AUTHOR SE 014 916 MF-$0.65 HC-$13.16 Sciences

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 068 339 SE 014 916 AUTHOR Bemiss, Clair W. TITLE The Curious Entanglementof Law, Politics, and the Environment. INSTITUTION Brevard County School Board, Cocoa, Fla. SPONS AGENCY Bureau of Elementary andSecondary Education (DHEW/OE), Washington, D.C. PUB DATE 72 NOTE 369p.; The 20 35mm slidescannot be reproduced EDRS PRICE MF-$0.65 HC-$13.16 DESCRIPTORS *Environment; Instructional Materials; *Legislation; *Politics; *Resource Units; Secondary Grades; Social Sciences; *Teaching Guides IDENTIFIERS *Elementary Secondary Education Act Title III; ESEA Title III ABSTRACT Since environmental problems are becoming increasingly important as political issues, theseresource units serve as a base for the study of political and legal influenceson environmental control. Inquiry questions and learning activitiesare designed to gain an understanding of: (1) the forces that give impetus to present environmental law, (2) the relationship of different levels of government that are involved in the environment whether in policy setting, law making, or enforcement capacity,and (3) court procedures in environmental cases. Also, they providean opportunity to: (1) recognize types of propaganda and evaluate facts utilized in making environmental decisions, (2) recognizethat instigating environmental improvement implies responsible financial backing, and (3) participate in bringing about desired changes by responsible action. Each of the three units, Local Government andthe Environment, State and Federal Government and the Environment, and Awakening the Process for Change, is sub-divided into inquiry questions, learning activities, resource materials, possible evaluation techniques, teacher suggestions, student comments, and teacher comments. A resource bibliography also includesa set of 20 35mm slides. This work was prepared under an ESEA Title III contract for the project "Broad Spectrum Environmental Education Program." (BL) ; . ;,,;

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V , .1 ./ ...r,, Wiat/#6.11 .; ;4.=42;1-,,,:,-,kr5::',:l.".(4xtt.."':-:,.6.,.-N, , :-.,..,.,.-... .4 411.04sif :-. ; a A....41114 5:4. l`tfj.{ Otis ',",. .:',. 1 , 4. li` 'SA 4-,,,,,q1111441 <79*, 4ka bk e %.,,... r lt niktif2;44,,),'',Iesli: 4- 1:44g74"31.rtf, 144,i t.:.:!:;r: Va `Z.:74 ,rat1 'a Ajar, .- E. , POLITICAL/LEGAL RESOURCE UNITS ED 068339 Developed by the Political/Legal Environteam Special Pilot Testing Material Title III, ESEA Project DOE, #050-723003-2322 as a portion of the R. L. Henry, Chairman "BROAD SPECTRUM ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION PROGRAM" Environmental Staff JanetteWayneVernonJackie Heaton SmithSpeckLoyd Stevenson DeElementary Laura Junior SchoolMerritt High School Island High School Cocoa High School Daniel Voss Center for EnvironmentalDr. Clair Education W. Bemiss, Director Cocoa Beach High School IP. hereinofficialOffice do of endorsementnot Education, necessarily byDepartment reflectthe United the of positionStates Health, Office or Education, policy of Education of theand United Welfare. should States beHowever, inferred. TheOffice work theof Education, presentedopinions expressedor and reported no herein was performed pursuant to a grant from the United States PURPOSE -of concernvironmentserious evidenced the isthreat being by to different deliberately the environment exaggerated is and what to distract should voters be done, Environmental problems as political issues are becoming increasingly groups. At one extreme is a group that contend that the threat from the problems of poverty and theone finds a big difference in the degree important. In asking how to the en- lifenatureVietnam. of allis soof At extensiveus the in theother future. and extreme irreversible is a group that