ....."·'l·r-'T-":;":..:;·C..:;::'~'rr," Texas, and the presentation of these data, results of analyses, 2,200 feet above mean sea level in the northwest. Drainage is to •r :r:+1=l=~~ recommendations, and conclusions in a published report. The the southeast by the Bosque, Brazos, Colorado, Lampasas, Leon, -H-+-++++-t-H-+-+-l report is prepared in two volumes. Volume 1 contains interpretive Navasota, and Paluxy Rivers and their tributaries. 'I-++-+- •H-+-+-+-l::::t-t-H=I-+-l !, information presented as text and related figures and tables. ,' Volume 2 contains supporting basic data including well location ,. '. _ .... _ c.....n maps. records of wells, driilen;' logs, and chemical analyses of Climate water. o ---_ .... ~.- o o The dimate of the region covered by this report is The scope, although directed toward the quantitative characterized by long, hot summers and short, mild winters. The aspects of water availability, also includes collection and use of aver-age minimom temperature for January. the ~dest month, chemical quality data, surface and subsurface geological data, ranges from 32"F (O"C) in the northwest to 39"F (4°CI in the study of the magnitude and extent of contamination of ground southeast. The average maximum temperature for July, the water by oil-field brine in the northwest ootcrop area, synthesis warmest month, is 96°F (36°C) throughout most of the study Figure 2 and analysis studies of aquifer hydrology using digital computer region. The annual mean free air temperature for the period model techniques, and review of previous work by federal and 1931-60 ranged from 65°F (lSoel in the northwest to Average Annual Precipitation, 1931·60, and Average Monthly o State agencies. 68°F (20 CI in the east (Carr, 1967). Precipitation for Period of Record at Selected Stations
·3· ".' ., .,.. ~-... Induslrial actiVitIes Include the operotlon of sand and gravel assembhng dala and writing the report, was accomplished from I 0 ." Aquifer test. pumpmg ti.!St-The lest consIsts of the pits and stone quarries, the pl"odUC1iOfl of clay and manufacture September 1968 to September 1969 Some office work was done I measurement at specifIC lfltervals of the discharge and water level wi- of the well being pumped and the water levels lfl nearby of bnck and tile produclS, the productIOn of cement materials, intermlttentlv throughout the study during petlods of inclemenl , ~ and manufacture of cemf>flt. Ugnlte is mined in Mlla-n County weather The IflVesUgaUon procedure IS presented In observation wells. Formulas have been developed to show the p relationship among the yield of a welt, the shape and the extent where It is used 10 produce electricity for the processing of chronological order , f. :. LocotlOO of Well AX-58-05-902 aluminum ores shIpped in from other states or imported from .- of the cone of depression, and the propenies of the aquifer such if 68 I· ~ ouoc7Ol'19lt foreign countries. Field work consisted of conducting a complete Iflventory of ~ ,. as the specific vield, porOSity, and the coefficients of the histOtlcal pumpage; collecting past and present ~ater levels; '" " " • '" "'-" ' 05 7112· m.,..," ~ongIe permeability, transmissibility, and storage. 011 and natural gas and gas liquids (naturalgasohne, butane. collectlflg data on well construction, yields, pumping rales, and ". 9 21/2· m
-4 Dip of rocks-The angle or amount of slope at whIch a bed Nodes -The centers 01 lhe subareas (polygons) used to drawdown. If the yIeld is 250 gallons per minute and the sediments conSisting of sandstone, limestone, carbonaceous limestone and shale, respectIvely, and neither IS known 10 yield is inclined from the hOrizontal; dIrection is also expressed (such represent pumpage centers in the digItal computer SimulatIon of drawdown is 10 feet. the specific capacity is 25 gallons per shales, and other marine sedIments, ThiS baliln receIVed sediments usable water in Ihe region. The Georgetown consists of limestone as 1 degree. southeast; or 90 feet per mile. southeast) the Hensell and Hosston aquifers in the study region. minute per foot. unlll late Pennsylvanian time when the Llano Upllh and the and usually yields small amounts of water , Ouachita Fold Belt calJwd a regIonal tllung to the west and DrainiI!JC system· A surface stream or body of impounded Outcrop-That part of a rock layer which appears at the SpecifiC yield-The quantity of water that an aquifer will laulting in the immedidte uplIft area. Dunng Perml3n ttme, the The Fredericksburg Group is divided rnto the Kiamichi, surface water, together with all surface ~nrea"TlS and bodies of land surface. yield by gravity if it is first saturated and then allowed to drain, basIn shifted 10 the west and only the extreme western part of Edwards, Comanche Peak. and Walnut Formations. The Kiamichi impounded surface water that are tributary to it. the ratio expressed in percentage of the volume of water drained central Texas receIved sedimenl5. while the remaInder of the area is a shale and is not known to yield Wolter In the region. The M,lI,eqlllvslelllS per liter (me/I)-An expression of the to volume of the aquifer that is drained. underwent extensIVe erOSIon Edwards is composed of limestone, often porous, and in some DrawdowII- The lowering of the water table or piezometric concentration of chemical substances in terms of the reacting areas yields large amounts of good qualny water. The Comal'lChe surface caused by pumping lor artesian flowl. In most instances. values of electrtcally charged particles. or ions, in solution. One Storage-The volume of water In an aquifer, usually gIVen in Peak and Walnut Formations consist of limestone and shale. and it is the difference, in feet. between the static level and the millieqUIvalent per liter of a positively charged ion (such as Na+) acre-leet. Tllassic and Jurassic in some locahzed Meas yield small amounts of water. pumping level will react WIth T millieqUIvalent per liter of a negatively charged ion (such as cn Stoke of bed-The direction or bearing of a hOrizontal line ExtenSive erOSion contmued throughout Tnasslc time m the The Edwards and Georgetown Formations are usually Elecrric log-A graph log showll'lg the relatIon of the 111 the plane of an inclined stratum. It IS perpendicular to Ihe central Texas area H~r, dUflllg the JurassiC period. only the hydrologically connected and in this report are diSCUssed in detail electrical propet"tlCS of the rocks and their fluid contents Milllgri:tns per liter (mg/I)-Qne milligraTI per liter direction of dip. westCfn and central parl 01 the ,red had contInued erosion, while as the Edwards and associated Innes-tones. penetrated in a well. The electrical properties are natural represents 1 milligram of solute in 1 liter of solution_ As the Jurassn: ~a, advancing from tnll eat Texas basin, began potentials and resistivities to induced electrical C\Jrfents, some of commonly measured and used, one milligram per liter is Srrut.:ruraf feature. geologIC The resull of the deformatIon li'Iundalltlg the extreme eC6tern pat! JurassIC sedIments possibly The Trinity Group is lhe principal water·bearing group of which are modified by the presence of the drilling mud. numerically equivalent to one part per million (1 milligram of or d,slocatIon (such as faulting) of the rocks m the Citrth Scrust extend C6 far west as eastllfn PokLrtnnan County rocks in the region and IS diVided Into the Paluxy, Glen Rose, solute in 1 kilogram of solution). In a strUClUral basIn. the roc~ layers dip toward the center or aXIs TraVIS Peak, and Antlers Formations. The Paluxy consists 01 sand Evapotrall~}/ra"on-Waterwidxtrawn by evaporation from of the basin. The structural ba!.,n may or may not COlncld. WIth 8 and shale and IS capable of ylekhng small to moderate amounts of a land area. a water SlJrface. moist SOIl. or the water table, and the Perched ground water-Ground water separaled from an topographic basIn. Cretaceous water. The Glen Rose IS predomlnanlly a limestone and Yields water consumed by transpiratIon of plants. underlying body of ground water by unsaturated rock. Its water only small amounts of Wdtef The TraviS Peak IS composed of table is a perched water table. Trifnsll recharge-That portIon of the actual recharge whICh At the be9mn'"9 of the Cret.aous penod, the sea advanced Itmcstone, sand, and shale It IS the Pf"mClpal water·bearing FilCies-The "aspect" belonging to a geologIcal umt of is transmttted downdlp to the areas of pumpage, from the south and east and eventually covered all of central formation of Cret.K:eOus age In the region and yIelds up to large sedimentation. includIng mineral composition. type of beddmg. Percolation-The movement, under hydrostatic pressure, of Texas. ThiS malOr transgrOSSlon. logether WIth several minor amounts of good quality water. The TraviS Peak Formation IS fOSSIl content, etc. (SlJch as sand facies!. Genet"al appearance or water through the interstices of a rock or soil. except the Trami/}Iration-The process by which water vapor escapes regressions and a contmuously osclltating shorelIne. caused the divided into the follOWing seven members: Hensell, Pearsall, Cow nature of one pan of a rock body as contrasted with other parts. movement through large operungs such as caves. from 8 IllImg plant. princIpally the leaves. and enters the present sequence of se
- 5- Table 1.-Stratigraphic Units and Their Water·Bearlr19 CharacterIStics EXPLANATION
TerlOfY ... Not'rNIr Faull OoJcTet"O'r /' APPROXIMATE GJ MAXIMUM Cr~roce0t4 lhNSl fOUl! THICKNESS ~ Our! Stt~~ / SYSTEM SERIES GROUP STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS lFEETJ CHARACTEA OF ROCKS WATER-8EARtNG CHARACTERISTICS C'eloceous / Conlact Ouale,n••", ~ ComoneheStt.., ,", Monl... gr....I...nd, .UI, ..,.;j cI.... Vleld...... U 10 ...."" .....Ou .." 01 W.I8f T••h.ry 0 Pre-e••rouou, Nava"o "0 Shal., m..I••nd"l'I(I
Taylo. 1.\00 M••I .I'd Umv ....1. LOQlllv v ..ld...... 11 "mounll 01 uubl. Will.
Au.I,n 600 ekelkv"r.-to... Gull ," EIIgle Ford ~OO ..,~ NOI "now" to Vleld _I. ~ ..v. __ F....uginou. and. -.dna...... Ie• ...-.I...... Woodb,tWI 200 hv"" ••nd .....I>..m Y,*, .....11 to moo••,e .m_..11 of w.,. K, '. 8"d. Fo.....toon 50 Llmeno... NOl know.. 10 ... 1e6d wet. W.Ih,la Del Fho FormlllOO" '00 Sh•• No, know.. to V..1d W.I. , G_r""town FormallO.. '50 U~o... ""a", ... oeld wat. ,.. a",nectio.. w'lh Ih. Ed_rd, ,, Klemlch! Formallon 50 ':;"6~ Shal. NOI k<>ow" 10 VI.ld w.,. ,, TEXAS H.'d, 'OSSlllf.,.o".l1mMlo", lolt... ho...... comb.:!), ,.., mal_lal, Ellw.rd, Form.tiOn oh.I., ~h.,.I,.nd dolomit. Yield. omall to l"lIlI.moU..lIol wn_ " Fradarlcklburg '" I eom.n~na Puk Form.llo.. Um..ton••nd Ilmv "'.l. '50 YIeld' 11111. 0'''0 w"w , BASIN W.lnut For.....Uon 200 Sh....rod calc.rao". c..... Y,eId,l,nl. 0'''0 watw lp··"".... / I P,,'u 1"'" F .... to medium ."ned ..rod. "'81. MI'\dV 1 1'111.. <,. Yield.....11 to moow.,a I For.....llOn : 200 I • nd COIlC.ereou...... eom. P ..."te. end iron nooul_ i ...-oo..nll ot w.t• I I C/o, R.I.: Locallv V..ld...... 11 ~ ... Ro. Fo'..... 'oon 1.500 Ok.. R".: L'meaona.....1•. end .....V"..18 i ..,OU"" 01 UMIbIe w.,. '"" C••tee_..s ! : ' ... 11....11 "frmh". fA_o"'.....' ...... i- I mum ,IUd_' 75 f_1 c.~ I 111'_11.....oun1lY01ia6tl_,_...... 11 to "'"' ~ !o<'n_.le. to... '0 __••••...., MI'\d. I ..net.o.....,Iutone...... ,y ".Ia. I LLANO d.V. IImV d.V. end I_lone I Com.,,(.ha I UPLIFT "\ P~iUrtlll ,1I~mtlft'". (Appro".....t...... , I mum Ihlc.k.._85 t"ll: Predom lnentlV Ih.'a ,nl..bedded wllh "nd; I ProJr.,1i Loeellv Vleld...... 11 ho",,_r, In Ih. u'eerllOul tiICiaI, ,h. I .mOtln.. 01 "".t'" ~omPO.-.:t ...t '\'I(I"rs: un.1 1. .Imost a"litalY of I 1 T An,l••• Fl", 10 ClIlc.e.aou. Md,m"'l1 Trlnltv 7 FO .....llon m .;.0..... ;4nUrrr. ...,n.:! Cc)w CIY<'4 tfrmb~'. f Appro"i...." ('0...- Crr~. Yielod. ~I ....ounn T ...... P..k ~ .nd wfth T,."...... "'m..m TI,,~k ..... 130 I"t) omaltV"'" '0 ot w.l_ new Oll,UOP FO .....I"'n 1.800 _M;Otored LJ..-o_ mod••t. ....I.a.nd •••Fo.....t"'.. ..,.,oun" • n~.of , Hllnr",,,, Mrm/>r1:, (AI'<)I'Ol< ...... " 01 "'.,.. ""...... rll NOllenow.. 10 V..kl IImMiona ....,,'"'Um Inkk..... 1~ f~ ....'. -,. II'Jan"" "'~"'''".I'''llOT"o'''''''I...... • m ..... t"...k_ 1,650 I.., Co~ II WT '" Yieldl mod••I.IO ...... tom".l., 10 ... to co_. send end ...... nllotw.... 1W'd5tOne, 111111_....., •• Ynd....nd ...lo;ereo"....I•. ~IeV .•nd 11"-0"' "
SIlOlm,.I'~ .\lrm"" SlInd end ~o.. SI ,"I7I"I'~ V"kl, hili' cor "0 lom.n.""'h CIIlc:_aoU. um.nt.....~. I w.t. a",fllm_o". I -j::::;f- Slul/} !If"",,.,,,. IAl'lpro",mel. m.,,1 I SllI/o' NOl known ,0 yield , mum Ihkkn... 130 teet) L,mMlo", I w.... '. , Th. Cotto" Vl/tlr,. G."up of J ....an'~ 1911. II pre Colto" ~·lIlk.I' (;fi,uf/171 POA,bIV sands. (.I)..lo.....t•• end .....1. MIl" mev v ..ld u..ble w.,_ 'n Iha fOut...."." _. (.mount ell(! quel"V unknown) Pre C,..-us 'IXks '" pg~:oic rocks Shala. hmllRo.... dOlOm'''. ....cs1O"....._11.., 1'1"~o:o" I'1>C"U ytoeld _n to mod••,. _ ..11 end ..-..morpn fC .oek ot ...... w.,••n _Iwn ..... nnrr+>wenw" .....
