CERN IN NUMBERS

CERN in Numbers

16 625 FENCED SITES HECTARE OF SPANS MORE THAN LAND BETWEEN FRANCE & SWITZERLAND 14 MILES 700 BUILDINGS & 325 UNDERGROUND 274 STRUCTURES BARRACKS

117 HECTARE OF 1900 GREEN SPACES FLOORS

Project CERN Study Pack 5 CERN TIMELINE

1971 1988 2008 First collisions LEP tunnel LHC Starts Up The Intersecting completed. Storage Rings. Excavation for LEP

1998 LHC starts for the first time 1981 LHCb experiment approved. First proton - collisions 1997 2015 CMS & ATLAS Discovery of experiments approved. .

2004 1983 CERN’s 50th Birthday W & Z discovered Z0 1997 ALICE experiment approved. 2012 ATLAS & CMS observe a particle consistent with the Higgs boson.

1974 Super Proton 1990 Synchrotron tunnel The world’s first website completed Cross-border accelerator and server go live at CERN. Info..ch

Project CERN Study Pack 7 PARTICIPANTS & FUNDING

Participants & Funding

The CERN convention was signed in 1953 by the 12 founding states Belgium, Denmark, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Yugoslavia, and entered into force on 29 September 1954. The organization was subsequently joined by Austria (1959), Spain (1961-1969, re-joined 1983), Portugal (1985), Finland (1991), Poland (1991), Czechoslovak Republic (1992), Hungary (1992), Bulgaria (1999), Israel (2014) and Romania (2016). The Czech Republic and Slovak Republic re-joined CERN after their mutual independence in 1993. Yugoslavia left CERN in 1961.

Today CERN has 22 member states. Cyprus, Serbia and Slovenia are Associate Members States in the pre-stage to membership, and ​India, Lithuania, Pakistan, Turkey and Ukraine are Associate Members States.

Member states have special duties and privileges. They make a contribution to the capital and operating costs of CERN’s programmes, and are represented in the council, responsible for all important decisions about the organization and its activities.

*CHF = Swiss Franc MEMBERS STATE’S CONTRIBUTIONS

COUNTRY % 2018 CONTRIBUTION IN CHF

Austria 2.14546 24,091,850 Belgium 2.70652 30,392,150 Bulgaria 0.29270 3,286,800 Czech Republic 0.93289 10,475,650 Denmark 1.80239 20,239,450 Finland 1.33102 14,946,350 France 14.11914 158, 5 47, 20 0 Germany 20.54959 230,756,250 Greece 1.11916 12,567,300 Hungary 0.61163 6,868,150 Israel 1.61448 18,129,350 Italy 10.42866 117, 105,9 0 0

8 Project CERN Study Pack EXPERIMENTS AT THE LHC

ALICE

A Large Ion Collider Experiment is a heavy-ion detector on the LHC ring. Designed to ex- plore the physics of strongly interacting matter at extreme densities, where a phase of matter called - plasma forms.

WEIGHT 10,000 TONNE LENGTH 26 METRES HEIGHT 16 METRES

WIDTH 16 METRES The ALICE detector - Photo Credit : CERN

1000 scientist from 100 physics institutes in 30 countries work on the ALICE experiment.

LHCb

The Large Collider Beauty is made up of forward spectrometer and planar detectors. It’s purpose is to explore the investigate the difference between matter and by investigating a type of particle called ‘b quark’.

WEIGHT 5,600 TONNE LENGTH 21 METRES HEIGHT 10 METRES

WIDTH 13 METRES The LHCb detector - Photo Credit : CERN

700 scientist from 66 institutes make up the LHCb collaboration.

Project CERN Study Pack 19 THE THEORY

The Big Bang Theory

This theory is now the widely excepted scientific theory for the origins of the universe. But what evi- dence is there? Scientists theorised that if the universe is currently expanding, then the universe must have been smaller in the past and there must have been a time when the universe was contained in a single point in space. This is the basic idea behind the Big Bang Theory.

1.THE EXPANSION OF THE FIG. 5 UNIVERSE

Taking Hubble’s findings, we know that the universe is expanding, so turning this backwards, there must have been a point in time when all matter and energy existed in an infinitely small point, which fits with The Big Bang Theory. Fig.5 shows the stages of the big bang. 2. COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND RADIATION (CMBR)

Basically CMBR is the left over radiation from Once this happened, light could move about the early development of the universe. Originally freely. As the universe expanded light waves were the universe was smaller and hotter than it is stretched so that they were no longer in the today, it was so hot that could not form visible part of the spectrum – they now reach as hydrogen and helium nuclei could not hold on earth in the microwave parts of the spectrum to their . At this stage of the universe’s (peaking at 160.2 Ghz1.9 mm wavelength). This development it was a super-heated ball of plasma background radiation called Cosmic Microwave (atomic nuclei and electrons), in which light could Background Radiation (CMBR) was discovered in not travel far. Once the universe had reached 1964 by Penzias and Wilson and is underpinning 300,000 years old, atoms could then form, and evidence for The Big Bang theory. electrons became bound to a nucleus.

Project CERN Study Pack 27