who claim that already In this political arena decisions are being made and man has left himself no avenue of escape. laws passed that will influence the quality of the damage to the ecological balance of war in and student will: By guiding students toward conclusions2.1. to the Inquiry GainGain understanding understanding of of the the relationship forces that of the different gave impetus to present environmental law. Questions in the following Units the teacher CJS 4.3. Be Gain able understanding to recognize types of court of propaganda proceduresin the environmentand to evaluate whether in policy setting, law making, in environmental cases. levels of government who arefacts involved utilized in makingor enforcement environ- capacity. 6.5. RecognizeBe motivated that to instigating participate environmental as an responsiblementalindividual decisions.improvement in action. a group to bring about desired changes by implies responsible financial backing. and students are urged to follow paths of interest to These Units are in no way intended to be exhaustive but rather to iii greater depths. serve as a sampling. Teachers Purpose TABLE OF CONTENTS iii RESOURCEAcknowledgementForwardTable of Contents UNIT ONE: LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT viiv v RESOURCE UNIT TWO: STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENTTeacherStudentLearningInquiry QuestionsComments Comments Activities 4221 21 RESOURCE UNIT THREE: AWAKENING THE PROCESS FOR CHANGE TeacherLearningInquiryStudent Questions Comments CommentsActivities 146108 8584 TeacherStudentLearningInquiry QuestionsComments Comments Activities 258206183182 Selected Resources iv S-3 This study of political and legal influence on environmental control is composed of three major FORWARD Questions.called,unitsUnit of Two "Awakening study. Each is named, Resource major The "State Inquiry Unit Process and One Question Federal foris entitled, Change." is Government provided "Local Each with Government unitand selective theis sub-divided Environment." andlearning the intoEnvironment." activities, topics and Resourceinto Resource Unit Three is resource ma- Inquiry terials,groundStudentunit is possible a materials CommentStudent evaluation Comment forsection the teacher.there techniques, (SC) is section, aThe Teacher teacherand which suggestionsComment is containsstrongly (TC) for resourceurged division the teacher.to materialsreproduce which Immediately contains for thezze the student. materials following After the resource and back- as teach- each activitiesstudent'sing aids infor role these his in students. Unitsmaking rests generalizations upon the degree is of of primary inquiry importance.and active participation TheThe activitiesof the student. found in these Units are loosely based on the Inquiry Approach to learning. The success of most of the suggested activitiesclusions, haveof this not nature been whichexplicitly will illustrated. best suit his needs. TeachersIt will be usingnoted morethat certain traditional steps methods,will in the Inquiry find Approach, these Units, forming even though hypotheses somewhat and testing founded on It is hoped that the creative teacher will develop and insert con- catedthelending Inquiry at Monroe material. Approach, Center, Please to 705 be contact of Avocado a definite the Avenue, C.E.E. asset in wellCocoa, organizing in Florida,advance their 32922. for thinking needed Thealong resources. C.E.E. environmental (Center The C.E.E. for lines. Environmental is lo- Education) mentioned throughout the Units is a source of source Units. The money earned is hardly enough compensation for the longMy gratitude hours and is difficult extended assign- to the Environteam for their tireless efforts in developing these Re- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT poignantLoyd,ments