movement of ground watet' downdip and may contribute to The McGregor High IS an erosional high where irregular surface. Thicker accumulations of sand occur In the contamination by allowH1g undesirable saline water to enter along noo·deposltlon occurred during 8lb'ly Cretaceous time. This hi!tl valleys and thinner lICCumulatloos 00 the ridges. thus InfluencllllJ o 50 fault planes; therefore, these two fault zones affect the is probablv a PaleoZOIC hmestone ridge or mesa that existed as an the occurrence and movement of ground water, The occurrence, movement, and qualitY of the ground water In the island during earlv Cretaceous lime and was part of one of the pre-Cretaceous surface, Of base of the Antlers and Travis Peak study region. The western boundary of the lul,ng-Mexia-Talco ridges that occurs on the pre Cretaceous surface, It IS located in Formations. is shown on Figure 22. Fault Zone appears to be the controlling factor in the downdip southwest McClennan County near the city of McGregor. As a .ll ·6· Cow Creek Member STRATIGRAPHY OF THE underlies the Glen Rose FormatIon throughOUt the regIon The The Hosston Member has a regional dIp to the east in the SOUtheast. A maxImum thickness of 178 feet occurs in well WATER·BEARING FORMATIONS lower sands ...d shales of the Travis Peak are geologically and northern, central, and western parts of the region and to the JP·3154-401 In west-central Erath Countv, and a minimum of hydrologIcally connected WIth the basal sands of the Antlers southeast In the area adjacent to and east of the Balcones Fault The Cow Creek Member is the upper carbonate flimestone) about 20 feet occurs in numerous 10000tions 10 the southeastern Formalion. The Travis Peak m the subsurface extends throughout Zone. Locally the direction may vary due to the deposItional bed of the argillaceous middle unit of the TravIS Peak Formation, part of the regIon. It is a distinguishable unit In the northeastern, east central, Pre-Cretaceous Rocks the study region east of the outcrop_ structure and localized thickening or thinning of the Hosston. The regional dip and the local variations are illustrated on the eastern, and southern parts of the study regIon. Since the Cow A general decrease in thickness to the east and southeast IS geologic sectionS and on Figure 24 which shows the altitude and Creek IS Ihe controlling factor on the localion of the Hammell, illustrated on Figure 26, along with the vanous trends of PalOOloic rocks crop Qui in the northwestern and western The Travis Peak Formation in much of the region is depth to the top of the Hosston Member, the maior flllJlts they have the same boundanes thickening and thinning and the area of the facies change from part of the study region in Brown, Burnet. Callahan, Comanche, composed of a lower sand unit, a middle argillaceous unit, and an Influencing the Hosston, and Its downdip limit of fresh to slightly sand to shale. The thickness of the Hensel1 and the facies change Eastland, Erath, Lampasas, and Mills Counties (Figure 211. The upper sand unit. The lower sand unit generally consists of sand and sandstone, conglomerate, shale, and clay, and is termed the saline water The Cow Creek is composed of limestone, cream to tan In are also illustrated on the geologic sections, Figures 55 occurrence of usable water in these rocks IS generally limited to Hosston Member. In the extreme downdip area, a limestone unit, color, fOSSiliferous, often sandy and dolomitIC WIth the sand through 60. the outcrop area Of" the area adjacent to the outcrop. the Sligo Member, overlies the Hosston as shown on Figure 55 IncreasIng westward partIcularly In the southern part, and is Shgo Member occ:aSlonally porous due to vugs and fractures, Of the many Paleozoic rocks '" the region. only the The middle unit is predommantly a clay or shale, termed the Calcareous Facies of the Ellenburger Group of Ordovician age. and rocks of Pennsylvaman Pearsall Member; in down(hp areas where dlstingUlmable Travis Peak FormatIon The Sligo Member of the TravIS Peak Formation is the The thickness of the Cow Creek ranges from 0 to 125 feet age are considered important WIteT" producers. carbonate lIimestone) beds overlie the shale, the terms Cow Creek carbonate eqUivalent of the Hosston and exists in the subsurfa~ In the study regIOn, With the maXImum thickness recorded in well Member (llmestonel and Hammen Member (shale) are used The calcareous facies of the TraviS Peak Formation exists in the southeastern part of the study region where the Hosston YO·58·25-901 in west·central TraVIS County, The Cow Creek The Ellenburger, in the outcrop area in Burnet and (Figure 551. The upper sand unit, termed the Hensell Member, only in the west·central part of the study region where the clastic grades upward into a shale and then into Iil'r.estone. The SlIgo gradually thins in a westward direction, eventually becominu Lampasas Counties, conSISts of limestone and dolomite, both of consists of sand and sandstone, occasIOnally conglomerate, shale and cementing materials of the Travis Peak Formation have a consists of fossiliferous, dolomitic limestone that is crystalline to Indistinct with only a few limestone lenses present in the north which mav have ....ugs and cavernous zones associated With joints and clay, and some limestone, general calcareous compositioo. This calcareous characteristic chalky, occasionally sandy or shaly, and interbedded WIth shale. and northwest The average thIckness of the Cow Creek ranges and fractures, commonty enlarged by solutIon, and interbedded exists in all the units of the Travis Peak, making differentiation The Sligo ranges In thickness from 0 to 130 feet and is nOt known from 40 to 75 feet, with a thickness of 100 feet common in the lenses and nodules of chert. This lithology generally oa:urs throughout the region into the various members difficult and arbitrary. Nevertheless, in to yIeld water In the study region. south. The dip of the Cow Creek is approXImately the sane as the except in the west·central part where a calcareous facies of the some areas where sufficient subsurface data are available, a Hosston. Rocks of Pennsylvanian age conSIst of conglomerate. TravIS Peak FormatIon exists. Here the varIous members of the general dIstinctIon can be made with the Sycamore Member sandstone, SIltstone, lImestone, shale, sandy shale, carbonaceous TraviS Peak can be differentIated in some areas; however, due to representing the lower unit, the Pearsall Member representing the The Cow Creek may yIeld small amounu of water in the shale, coal beds, redbed facies of sandstone and shale, non manne theIr calcareous characteristICS and the lack of good subsurface Pearsall Member middle unit, and the Hensell Member representing the upper unit. area near or adjacent to Its outcrop. sandstone and shale, and channel·fill deposits consisting of gravel, data, they are generally undifferentiated and are referred to as the The exact limit or extent of the calcareous facies is arbitrary, sand, and clay, In the northwest part of the study region where calcareous faCies of the Travis Peak Formation. The calcareous The Pearsall Member of the Travis Peak Formallon however, the approximate location is shown on Figure 23. they yield fresh water, these sediments regionally dip toward the facies occurs In Bell, Burnet, Brown, Carvell, Hamilton, comprises clastic rocks of the predominantly argillaceous middle west or northwest at an average rate of approximately 50 feet per Lampasas, MIlls, and WIlliamson Counties as illustrated on Figure unit The Pearsall occurs when the limestones of the Cow Creek Hensell Member The lower Unit of the calcareous facies of the Travis Peak mile, and i1resel)urated from the Trimty Group, of Cretaceous age, 23. Member thin and gradually pinch out in a westward direction. As Formation is the Sycamore Member, which is equivalent to and The Hensell Member IS the upper sand umt of the Travis by an angular unconformity. this occurs, the shales of the Cow Creek Member and the correlates With the Hosston Member. The Sycamore consIsts of The calcareous facies of the Travis Peak Formation consISts underlying shales 01 the Hammett Member cosies« to form the Peak Formation and is overlam by the Glen Rose FormatIon and coarse conglomerates, medium· to coarse-grained sand, silt, clay, Jurassic rocks could possibly be represented by sands, of a lower calcareous conglomeratic unit, a middle calcareous Pearsall Member as illustrated on Figure 57, underlain by the Pearsall or Cow Creek Member. The Hensell is and limestone. The conglomerates consiSt chiefly of limestone conglomerates, and shales in the southeastem part of the study Unit, and an upper calcareous clastIC Unit The lower unit IS it dlstn,guishal>le In the entire Study region, except possIbly in the and dolomIte pebbles and cobbles derIVed from the Llano Uplift. region. These rocks may yield potable water. The amounts and conglomerate consisting of limestone and dolomite pebbles WIth a The Pearsall is present in the northern, central, and west·central part where, due to the ablJndance of calcIum These conglomerates are often very well cementoo WIth calcium quality of water are unknown. calcareous cement and is named the Sycamore Member northwestern part of the study regIon, west of a line treocling carbonate (limestone) '" the Hensell, a distinction between It and carbonate (limestone) and are very hard. The sands have some (eqUIValent to the Hosston Member). The mu:klle unit is southwest through the west·central part of Hill County, extreme the underlying Cow Creek Member IS very arbttrary. Included limestone and dolomite fragments but are chiefly siliceous with WIth the Hensell Member IS the "Bluff Dale Sand," a term used predominantly a limestone WIth varying amounts of argillaceous southeastern Bosque County, extreme northwestern McLennan calcium carbonate cement. The silts and clays are calcareous and Antlers Formation material and is probably equivalent to the Cow Creek Member; County, and southeastern Coryell County, and is gradational into by various authors for a clastic series immedlatefy below the usually occur near the top. The Sycamore grades upward into a however, It is commonly referred 10 as the Pearsall Member and IS the calcareous facies of the Travis Peak Formation In western Bell limestones of the Glen Rose FormatIon. The "Bluff Dale Sand" is fIner clastiC and more calcareous material, and the contact or The Antlers FormatIon IS a lateral equivalent of the Travis so used in thIS report. The upper unit, eqUIvalent to the Hensell County. generally considered time-equivalent to the lower Glen Rose. boundary between the Sycamore ond the overlYing, middle unit is However, the "Bluff Dale Sand" is probably hydrologically Peak and Paluxy Formations. It occurs in the northwest pan of Member, is composed of calcareous sand, silt and c1av, and indistinct. the region where the Glen Rose Formation thins and is no longer limestone. In this area the Pearsall is composed of clay, commonly connected with the Hensell Member and is included as part of the Hensel1 In thIS report. The Hensell IS commonly referred to as the a traceable or distinguishable unIt. There the clastic sand and clay silty to sandy, some of it waxy, green, maroon, red-brown, or The middle unit, which is commonly called the Pearsall "Fint Tnnlty" or "Upper Trinity Sand" by local drillers, of Ihe TravIS Peak and Paluxy Formations coalesce to lorm a Hosston Member gray in color, interbedded with lenses of sand, OccasIonally Member, is composed almost entirely of calcareous sediments. s....gle umt, the Antlers Formation (FIgures 55 and 571. streaks of limestone occur. The Pearsall In thIS area is commonly engmeers, and restdents. It IS the second most Important aqUIfer These sedimenu are usually composed of limestone, often sandy in the study region, Most domestic and livestock wells drilled 10 The Hosston Member IS the lower sand unit of the Travis called "redbeds" by local drillers and farmers. and dolomitic, occasionally fossiliferous, crossbedded, and the TravIS Peak Formation are completed In the Hensell. The Antlers outcrops in Brown, Callahan, Comanche, and Peak FormatIon and is between the underlymg Paleozoic rocks coarse.grained. Clay and shale occur in various locations, and in Eastland Counties. The Antlers dIps to the southeast at an average and the overlying Pearsall or Hammett Members. The Hosston The Pearsall ranges in thickness from 0 to 85 feet and the southern pat"t of the calcareous facies these are probably rate of about 12 feet per mile, increasing slightly neat its eXists as a dlstlngulshable unil m essentially the entire study pinches out near the Antlers Formation. The Pearsall thickens The Hensell consIsts of pebbly, sandy, multicolored eqUivalent to the Hammett while the limestone is probably southeastern limit. region east of the outcrop, except possibly In the west·central downdip and has various areas of local thickening and thinnlOg, conglomerate that IS poorly sorted and poorly to well cemented equivalent to Ihe Cow Creek. However, this differenliation is not where the Sycamore Member IS its eqUivalent. The Hosston is which often occur with an opposite thickening or thinning of the with calcite, opaline cement, or clay; fine· to coarse·grained, gray, traceable over a large area and may only occur locally. The The lower part of the Antlers consists of pebbly often referred to as the "Lower Trinity Sand" or the ''Second Hosston. The Pearsall has approximately the same dip as the green, and buff to red-brown sand and sandstone that is poorly to middle Unit is gradational upward into a predominantly clastic conglomerate, line to coarseilralned sand and sandstone Trinity" by drillers and resIdents in the region, The Hosston is the underlying Hosston. well sorted, poorly to well cemented with calcite and oa:asionally upper unIt (predominantly slliceousl, and interbedded red to green sandy most important aquifer in the region. WIth opaline cement, and often unconsolidated m the subsurface; clay. The middle part is predominantly II red brown, sandy clay sandy to silty, green, gray, red, yellow, or brown clay that is The upper unit, usually correlated to the Hensel! Member, Interbedded With clayey sand and sandstone and a few streaks of The Hosston IS composed of pebbly, sandy conglomerate, Hammett Member occasionally waxy dIld calcareous; gray to green shale; and lenses IS generally finer grained and contains few, if any, conglomerates. hmestone or calcareous siltstone. The uppet" part of the Antlers is generally poor-Iy sorted, multIcolored and cemented with calcite of limestone that are often arenaceous. The conglomerates are It conSISts of fine· to coarse-grained sand and sandstone, silt, clay, composed of friable, compact, masSIvely bedded, floc.grained or opaline (silica) cement, fIne- 10 very coarse-grained, poorly to The Hammett Member is the lower part of the argillaceous often crossbedded, and occaSIonally the sands are cr05Sbedded and some limestone. The sand is usually siliceous and generally sandStone With interbedded red· brown to gray-green sandy clay well sorted sand and sandstone that IS poorly to well cemented middle unit of the Travis Peak Formation where it has a although Ihey usually range from thm·bedded to massive. The cemented With calCIum carbonate. The silts and clays contain an and clay. With calcite or less commonly wuh opaline cement, gray 10 tan distinguishable upper carbonate (limestone) bed. sands and conglomerates conSist mainly of chert or quartz. The abundant amount of calcareous material, often as much as half, through red-brown In colol, sandy and Silly clay with some waxy conglomerates usually occur near the base of the Hensell and are therefore constituting a marl or silty marl. The Antlers has been subjected to extensive erosion, clay, gray, green, yellow, or brown color; various colored shale; The Hammett is present in the northeastern, east·central, found only in the area near or immediately adjacent to the therefore, a complete section is found in only a few places. One and occasionally streaks of limestone. Crossbedding IS commonly eastern, and southern parts of the study region, east of a line outcrop. With the grain size and amount of sand decreaSing in a The total thickness of the calcareous facies of the TraVIS of these complete sections is the Spring Mesa location in Callahan associated WIth the conglomeratic beds, and the sands range from trending southwest through the west·central part of HIli County, southeastward direction, the sands grade Into SIlty and sandy Peak Formallon is illustrated on Figure 23, The minimum County where the total thickness is 220 feet, as noted in oil test thin bedded to masSive, The sands and conglomerates are extreme southeastern Bosque County, extreme northwestern shales 10 the southeastern subsurface. This facies change is thickness rec ·7· study region In Bell, Bosque, Brown, Burnet. Comanche. Coryell. Edwards and Associated Limestones shale. The Woodbine generally thickens to the northeast and thins impermeable. If the rain is intense. surface runoff Increases flow. The level or surface to which water will rise in an artesian Eastland. Erath. Hamilton. Hood. Johnson. Lampasas, Mills, to the SOIJth and SOIJthwest as Illustrated on Figure 32, which because the time available for absorption is Inadequate even in well is called the piezomelfic surface. The hydraulIC gradient of Somervell, Travis. and Williamson Counties. The outcrop area is The Edwards and associated limestones IS the tenn used In shows the total thickness of the Woodbine Group. sandy areas. A small nount of the rainfall Will percolate an artesian aquifer is the slope of the piezometric surface. shown on Figure 21 The Glen Rose overlies the Travis Peak thiS report for the water·beanng umt that Includes the downward under the force 01 gravity to the zone of saturatIon Formation and underlies the Paluxy Fonnatlon The only Georgetown and Edwards Formations. These tWO formations are The regional dIp is to the east-southeast at an average rate where all the rock VOids contaIn water. The upper surface of the exceptions are In parts of Burnet County, where the Travis Peak hydrologically connected over most of the area and are seldom of 331eet per mile 10 the area west of the fault zone in Hill zone of saturation is the water table. Water percolating down may Recharge, Movement, and Discharge is absent due to nondeposition and the Glen Rose overlies the differentiated by dnllers In the area; therefore. the term Edwards County, increasing to 50 feet per mile in lhe vicinity of the fault be Intercepted by a local impermeable layer of rock above the Paleozoic rocks. and east 01 the downdip extent of the Paluxy and associated limestones is used. The Comanche Peak Formation zone and to 67 feet per mile near Hubbard in southeastern Hilt zone of saturation. thus forming a saturation zone above the main Recharge is the process by which water is added to 8n Formation. where the Glen Rose underlies the Walnut Formation. is not Included because it IS not known TO yield significant County. (See Figures 31 and 58.) waTer table known as a perched water table. Two characteristics aquifer and may result from eiTher natural or artificial processes. amoonts of water in the study region. of fundamental importance in the zone of saturation are porosity, PrecipitatIon on the outD'"OP of an aquifer is generally the most The Woodbine is an important aquifer in the northeastern ~, The Glen Rose extends on the surface or in the subsurface or the amount of the interstices, voids, or open space contained significant natural source of recharge; water may enter area, especially in HIli County where it supplies water to many and through essentially the entire study region, except In portions of The Edwards and assocIated limestones supply small to in the rock, and perme.Jbihty. which IS the ability of the pot"ous from surface streams and lakes on the outcrop possibly Brown, Callahan. ComitllChe, and Eastland Counties where the large amounts of WOlter to wells and constitute an important domestic and Iil/tStock wells and TO wells in tl!\Ieral small towns. material to transmit water. Fine-grained sethmenu ~ as clay throug, intraformational leakage. Artificial recharge is the Glen Rose thins and is no longer traceable or distinguishabw. In aquifer in the area SOIJth of the Lampasas River in Bell County The Woodbine can be expected to yield small to moderate arid SIlt generally ha~ hIgh porosity; howe¥er, because of their process of replenishing ground water m an aquifer and may be this area. the Glen Rose pinches out and the Paluxy and TrlNis and along and east 01 the Balcones Fault Zone. The Edwards amounts of water. small voids they have little or no permeability and consequently accomphshed by (1) iniCCtion wells. and (2) infiltnltion of Peak Formations coalesce to form the Antlers Formation. The crops OUt In this area paralleling the faull zone in Bell. Travis, and do not readily transmit water. Sand and gravel are usually pDfous irrigation water Of properly treated industrial waste water and Glen Rose pinch-out is illustrated on Figures 55 and 57. WIlliamson Counties as illustrated on Figure 29. It crops out in and permeable, the degree depending upon the size. shape. sewage The amount of recharge must be considered in other areas usually as isolated outliers. The Edwards is present in GENERAL GROUNO·WATER HYDROLOGY sorting. and amount of cementation of the grains. In limestone or determining the amount of water which can be safely developed Bell County north of the Lampasas River, but is not an important igneous rocks. or in tightly cemented or compacted rocks. from 81'1 aquifer, because it must balance the discharge over a long The Glen Rose Formation is composed primanly of aquifer. porOSity and permeability are controlled to some degree by the period of time or the water in storage in lhe aquifer will limestone With some shale. sandy shale. clay. sandstone. and occurrence and extent of )Oinu, crevices, and solution cavities. eventually be depleted. Fact()(s which influence the amount of anhydrite. The limestone is ohen dense, finely crystalline, Hydrologic Cycle The Georgetown FormatIon is composed of a nodular for a formation to be an aquifer. it mUS't be porous. permeable, recharge recei¥oo by an aquifer in its outcrop area are the amount fossiliferous, and gray to tan in color. With marl and chalky limestone, usually white and m~5lve, interbedded with layers of water·bearing. and yield water in usable quantities. and frequency of precipttation, rate of evaporation. types and limestone common. The hydrologIC cycle IS the sum Total of processes and marl or marly shale. It is fossrllferoos, commonly burrowed WIth movements of the earth's moisture from the sea, through the condition of soil cover, topography, type and amount of fOSSil fragments found in the burrows, and abundant In pyrite. atmosphere. to the land, and e¥entually, WIth numerable delayt Water in an aquifer IS either under water·table or artesian vegetation, and the extent of the outcrop ill"ea. In addition. the From a featheredge near May in Brown County and conditions. fn the outcrop area, ground water generally occurs ability of the aquifer 10 accept recharge and transmit it to areas en route, back to the sea Many courses that the water may take northwest of Twin Mountains in Erath County. the Glen Rose The Edwards Formation consists of a hard. fossitlerous under water-table, or unconlined conditions; II is under of discharge mfluences the amount of recharge it will eventually to complete the hydrologiC cycle are illustrated on Figure 5. gradually thickens southeastward and has a maximum thickness limestone, thick'bedded to masSIVe, and commonly dolomItIC; atmospheric pressure and will rise or fall in response to changes receive. Recharge is generally greater during winter months when of 1,110 feet in Limestone County. The irn::rease in thickness and reef material conSisting of shelt fragments and rudlsud roofs; Water occuring in the study region is derived, for the most part. in the volume of water sTored. In a well penetrating 811 plant growth and well use are at a minimum and evaporation rates general rate of dip are Illustrated on Figures 55 through 60. calcareous shale and marl: and bedded and nodular chen. flint. from water vapor carried inland from the Gulf 01 Mexico. unconfined aquifer. water will rise to the level of the water table. are low. and dokM'nite. The hydraulic gradient in an unconfined aquifer coincides with The Glen Rose produces fresh to slightly saline water In the slope of the water table which corresponds to the general Ground water moves in response to the hydraulic gradient localized areas on or adjaet!l1t to its outcrop usually to small In the Edwards and assocIated limestones, the lunestone Source and Occurrence slope of the land surface. from areas of recharge to areas of discharge, or from points of domestic and livestock wells Aw;ry from the outcrop. water in and dolomite beds are commonly extensl¥ely honeycombed and higher hydraulic head to points of lower hydrauliC head. Ground the Glen Rose IS highly mineralized i'"'d J;Onstltutes a potential cavernous with numerous fractures and solutlon channels The pnmary source of ground water In the study region is Downdip from the outD'"OP or recharge area. ground water water under artesian COndltlCOS generally moves in the direction source of contamination to wells compleTed in the unt1erlying occurring within the IOdividual beds. The dolomItic beds the infiltration 01 precipitaTion either directly in the OUtCTOP area within an aquifer occurs under artesian or confined COrl(htloos_ of The aquifer's regional dip, wtllie movement of ground water Travis Peak Formation. commonly have a .sugary Texture and often are misinterpreted as or indirectly as seepage from streamflow. A large percentage of a result of being overlain by relatively Impermeable beds whIch under water·tnble condltlom 15 closely related to the slope 01 the sandstone or sandy limesTone by many drillet's. precipitation is evaporated back to the atmosphere directly or is confine the water under a pressure greater than atmospheric_ In a fand surface. However. in areas of large and extensive consumed by planlS and returned to the atmosphere by well penetratIng an artesian aqUifer, water will rise above the withdrawals. ground water moves from all directions toward the Paluxy Formation The total thickness of the Edwards and associated transpiration. A large portion also becomes surface runoff confining bed and, if the pressure head is large enough to cause areas of pumpage or lowered pressure. The rate 01 movement of limestones ranges from 180 to 250 feet in the area of the study because it moves rapidly over land surfaces which are steep or the water in the well to rise above the land surface. the well Will ground water is directly related to the porosity and penneabihty The Paluxy Formation extends on the surface or In the region where fresh to slightly saline water occurs In the aqUifer. of the aquifer, In most sands and gravels, the rate of movement subsurface through the northern, western, and cefltral pam of the The thickness increases southward as Illustrated on Figure 30. ranges from tenths of a foot per day to many feet per year, while study region. It crops out In Bell, Bosque. Brown, Burnet. in cavernous gypsum or limestone, water flows in subterranean Comaoche, Coryell, Eastland, Erath, Hamilton. Hood, Johnson, The regional dip IS to the east·southeast at an average rale channels and may have velocitlt!S and volumes comparable to lampasas, MIlls. Somervell, Travis, and Williamson Counties as of 80 feet per mile. This direction and rate is determined on the surface streams. shown on Figure 21. The Paluxy is overlain by the Walnut top of the Georgetown FormaTion whICh is the top of the Formation dOd underlain by the Glen Rose Formation. Edwards and aSSOCiated hmestones. (See Figures 29 and 56.) Discharge is a process by wtuch water IS removed from an aquifer and may be either natural or artificial Natural discharge The Paluxy is composed predominantly 01 fine-grained. includes springs, effluent seepage to stre ·8· shape and extent of the cone of depres~ion. and the properties of When a well .s pumped. water levels In the vicinitY are Table 2.-SourCi. SIgnificance. and Concentration of Olssot.,e O..oIVlld ItOm tockl .net 11. Sul'.t. ,I' It... eon..lnl.... CoIlclum lo.ml h..d 11 700 9 130 24 510 '00 0 f,140 e.8 • 549 41 670 The coefficient of permeability is defined as the quantity of General Chemical Quality of Ground Water eonl.lnl"'ll IIVPlUm. 1.01' ,ulfocl . 1e.1. In bOil... In 1.,V- "'"'0""", 1U11.1. '1' " .rod 0...... IUllu. compound. comblnllion w'lh Ot"" '0"" II.... bill.. 1.It. 10 water in gallons I>et' day that will pass through a 5e{;lion or the eommonlv P,_nl In ...... w...... US. P..blic H lth S.,v",.1l962) drink'''II aquifer one loot square under a hydraulic gradient of one foot All ground water contaIns minerals carried in solution. the indulln.I ...... 1•...... suno,,," ,.., ",.nd '".t til. SIIII••• l)Cr foot. It may be determined by dividing the coefficient of type and conceOlralion of whIch depend upon the environment, con1llnt "auld ....t ...~ 250 mall transmissibility by the saturated thickness of the aquifer. in feet, movement. and source of the ground water. Precipitation IS O,...I,..l I,om ,ock••I'd ...Iho In I..,. _un•• 1ft comt>....llOn willi lOCIi"m. 15 530 3 211 11 334 •• 528 10 10 489 21 sse relatlV1!ly free of minerals until it comes in contact With the P'-.1 in _ .nd lound In 11< ...... Itv I .... to ·9· accepted classificatIon of water hardness IS shown In the Table 2.-Source, Stgnificance, Ind Conc::entnlltlon of Dissolved-Mineral ConUltuenu and Properties of Wlter-eontlnued tendency of Irrigation water to cause a high buildup of salts in the follOWing table. soli IS called the salinity hazard of the water, The specifiC RANGE IN CONCENTRATIONS, BY AQUIFER conductance of the water is used as an index of the salinuy EDWARDS AND CONSTITUENT HARDNESS RANGE hazard. ASSOCIATED OR TRAVIS PEAK TRAVIS PEAKU tMG LI CLASSIFICATION USABILITY ·ANTlERS~ PALUXY LIMESTONES WOODBINE PROf'ERTY SOURCE OR CAUSE SIGNIFICANCE TRAVIS PEAKU HENSELl HOSSTON S""abl. fo. m.nv u_ High concentrations of sodium relative to the cOn...... _ b.IOf•• 1.lher ..Ill lo.m D~tI , ,.. ", , ",',1'I0"t 1...._ IOh.n,.... In mcKl _I...... IV ,II 1M ...... , "" ... concentrations of calcium and maglesium in irrigation water may hel'd,~ ...... I. due 10 c.k,..m ....., _ .. "u'd On b.tl'll..bo. Herd ...... lo.m. _It In "''' " meg.-I,,",. All 01 1M .....'.Ulc bo,I...... 1~"'fI. .nd p1QM. H.rd"," 61 10120 Mod,,",I... Ullble .~c:.... ,n som. adversely sffect soil structure. CatIons In the soil solution become ullon. o,n. Ih.n ,h, .Ikali ",..lv.I..., to Ih, bkllrbon....1'18 <;:IIC"-_I jacIN oj ,M T"vII P..k Form"lon. AU _Us COnlid..-ed er' compilled In .. onl..... Ih. H.....l1 0' HO.llon Memb... of I'"~ T,,,," P..k Fo.m.lIon, !J SOdI..m .nd m c.k..ltled .....,h..m (N.l i.....oW" I" ,he .....,1 .. u"b..l.lionl state quote the following upper limits lor dissolved·sollds " po,_,.. , Pe,m.. .67 '0 1.00 L33lo 2.00 2.00 to 3.00 tJ RICIIC....'1Id _I...oj dl_lved oolidl.' shOwn In 11>1 1Q..lf. ,lbull1lOflI. concentratIOn in livestock water (Hem, 1959, p. 241). _.. ANIMAL OISSOlVED WllOS (MGlll • Do.a.tl,,1 1.00 10 1,25 2.00 10 2.50 300 '0 375 Po..ltry • U...... '1 >1.25 >2.50 >3.75 '" Industrial 7.'50 The chemical quality of water suitable for indUStry is not C.II" (tl..fj 10.000 necessarily referenced to potability and mayor may not be ANNUAL AVERAGE RECOMMENDED CONTROL LIMITS However, many supplies which cannot meet these standards must acceptable for human consumption. The lolerance in chemical Public SupplV and Domestic and Livestock Adult ohMP 12,900 OF MAXIMUM DAilY (FLUORIDE CONCENTRATIONS be used for lack of a more suitable supply, and have been used for quality of water for industrial use differs Widely for different AIR TEMPERA· IN MOll) any ill industries and different processes, Suggested water·quality The U.S. Public Health Service 11962, p. HI) has TURfS (Fl lOWER OPTIMUM UPPER long periods of time without apparent effects on the user established, and periodically revised, standards of drinking water Irrigation tolerances for a number of industries are presented in Table 3 to be used on common carners engaged in Interstate commerce. 50.0 '53.1 ~. .., .., In areas where the nitrate content of water is excessive, a (American Water Works Association, 1950, p. 66-611. Water used potential danger exists. Concentrations of nitrate In excess of 45 The chemical composition of ground water is important In by industry may be classified into three principal categories: The standards are designed to protect the traveling public arld ~ .,. .S ,., ... cooling water. boilE!!' water, and process water. .. mg/l in water used for infant feeding have been rellted to the determining its usefulness for irrigation In that It should not may be used to evaluate public and domestiC water supplies. Some of these standards, In milligrams per liter, are as follows~ ... .,. .S '.0 .., incidence of Infant cyanosis (methemoglobineml8 or "blue baby" adversely affect the productlvitv of the land The extent to which disease), a reduction of the oxygen content in the blood chemical quality limits the sultabilitv of ground water for Cooling water usually IS selected on the basis of S,. 70.11 ., .., MAXIMUM •• constittJtlng a form of asphYXia {Maxcy, 1950. p.271). Since irrigation depends on the nature, composItion, and drainage of temperature and chemical quality lince anv characteristic which CONCENTRATION 70,7 "2 , .S '.0 OItrates are considered to be the final oxidation product of the SOil and subsoil, the amounts of watE!!' used and methods of may adversely affect the heat exchange surface IS undesirable. RECOMMENDED Chemical substances such as calcium, magnesium, aluminum, iron SUBSTANCE IMG/l) 90.5 ., .S nitrogenous material, their presence In concenmnions of more applicatlon; the kinds of crops grown; and the climate of the ", •• than a few milligrams per liter may indicate present or past region, including the amoontS and disttlbutlon of rainfall. Iron, and Silica may cause the formatioo of scale. Excessive Chl0.1d. tell contamination by sewage or other organic matter (lotlr and hardness is objectIonable because It contributes to the formation Fluo,ld,IF) Optimum fluoride concentratIOns in drinking water depend Love, 1954, p. 10). ExcessIve concentrations of iron and The most important characteristics in determining the of scale In steam boilers, pipes. water heaters, radiators, and upon climatic conditions~ because the quantity of water and manganese in water cause reddish-brown or dark gray precipitates quality of ground water lor irrigation, according to the U.S. various other equipment where water is heated, evaporated, or consequently the amount of fluoride ingcsted is influenced that stain clothes and plumbing fixtures. Water having a chloride Salinity laboratory Staff (1954. p.691 are t 1) total treated With alkaline materials, The accumuhtlion of scale "' ptlmarily by air temperature. Use of drinking water having a 005 content exceeding 250 mgtl may have a salty taste, and sulfate In concootration of soluble salts; 121 relative proportion of sodium increases costs for fuel, labor, repairs and replacement, and 10wef'5 fluotlde content exceec:hng the upper recommended limits may excess of 250 mg/I may produce a laxative effect. to other cations; and (3) concentration of boron or other the qualitY of many products. Some calcium hardness may be NIU;at.INO.I) .. cause mottling of the teeth of children (Dean, Dixon. and elements that may be toxic. desirable because calcium carbonate sometimes forms protective ,.. Cohen, 1935, p.424-442)' However, the use of drinking water The hardness in water is caused principally by the coatings on pipes and other equipment and reduces corrosion. A that contains the optimum flUOride concentration appears to concentration of calcium and magnesIUm. ExcessIVe hardness of High concentrations of dissolved salts In IrrigatiOn water high concentration of dissolved solids tn a water may be closely reduce the Incidence of tooth decay (Dean, Arnold, and water causes an increase in soap consumption and encrustation may cause a bUildup of salts in the soil solution and may make associated With Its corrOSIVe properties. especially if chloride, Elvove, 1942, p. 1,1151,179 and Maier, 1950, p. 1.120·1,132). and formation of scale In hot water heaters, water pipes, and the soil saline. Increased salinity of the SOil may drastically reduce calcium, magnesium chloride, sodium chloride in the presence of When II"O'lOa .. ",."..lIv PO-.I ," a"nklng WII... tl'l.conc.n..."o" cooking utensils. The hardness of water becomes obJeCtionable crop Yields by decreasing the abilltv of the plants to take up magnesium, acids, and oxygen and carbon dioxide are among the thould_.. no, _'0' mote ,h." ,... _ 10· magnesium chloride may be highly corrosive because the Table 3.-Water.Quality Tolerances for Industrial Applications' ", r- ~ .. , ~1 ~- hydrolysis of this salt yields hydrochloric acid. t [Allowable limits in Milligrams Per liter EKcept as Indicated! " ~- ~ Water used for boilers generally must meet rigid ...... ,BJ;.K1 ~.. foo,;-t. chemical·quallty standards, especially in high· pressure boilers " ""... ,.._bf '" COLOR DIS ALKA· " where the problems of encrustation and corrosion arc greatly N"2SD4 " '0, SOLVED LlNITY TO " t l /1 t iJ intensified. Iron oxides in boiler water may cause priming and TUR- CON· OXYGEN HARD lAS TOTAL F" Na2S03 GEN- " foaming and mugnesium chloride to break down and form INDUSTRY BIDITY COLOR SUMED (millI ODOR NESS CaC03) pH SOLlDS F, M, M, AI2D3 Si02 Co F CO, HC03 OH CaS04 RATIO ERAL2 T hydrochloric acid. In addition, magnesium, calcium, and silica in 3 most waters cause scale, and in the case of silica, the tendency for Ai, Condlllonlrlg 0.5 0.5 0.' A.' Baltlng 10 10 ., , ., c forming scale intensifies with increased boiler pressure. Suggested ''I water·quality tolerances for boiler water (Moore, 1940, p. 263). Boller le.d o 150 psI 20 80 , 8,0+ 3,000 , SO 80 \ to 1 J In '00 '00 ~ in milligrams per liter for various pressures pounds per square 1,000 inch (psi), are as follows: " " 150250 psi 10 40 80 ., '.5 2,500 .5 21o 1 " 500 " " ! ooL T j" L III CONSTITUENT OR OVER _~c~_~ 250 psi arid up 5 • 0 9.0+ \,500 .CO 5 5 3101 lIZ PROPERTY 0-150 PSI 150·250 PSI 250-400 PSI 400 PS' • " '00 " " TU'b~hv , , 20 , 8,ew'rlg,5 . Color .0 " , Ughl 'ow 6,5·7.0 '00 100200 ,, , 100200 C.D Oxygen tonsumed " , , Ollrk 'ow >50 7.0- 200-500 , ., ., 200500 C.D DIssolved oxygen· .0 .0 " " '.000 " "." " hoe-,. Hvdr01lon sulf,do (H2S1 ,".. ,.. 0 0 CII""lng TOll.l herdness es CaC03 .0 , ... ' Cl" 31 52·SOl '0 LllgUmos 'ow 25-75 ., , ., C :.,... ur... Sul'ele-corbO",ne r<'llio " Ge"orlll 'ow ., , ., C (Ne2S04,N82C031 1;1 2:1 3;1 3:1 " Aluminum oxido (A12031 , . " , ...... Carbon..led h"' '-:-:-~ S,lice ($102) 20 , , erage,6 , 0 250 50 "'0 .2 ., , C BiterOorl..te (HC031· , 0 " ConllCllona,V " " ,- '00 .2 , ., CO'bOrl81e ICO~J '00" "0" 20 CoolingS 50 SO '" .5 .5 ., A.' Hvdroxide (OH " Food. generel 'ow ., ., ~ C TOlal d,s",!ve'0 .5 >'0 A Krllll pulp '00 , , ., SOda lind sul/ile " " '00 , 05 ., Ught pllp"', Some tre • 11 - Table 4.