Waynerequired advice Smith, toand make constructiveJanette this Speck,project criticism. and a success. Daniel VossMy personal for a job thankswell done. are givenSpecial to Jackierecognition Heaton, goes Vernon to Professor Steven Valavanis of Brevard Community College for his GO project.Creech, The Mrs. false Dottie starts, Riley, changes, and Mrs. pressures, Patsy Higgins. and various details were handledLast,I also butacknowledge, admirably by no means by with Mrs. least the Joanspecial deepest thanks of appreciation, is given to Lovitthe secretarial Hines, assistance rendered to this Merritt Island High School, for his superb illustrations which greatly enhance the overall effect of the materials. Roger L. Henry,olitical/Legal Chairman Environteam vi 111 ..0411111 - 1 Imitimmin1115111.111111111111111111111111111111111111111 onsurAmommm IIIIIIIIIIIIIIikdrdLinmi' , A, 5 14 Immo . A*a ---e-gr-- lif vim Immo 0.1.0 ,i,, 7 , S II PI fa 44 .,.. 0 vi /- I"' " .. I AcraV I . 0- A ,I POLITICAL/LEGAL RESOURCE UNIT ONE: LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND THE ENVIRONMENT INQUIRY QUESTIONS II.I. HowWhat does events the or individual forces gave discover impetus what to currentlocal environmental environmental laws laws? are in existence? 42 IV.III. How do agenciesvarious governmental on different levels agencies of government effectivelyA. Do enforceinteract they duplicate environmental? efforts? control laws? 86 VI.V. HowUnder would what an conditions individual would citizen a bringcitizen a pollutionneed toB. seek Whatcase court to problems court? action arisein a pollution from enforcing case? various pollution laws? 1311 IX.VIII.VII. WhatHow types do local of environmental governments pollute?finance redress environmentalhave the courts control given programs?to individuals or groups? 181615 1. InquiryActivity Question: 41: Learning Activities I. What events or forces ,gave impetus to current environmental laws? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions A.Comment VIEW/LIST (SC) # 1. 1.3.2. Each groupgroup studieslists answers Student toDivide class into small groups County(SC)StudentA.(maps VIE ::1, W.showing Comment ofpage LISTBrevarci 21. pop- list.collectIfA. teacherVIEW: and LIST evaluate A.waterwith VIEmajor su \Vpullutien many t!oncern.L.I.I. water may \vaysbe a shOuld realize, that Also, the area?problemsatthis the question: maps, would what From you environmental justforsee looking for this waterpowerclumps,majorulation ways)highways, plants, sewer andoutfall, distrioution, surroundingtablepossibilitymightshouldnumber in wantan be ul ofarea noted. sev.erwater. toa highwithdiscuss Theoulf waterso teacherails themuch IneachsolidateB. class DISCUSS group. discussion, the list reported students from con- B. DISCUSS TeacherB.(participation)(TC) DISCUSS Comment 1, page 42. B. DISCUSS blemsofC. the RESEARCH listedand investigate environmental to what pro- de-1. Each student is to select one missioners,BrevardSuggestedC. RESEARCH County sources: city Com- anycollectIfC. teacher writtenP.ESEARCH and wishes, evaluate research givef'sC. 2RESEARCH - 19, pa<2-es 43-53, 1. bac!;.grotind tu this 1 f.qtcne r Comment (IV) thegree following it really methods:is a local problem.2. Students may use anya. oneb. Letters Interviews of to local with govern- local mental agencies yardGameRefuge,Nationalofmayors, Merritt County Warden, CountymanagerWildlife Island Board Bre- work. ducedInquiry for Question.student. use. 2. These may he repru- d.c. Newspaper Library research clippings mountedgovernmental and summarized. agencies RiverLibrary.TODAYof Public Audubon newspaper, IndianHealth, 2. Inquiry Question: Learning Activities I. What events or forces gave impetus to current environmental Resources Evaluation laws ? Teacher Suggestions D. REPORT/DISCUSS D.WomenSociety, DISCUSSREPORT' Voters.League of D. REPORT DISCUSS I). REPORT DISCUSS thelistfinflings,to Inquiry the and class. arrives comparesQuestion. at a withconclusion original to 2.1. Class discusses reported Each student reports findings 42,54, (participation).(oral reports). 2.1. TC # 13, page 1, page