-Resuln of Pumping Tests developed within the trough at Belton, Gatesville, Hillsboro, and In the remainder of the region. excluding the northwest McGregor. Almudes of waler levels In the Hensell and Hosston OUlcrop and calcareous facies awas, ground water within the Aquifer: Kgr, Glen Rose Formation; Ktp, Travis Peak Formation; Khe, Hensell Member of the Travis Peak Members of the Travis Peak Formation are shown on Figures 40 Hensell and Ho~ton Members of the Travis Peak Formation is Formation; Kpe, Pearsall Member of the Travis Peak Formation; and 41. The direction of movement of the water is ,ll right angles under anesian conditions. Test data in Table 4 indicate that Kho, Hosston Member of the Tra.,is Peak Formation. to the contours in the direction of decreasing altitude. coetlicients of permeability 01 the Hosston range Irom 2 approximately 17 to 171 gP LA.41 08-301 13.000 26.0 "00 161.0 '.<0 The sands WIthin the calcareous facies 01 the TraVIS Peak The largest water-level declines in the Hensell and Hosston LA·41 24-401 1,800 '0 2,700 44.0 <000 103.0 ,., FormatlOn in west-central Texas (FIgure 23) exhibit extremely Members have taken place in the area adjacent to Interstate .. low permeabilulcs due to cementatIOn. Pumping tests conducted Highway 35. The long-term water·level declines and seasonal LA.41-24-403 3,800 50 ,. <0'00 25.0 3,00 95.0 ", in the clllcareous facies area indicale that coefficients of changes in this region are illustrated by Figures 12 and 13. and " permeability range from 1 to 20 gpd/ft2. The low coefficients of the amount of decline from 1900 10 1967 is illustrated by Hill County permeability and the relatively thin sand thicknesses combine to Figure 42. This steady decline is due to the tow permeability of LW32 53 902 5~00 5,200 57.0 2.00 134.0 produce very low coefficients of transmissibility that range from the water-producing sands and the large amount of ground water " '.<0 to 1,000 gpd/lt. LW·3255·904 1.500 ',000 105.0 '.00 171.0 o which is used for industrial and public supply purposes. .. " " - 12 . 0, T,ble 4.-Resulu of Pumping Tesu-eoncinued I DRAWOOWN TIME AFTER I COEFFICIENT OF EFFECTIVE TOTAL FRESH APPROXIMATE TOTAL I -i SPECIFIC TRANSMISSI81L1TY SAND COEFFICIENT OF WATER SAND COEFFICIENT OF COEFFICIENT OR WELL TURNED AVERAGE ~ YIELD CAPACITY FROM TEST THICI 22110 L.W:» 10201 "',000 !./ 111.600 ,.<0 ~ .. ... , -,_.... _,'I .....I~ oo15ססI' ,..,_ .. _. 0 " • OO28 , 21110סס.0 2.800 LJ ...... ', ...... --_...._00_-,,-, ....._,'....,--,- .101>..10" Cou..ty , , PX32-5'll01 :1.200 !.I .. 3.900 ." ...... Mcl.e YO 58-.013 102 , 10,500 226 40.31 12.8 '" .. " " ° - ... YO-"'"'*3103 153,2 .., ... ,,, , .., VO 58"'*3-801 ,...... • i YO 58_ 201 ,...... ". ... '0 Wolh...... Counly ~ ZIC 5810201 '.... " .. '.... ". ... 00 • ,. ZK-A 10202 ' : ~ "0 '.... " ...... , , I 00 00 ,,., ,.. " , • • • • • .... " 000_ ,'... e-..- .. _, .. _ '" ,., " 310.0 Zit &8-'1202 3.01.800 '" ,.. "'2.600 ", ... .. oo71סס, 30.800 ,., .,, ZK58-',203 "0 26.200 ,., • 311.1100 163.9 1.089,0 .., ZK !is 29 60" 28.500 '" ... ,.00.000 yAQUII., co.U'e,.nc. co"",'Hed f,om ,eeov.y ,_ " 21AQu" •• coelflC..nn ob'.,ned bY '-'.U"'G e...ln ".noml.ob,IoIY _ IIOtOIliI. ""Iu..,W F_ Guy.on "nd W 0 Geo.... 11143, 1/ ,...000 I SlJ A "lou.... 1962 !!IAGu"" coe!l",..n.. eomou.... lTom . 13· • T northwest outcrop and adjacent area are obtained from the Travis Peak Formauon, although the concentrations of dissolved solids (1820980 mgJll, iron 10.02-1.4 mgtll. and fluoride (Q.2.4 mg/l) in In some cases exceed the standards sel by the U.S. Public Health Service. Chloride (3·217 mgt!) and sulfate 19·130 mgtll are well within the prescribed limits. Treatment other than chlorination for public supply does not seem necessary except possibty in .... areas with high iron concentrations. ,._.-.. -.... - _.. Ground water in the northwest outgOP and adjacent area is ..-_...... generally not suitable for industrial use due to its high content of f -_- _- - silica (1G40 mgtl), iron. hardness, and sodium bicarbonate, • Testing and effective treatment should be considered by future " potential industry in the area. ! • Contamination reported to have occurred locally from improper disposal of oil, field brines is illustratod on Figure 35. ., t- Proper disposal and plugging methods will help cOrrect this situation with time. • Ranges of constituents and properties of water from • • i• • • • • /" • , --" ...... In _...... - .. _ oooooe_ representative wells and adjacent to the calcareous facies of the -.. ... TraVIS Peak F()(mation are gIven in Table 6. The water usually is a • . -_..- hard 198-546 mg/l CacoJl. sodium bicarbonate type of poor quality, and ranges in temperature from (70 Fl 121"C) to (84 'F) 129 CI. Ground water in this area is primarily used for domestic and public R.lpply, althou~ generally the ranges of rnateN' constituents exceed U.S. Public Health ServIce standards. This water has been and continues to be used, due to the unavailability of a more SUitable R.lpply, without any apparent ill eHectson the _... I." . ~- users_ Some of the constltU8l1t ranges in mg/I are; chloride -_.... -.. _.. _. 115·5301. f1UOflde 10.1-4.41.lron 10.03-2). nitrate IQ.l681. sulfate .. --..-..- - ._-- - 111·700), and dissolYed solids (372·2,280)_ Treatment. Other than ------_ FIgure 9 chlorination for public supply, is generally not Pl'ilCtlced, practiced. Relation of Decline in Water Levels to Time and Distance as a Result of Pumping Under Artesian Conditions From the Irrigation is uncommon in this area primarily because of Ihe thin calcareous soil cover and rough topography which supports Hensell Member of the Travis Peak Formation ver\, little farming. The ground water in this area has a very high sodium (alkalil hazard and salinity hallrd based on its SAR (0.2-35.4) and specific conductance (643·3,7601. In addition, it has a htgh percent sodium (5-951 and high dissolved-solids content, all of which make it undesirable for irrigation. • • • • • Table 5.-Range of Constituents and PropertIes of Ground Water From Representatiye Welh In the - -- - .. "-'"" ...... Antle" and TraYls Peak FOfmatlons in the Northwest OutgOP and AdJacent Areas Industrial use of ground water In this area IS negligible since lhe waler is gene~l1y unsuitable because of Its high iron, J Analyses given ar. in milligrams per hter except pucent sodium, specific conductance. pH. Ind sodium-adsorptlon rltlO. hardness. and sodium bicarbonate contents. Consideration should • be gillen to testing and effective treatment by future potential CONSTITUENT OR CALLAHAN EASTLAND ERATH COMANCHE BROWN industrial usen. PROPERTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY Silk.!St021 ,. .., '" ,. ,. " " 33 ContaminatIon of wound wdter in thIS area occurs generally l'onlFel .03-- .21 .. .. ,.• ,02 .3 when saline water from the Glen Rose Formation is allowed to enter and mix with native Travis Peak water. This occurs as a 95 142 30 174 .. 40 I" 50 '00 result of poorly constructed wells which have little or no casing, 13 31 wells which hCMl been completed lperforatedl opposite I _ .. , '·i ...... " • • 62 •• .. " undesirable water zones, and wells with corroded casings. • lloO...... __ '" _ .. _ .. _ro SodIum """ · - Pata",tum IN•• I() 3 11~ Another factor which contributes to the poor quality of ground - . ,.. • 3 .. 33• ...,_ .._...... - • water found in the area is the low permeability of the aquifer. --_ _- 8Iurbon"e(HC03 265 455 '" 1 t34 468 .09 t28· 461 30' .,. This reduced permeability is due to calcareous cementation which t- Sulf',e (5041 39 .. 10 71 '.5 11 t 18 restricts the recharge and flushing so vitol in maintaining good • •• ". quality in ground water. Chlorld.!Cll 36 2t7 3 7t3 .. ,., · ,.. .. ., .. •• '.3 o 2.' .2· .6 .3 1,1 •• Water from the Hensell Member of the Trayis Peak Formatlon In the downdip areas. but not within the calcareous • .4 27 .• 31 • 3' •• • facies. lS of 1 sodium bicarbonate type. The chemical quality of 8oron 181 .. . .1· .2 .06- .2 the water, although generally good, exhIbIts a gradual ...... '.2 73t 271 579 2t9 770 500 791 deterioration with distance from the northwest outcrop area and toward the south·southeast. as illustrated on Figure 36. Connate Total n..d.... lcaco3) .. 476 • • • • • 117 550 379 48.4 water present during deposition is replaced to a lesser degree ...-- Pero:...t ~"""!lM - 14- • T T T • • • + • • ..., t- • t- • I o' j • . ~> , ," ,.> + " ,~ ..•.. r ! ' I . ",-, of ... " ...... " t T ...000 ....'" (M._ .. _. ".O~'. -t-:. ,,"""", .. , 11 10,000"'''' __._ " UOOC~ " _" ._.. t- ","",,",.. ,g, ..- + __..-"'Q 100_.... 0- ....' --- ''''''' .. I '. • +---+--+-- T T I • + .. t .. , .. to 000 100 000 1• • • .- --- • - • F.gure 10 F.gure 11 Relatian af Decline in Water Levels ta Time and Distance as a Relation af Decline in Water Levels ta Time and Distance as a • Result af Pumping Under Artesian Canditions From the Result of Pumping Under Water,Table Conditions From the Figure 12 Hosston Member of the Travis Peak Formation Hosston Member af the Travis Peak Farmation Hydrographs of Water Levels In Wells properties of the water from representative wells in the Hensell facies. is a sodium bicarbonate type, generally of beller quality treats for fluoride, and Little River. Taylor, and Buckholts. which and irrigation needs. At present, residents in Comanche and Completed in the Travis Peak Member of the Travis Peak Formation are shown in Table 7. than the HenselL lu chemical quality, like that of the Hensell, aerate to remove Ihe hydrogen sulfide gas. E.tland Counties are rapidly developing the Antlers and Travis FormatIon Under Artesian Conditions decreases gradually downdip from the outcrop as Illustrated on Peak Formations for irrigatlon purposes. Water from the Hensell, In thiS area, is primarily used for Figure 37, This general decrease III chemical quality can be Irrigation is not an Important use of Hosston water because domestic and public supply. although its iron (0.02-2.2 "'9/0. attributed to a reduced replacement of connate water by fresh dryland farming is generally practiced in thIS area, and because In 1967, about 48,600 acre· feet of ground water was fluonde (0.1-6 mg,11. and dissolved solids (311-1,470 mg/l) may water prog-csslVely downdip from the outcrop. In the extreme the quality of water is not suitable due to a hil#l sodium hazard pumped from the prinCIpal Cr.. taceous aquifers In the regIon. ground water used for public supply from the Antlers and Travis gena-ally exceed the U.S. Public Health Service standards, Other southeast, faulting has reduced the movement and flushing of ISAR 0.2-501. salinity hazard (speciflc conductance 632-3,8401, ApprOXImately 87 percent of thiS ground water was supplied Peak Formations. constituents or prOperties such as nitrate (()'64 mglll. chloride connate water and may have allowed undemable salme wdter to and percent sodium (5·99). from the Antlers and TravIS Peak Formations. The estimated 111·334 mg/l). sulfate (24510 mg/l). hardness 13-398 mg/l enter along fault planes. East 01 the Balcones Fault Zone, water amounts and uses of ground waler pumped In 1967, by aquifer, The city of Stephenville IS the second largest user of ground CaCO]) are ger.erally low over most of the area except adjacent In the lower part of the Hosston is of better quality because of The induStrial application of Hosston water includes its use ate shown in Table g. water from the Travis Peak Formation for public supply. In 1967, to the calcareous facies where chloride, sulfate, and hardness the coarse and permeable nature of the sands, while the saline in processIng, cooling, and boilers. Silica IS generally low making the city pumped about 1,460 acre-feet of ground water, which is exceed the U.S. Public Health Service standards. Treatment other water found in the upper part may have resulted from the finer, Its use in boilers desirable. Some restriction or treatment may be approximatelv 9 percent of the total amount of ground water than chlorination for public supply IS generally not exercised. less permeable sand impeding the flushing action. Ranges of necessary in areas wnere iron. hardness, temperature, and PubliC Supply used for publIC SlJpply from the Antlers and Travis Peak constituents and properties of water from representative wells in dissolved-solids content are excessive. Fonnatlons. Stephenville obtains its supply from approximately the Hosston Member of the Travis Peak Formation are presented The increase In populatIon and modernIzation of homes in 19 wells localed within the city limIts and southeast of town. Hensell water, in this area, is generally not suitable for in Table 8. Contamination is restricted to the local variations in quality towns and cities have creoted a steady, increasing demand for These wells are completed in the entire sand section of the Travis irrigation because of its high sodium hazard (SAR 0.3-321. high resulting Irom improperly constructed or completed wells and ground water over the years_ ThiS demand is illustrated by Peak (Hensel! and Hosston) and range in depth from 400 to salinity hazard (specific conductance 554-2,464), and high The water Within the Hosston downdlj) and Immediately faulting which allows undesirable saline waters to enter and Figure 15, which shows the amount of ground water used for 511 feet. percent sodium (7-98). An appraisal of boron was not made adjacent to lhe calcareous facies of the Travis Peak Formallon in deteriorate the native ground water. In the extreme southeast, public supply purposes from 1955 to 1967. In 196'7, because of the lack of data. western Belt and Williamson Counties IS of poor quality. This is major faultlllg (Mexia-Talco Fault Zooe) has caused pronounced approximately 16,800 acre· feet of ground water was pumped The city of Belton is the third largest user of ground water due to the low permeability Within the calcareous facies, which displacement and may contribute to water quality decline by from the Antlers and Travis Peak FormatIons for public supply from the Travis Peak Formation for public supply. In 1967, the Water from the Hensell IS generally favorable for industrial Impedes the movement and flushing action of ground water restricting water movement and flushing or by permitting use. This was about 40 percent of the total amount of ground City used approximately 1,140 acre-feet of ground water, which is use in most of the area except where hardness, iron, and dissolved within and adjacent to the facies boundary. undesirable saline water to enter along fault planes. water used from the Antlers and Travis Peak FormatIons in the about 7 percent of the total amount of water used for public solids are high. Silica (3-17 mglll and temperatures of (66 F) regIon. supply from the Antlers and Travis Peak Formations. The water is (19"C) 10 184 F) (29~C) are relatively low, maklOg it hIghly Water from the Hosston in this area is primarily used for pumped from loor wells which range In depth from 1.190 to desirable for use in boilers and cooling processes. domestic and public supply, even though the iron (0-3.6 mgfl), UtilizatIon and De'elopment The city of Waco and Its SlJburbs are the largest uset1 of 1.293 feet_ It is believed these wells are completed in the Hosston fluoride (0.5.3 mg!ll. and dissolved sohds (362·1.885 mgfl) water for pubhc supply in the study region. In 1872, the city had Member. Contamination, resulting in a deterioration of water content may generally e.xceed the U.S. Public Health Service Pnor to 1880 there was no development of ground water Its first water system whIch obtained its supply from an artesian quality, IS restricted to local areas and generally occurs wnen standards. Nitrate 10-20 mg/II, chloride (16-528 mg/IJ, sulfate from the Antlers and TriMS Peak Formations other than small well that lapped the Travis Peak Formation. Presently the city The city of Taylor is the fourth largest user of ground water undesirable saline water enters along fault planes or intenningles (20-900 mgJl), and hardness (5-500 mg!l COCO)) are usually low; amounts used for domestic, livestock, and public supply and us suburbs obtain watet" from Waco Lake and 33 wells whIch from the TravIS Peak Formation for public supply. During 1967, with the mOf"e desirable water in poorly constructed and however, chloride U\Cfeas.es adjacent to the calcareous facies, purposes. Later Hill (1901) and Adkins (1923) reported many range in depth from about 1,500 to 2,500 feet. All of the wells TaylOf pumped about 1,120aae-feet of ground water from the completed wells. sulfate increases east of the Balcones Fault Zone, and hardness wells completed in the Travis Peak Formation. whIch supplied are completed in the Tnwis Peak Formation With most of the Hosston Member. This is approximately 7 percent of the total iOCfeases in both areas. All mcreases exceed the U.S_ Public towns and a few enterprising fanners. Since the early 1900's. the wells supplying water from the Hosston Member. In 1967, these amount of water used for public supply from the Antlers and Water from the Hosston Member of the Travis Peak Health Servi~ standards. ChlOrination, in public supplies, IS Travis Peak has been developed to provide large amounts of wells supplied approximately 3,000 acre feet of water for the city Travis Peak Formations. Taylor obtains its water from three wells Formation in the downdip areas, but not within the calcareous generally the only treatment exercised except at Bartlett, which ground water for domestic, livestock, public supply. industrial, df1d surrounding areas. This IS 18 percent of the total amount of ranging in depth from 3,308 to 3,365 feet. - 15- Table 6.-Range of Constituents and Properties of Ground Water From Representatilte Wells In and Adiacent to the Calcareous FacH!s of the Traltls Peak Formation Analyses gIven are In mIlligrams per Itter except percent sodium, specific conductance, pH, and sodIum-adsorption ratio. Single values appear where only one analysis or value was availAble. CONSTITUENT BROWN MILLS CORYELL LAMPASAS BURNET OR PROPERTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY Stl!c.(SK7) 9 ,... , " .. " • ,. Iro" (F.) ~. .0 ., .4 ., . .., .03- , c.klum Ie., ., 40 ", ,,. 4' "0 " .. " Mal' UMom IMg} ,. ., 0 ,. "" ., " .. '9 .. SoOn,rn and Po'...... (N. + K) ,..., ..0 9 ,. "" " '" 9" .. ! 8ica-t>O...t. IHC03' '5. m 633 390 399 ,.. -634 ""0 ... ~ , Sulf.,. ISO'" ,.0 530 ,. ,,. I " " ... ",. " Chlorld. ,... (el) .. u '0' .... 530 3D< '0 395 ! " .. Fluoride IFI ., 3.1- 4.4 A ~ ,• ...... '-' ... N,tI'at.IN03l 0 .. ,...... 9 • O. • ". + ° '" i Boro" lel .,. -2,280 1,.20 ", f '" + I: 0,.01-....1 solids 4" 0.. '.900 4" '68 h.d~ (caco~ ,,. ,., TOI.1 398 ,.. 63<> .. '68 ... '5. + 1 "" Petcen, lochum (~""'I) • " '0 93 95 • '9 9 " S~lllC c:onductar><:. o + + (mic.omt>o••t 2S C.1 "0 1,450 2.750 ~,760 -2.000 643 ., '" r ...... pH H ,... 9.0 , 0.0 ,., ~"""" ~1tI ,lOll>• .. B.' ...... Qfolal. ..I",, "'" ao~. t~, ... _..., '" ~ ...... o_n ..cord '101 _ ...... t- ~ 0...'" 