3. Inquiry Question: Learning Activities II. How does the individual discover what local envir Resources Evaluation )11 ffiental 1:1'.vs .urn I I :xistence eacher Suggestions A.Activity DISCUSS/LIST t 1: 1. Divide class into 3 groups and A. DISCUSS LIST A. DISCUSS LIST 1 TC if 's 14,15, A. DE ct:SS LIST toassign each: one of the following questions a. In what ways is water being polluted? small(evaluation16, 17, groups) pages forms 55 -SR. for . list answers to their question.2. Have eachc.b. Ingroup what discuss waysways isandis landair being beingpolluted? theB. class. REPORT 2.1. GroupLists reports are added their to list the to chalk- B. REPORT (oralB.TC REPORT report).it 0, page 54, 13 . RE PORT C.board. RESEARCH 1. In small groups, students C. RESEARCH 1. Most local C. RESEARCH"Plan of Attack" C. RE1. SEAl?CllThe Obi( t he muicesearchselect (or a for problemstate a specific law) from that local the prohibits li.st ordi- and stateforlibraries city, irovernIllelltS county,have Codes ,and 2. Individuals or couldand gradedbe collected by I eache r Wewhichto aresea di-:1 e.)ver1'l !1 islay..s 101 athe re stm(h.ful in 111( )1'(' (dlearnrng existence. that pollution problem. 2. up a , 1 (.11 scdve i rest answers."plan of attack"3. for discovering Students are to make Usedentsgroups only may to alter whomgo:(NOTE: stu- stu- partthewhat piic awsPCSSchar exist titlaw.A11( I !inn in a I t - of attack " Allow time to carry out "plan healthpolicedents withdepartment,or sheriff, tail a "plan to come of attack') up4. ;l1':relollowmulct :-.- 2. e sted-plans metheds. di attack-throu!,11 A and"plan v..ith their udi at s t Inquiry Question: II. How does the individual discover what local environmental laws are in existence? Learnin: Activities orcountycommissioners,city city or attorneys, county solicitor, county Sec- Resources Evaluation exist.usedof attack" to discover is the methodwhat laws Teacher Suggestions environmentalAssociation,localvironmentallegislators,retary lawyers, of State, state agencies,various groupsBar stateen- IsaakAudubon70's,(e.g. Walton ConservationSierra Society, League).Club, D. REPORT D. REPORT D. REPORT 2.1. EachReport group includesa. reports Problem these:to class. researched D. REPORT 54 1.2. TC # 13, page If, teacher(oral report) on chalkboard, with special em-3. Recordc.b. groups' "planSpecific ofinformation ordinanceattack". (or orlaw) lack applying of one to problem wishesport could be made. written re- ClassE.attackphasis DISCUSS discusses on". the various which "plans "plan(s) of of E. DISCUSS TCE. DISCUSS it 1, page 42 E. DISCUSS totiveattack" Inquiry and appear arrives Question. to at be most effec- conclusion 5. (participation) Inquiry Question:Activity #1: Learning Activities III. controlHow do laws? various governmental agenciesResources effectively enforce environmental Evaluation Teacher Suggestions A. VIEW/DISCUSS/LIST 1.2. ShowClass slides discusses 1 and 2. these ques- SelectedSlidesA. VIEW/DISCUSS./ Resources LIST 1 and 2, TCA.(participation) VIEW/ DISCUSS LIST 1, page 42 TCA. VIEW/DISCUSS:LIST 4 19,18, page 6159 ,. (goals),(Health tions on the slides: -Who isposted supposed these to signs? enforce page S-ment(shows 35 of State Transporta- Depart- servants),TCDepartment Report). 