2,040 F,.. \ oj 11II T...... ror-,~ + _.,... v_ - tj \ \ The history of irrigation In Comanche, Eastland, Erath, and The Digital Computer Model of the Travis Peak Formation J adjacent countiel is illustrated graphically by Figure 17_ In the ....., _""'l SoP , ",t* A., !""tl- ~, early 1950's, Irrigation began to develop 8t a slow uniform rate The supply of ground water in the Tr3llis Peak Formation is 'i~~ '" L largely as a resull of the drought years. By the end of 1963. about large, however. the amount of water being withdrawn in the 180 Itrlgatlon wells were supplied from the Anllers and Travis study region exceeds the nalUral recharge. This ground-water Figure 13 Peak Formations. In 1964 and 1965, Irrigation in the area began supply is being depleted in the dOWndip areas by removal of to accelerate due to the development of an effiCIent submerSIble watet" from storage in the aquilen.. One of the primary objectives Hydrogroph of Woter Levels In Recorder Well pump and government price supports for peanuts. By the end of of this study was the SImulation of the Hensell and Hosston 5T·40·31·802, McLennon County 1967, about 1.600 irrigation wells were in operation and capable Members of the TravIS Peak Formation through the use of a of producing 80 million gal1005 per day of ground water. These dIgital computer, The simulation process allows the prediction of wells are pumped about 60-70 days annually and the watet" is water-level declines in the aquifers as a result of estimated generally used to Irrigate peanuts and bermuda grass. projected pumpage. Predicted water·level declines provide a means for evaluating the ability of the aquifers to meet anticipated ground·water requirements. DomestIC and Livestock The city of H,Usbor"o is fifth largest user of ground water Industrial and adjacent counties for the period 1954·67 is Illustrated on A contract for • digItal computer model of the Hensell and from the Travis Peak Formation for public supply. Hillsboro used Figure 17. The amount of ground water pumped from the Antlers and Hosston Members was entered into between the consultant firm about 915 acre-feet of ground water from the Woodbine, Paluxy. In 1967, as shown in Table 9, approximately 3,700 Travis Peak Formations for rural domeslic and livestock purposes Dames and Moore of CalifornIa and the Texas Water and Travis Peak Formations. However, about 90 percent of this acre-feet of ground waler was pumped from the Antlers and in 1967 was approximately 5,900 acre-feet. as illustrated in Development Board on July 30, 1968. This contract required ground water was obtained from the Travis Peak Formation. This TravIS Peak Formations for industrial purposes. This is about The quantity of ground water used for irrigatIon Wa5 Table 9. This represents about 14 percent of the total amounl of Dames and Moore to build the aquifer model and furnish the IS approximately 5 percent of the total amount of water used for 9 percent of the total amount of ground water used from the estImated from ~ and yield tests conducted In Comanche, ground water used from the Antlers and TravIS Peak Formations. 80ard with the data that resulted from the study. pu~ic SUpply from the Antlers and Travis Peak Fonnations. Antlers and Travis Peak Formations in the study regIon. Eastland, and Erath Counties, The following procedure was used The amount of ground water pumped in the regIon for domestIC Hillsboro has mne wells ranging In depth from approximately 200 Industrial pumpage has remaIned fairly constant with only minor to estImate this pumpage: (11 the annual number of and livestock purposes was estimated by 111 mulliplyu'19 the The: digItal computer deals in digits and provides exact to 2.000 feet. Four wells are completed in the Woodbine, Paluxy. fluctuations occurring from 1955 to 1967. as illustrated on kilowatt-hours supplied to the irrigated farms from 1954 through average amount of watet" a person uses by the rural population as numerical ans..,.,.rers. The advanced high·speed electronic digital and TriNts Peak Formations, two In the TraviS Peak only, two in Figure 16 1967 was obtained from power companies and electrical listed in the Texas Almanac (967). (2) multiplyIng the average computer is flexible and is able to compute with tremendous the Paluxv. and one in the Woodbine. cooperatives; (21 power and yield tests were conducted on various amounl of water each type of livestock anImal uses by the irrigation wells to determine the average number of gaUom population of each animal type as listed in the almanac; and Other towns In the region which used large quantIties of Irrigation produced per kilowatt·hour; (3) the average number of gallons 131 adding the results -The operation of a digital compyter can be compared to a ground water from the TraviS Peak Formation in 1967 were produced per kilowatt-hour was multiplied by the total desk calculator. First, a decision must be made in how numbers GatesvIlle. about 721 acre-feel. Dublm, about 662 acre· feet; In 1967, approximately 1.600 Irrigation wells pumped kilowan·hours supplied by power companies and electrical Rural domestic and livestock pumpage has probably been are to be used in a mathematical process (addition, subtraction, DeLeon, about 583 acre-feet; McGregor, about 447 acre-feet 16,100 acre-feet of ground water for Irrigation purpOSeS from the cooperatives to determine the approximate annual irrigation fairly constant from 1955 to 1967 with minor fluctuations multiplication, or division) and in what sequence. The from the Hensel! Member; Mart, about 381 acre-feet from Ihe Antlers and Travis Peak Formatio05_ The irrigatIon pumpage pumpage (1954 through 1967) for the outcrop and adjacent occurring during wet and dry years, The per caplla use of water computations are then performed with the desk calculator and Hosston Member; CliftOfl, about 331 acre-feet; West. about represents 38 percent of the total ground water pumped from the areas. The results and data collected from the power and Yield on farms and ranches has probably Increased due to the the answers recorded. With the digital computer. the sequence of 330 acre·feel Irom the Hosston Member; Meridian, about Antlers and Travis Peak Formations during 1967 in Ihe study tests are given in Table 10. The test locations and approximale modernizauon of many rural homes, and the overall rural mathematical operations and the form in which answers are to be 257 acre·feel from the HOSStOfl Member; and Granger, about region. ThiS pumpage was pflncipally from Comanche, Eastland. locations of irrigatIOn wells in Comanche, Eastlaod. Erath, and population has decreased, therefore, the total amount of ground presented must still be decided in advance. These decisions are 215 acre-feel from the Hosslon Member. and Erath COunties. Irrigation ground·water pumpagc In these adjacent counUeI are shown on Figure 38. water used has likely remained about the same. given lO the digital computer in the form of instructions, called a • 16 , 34~678(OOO , Table 7, -Range of Constituents and Properties of Ground Water •.~ . From Representative Wells in the Hensell Member of the Trilvis Peak Formation I ::ql )0 RIt "'T'_'~ .IJi£,l$ Analyses given are in milligrams per liter except percent sodium, specific conductance, pH, and sexhum-adsorption ratio. - ~ ". • 00_ .. t-- - H .. It . tilt'*""- - if>Ql'o_. 5,"g18 values appear where only one analysis or value was available. '----i...- • .... .p,.atto<~_ e;..,,'_-L._'" " o kG',,, 0.,...... , - ,...... , ~ 6 __ • """'- It""", Sial CONSTITUENT OR SOMERVELL HAMILTON BOSOUE HILL CORVEll McLENNAN BELL WILLIAMSON TRAVIS ".- PROPERTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTV COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY '-~ 22 SiliQ ISi0 ' 11 14 '0 '0 3 - 1: 2 • • 12,000 etO " " " " " " " :c>f" I of SA o"'lt "",ll...:...." <>l __ I.on IF.) ., _02- ,•. 2.' •• 02 • 08 •• 02- -26 2 __, M ",t. ,... ~'01 "";o.'ewo " '§•I.' , 32 , 3 , l'ft ".,~'.pl 3 " .. • .. • " .. < " " .. , , 3 , NI! 16 Maogneslum lM1I1 '0 , 23 22 2 • • 20 30 39 o " i , ~ 14 Sodium and PDu5slum INa ~ Kl 14S ·180 "0 • 0 "0 , ,go 81 -162 • • ". .. '0' ~ •, '" " J .0 Bica,bona" lHC0 1 352 -409 m ..9 e " 3 30' '00 ". 'OJ '" "" ... 30' '30 "'" '" '" •• SulllttelS0 ) 36 . 67 • 0 '04 .., 55 87 322 t; 10 4 2" " " .. . '" " '" • ChlD,ida IcU 16 19 33 ". " 3. '0 H" 204 '0 '" " .. " " " " • ,., , , 2.2- 2 • •• •• .• " ••• • " • • Ni17at.IN0 ) .2- 2_5 ., , 3 3 • • 3 3.' • • o • • .. BDI"Dn (8) • - • ,,, , 407 -493 495 1.280 30C ." ... 630 1.470 467 -527 311 760 o 12 75 30 "0 30 2 .. '0 152 -272 118 398 0<> " " 81 97 02 3' 92 '0 92 39 .. , '>. .- ...... 0 ut2~,_~m~"~'~"""~j,~<~'~'~'.=Ct;'o::j -...L-1"' .". HoI, _1_' -1_', '\: ;t'C - Specific COndua.oc. r fmOcfDmho.at 25 Cl 64G ·790 650 1,181 835 .1,:296 815 1.520 1,030 2.464 944 -956 654 1,125 lOw l"leCl 11Ift Ilion \1'Y tllQIl nlll Ilolo.d OH 7.9 85 7.4 7_9 7.5 84 , 7.4 7.7 7.5 8.2 Figure 15 " .. " .. " . ., •• So ·17· Table 9.-EstirNIted Pumpage of Ground Water From the Principii! where the 1961 water levels wet'"8 more than 400 feet below land 40,000 acre-feet can be developed annuallv under optImum In the areas most favorable for future development. the Cretaceous Aquifers, 1961 surface or below the top of the water-bearing sands. condItions WIthout affecting the downdip availability of ground best locations for additional development are the areas where the water from the Travis Peak Formation. In order to develop this thIckest accumulations of sand cootainmg fresh to slightly saline After initial simulation was completed. pumpage was additIonal 40,000 acnt-feet annually, all ~Ils must have small W"clter occur as shown on Figures 33 and 34. Also, additional RURAL DOMESTIC modified in nodes occurring in the following areas: capacities and be evenly distributed over the outcrop. development must be distributed widely in order to avoid the PUBLIC SUfPLy.1J INOUSTRIALlJ IRRIGATIQN2J AND LIVESTOCK3J TOTALS AQUIFER IACAE·FEETI {ACRE-FEETl IACRE·FEETI lACRE·FEETI (ACRE-FEETI deleterious effects of large concentrated withdrawals of ground III In areas outside Ihe sludy arell but updip from the base In the computer simulation of Ihe downdip areas of the waler in small areas. Anlleu .rod of fresh to slightly saline water. the annual pumpage for each TraVIS Peak Formation, an average of 21.269 acre-feet per year Tt PMk FM llon. 16,800 3,700 16,100 ',900 42,500 node was not used in the final WIthdrawal total. for the period 1967 through 2020 was assumed lO be pumped In the outcrop area that contributed to the recharge of the Hensell Disposal of Salt Water in Areai of GlenR~ ,~oo (21 In areas 10 miles or less updip from the base of fresh to and Hosston aqUIfers downdip. This area includes the total Oil and Gill Field Operations f~tlon '.200 slightly saline water, the annual pumpage for each node was outcrop of the Antlers and TraviS Peak Formations except where 60 '.000 1,061 reduced to avoid large-scale uJXlip movement of saline water. dissecting streams prevent the downdip movement of ground Salt water is produced from OIl and gas fields mainly in the Ectwa..b water. Therefore under the assumed conditions of recharge, and northwestern outcrop area of the study region. In this area are .rod _'-".e! The results of the SImulation prOVIded data on annual allowing for maximum ground-water development in the downdlp numerous oil and gas fields, most of them relatively shallow, II...... on. 2,100 30 "'. 3.290 pumpage rates for each node which was useful in determining areas, the outcrop areas of the Antlers and Travis Peak ranging from about 500 feet to 4.400 feet in depth. These oil and Woodblna Gtoup >2. ". 35. ... areas most favorable for well development. Formations should be capable of supplying twice the simulaled gas fields have been in operation since the 1920's, and many are pumpage for the period 1967 10 2020. still active. Tau" 19,080 4,0<11 16,130 9.380 48,631 JI Sa.., On waf...... In....,TOry by 1na T"M Waf.. o-lop...... nl Boai'd. Predicted Water-level Declines The amounts of brine produced in 1961 and 1967 and the 11 8aMd On 1)DW••nd vleld 1..... COndUC:l.:l In 1M '''''tiOn d,•.,lct. Areas MOlt Fayorable for Future Development methods of disPOSSl in Brown, Callahan, Comanche, Eastland. ;}/ ea.ct on ...__t .....tal" and ..'i...... l. of tut.1 ~I.1I0nand I,-Iock uken hom tM T .... Almanac. 1967. The computer aquifer simulation studies of the Travis Peak and Erath Counues are gIven m Table 11 The locations of , ,, ,, , Formation indicate that tremendous water-level declines should The areas in the study region that are most favorable for brine-producing areas, amounts of brme produced, methods of be expected In several areas of heavy pumpage. The predicted future development of lYound water from the Travis Peak disposal. and locatIons of reported contaminatIon areas are water·level declines for the periods spnng 1967-1975, Spring Formation are shown on FIgure 49. The dellOeatlOns of these illustrated on Figure 18_ The areas of reported contamination are r I 1961-1990, and spring 1967-2020 are presented in the form of areas are a product of the digital computer simulation study of also shown on Figure 35 i 1000 I water-level decline contour maps for the Hensell and Hosston the Travis Peak Formation and are based on an analysis of the .- optimum node pumping rates which will not lower the water • aquifers, Figures 43 through 48, Based on pumpage projections Until recently a large amount of salt water produced in I which were obtained in water resource planning studies levels below Ihe 400 to 500 foot interval below land surface or connection with oil and gas field operations was disposed of in '''.000 -- conducted by the Board, the maps show large water-level declines the top of the waler-bearing sands until the year 2020. The map unlined, open PitS that were dug In the loose, porous and in the vicinity of Waco, Belton, Gatesville, Hillsboro, McGregor, shows the areas favorable for additional ground-water permeable sands of the Travis Peak Formation. These Pits seldom and Stephenville. By the year 2020 extensive dewatering of the development in the downdip areas from the Travis Peak filled or ran over. and the evaporatIon rate was not sufficient to '.- Hosston aquifer may occur in the Stephenville area, and Formation, other weas that are fully developed and therefOf"e not account for the large volume of salt water pumped into them. Figure 16 i I water-level declines in excess of 1,000 feet may develop in WlICO. suited for additional major development. and other areas that are Therefore. In some areas where contamination was reported. the Industrial Ground-Water Pumpage i I presentiV overdeveloped. Also shown is the computer SImulated wilter must have percolated downward into the underlYIng sands •.- The projected water·level declines from spring 1967 to annual pumpage for each area, the 1966 pump9 for each area. to become ulCOrporated with the native ground water. From the Antlers and Travis 1 2020 and the approximate water level above or below the land and the additional quantity of water that can be developed Comparisons of the relative concentrations of chemical • surface in the spnng of 1967 are shown beside the node locatIOns annually or the annual pumpage which must be reduced if water constltutents in natlye ground water, apparently contaminated Peak Formations in the - - - on Figures4S and 48. An approximation of the predicted 2020 levels are not to fall below the 400- to 5OO·foot mterval below ground water. and a tYPical oil-field brine are illustraled on Study Region, 1955-67 water level below the surface of Ihe ground can be compuled land surface or below Ihe top of the water-bearing sands. Figure 19. - from the two values. For eKample, by the year 2020, the static water level of the Hoss1on at Meridian should be approximately In the computer simulation of pumpage and associated The recharge and movement of water through the sands is a 1 water·level declines, the simulated pumpage was reduced to zero relatively slow process, and movement may be only a few feet a 301 feet below the surface of the ground. from 1900 to 1955. Actual collected pumpage data were used fOf" 10 the follOWing three general areas: III Itasca, Hillsboro, Weit, year. Thprefore, In 5INE!relv affected areas. the water may remam 1955 through 1966_ The obtectiYe of the first computer studies - --r- McGregor, Gatesville, southwest Waco, and Salado; 121 south of contaminated for many years after the source of contamination .- Ground Water A'.ilable for Development Iredell; and (3) southwest of Georgetown. Although the has been removed. It is atso possible that the oontaminated watei'" was to take the input data (pumpage and aquifer characteristics) and compute water·level declines from 1900 to spring 1961 that simulaled pumpage was reduced to lero fOf" these areas, the water may mIgrate cIownchp. and affect areas that presently contain would agree WIth the observed declines Illustrated on Figure 42_ The amount of ground water available from the Hensell and levels nevertheless declined to depths exceeding 400 to 500 feet good native ground water_ Periodic checks on the chemical Hosston aquifers in the downdip areas is determifled from lhe below land surface or below the top of the watedlearing sands quality of the ground water should be made in order to warn the Adjustments were made on the input data so that S- t computer simulation of pumpage and the associated water·level during the simulation process. These areas, shown on Figure 49, residents of any possible future contamination. computed declines would reasonably agree with observed o declines. In 1966, approximately 16,752 acre·feet of ground are overdeveloped and unfavorable for ground-water pumpage declines. Original estimates of pumpage from 1900 to 1955 were ~.. ,m1,,~!.t'~~-...L"~"~"" 1M' "'4 ~a.l"U l"~ water was used In the downdip areas for municipal, industrial, from the Travis Peak Formation. The Railroad Commission of Texas issued a "no·pit" order increased, and pumpage was assigned to polygons where ground and irrigation purposes. The computed optimum node pumping effectIve January 1, 1969. for the entire Slate_ The present water could have been lost from the aqUifer:. through flowing Figure 17 rates show that approximately 40,000 acre-feet of ground water The areas around Belton, Dublin. StephenvIlle. and Waco method of disposal IS generallv through wells that mject the salt wetls. AdditIonal pumpage was assigned to the Fort Hood well can be pumped annually downdip from the outcrop in the region, are shown as overdeveloped areas where the 1966 pumpage would water mto formations that do not contain fresh water. fields to account for ground·water development which could haw Irrigation Ground-Water Pumpage excluding the calcareous facies area of the Travis Peak Formation. have to be reduced to preveot the Wolter levels from falling below exIsted during World W;w II. All transmiSSIbilities were reduced This proposed annual pumpage represents an apProximate the designated hmiu. Within these areas some watpr could be 25 per~nt, and additional reductions to transmissibilities were From the Antlers and Travis Peak increase of 23,248 acre-feet of water over the 1966 municipal, produced. but the .-nount is less than the 1966 pumpage. Pre-Cretaceous Rocks made in the Balcones Fault Zone. Formations in Comanche, industrial, and Irrigation use in the downdip areas, and will not lower the water levels below the 4CJO. to 5OO-foot interval below Within the areas unfayorable for addItional development, The occurrence of usable water in the pre·Cretaceous rocks After the final adjustments had been made to these mput Eastland, Erath, and Adjacent land surface or the tOp of the water·bearing sands until the year pumpage from the Travis Peak Formation preferably should not of the study region IS generallv limited to the area on or adjacent 2020. Ground water used by this proposed method of data. the computer was provided with data on projected pumping Counties, 1954-67 be Increased beyond Ihe 1966 level of development. The city of to their respective outcrops. The two moSl important ratM and prog-ammed 10 print out water·level declines by aquifer developmenl is obtained from the annual Iransit recharge and Taylor, which is within this lone. for best results should not water'bearing units are the Ellenburger Group of Ordovician age node for the periods spring 1967-1915, spnng 1967-1990, and from ground-water storage within the Travis Peak Formation. increase pumpage Within the citY limits but should plan for and rocks of Pennsylvanian age. spring 1961-2020. Pumpage figures for these periods were reached no deepel" than 400 to 500 feet below land surface Of" the distributing the present pumpage aod any proposed additional obtained from water resource planning studies coodueted by lhe top of the water-bearing sands. Additional quantities of ground water can be developed pumpage oyer a wide area in order to avoid large water·level The pnnclpal sour~ of ground water in the Ellenburger Board. from the Antlers and Travis Peak Formations in the O1..ltCl"OP areas declines In the imm6c!late vicinity_ Group IS precipitatIon on Its outcrop and infiltratIon from the Befort! the simulation of the system was begun. the outside the calcareous facies. These areas receive an estImated overlYIng Travis Peak Formation. Water In the Ellenburger occurs Next. It was desirable to know what annual wIthdrawal Of" following modifications and assumptions ~e made: 87.150 acre-feet of water as recharge annually, based on The areas most favorable for ground-water development In vugular. cavernous zones and in taints and frktures 10 the pumping rate would be required for each node and the whole approximately 3 percent of the average annual precipltation_ The from the Anllers and Travis Peak Formations are located in the dolomne and limestone beds. Due to this tYpe of occurrence, the system of nodes, if the Hensell and Hosston water levels were (1) The annual net recharge or pumpage projected for the quantity of water that is recharged annually cannot be east, southeast, west, and northwest portions of the study region. hydraulic properties are very unpredictable and extreme lowered 10 an mterval between 400 and 500 teet below land 1961 to 2020 period was used in the OUlcrop nodes. determined with precision al this time due to lack of adequate This includes the outcrop not wlthm the calcareous facies of the vanatlons can occur In shon distances. Fluctuations of water surface or 10 Ihe top of the water-bearing sands. The lowering of data. Travis Peak Formation. levels are usually related to changes in climatic conditIons, and to the water levels would occur from 1967 to 2020 only in the 121 Annual pumpage was reduced to zero in the Hensell and an undetermined amounl by pumpage. In and near the outcrop, downdip area between the OUlcrop of the Travis Peak Formation Hosston nodes in the area downdip from the base of fresh to In 1966, approximately 6,115 acre-feet of ground water The calcareous facies area should be able to sustain Its the chemical qualitv of the ground water in the Ellenburger is and the base of fresh to slightly saline water of the Hensell and stightly saline water. was used in the outcrop areas outside the calcareous facies for present groundwater development. which generally consists of usually of good quality, although very hard. 11 usually contains Hosslon Members. For the purpose of this study, ground-water municipal. industrial, and irrigation purposes. Allowing for full small-yield domestIC or livestock wells. This area is considered less than 1,000 mgtl dissolved solids. However. the qualitv development of the Travis Peak in the downdip area was (3) Downdip from the Travis Peak outcrop, annual development in the downdip areas (40.000 lICfe-feet annually) unfavorable for any aiditional development other than occasional deteriorates rapidly lJWay from the Cl\ltcrop, and at distances considered economicallV feasible as long as the 2020 wa~ levels pumpage was reduced to zero in the Hensell and Hosston nodes and the 6.11S8CTe-feet used in 1966, it appears an additional domeslic or livestock wells_ l;p'e,)!er than 20 mIles downdip. it is generally unsuitable for - 18· TIbIt 10.--P_.·YIOIld Teu hom Selecled lnoptlOn Well, i"Com~. e.ti..-.cl. and El1Ilh Count..- TIlbI.l0.-""""...-V..1d Tnts From Se*t«lI"'lI'llOtl Will .. ," Comanche. Eanbl1d, 8I1d E••lh Cou",.--<:onlilWOld Melhod of Olltributoon: 00, l,~"on _II P'lmpt ontO larthen or COncrl1.1 un6l; D••""a.ion ..... ptIIR4)S directly to 11M foRt llwough JPOink" ...... ; TOY ...I. OO-EB.•"'pllOn.... ~..10 -m.m or w ..,n'l tank, and .learle boon.. pumpt __ hotn the ...nk to the ,..... through .,nkMr 10.-. UNGTH H,"O WEl.l .....0 "nHOO .. VIEl.D T TOT ... l _0 0>' .. ~H TE$!'" WEll lSI HO'''' WEll ... tOTAL fIGURE JI Oo\tE Of TEST OlSTA'8Ut1ON HOUItS M'NlIfES t'" I'UT _. a"'Ul,UN ~O REI,l... AI($ U.HGlli H'~ .....Ell .... NO "nHOO , ...... VIELD At TOT...l .. , ." "06 . ~, .. .. _0. TESt WElllSI ..,.,... WEll IN ~H , , .. 0' '" .. fiGURE 3B Do\Tf OF T£ST Ol$TRIIlIflOfol HOURS IoIIINlIfES 'N fEEt GAL/M'N ""0 HR ... _ 1.1-.7 T ,nto_ """R " o • • ". ,• '100-11 "'..... ".196"1 , , 1.261 1100 ". ...'- " " • '" " .00.;11 111 UD JW~ '0. '-.7 . -_ JD.:ll $I '«I .. •• ... ." , , , u " '0 " ". •• JD,:J'li1 ''''' , , , '.2" OV:I''''2(I' "'_17. '-.7 ~u , 173.0 " OY 3' 62·XQ .. , ,", " ' oy .,. OY:ll li2 2O:l " , .. • ...... • '" • ". ... •• '" .lD :lO ..:10' 00 JI ~ , u ...... 10,._ ...... '17,' .. • , ". •• OJ! ", "0 • ':II , T __ ""'"""'....., ..... • JD·30.... 3lXl ... • " JD-30.eA·3!l& , ,,. .. '" . -, ... J\',:J'6230' IY'y ""tee DO. , 10.11 J030&O·30J , , • •• 0' .. • ... " '.1"" ••• ". '" " JP.;I, li2 302 ''''~ '0.•'e7 00 J! , '00.0 'JlO> ., , JD':I> :J<5 eo. DO' , OR oW 31-$2 JOJ • • " • •• .. " • 1&0.0 ." 00-3'-3&103 oJ! , ~" , T~,_ well, 1.. 'n'" • .. • ...... My ,to 'OM OJ! , n, '200 JO 3\ :JlI1OoI -.,,, ,.... " .. ... JO.:J'-3&·lOfi • ...... $.'_ , • oU .. "0 ...... ,•. "87 11,7 •• .. DO JI , , '" .. DO. ,. ~ ~. • .. .. "'.-.01' •• H...... b_n, _" '_ , 1/2 • .. '03'''2_ A_l'.l~ 001/ • 1,1» '" -q-_ ....- " '03'.2_ , ". .. OJ! • .. ':17' ...... J03....1901 00 JI ~ , "0 ,.,. • .. ,. ' .., ,...... ______IlC_.0.-...... " .1031..&2902 , .. .. 0' .. ". __.. ,n,. ..,_ f .... _ .. _ ...... JO)' ..&211OJ • "n37 ,.. .10.:11..&2_ • ... ". "0 - " .... OT,Jl-a4" , "'OOD .o31-Q_ - "0 --_ - OT,J'..,.12 .J031..&2_ OT:ll 111413 ,• '" 1I).31.2f1Ol "0• T ..__ OV:ll li2 10:) _ :111."'- , J03'~ -.. 10. ~1 OU , , ... .. ". .. .103143_ , ...... OY:I'''' _ " ,- " _ ,,. ,...... __... 'n. - OV,:Jll11 _ • • 'N" ... ,. J03'~_ ooy OV,:Jl..,_ • ... JC)3I-c~ "...... " "0" • - J03'~ - ." -_ "0 ". OV,:J'·62_ "'_111.1-.7 ,.. '212. _. , .. OV311l2_ " " .. .. J03''''3_ o. 'G "0 "'740 ... OV-,'U_ .. J03'" 30e ,"0 .. - '03' I' 301 OV,J,Q-oo;) 'J! • ..' "0 "0 J03' ...... 101 , , __,,,_,,,,'n , 111~_ _~_ J03''''''·_ OV-"63_ OO~IU .. 0,.-31 ... 1OlI .. • • ", at __.... l"O_ .~. ... J031_~J , IO:I, OJ ...... IO n, .. .031__ , .., • '" T_"' "__ ... .11):1 4.01 .00:1,_..-01 .J031 __ "0 _.00:1140 __... - .~_ , .. _:I ..... __ ...... ,- ...... 40 ...... , ,,.. ,. OV:I'U_ 0' .o:u ... .5003 009 • .. n. • ,. • .., .. ,103' __ oU ~~ -12._ "0 n. " • .. '" ... • .. , ".•• " ~, ... OOJ} ~ , ~ ... ~. ,. " • • ... .. • ...., ". ~I_«a • • "'-0" " .II) 3'.....-G03 • ,. "" • '" "0 ." •• OR ,. ~.... , , 11.'.7 oOlf ~, , ", ". • • "0 ~. ", ','''' • ... .lO~,..... _ , "".... 'I. INl DO' .. ... , n, 17:1.0 10~' .. __ , , " , _._-..-- .. _ 0011 ...... u .....,,:1 ..... Tlw..., .._ 10:1' _ , ... ,__,,_1_... 30 , "0 g,". 10:1' '0 - - m ...... ' ...... , •. ''Hl , , ,,, ., ...... '.,.0"'.....'.. " D' .. .. ., , " _.,_I... 'nlO J~'" '2,IDN 00J! g. ~. 10.'1' II. '0' ...... ,...., DO' ·n. _ _11_ .. '.~ JOJ'S110~ • ,, .. " 10J,II, 'OJ ". .. 0', • .. ,g "0 3J·0 ,.. JO:lI-I\'·I"" •• ". ." Jr.:I'.a:J eoe 1. ,0-11 ID.'I' III 22. ~. , • .. "0 ... .. " • • '" ... ". '" JI'-',... IIO, J..I~ 11. !lIllY Doll ,", uo.o ". SM fOOlno'.. at and 01 tDbI•• " s.. 100lnOI.. " end of Itlbt•. - 19 - Table 11.-Reported 1961 and 1967 Brine Production and Disposal in Table 11,-Reported 1961 and 1967 BriM Production and Disposal in Brown. Callahan, 121 the amount of water Ihat the aquifer will transrmt annually. Brown. Callahan. Comanche. Eastland. and Erath Counties Comanc:he, Eastland. and Erath Counttes---COntinued after the static water level has been lowered to 400 feet below the land surface. IQuantlties reported in barrels) The total amount of waler available hom storage was Production and method of disposal taken from Railroad Commission of Texas. 1961 and 1967 salt water AREA DISPOSAL IN determined by calculating the volume affected when the statiC production and disposal questionnaires. SHOWN ON DISPOSAL INJECTION OTHER TOTAL BRINE water level is lowered from its 1967 level to II proposed lwei FIGURE 18 YEAR COUNTY IN PITS WELLS DISPOSAL PRODUCTION 400 feet below the land surface. This volume is multiplied by the AREA DISPOSAL IN estimated coefficient of storage and then converted to acre· feet. , , 6,039 1.114,187 '85 1,121.491 DISPOSAL INJECTION OTHER TOTAL BRINE .. For the Paluxy Formation. the area considered In determining SHOWN ON FIGURE 18 YEAR COUNTY IN PITS WELLS DISPOSAL PRODUCTION " 1967 13.378 2,672,291 o 2,585,669 this amount is east of the outcrop along the Bosque and leon Rivers and north of U.S. Highway 84, The total amount of water 1961 45,192 899.331 2.625 947.148 1961 6.340 11)7.222 o 162,562 ,. available from storage is calculated to be approximately 1967 566.809 4.380 571,225 1967 o 88.177 o 88.17~ 28.440 acre-feet. This amount can be pumped from storage only once, not annually, and should not be considered in long·range ,.., 10,950 o 13.230 93,~ l,7416,g22 3.087 1,843.542 ,.., 122.131 304 426 41,lB5 4130,742 plannu19· 1967 o 12,776 o 12,715 215.664 2,051~8 7.272 2,2741.284 '3 The amount of wate!" that the aqUIfer will transmit annually c.l1ahan 14.057 380.021 o 394,078 4 2.93$t.576 o 2.939.580 196,725 1961 E..llIonel 168.255 28,470 o 2,191 614.692 78,2:g 6415.133 was computed by using the formula SubtO~I, 1"82.1IT 408.491 ------. 590.803 '''7 2,lls 3,!i~,268 '8~ 3.ni.713 .3 Call.t\a.. 3 66,158 o 66,161 Brown 263.038 119.005 6,825 a TIW, 1967 EaRlanel o \12,368 o 112,368 , , C.1I.t\"n 46.240 859.075 1,823 907.138""'.... SUblo~I' 178.529 .. 3 178.526 ------. SubtOt.l. 309,278 918,680 1,296,006 ..... where Q is the quantity of water in gallons per day mOlJing '·4 c.Uahan 11,251 o 4,200 15,451 B.own 12,898 488,529 o 601.425 through the aquifer; T is the coefficient of transmissibility in 1961 EDStland 1,927 6,570 o 8,497 1967 CaUDhen o 2,045,232 o 2,041!l.232 gallons per day per foot; I is the gradient of the top of the aquifer SubtOtal1 13.T78" 6.11'0 23,948 SublOUII. 12.896 2,546.657 -.- 2,533.76' ------. in feet per mile, and is equal to the hydraulic gradient when the call.han 5,000 o 5,\02 , , B'Own 11,670 32,850 o 44.520 static water level is lowered to Ihe tOP of the aquifer where it is 12.957 .. 1967 E_tl.nd "o 12,957 o 400 feet below land surfaet!; and W is the width of the aquifer in Subu;nals 17,9li7 ------. 18,059 " , , Brown 385 34.675 o 35,040 .. and " miles normal to the gradient. USing Ihis formula the area 1961 32.462 14.600 o 47.062 1961 4.121 o o 41.127 previously described. the amount of water moving through the K5 Paluxy in the study rf!glon was computed to be: approximately 1967 E.RI.nd 6,'" 7.345 " ,.., 2.932 o o "" 930 acre-feet per year This is the amount that can be pumped Bro...... 12,166 o o 12,166 , , .... o o ,., annually Without lowering the static water level below the top of 134,346 .. 5,721 128,625 o ... Como""'. '" the aquifer or below 400 feet below land Iourface. If pumpage ,.., Enll.nd 55.356 o o 55.358 " 1967 1.001 o o 1.001 SubtOUIS 73,243 128,625 ------. 201,868 exceeds this amount, the water level will decline below the top of ., 196' 83.486 90."59 o 173.9415 the aquifer. If the pumpage is less than this amount. waler will be ,-" 3,185 o o 3,185 eo.....nch. 7,771 o o 7.771 1967 easU.nd 109,500 61.468 7 ,0:16 178,004 returned to storage. and the water level Will rise above the lap of 1967 E..tland 3,174 7,300 o 10,474 the aquifer. Subto,.11 14,130 7.300 ------. 21.430 1961 eastl.nd o o 667 '·9 '" 1961 ED1U."d 54,109 o 3,650 57,759 1087 ElIItl.nd o o o o Recharge to the Paluxy appears to be more than adequate ., to supply the 930 acre-feet per year that the aqUifer is capable of 1967 E.'tland o 153,513 o 153.1!l13 Totel b.I... p.oduet'on.nd Brown 274,708 151,856 6,825 433.388 d;lPOal on lhe outc.oP of Call.h.n 152.052 3,877,406 5,275 4,Q3oII,733 transmitting. The outcrop of the Paluxy within the area \961 104,394 1,515.015 o 1.619.409 P ·21 . /09.$OO·P 6.U$·" 1~711'" '04.394'" 60, ISK)' II n,486'p 6/.4611''''' ~ ','14,1'7'W Z,~".~ 11"',0" ·W /.-"liQllf·W 9O.4~·W ... ~., 1.'19,4ot·T 1,43T,Z.· r 7.038' 0 Z,M8...·r 17I1,(J(H·,. I,UI.491·T IU,$4'-T ...... -...,.. "'1 JO')O-~'5Ot, ~ ... • pralll'''' 'lo ...".p Z"g$ ·11 o 4_11 I 1 .J4"·" .J."4.2fiII·w ~ 2f6.~·O t,. 1".2... ·T ~.7I.J·l P-3 "'" ...u, ~ D« . .... ~ ...... -- ..., 0'I'-JI-60·2111, ...... iOO I... EXPLANATION o 4_" ..... I ' --..-...., ":-30-~~-917, _ .. 10'.., c::::::> - fII -_ o "_II I 1 K-12 _-.-., ' ...Wltl 1( __ , "'~__,'_",-_••_"_fII~..._fII.,.+ ... 0 __""" '00.000- p. AopootoolIM1lir It ,._'-.. •,ooo-w.~ '9f;l_ I1 ,.~'"'"" ,,-.i"~-'i0.~ 1961_ 1 1.., __ 101,010'T'~ _~I~ T,...... '...... _ 1961 ...... I£ot~, __ ,- .... lJ(X),ooo·p· ...... IM1 _ .....1 1.. _'- ...... -..- -, Z.OOO·W-IloIoo"IIOilIM1_ ...... -n '.~•• -;;;;;;;"~':'i0-"'''''''"'''1161 _ ....I....:l _ ~ o .00_It ... --'-"'--I • itM,02O·'·~I961 __"'--I"'J .... 1&_,,- fII..- .... ,._ "'""-- e--fII T_ IHI_1M7_ ~__-,-,,,,"""l " .. _fII_Ie ~ ~"',"-C o • tU: p . o ..,_,ocb ..08"9ol W _~~H'1t' (';' ...__ty """-'011 "a,.. "'H",,~'I, <_1011 "a'" &90 1lO.}' T 1i'l1,fSNT oK-13 Wtll ,/0-30- 64 -202, ....'~ "2 ."'" Woll .lO-JI-"'2-"O,MpI~ 351.., L""_ ...... A,.a 1\" af ' .... 18 L ..aloa ",'''''' .... M 1\·7 01 ,-;..... 18 o :lO_1I, o !Ill _II " I ' """''''''' __lOCI ...,.. " WoII 0'I'-'I-S2-"10, ..pth'O '-01 L""a'H ~~ ..... ""011 1('10 tit ' ..... 18 o :lO_1t I • Figure 19 Diagrams of Chemical Analyses of Ground - Water and a Typical Oil-Field Brine the Edwards and associated limestones are measured periodically. Georgetown and numerous other smaller communItIes obtain and these measurements indicate that variations in climatic their water supply from wells completed in the Edwards. Many of conditions are the principal facton in the fluctuations of water the farms and ranches in Bell. Willi.-nson. and Travis Counties, levels, Locally, heavy pumpage will cause temporary declines in where usable supplies are available. obtain their water from the water levels. The altitudes of the water levels in the Edwards and Edwards. The estimated .-nount of water used from the Edwards Figure 18 associated limestones. in the $p"ing of 1967, are shown 00 in 1961 was 2.100 acre-feet for public supply. 930 acre-feet for Figure 52. domestic and livestock use, 230 acre-feet for industrial use. and Locotion ond Amounts of Reported 1961 ond 1967 30 acre-feet for irrigation, giving a total of 3,290 acre-feet. A Brine Production and Disposal in Brawn, Callahan, The water in the Edwards ;s usually a calcium bK:arbonate genea-al lack of suHicient data prohibits an accurate evaluation of type. of good quality except that it is very hard. A gradual the Edwards and associated limestones regarding its potential Comanche, Eastland, and Erath Counties deterioration in the quality of the water occurs downdip from the development. However. the flow of springs and the high yields of outcrop; the approximate downdip limit of fresh to slightly saline some wells indicate that the MJuifer is capable of supporting water is shown on Figure 30. The water is generally within the future water development, particularly in southern Bell and recommended limits for drinking water as established by the US. central Williamson Counties. A detailed ground-water and east of the Balcones Fault Zone. The ground water normally movement of water in the Edwards is generally in 00 and either pumped or a1towed to now. The Edwards fumishes Public Health Service, except near its downdip lImit of fresh to investigation is needed in order to completelv detennine the occurs under artesian conditions, except in the immediate east-southeast direction. Although the rate of movement is large qusntittes of water to public supply and irrigation wells, slightly saline water where higher concentrations of dissolved quantity of water available. outcrop area where water·table conditions prevail. The water undetermined. it may be ~atively fast in local areas because of with yields as hi~ as 2,000 gpm reported. minerals occur. In most areas, except in the extreme downdip occurs in fractures and joints. and in solution dlannels that have the large solution dlannels. The approximate altitude of water ..ea, water from the Edwards is suitable for public supply. been developed and enlarged by the solvent action of the water. levels in wells and the var}ous directional trends of movement are The hydraulic properties of the Edwards are generally irrigation, and industrial use. Treatment for hardness may be Woodbine Group These dlannels and cavities are all sizes, some as large as caves. illustrated on Figure 52. Ground water discharges naturally from undetermined due to large variations and a llK:k of sufficient data, required prior to use for industrial purposes. Ranges of the Edwards as seeps and springs. The two largest springs in the The random occurrence of sotution dlannels in limestone aquifen constituents and properties of water in the aquifer are presented The Woodbine Group exists as an aquifer only in the The Edwards is red'larged by infiltration of rainfall and by study region are Barton Springs in the city of Austin. with an makes it difficult. if not impossible. to determine in Table 14. extreme northeast comer of the study region, with fresh to seepage from streams that cross the outcrop. Because of the high average flow of 40 cubic feet per second (cfs), and salado Springs transmissibilities and permeabilities in any given area, slightly saline water occurring only in Hill County. Counties rate of streamflow seepage into the underlying Edwards. some In Bell County. with an average combined flow of 12 cfs. The Edwards is used extensively as a source of public adjoining the study region. where the Woodbine also contains streams aossing the outcrop flow only during floods. The Artificial discharge occurs when wells are drilled into the Edwards Water levels in a number of observation wells completed in supply and domestic water. The cities of Round Rock and fresh to slightly saline water. are Ellis. Johnson. and Navarro. ·22 - Table 12.-Range of Constituents and Properties of Ground Water Table 14.