20, page 67 , (public tothisment these ordinance are questions: depicted (or law)? in the slides?3. List on chalkboard- What- What other methods answers environmental of enforce- highways.)thetion fines signs for which littering tell Question.groundcops),TC ## 26, to pagethis Inquiry80 give general back- (traffic theseciesactivitylaws laws?are can forresponsible you question name? forI.) (see enforcing earlier -What- What aregovernmental other ways agen- to en- B.force READ environmental laws? 1. B. READ , B. READ B. READ tionedandnote methods bothor inferred. the of enforcement enforcement agencies men-2. As students read, they shouldHave students read SC # 2. yard(excerptsSC # County2, page from Code25 terChap- 20) of the Bre- collectedingcouldstudent-made assignment. cover and the graded. quiz read- 2.1. A teacher or Notes could be C. HOLD PANEL DISCUSSION1. Invite representatives from C. HOLD PANEL DISCUSSION 6. C. HOLD PANEL 1. TC DISCUSSION I, page 42 Alternative:C. FIOLD Invite PANEL a single DISCUS- SION Inquiry Question:various agencies identified in Sec- Learning Activities III. How do various governmental agencies effectivelycontrol laws? Resources (participation) Evaluation enforce environmental Teacher Suggestions welltoronmental"Effectivetion compose in C advance of previous questionsLaws"Enforcement of andtheir activities. for allow arrival. ofthe Envi- studentsguests2. Entitle the discussion andis required,evaluate. collect 2. If note-taking agencies.speaker from only one of the laws.agenciesdiscussesD. DISCUSS/LIST enforce ways governmental environmental1. After guests have left, class D. DISCUSS/LIST TCD.(participation) DISCUSS # 1, page /LIST42 fromSectionpareEncourageD. DISCUSS/LIST the their panelA withlist students discussion.developed information to coin- in completinganswerboardmethods as to they the are a Inquiryfinal arelisted discussed. list. on Question the chalk- by3.2. ClassLocal agrees agencies on a and general their whatDid panel agencies confirm do? ideas on ScienceorE disagree Advisory with Committee's. the President's1. WRITE OPINION Students tell why they agree teelongPresident'sE run improving Commit-. WRITEstated, OPINION "... in the writtenECollect opinions and grade. WRITE OPINION E . WRITE OPINION opinion.statement. 2. Have each student write his mentsearchinedqualityboth keymanpower numberswill actions toof enforce-dohighly the engagedand from mosttrain- re forhighest us and priority." merits the 7. Inquiry Question:Activity Fl: Learning Activities Iv How do agencies on different levels of government inieract Resources Evaluation ? Teacher Suggestions A. READ 1. Have students read SC #'s 3, A.SC READ P 's 3, 4, 5, 6, A. READ 1. Written an- TCA. .,-READ 21, page 68 , background beinging:4, 5, 6.considered? 2. Guideline-What-What questions levels is the of for issue government read- that is pages 28-31. readingcouldcollectedquestionsswers be toassignment. given andcould Guideline graded. on be 2. A short quiz Questionon this section of Inquiry (examples)are cited in these articles? -What part is each level of , FCD B.wantsgovernment DISCUSS/LIST to build playing? a dam) (e.g.1. Class discusses guideline B. DISCUSS/LIST TCB. DISCUSS/LIST # 1, page 42 B. DISCUSS/LIST tryingLakeOtherquestions. toWashington general protect questions: in demandingDam not be thebuilt? -Whose-What group interests was thedid EPAthe (participation) aagencies toaskingCountyquestion proceed thetoCommissioners while take Floodwith differentacting the Control darn? in have viewsthe District in-in of -How is it possible for two terests of the same group?2. List answers on chalkboard. 8. Inquiry Question: Learning Activities IV. How do agencies on different levels of government interact? ,, Resources - :, Evaluation Teacher Suggestions listgroups.C. in COLLECT B Section, CLIPPINGS if it is extensive,1.2. DivideGroups class select into asmall problem from C. CLIPPINGSCOLLECT ed.collectedMountedC. COLLECT newsand evaluat- articles CLIPPINGS C. COLLECT CLIPPINGS taining(intergovernmentalstudentsor find to acut problem out news ofaction). thisarticles nature4.3. per- News articles are to be For a period of time,one have in local newspapers. (z) D.rab REPORT Havemarized.Mounted, groups documented, report about and their sum- D. REPORT TCD. REPORT # 13, page 54 D. REPORT E.Section'stheproblem DISCUSS same toelementsGuideline the class, found question. identifying in A E. DISCUSS E.