-Range of Constituents and Properties of Water occurs in salurated sand beds under both water·table decline. The approximate altitude of water levels in wells From Representative Wells in the Glen Rose Formation Ground Water from Representative Wells in the and artesian conditions. Water-table conditions occur in and completed in the Woodbine is illustrated on Figure 54. Edwards and Associated limestones immedialely adjacent to the outcrop while artesian conditions Analyses given are in milligrams per liter except percent sodium, specific conductance, pH, and sodium·adsorption ratio. prevail downdip. Analyses given are in (milligrams per liter) except percent sodium, The water in Ihe Woodbine is usually a solt, sodium specific conductance, pH, and sodium·adsorption ratio. bicarbonate type of fair quality, except in the immediate outcrop Single values appear where only one analysis or value was available. Recharge to the Woodbine occurs in its outcrop, which area where it is a hard, calcium bicarbonate type of good quality. Single values appear where only one analysis or consists of a permeable, sandy soil conducive to infiltration of The water becomes increasingly minerali2ed downdip, with the CONSTITUENT OR BELL FALLS HAMILTON TRAVIS value was available. rainfall and seepage from streams. The movement of water is largesl increases occurring predominantly in sodium, chloride, PROPERTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY CONSTITUENT OR BELL WILLIAMSON TRAVIS generally downchp at approximately right angles to the strike of and sulfate ions. In most parts of the area, the concentrations of • , PROPERTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY the beds, The direction of movement is eastward with an average sulfate, sodium, chloride, and dissolved solids generally exceed " " hydraulic gradient of 20 feet per mile, with only minor local the maximum limits recommended by the U.S. Public Health Iron (F{I) ., Silica (S1021 '3.' • " " variations. A small cone of depression at Hillsboro causes water to Service. The water is generally too highly minerali2ed for .. ,,, I.on (Fe) o o .22· 7.4 move into this area from all directions. industrial or irrigation use. Ranges of constituents and properties of water in the Woodbine Group are presented in Table 15. " " " " Calcium (Ca) " "0 71 lOt Discharge of water from the Woodbine occurs artificially Sodium and Ml'{lnll:llumlMlJl 3 33 10 32 through wells and naturally through springs, seeps, The Woodbine IS used primarily as a source of water for Po.euium IN. I K) 1,332 ,os ,os evapotranspiration, and intraformational leakage. rural domestic supply and livestock; however, several small towns Sodium end ." '" and induslries in Hill County obtain their supply from the Blca,honel{llHC031 ,., .os POlal$lum (N, t KI , 6.7- 650 ." '" " There were no aquifer teslS conducted in wells completed Woodbine. Total pumpage from the Woodbine in 1967 was Sulll"a IS041 70S 3,206 ,os 1,680 BIc..bonat{l (HC03) 353 "" 560 329 -338 in the Woodbine. Coefficients of transmissibility determined from 580 acre-feet. Aural domestic and livestock uses accounted for Chlotld{llCIl no .. Sulflle (S04) 6.8- 549 33 38 specific capacities ranged from 0 to 4,000 gpd/ft. These specific 350 acre-feel, public supply was 120 acre·feel, and industries used ." '" " " " capacities were obtained from water well drilling contractors. , 10 acre-feel. This pumpage is entirely limited to Hill County, Fluorld{llFI , Chlorid{l (CI) 30 50 3.' " ". Transmissibilities are low where the sand is thin or shaly, and are since this is the only county in the study region where usable Nih'ntelN0 1 ., Fluoride (F) .,. ., higher where the sand is thick and relatively clean and permeable. Woodbine water occurs. The area where the most development 3 '.7 .. .. •• • The areas of sand accumulations are shown on Figure 53, which has occurred is in the vicinity of Hillsboro and north to Itasca. Nit.,,, (N03) o Boron CBI " " illustrates the approximate net thickness of sand, excluding shale, For future development, the area most favorable appears to be 2.730 .2,773 5.281 "0 2,664 80,on (el o ,., containing fresh 10 slightly saline water in the Woodbine. In areas the extreme eastern edge of Hill County, where a thick sand of the thickest accumulations, the transmissibility will be the section is present, however, the water in this area may be too ,os 566 -1,690 .00 310 t,848 379 4t3 ", highest. Several aquifer tests must be conducted in order to mineralized for public supply or industrial use. Percent IIOdlum (perC{lnt) as 76 Total hardnealC,C031 37 367 241 ·314 accurately determine the transmissibility and permeability of the " " Woodbine Group in the study region. The amount of water available for development from the Soe<:lfk cOndUClinge P..-canl wdlum (parcent) 3 " 19 - 29 (mlc.omho, at 25 Cl 83' 1,040 -2,930 . Woodbine Group was estimated by using the following SPKific condUC18nc, Water levels in a number of observation wells completed in assumptions: PI the effect of pumping is such that the static ,., 7.0 7. , 7.0 (mlc.omnOI al 25°CI 342 2,940 ," the Woodbine were measured periodically and indicated a water level is drawn down to the top of the aquifer, (2) the top of sodlum.-a Table 13.-Range of Constituents and Properties of Ground Water From Representative Wells in the Paluxy Formation Table 15.-Range of Constituents and Properties of Ground Water From Representative Wells in the Woodbine Group Analyses given are in milligrams per liter except percent sodium, specific conductance, pH, and sodium-adsorption ratio. Analyses giwen are in (milligrams per liter) except p!!rcent SOdium, specific conductance, pH, and sodium·adsorption ratio. Single values appear where only one analysis or value was available. Single values appear where only one analysis or value was available. CONSTITUENT OR BOSQUE COMANCHE CORYELL ERATH HAMILTON HILL JOHNSON SOMERVELL CONSTITUENT OR ELUS JOHNSON NAVARRO HILL PROPERTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY PROPERTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY COUNTY 8.4 _ \4 7 • 14 Silica (Si021 • • 14 • 15 8.6- 21 • " " " " " >3 7 '00 I'on IF{l1 .16- 16.8 3.9- 4.9 .83 .. 1.08 .2' .S .03 I.on IFe) .06· ., .03 ,.. Celclum ICel , '07 10 -100 , 97 ·100 , ., , Calcium (Ca) , 3_5· 1.ll 226 • " .. " .. • ,.• ·23· aquifer where this depth is 400 feet below land surface, and of the 'oW1l would be increased and the long·term maintenance CIlused vegtltation kills where they have been allowed to run out (21 the amount of water that the aquifer wilt transmit annually. _...... cost reduced. 00 the ground surface. In areas where the brines have percolated after the statiC water level has been lowered to 400 feet below the ...--... downward, they have contaminated the native ground water, land surface_ - --,- The following are recommendations for proper well resulting in higher concentrations of dissolved minerals. Several -- --- constnJction and completion m the study region. Wells should be irrigation 'Neils and test wells drilled for irrigation purposes have The total amount of water available from stonge was -_. drilled to the base of the aquifer in order to utilize its maximum been abandoned because of the excessive total dissolved solids in determined by calculating the volume affected when the static 1- ~ ~ saturated thickness, thus resultU'lg in a higher specific capacity, the water, A reducing drawdowns, and permittU'lg greater yiekis. In wells that water Ievet is lowered from ,u 1967 level to a pr()pOSE!(l levet - -- - - ~ 400 feet below the land surface_ This volume IS multiplied by the - :..--- use turbine pumps, the hole must be deep enough and nral9ht Occasionally in areas of unplugged or improperly plugged ------estimated coefficient of storage and then converted to acre-feet. enough to permit satisfactory operation of the pump. All wells oil or gas wells, the oil or natural gas has entered fresh·water - - For the Woodbine Group this amounted to 700 acre-feet. ThiS -- should be cased from surface to total depth. casing used should sands. When a water well is drilled and pumped. the oil or natural amount can be pumped from storage only once, not annually. i be large enough (diameter). extend down far enough to gas can enter the well along with the water and become a fire -- - r- - and should not be considered In long·range planning. Using the - , acc:omodate a pump capable 01 producing the required quantity hazard and a haz..d to C1"op$ and livestock. In some of the - - formula a TIW, the amount of water moving through the of water, and allow for the pump to be lowered to keep up with irrigation wells that were located near abandoned, unplugged oil Woodbine is computed to be approximately 1,836 acre·feet per • expected water·level declmes_ In addition, the casing should be tests, the quality of the ground water has improved after the oil year. This is the amount that can be pumped annually without I selected for its ability to resist corrosion, deterioration, and tests were reentered and properly plugged. - • collapse. Gravel packing, when used, should be preceded by 8 lowering the static water level below the top of the aquifer or - below 400 feet below land surface. If pumpage exceeds this • -- sieve analysis of the water,bearing unit to properly determine the Deterioration of the quality of native ground water may amount, the water level wilt decline below the top of the aquifer, • - size of the material that should be used. Sufficient gravel should also occur by pollution from organic matter, commonly sewage, and if the pumpage is less than this amount, water will be -, . be used to completely and uniformly pack the casIng, thus which may result in bacterial contamination and high returned to storage and the water level will rise above the top of I . reducing sand production. Welt-development tests should be concentrations of nitrate. Concentrations of nitrate in excess of continued as long as necessary, at a reduced pumping rate, to 45 mg/l have been known to cause infant cyanosis the aquifer...... - .. I .';'- ~_._''''''''- '- ---~ - -- ..... U'lsure maximum production with minimum drawdown. (methemoglobinemia or "blue baby" disease). This generally ~:: -- ..--- Maximum pumping lover-pumping) during a well-development occurs in shallow wells, uncased or improperly cased. in which Recharge to the Woodbine appears to be more than [I: .. . . I .. . . adequate to supply the 1.836 acre-feet per year that the aquIfer is - test, although generally practiced, many leave some of the sand surface water can enter. Properly casing and cementing wells will capable of transmitting. The outC1"OP of the Woodbine Group grains bridged, thus only panially stabilizing the aquifer. help prevent this type of contarmnatloo. within the nudy region is approximat.ely 86,270 acres. Therefore, - - • .- Over·pumping seldom brings about best re5/Jlu or full less than 0.3 Inch of precipitation. or less th., 1 per~t of the -_.- _.-_. - --_.- stabilization of the aqUifer. Whenever economically poSSible, the The Glen Rose FormatiOn is known to contain hjghly average annual precipitation of 33 inches IS needed to supply the - 'oW1l should be completed with. properly designed well screen minet'"ahzed water in some areas and is a possible source of 1.836 acre-feet that the aquifer is capable of transmitting, It is that allows water to flow freely into the well, prevenu sand from contaminatioo to the underlying TraviS Peak Formation. apparent that under these conditIOnS the outcrop receives more Figure 20 entering with the water, and serves as a structural retainer to panicularly when wells penetrating the Glen Rose are not recharge than can be transmitted, and the excess will be support the borehole. The screened water well calls for an properly c:ased and the highly mineralized water is allowed to discharged in the outcrop by natural means_ Diagrams of Well Construction Used to additional investment which will. in the long run, produce intermingle with the good water of the Travis Peak. This maximum efficiency and economy by increasing the well yield condition does exist in the region and usually affects domestic In 1967, approximately 580 acre-feet of ground water was Produce Water From Sand and Gravel and reducing maintenance casu_ The screened interval should be and livestock wells that have little or no casing. pumped from the Woodbine; therefore. under the above assumed Aquifers in the Study Region below the anticipated pumping level conditions an additional 1,256 acre-feet can be pumped annually There is possible natural contamination also in the Balconas without lowering the static water level below the top of the Fault Zone. This contamination is generally the result of aquifer. extend to the top of the water·bearing unit with an "open hole" The methods most commonly used to complete fully cased Rapid Decline of Water Levels intermingling along faults of saline watl'r from overlying below. Surtace casing in most public supply and industrial wells is wells in the region are slotting (milt or torch) or perforating. and underlying formations with good quality native water of the Water levels will continue to decline as pumpage increases. cemented in place 10 restrict seepage of surface water down the These methods, although acceptable, are not the most effective A serious problem associated with the development of Travis Peak Formation. This type of contamination is usually However, with proper well spacing, declines should not be severe. well bore. and may be as large as 22 inches in diameter. The blank Oller a long period of time because they penmt sand to enter and ground water from the Travis Peak Formation in the study region limited to the immediate vicinity of the fault. However, due in Only in areas of concentrated pumpage will severe water·level liner (casing) used in public supply and industrial wells generally ultimately reduce the life of the welt. If sufficient sand enters, is the decline of artesian pressure (waler level) in areas of large part to the numerous faults in the Baloones Fault Zone, a general declines be experienced. ranges from 3 to over 13 inches in diameter. yields are reduced, and the pump may be damaged or lost by ground·water withdrawals. The area most seriously affected is deterioratIon in the chemical quality of water In the Travis Peak being sanded in place. In any case. pumping and maintenance along and adjacent to Interstate Highway 35 from Temple, Formation east of the fault zone is apparent. A detailed investigation of the Woodbine Group is needed cosu are increased. This sanding problem is very common In through Waco. and north to Hillsboro. The concentration of in Ofder to fully evaluate the amount and quality of water Domestic wells throughout the region are generally straight irrigation wells producing ITom the Travis Peak Formation in public supply and industrial wells in this area, the high rate of available. walled and either cased from the surface to the top of the desired Comanche. Eastland. Erath, and adjacent counties.. continuous jJ"ound-water withdrawal, and the relatively low CONCLUSIONS water-bearing unit and left as an "open hole" below, or cased permeability of the sands have caused rapKt and large water-level from the surface to the total depth and mill or torch slotted declines. The Antlers and Travis Peak Formations are important Gravel packing, although an important step in proper well WELL CONSTRUCTION opposite the desired water bearing unit_ Cementation is restricted wat6l'-bearlng units that furnish water of usable quality in completion. has not been very effective in the northwest outcrop to a surface platform and a collar around the casing, extending As a result of water-level declines in this area. pumps must essentially the entire study region. The Antlers is an important area of the Antlers and Travis Peak Formations, because the Wetl construction in the study region is generally based on down approximately 10 feet. Casing used in domestic wells be set deeper and larger motors must be installed. The higher aquifer in Brown. Callahan. Comanche, and Eastland Counties, proper procedure has not been followed. Most irrigation wells in water requirements and economics. Some of the well designs used generally ranges from 3 to over 12 inches in diameter, pumping lifu cause increased operating expenses. In addition, and is hydrologically connected to the Travis Peak in Brown. this area are gravel packed by hand shoveling the !1"avel·pack to produce from the sand and gravel aquifers in the region are Comanche, and Eastland Counties. The Travis Peak is present as a material bet'Neen the well casing and borehole. This method new wells are being drilled to help meet increased demands. Fi~re water-be81ing unit in most of the region and contains the Hensell illustrated on 20. allows separation of the material into iU various component sizes causing increased water·level declines. These new wells have deep GROUND-WATER PROBLEMS and Hosston Members which are the two most Important aod bridging between the borehole and casing. Proper gravel Ofiginal pump senmgs and large motors to help offset the Irrigation wells producing from the Antlers and Travis Peak packing should be preceded by a sieve analysis of the prospective expected water·level declines. aquifers. Formations in Comanche, Eastland. Erath, and adjacent counties water-bearing unit to determine the proper size material to use. In Improper Construction are generally of high capacity 130 to 500 gpml. straight walled, Well the northwest outcrop area. material selected for gravel packing is The total aet:umulated water-level decline in the TravIS Peak Downdlp the supply of usable quality ground water in the cased, and gravel packed from the surface to total depth. The based on availability and not on sieve analyses of the Formation for the period 1900 to 1967 is illustrated on Travis Peak Formation is large; however, in areas of heavy casing is torch slotted opposite the desired water·hearing unit. Improper well construction in the region can be attributed water·bearing sands. Improper gravel-packing procedures allows Figure 42. The projected dedines from 1967 to 1975 for the puml)ag8. the amount of ground water being withdrawn exceeds to one or all of the following: (1) insufficient casing, The casing most commonly used is about 85/8 inches in sand to enter the welt, resulting in reduced Yields, increased Hensell and Hosston Members are Illustrated on Figures 43 and the natural recharge. This heavy pumpage has created large: diameter, however, sizes ranging from 5 to 18 inches in diameter (2) open-hole completions, (3) sloning or perforating, operating cosu, and an ultimate reductioo In the life of the well. 46. Additional projected water,level declines in the Hensell and wat8f"-level declines in Belton, Gatesville, Hillsboro. Itasca, may be used. (4) improper gravel packing, (5) msufficient cemCfltation, and Hosston Members for the period 1967·1990 are shown on McGregor, and Waco. Any additional development in these areas (6) lack of screened completions. Figures 44 and 47. and lor the period 1967·2020 on Figures 45 will only increase the declines. Most public supply and industrial wells in the region are Proper cementation of the casing to the borehole is an and 48_ completed in the Hensell Dr HOS$lon Members of the Travis Peak Wells having insufficient casing or no casH"IQ at all may important step in correct water-well construction. This is The computer aquifer Simulation study of the Travis Peak Formation. In Comanche, Eastlarn:l, Erath, and adjacent counties, permit the borehole to collapse at any point or sand-up at the especially true in areas where bad quality water may exist above Formation in the downdip areas indicates that tremendous these wells are completed in the Antlers or both sand members of water-producing interval. In any case the life of the well is or below a usable water intefVal. Without cementation. the Contamination of Ground Water water·level declines should occur downdlp in the existing areas of undesirable water is allowed to travel up or down in the space the Travis Peak (dual completion). Generally these wells lire reduced and, should the borehole collapse. the pump may heavy pum~ as I result of projected pump.; pumpage should straight walled and cased. and may be cemented from the surface become damaged or trapped below. In addition, the possibility of between the casing and borehole and contaminate the usable Cootaminauon of the native gt'ound water is a serious be reduced in the overdeveloped areas in order for water levels to the top of the desired water-bearing unit. The casing is torch or cnntaminatlon from other undesirable water zones is inaeased. water. Many of the early water wells and most of the domestic problem in some areas withm the study region. Most of the not to fall below the 4()(). to 500-foot interval below land surface mill sloned opposite the water-producing interval. Many of the and livestock ~lIs drilled in the study region have little or no reported contamination areas are located in the northwestern part or the top of the water-bearing sands; and additional high capacity wells ..e underreamed, gravel packed. and Open-hole completIon, although reducing the initial cost of cementation and therefOfe are susceptible to contamination from of the study region where the TraVIS Peak Formalton crops out. ground-water supplies, in excess of the 1966 downdip pumpage, completed with selective screens opposite the chosen well construction, increases the likelihood of sandtng-up or caving undesirable water zones. These areas are illustrated on Figures 18 and 35. can be economically developed by restricting pumpage In the water-beanng umt. Some of the rural water·supply corporatIons by the water-bearing unit and thus reduces the life of the well. If overdeveloped areas and increasing pumpage in the areas most cemerll from top to bottom and gun perforate the casing opposite caYing occurs, the possibility of contamination from upper zonas Because of the high initial cost, most 'oWlls in the region are Most of the contammation reponed in the northwes:tem favorable for development. About 40,000 acre·feet of ground the water.producing zones. Sometimes the CIlsing may only of undesirable water is mcreased. not equipped with screens. If:screem were used, the yield and hfe area is by salt water from 011· field bnnes. These brines have water can be pumped annually from the Travis Peak downdip - 24 • from its outcrop in the study region until the year 2020, This the Antlers and Travis Peak FormatIons. The re-/ationship SELECTEO REFERENCES Dallas Mornlf'lg News, 1967, Texas almanac and SUlte industrial HIli, R. T., and Vaughan, T. W., 1902, Description of the Austin proposed annual pumpage represents an approximate increase of bet\veen rainfall and recharge should be accurately determined_ gUIde, 1968-1969: A_ H. Belo Corporation, 736 p. quadrangle: U.S. Geological ~rvey, Geol. Atlas, Folio 76. 23,248 acre-feet of water over the 1966 municipal, Induslnal, and Adkins, W. S., 1923, Geology and mineral resources of Mclennan irrigation use for this area. In the digital computer simulation of the Hensell and County, Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 2340, 202 p. Darton, N. H.• Stephenson, l. W., and Gardner, Julia, 1937, Holloway, H. D., 1961, The lower Cretaceous Trinity aqUifers, Hosston aquifcrs, the projected values of water-level drawdowns Geologic map of Tellas: U.S. GeoL Survey map. Mclennan County, Texas, in Baylor Geological Studies: AddItional quantltles of ground water can be developed were based on assumptions of pumpage, recharge, and to some Adkins, W. S., and Arick, M. B., 1930, Geology of Belt County Baylor Univ. Bull. 1,31 p. from the Antlers and Travis Peak Formations in the outcrop areas extent, aquifer coefficients. In 1975, the model's water-level Texas: Univ. Tellas Bull. 3016, 92 p. Davis, 0, A., 1938, Records of wells, drillers' logs, water analyses, outside the calcareous facies. Approximately 87,150 acre-feel Is drawdown prediction for this period should be compared with and map showing location of wells in Brown County, Tellas: Hull, A. M., 1951, Geology of Whitney Reservoir area, Brazos recharged annually to the Antlers and Travis Peak in this area. In the data obtained from the continuing measurement programs_ Adkins, W S., and lozo, FE., 1951, Stratigraphy of the Texas Board Water Engineers duplicated rept., 25 p. RIVer, Bosque·Hill Counties, Texas, In The Woodbine and 1966, only 6,715 acre-feet of ground water from this outcrop This will establish the model's accuracy and provide a basis for Woodbine and Eagle Ford. Waco area, in The Woodbine and adjacent strata of the Waco area of central Tuas: Southern area was used for irrigatIon, public supply, and industrial any needed adjustments. After the model's accuracy has been adjacent strata of the Waco area of central Texas: Southern Dean, H. T Arnold, F. A., and Elvove, Has. 1942, DomestiC Meth. Unlv., Fondren Sci. Ser. 4, p. 45·65_ purposes; the remainder of the available water was lost by natural verified and adjustments made, the device should be a reliable Meth. Unlv., Fondren Sci. Ser. 4, p. 105-165. water and dental caries: U.S. Public Health Service Public rejection or was transmitted downdip to the Hensell and Hosston tool for water-resource planning in the study region. Health Repts.• v 57, p. 1155-1179. Imlay, R_ W.• 1944, Correlation of lower Cret.K:eOus formatioM aquifers. Allowing for full development in the downdip areas American Geological Instllute, 1957, Glossary of geology and of the Coastal Plain of Texas, louisiana, and Arkansas: U.S. (40,000 acre· feet annually) and the 6,715 acre-feet utilized in Developing and utilizing ground water fOf" maximum related sciences: Am. Geol. Inst., 396 p. Dean, H. T., Dixon, R. M.. and Cohen, Chester, 1935, Mouled Geol_ Survey, Oil and Gas Inv, Prelim. chart no. 3. 1966, it appears an additional 40,000 acre· feet can be pumped cfficiency requires adequate planning. Future development enamel in Texas~ U.s. Public Health Service Public Health annually in the outcrop area under optimum conditions without should be based on a program of test drilling, test pumping, and American Water Works Association, 1950, Water quality and Repts., v. SO, p. 424442. __1945. Subsurface lower Cretaceous formations of South affecting the downdip availability of ground water from the chemical analyses of water from thc various producing sands. treatment. Am. Water Works Assoc. Manual, 2d. ed., tables Texas: Am. Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 29, no. 10, Travis Peak Formation. Such preliminary data can be used to determine thc most 3-4, p. 66·67. DOll, W. l., Meyer, G., and Archer, R. J., 1963, Water resources p.1416-1469. efficient well completion method, optimum pumpIng rate, of West Virginia: West Virginia Dept. of Nat. Resources, Div. Contamination of natIve ground water Within the Antlers efficient pump setting, proper well spacing, and feasibility of Arnow, Ted, 1957, Records of wells in Travis County, Texas: 01 Water Resources, 134 p. Kane, J. W., 1967, Monthly reservoir ll'Vaporation rates for Texas, and TravIS Peak Formations by oil·field brines is a serious drilling additional wells. Large concentrated withdrawals of Texas Board Water Engineers Bull. 5708, 29 p. 1940 thrOUgh 1965: Tellas Water Devel_ Board Rept.64, problem in Brown, Callahan, Comanche, Eastland, and Erath ground water in small areas should be avoided. Fiedler, A. G., 1934, Artesian water In Somervel1 County, Texas: 111 p. Counties. ContaminatIon has OCC\Jrred through the use of unlined Atlee, W. A,. 1962. The lower Cretaceous Paluxy Sand In central U.S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 660, 86 p. disposal pits and from unplugged or Improperly plugged oil or gas Irrigators in Comanche, EaStland, and Erath Counties Tellas, in Baylor Geological Studies: Baylor Univ. Bull. 2, UlIon, Rowland, and others, 1960, ResistIvities and chemical wells. This ground water may remain contaminated for many should consider the use of screens in future well construction and 25p. Fisher, W. l., and Rodda, P. U., 1966, Nomenclature revision of analyses of formation waters from the west central Telias area: years after the source of contamination has been removed, and completion. The properly screened water well requires an basal Cretaceous rocks between the Colorado and Red Rivers, West Central Tellas Section, Soc. Petroleum Engineers of Am. may migrate downdip and affect areas that presently contain additional investment which will, in the long run, produce BJ Service, Inc., 1960, The chemical analyses of brines from some Texes~ Bur of Econ. Geology Rept. of Inv. 58, 20 p. Inst. Mining, Metall., and Petroleum Engineers. good native ground water. maximum efficiency and economy by increasing the well yield fields in North and West Tellas: Unpublished rept. and reducing maintenance costs. __1967, Lower Cretaceous sands of Texas, stratigraphy and livingston, Penn, and Bennen, R. R., 1942, Ground water in the Water of good quality IS available from the Glen Rose and Bennett, R. A., 1941, Ground water in the vicinity of Killeen, resources: Bur. of Econ. Geology, Rept of Inv, 59, 116 p. vicinity of McGregor. Mclennan County, Texas: U.S. Geor. PalullY Formations, Edwards and assocIated limestones, and the Texas: U.S. Gool. Survey open·file repl., 10 p. Survey open·file rept., 11 p. Woodbine Group in parts of the study region. Approllimately Follett. C. R,o 1956, Records of water·level measurements in 1,836 acre-feet of grouM water is available from the Woodbme __1942, Memorandum on ground water in the area about B Hays, Travis, and WIllIamson CountIes, Texas, 1937 to May livlllgston, Penn, and Hastings, W_ W., 1942, Test well at Group and approllimately 930 acre-feet IS available from the miles north of Belton, Texas- U.S. Geol Survey open·file 1956: Tellas Board Water Engineers Bull. 5612, 74 p. proposed army camp 5 miles southeast of Gatesville, Texas PalullY Formation. These amounts can be pUmped annually rept.• 5 p. U.S. GeoL Survey open-file rept., 19 p. WIthout lowering the static water levels below the top of the George, W. D., and Barnes, B. A., 1945a, Results of tests on wells aquifers or below 400 feet below land surface. Boone, P. A., 1968, Stratigraphy of the Basal TrinIty (lower at Waco, Telles: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 15 p. lonr, E. W., and love. S. K., 1954, The Industrial utility of Cretaceous) Sands of central Texas, in Baylor Geological public water supplies in the United States, 1952, pI. 2: U.S. Studies: Baylor Univ. Bul1. t 5,64 p. __1945b, Results of tests on wells at Waco, Tellas: Tellas Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 1300,462 p_ RECOMMENOATIONS Board Water Engineers dupliCllted report, 22 p., [19521. Broadhurst, W. l., 1943, Results of pumping tests of a well (Ed, lOla, F. E., 1951, Stratigraphic notes on the Meness (Comanche The water levels in 407 observation wells that are Huess No. 11 3.7 miles northeast of Killeen, Bell County, George, W.O., Cumley, J. C., and FOllett, C. R.. 1941, Records Cretaceous) shales, In The Woodbine and adjacent strata of the completed in the Antlers and Travis Peak Formations and the Tellas~ U.S. GeeL Survey open-file rept.• 8 p. of wells and SPrings. drillers' logs, water analyses, and map Waco area of central Tellas: Southern Meth. Univ.. Fondren other principal Cretaceous aquifers are measured to determine showing locations of wells and spnngs in Travis County, Sci. Ser. 4, p. 65-93, seasonal and long-term changes. Seasonal variatIons were Bruin, J., and Hudson, H. E.• Jr., 1961, Selected method for Texas~ TellM Board Water Engineers duplicated rapt. determined by the monthly measurement of 68 wells from pumping tm analysis: Illinois State Watet" Survey Rept.25, lozo, F E., and Stricklin. F l.. Jr., 1956, Stratigraphic notes on September 1966 to February 1968. tn Mav 1964, well 54 p. George, W.O., and White, W, N., 1942, Ground water in the the outcrop basal Cretaceous, central Texas: Trans, Gulf Coast ST-40-31-802 In McLennan County was equipped WIth a recorder vicinity of Burnet and Bertram, Burnet County, Tellas U.S, Assoc. Geo1. Soc., v. 6, p. 67-78. that continuously measured water-level changes. This water-level Bryan, F., 1951, The Grand Prairies of Tellas,ln The Woodbine Geel. Survey open·lile rept., 12 p. program should be continued and expanded In order to determine and adjacent strata of the Waco area of central Texas: Maicr, F. J., 1950, Fluoridation of public water supplies: Am. the effects of present and future pumpage. Additional Southern Meth. Univ., Fondren Sci. Ser. 4. p. 1·11. Guyton, W_ F., and George, W. 0" 1943, Results of pumping Water Works Assoc. Jour., v. 42, pI. 1, p. 1120·1132. observation wells should be properly spaced throughout the tests of wells 81 Camp Hood, Texas: U.s. Gaol. Survey region with emphasis placed on the areas of heavy pumpage_ California State Watet" Pollution Control Board, 1952, Water open·file rept. 24 p. Mallcv, K. F., 1950, Report on the relation of nitrate quality criteria !including addendum no_ 1, 1954): Califomia concentration in well waters to the occurrence of A program should be established to periodically sample State Water Pollution Control Board Pub. 3. 676 p. Guyton, W. F.• and Rose, N A. 1945. Ouantitative studies of methemogloblnema in infants: Nat!. Research Council Bull ground water lor chemical analyses to detect possible changes in some artesian aquifers in Texas: Econ. Geology. v. 40, no. 3, Sanitary Engineet"ing and Environment, App. D, p. 265271 watCf" quality. The collection of water samples at regular intervals Carr, J. T., Jr., 1967, The climate and physiography of Tens: p. 193·226. will provide information with regard to movement of oil-field Texas Water Devel. Board Rept. 53, 27 p. McBride, W. J., 1953, The surface geology of Hamilton County, brine contaminated ground water in the outcrop areas, and HaYW31'"d, O. T., and Brown, L. F., Jr., 1967, Comanchean Texas: Univ. Houston thesis. changes of chemical quality in areas of heavy pumpage. Clark, W. I., 1937, Records of wells and springs, drillers' logs, (Cretaceous) rocks of central Tellas: Soc. of Econ. water analyses, and map showing location of wells and springs PaleontologiSts and Mineralogists, the Permian Basin section, Meinzer, O. E., 1923a, The occurrence of ground water in the The periodic collection of water-use information should be in Milam County, Texas: Texas Board Water Engineers Pub. 67·8, p. 3148. Umted States, with a discussion of principles: U_S. Geol. continued and expanded in order to improve the quality of data duplicated rept" 57 p. Survey Water·Supply Paper 489, 321 p. received. This program should include collection of data on Heller, V G.• 1933, The effect of saline and alkaline waters on (1) municipal and industrial pumpage, (2) power consumption by Cooper. H. H_. Jr.• and Jaoob, C. E., 1946, A generaliZed domestic animals: Oklahoma Agr. and Mach. Coil. bpt. Sta. __1923b. Outline of ground--water hydrology, with !p"ound-water Irrigators, and (31 power and yield tests on certain graphical method for evaluating formation ronstanU and Bull. 217, 23 p. definitions: U.S. GeoL Survey Water·Supply Paper 494, 71 p. irrigation wells in the study region. Additional power and yield summarizing well·field history: Am. Geophy5. Union Trans., tests are needed to more accurately relate iWTlOunts of the electric v. 27. no. 4, p. 526-534. Hem, J. D., 1959, Study and interpretation of the chemical power used to gallons of ground water produced. characteristics of natural water: U.S. Goo!. Survey Moore, E. W., 1940, Progress report of the committee on quality Cronin, J, G., Follett, C. R., Shafer, G. H., and Rettman, P_ l., Water·Supply Paper 1473. 269 p. tolerances of water for tndu,trial uses: New England Water Additional pumping tests should be conducted on wells 1963, Reconnaissance investigation of the groundwater Works Assoc. Jour., v. 54, p. 263. completed In the Cretaceous aquifers. This program is needed to resources of the Brazos River basin, Texas: Tellils Water Henningsen, R E., 1962, Water diagenesis in lower Cretaceous accurately determine the aquifer characteristics of the Travis Peak Comm. Bull. 6310, 152 p. Trinity aquifers of central Texas in Baylor Geological Studies~ Mount, J. R., 1962, Ground-water conditionS in the vicinity Formation in the Balcones Fault Zone, the northwest outcrop Baylor Univ. Bull. 3, 38 p. of Burnet, Texas~ Texas Water Comm. Memo. Rept. 62·01, area, and the calcareous facies; and to obtain accurate aquifer Cumley. J. C., Cromack, G. H., and Follett, C. R., 1942, Records 52 p. characteristics of the olher principal Cretaceous aquifers. of wells and springs, drillers' logs, chemical analyses, and map HIli, R. T., 1901, Geography and geology of the Black and Grand showing locatIon of wells and springs In Williamson County, Prairtes, Tellas: U.S. Geol Survey 21st Ann, Rapt., pt 7, __1963, Ground·water availability at Whitney, Hill County, Recharge studies should be initiated in the outcrop areas of Texas: Texas Board Water Engineers duplicated rept., 93 p. 666p. Texas: Texas Water Comm. Rept, lO-D263-MR. 15 p. ·25· Mount, J. R. Rayner. F. A.. Shamburger. V. M.. Jr., Peckham, R. Thompson, G_ L., 1969, Ground-water resources of Johnson C., and Osborne, F. l., Jr., 1967, Reconnaissance investigation County, Texas: Texas Water Devel. Board Rept. 94, 84 p. of the ground·water resources of the Colorado River basin, Texas' Texas Water Devel. Board Rept. 51, 107 p. U.S. Public Health Service, 1962, Public Health Service drinking water standards: Public Heahh Sel'\/ice pub. 956, 61 p. Mueller. C. B.. 1940, Records of welts and springs, drillers' logs, water analyses, and map showing locations of wells and springs U.S_ salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954, DiagnosiS and imprO\lement in Callahan County. TexIS: Texas Board Water Engineers of saline and alkali soils: U.S. Dept. Agr, Handb. 60,160 p. duplicated rep!., 42 p. Walton. W C., 1962, Selected analytical methods feN" welt and Peckham. R. C., Souders, V. l.. Dillard, J. W., and Baker, B. B.• aquifer evaluatIon: Illinois State Water Survey Rept. 49, Bl p. 1963. Reconnaissance invest'9 Rayner. F. A.. 1959. Records of water,leIIel measurements In Whitnev, F. L., 1959. Spicewood quadrangle; manuscript geologiC Bell, McLennan, and Somervell Counties, Texas, 1930 through quadrangle map on open-file status, edited by KeIth Young: 1957' Texas Board Water Engineers BulL 5902. 29 p. Univ. of Texas, Bur. Econ. Geology map. Rodda, P U., Fisher, W. l.. Payne, W. R.. and Schofield, D. A.. Wilcox, l. V., 1955. Classification and use of irr)gation waters: 1966, Limestone and dolomite resources, lower Cretaceous U.S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 969, 19 p. rocks, Texas: Bur, of Ecoo. Geology Rept. of Inv. 56,286 p. Winslow, A. G., and Kister, l. R., Jr., 1956. Sahne-water Rodgers, R. W., 1967, Stratigraphy of Glen Rose LlInestone, resources of Texas: U.S. Geof. Survey Water-Supply Texas: Soc. of Econ. Paleontologists and Mineralogists, the Paper 1365. 105 p. Permian Basin section, Pub. 67·8, p. 119·130. Winton, W. M.• and Scott, Gayle, 1922, The geology of Johnson Rose. N. A., 1943, Results of pumping tests of wells at tank County, Texas: Univ. Texas Bull. 2229, 68 p. destroyer center. north Camp Hood near Gatesville, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey open·file rept., 27 p. Young, Keith, 1967, Comanche Series (Cretaceous), south central Texas: Soc. of Econ. PaleontologiSts and Mineralogists, the Rose, N. A.• and George, W.O., 1942. Ground-water resources in Permian Basin section, Pub. 67-8, p_ 9-29. selected areas in Erath, Hood, a'Id Hamilton Counties, Texas: U.S. Geol. Survey open-file rept., 10 p. Samuel!, J. H., 1937, Records of welts, drillers' logs, water·level measurements, analyses of water from welts, streams, and lakes, and map showing locations In Eastland County, Texas: Texas Board Water Engineers duplicated rept" 58 p. Scofield, C. S.. 1936, The salinity of irrigation water: Smithsonian Inst. Ann. RepL, 1934-35, p. 275-287. Sellards, E. H., Adkins, W. S., and Plummer. F. B., 1932, The geology of Texas, v. I, Stratigraphy: Umv. Texas Bull. 3232, Bur. Econ. Geology, 1007 p.,11933J. Sellards, E. H., and Baker, C. l.. 1934, The geology of Texas, v. II, Structural and economic geology Univ. Texas Bull. 3401, Bur. Econ. Geology, 884 p. Sundstrom, A. W" and Barnes. B. A., 1942, Ground·water resources in the VIcinity of Gates\lille, Texas: U.S. Goo!. Survey open·file rept., 11 p. Sundstrom, R W., Broadhurst. W. L., and Dwyer, B. C., 1949. Public water supplIes in cenlral and nonh-cenlral Texas: U.S. Goo!. Survey Water·Supply Paper 1069, 128 p. Sundstrom, A. W.• Hasttngs. W. W., and Broadhurst, W. l., 1948, Public water supplies in eastern Texas: U.S Gool. Survey Water·Supply Paper 1047,285 p. Texas Water Commission and Texas Water Pollution Control Board, 1963, A statIstical analysis of data on oil field brine production and disposal in Texas for the year 1961 from an mventory conducted by the Texas Railroad Commission: RaIlroad Comm. o,st. 3, v. I. 327 p. Thompson, D. R.. 1967, Occurrence and quality of ground water in Brown County, Texas: Texas Water Devel. Board Rept. 46, 143 p. Thompson, G. L., 1967, Ground·waler resources 01 Ellis County, Texas: Texas Watff" Deve!. Board AePL 62, 128 p.