(oral DISCUSS report) E. DISCUSS questions:entitieswhen different act on gc.the same issue?1. Class discusses-How-What these didproblems thesetwo entities are caused co- 2nmental TC(participation) # 1, page 42 edouschalkboardoperate or conflictedlevels in ofsolving ways government in thisin problems which situation. cooperat- the ? vari-3.2. ClassList remarks discusses on chalkboard.and lists on Inquiry Question: Learning Activities IV. How do agencies on different levels of government interact'? Evaluation ______A.Activity READ A: 1. Have students read SC #'s 7, A.SC READ -5's 7, 8, 9, pages Resources WrittenA. READ notes on A. READ 17-7FC7- 22,Teacher page 72 Suggestions areing.8, involved9. in the major issue ?2. Guideline-What questions pollutiongovernmental for read-problems entities 32-35. couldguideline be collected. questions governmentalinshould(government this problemturn up action). cooperation)local area examples (inter- 2. You r own research ernmentalposed?aresolving identified? the entities problem? going about -How-What are solutions the different are pro- gov- locale.anyquestions.B. DISCUSS similar situations in your2.1. ClassIdentify discusses and listguideline on board B. DISCUSS (participation)TCB. DISCUSS # 1, page 42 B. DISCUSS 10. Inquiry Question:Activity # 1: Learning Activities V. Under what conditions would Resources a citizen need to seek court action in Evaluation Teachera pollution Suggestions case? followinggroups.A. RESEARCH/DISCUSS/LIST question: What kind of1.2. DivideHave the students class into answer small the File,newspapers,currentA. RESEARCH/ Facts magazines, on VerticalFile. 1. DISCUSS/LIST School library, (smallpagesTCA. RESEARCH/ ii's 55-58groups)14, 15, 16, 17, DISCUSS/LIST consistA.should RESEARCH' of be 5-7 reproduced members. DISCUSS; so stu-2.1. TC f's 14,LIST 15, 16, Small groups should damagesdiscussdualsuitdamages (or of theirpollution?his they might property) findings discovered. occur andas to the anlist indivi- the3. After research, have groups re- inteachersroomcheck quantities use. out usually materials for canclass- 2. Public library currentschoolwithindents can theirlibrary materials do groups.the or evaluating; provide in the class,3. Allow time in the r, vironmental1.8,shouldbein orderanswered. and read that1.13, Law chaptersthe from questionHandbook, The 1.7, En-4. If possible, the teacher may 13. READ/DISCUSS B. READ/DISCUSS 13. READ/DISCUSS BPaulby NormanD. Rheinguld. J. Landau. and READ /DISCUSS foravailabletypemine the of pollutionifdamage thereto provide are listedproblem. legal corrections and theories deter-2.1. HaveStudent students groups read discuss SC 4 10.each lotionquentlyLegal Cases.") UsedTheories36 In Pol- Fre- 1. ("ThreeSC Major410, page TC 4 1, page 42 cleanconstitutionalTC 4environment. 25, page 77rights to a , describes allC. possible READ/DISCUSS ways an individual2.1. ReadStudent SC 4 groups 10. will identify LiveC. READ/DISCUSS Remedies37 First) 1. SC 4 11, page(Administra- C. READ, DISCUSS C. READ DISCUSS Inquiry Question: V. Under what conditions would a citizen need to seek court action in a pollution case? courts.a mightpollution bring problem about outsidethe correction the of Learning Activities Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions _ elusionpreparesD. DISCUSS/REPORT for the to Inquirydefend. Question and1. Each group arrives at con- D. DISCUSS/REPORT 54D. DISCUSS/ 1. TC # 13, REPORTpage (oral) D. DISCUSS; REPORT E.choices.answer DECIDE to class and defends its2. Each group presents its E. DECIDE 42E. DECIDE 2. TC I; 1, page (participation) E. DECIDE .1j Inquiry Question. agreeThe class, upon bythe majority best answer vote, to will the agreetheyityessayaskedStudents decision.agree with statingto couldwrite theor dis- whymajor- anbe 12. Inquiry Question:Activity 41: Learning Activities VI. How would an individual citizen bring a pollution case to court'? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions Question.onA. INVITEthe subject SPEAKER of the Inquiry1.2. AskStudents a local attorneywill ask toquestions speak A. INVITE SPEAKER A. INVITE SPEAKER characteristicsformtopicsA. INVITE him to beof SPEAKER discussed.the ofage his and L Inform attorney of In- B.andspeaker. PLAN discuss A theFIELD subject TRIP with the B. PLAN A FIELD TRIP B. PLAN A FIELD TRIP B.possibleaudience. PLAN Aquestions FIELD TRIPin advance.2. Have students prepare problems.shouldprocedure.Visit a belocal a case court on to environmental observe case If at all possible it entireessayandvationsnotesStudents will ondescribingexperience. from writewilltheir makethe anooser- tripthe studyC. PLAY li 1. ROLES 2.1. StudentsStudents will will react act out the case C.CountyPark PLAY vs. CaseROLES Brevarc: Study A1A Mobile Home C.42 PLAY ROLES 2.1. TC p 1, page In a brief paper toStudentsC.specific preparePLAY should ROLESrules. and rehearse beYou given might theirtime following roles from the case study: d.e.c.b.a. Prosecutor DefendantJudgeDefensePlaintiff Attorney pageSelected S- 5 Resources astudents side and will defend choose it. "courtbackrecord su record" thatthe casean isaccurate andkept. play it f. Witnesses 13. Inquiry Question: VI. How would an individual citizen bring a pollution case to court? D. READ/DISCUSS 2.1. The class will discuss the Students will readLearning SC # 11. Activities YourD. READ/DISCUSS Local Attorney" 1. Resources SC # 12, "See procedureStudentsD. READ/DISCUSS will which outline could a Evaluation usingD. READ/DISCUSS the following cassette1. Teacher Suggestions Teacher should consider atInquiry an answer Question for the and question. will arrive page 38 casebe used to court.to bring a Selectedvironment."tape: "Suing Resources for a Clean En-3.2. AvailableTape reviewed from in C.E.E.

14. Activity #1: -.1 Learning Activities VII. What types of environmental redress have the Resources Evaluation courts !;iven to individuals or groups? Teacher Suggestions A. READ/DISCUSS/RESEARCH1. Divide class into small A. READ/DISCUSS; 1. RESEARCH SC 13, A. READ;DISCUSS: 1. RESEARCH A. READ, DISCUSS 1. RESEARCH thesearch.groups Inquiry and Question read SC init 13.general.3.2, GoStudent to library groups for will further discuss re-Findings of each individual ("EcologicalDocket")Courtpage Sets 41, Criminals Pollution 2. The Reader's evaluatedteacher.evaluatedten research by by TC thewill ', 14, be 2. IndividualGroups writ-may be vironmentalteacherment,"Done4, "What soshould in Law Far thethe for CourtsHandbook,book,read the chapter EnviTheHave En- Fon- _____IfittiTarFussible. the theyallandwill examples discussed.behave brought found of Theback courtand groupwillto redress the prepare willgroup which list a thehelpLiteratureGuide most the to student Periodicalcurrent should find in- 55-58.15,(group 16, 17, evaluation) pages by NormansureRheinould thatLandau all students and Paul know 2. :-.. The teacher sh(uad be presentation for the entire class, theirthealsoformationject. Vertical be library. urged on File thisto use in sub- Students should elaboratestiesandhow the ofto the useother on library.the reseat.(717-fiTi-SC Readers Guide3. TC 24, page 74, 13. group'swillRepresentativesB. REPORT present work the to fromtheresults class. each of theirgroup B. REPORT TCB. - REPORT13, page 54 B. REPORT ...... _ __.._... elusionagreefindingsC. DISCUSS upon possible of eachthe most groupfor thecomplete and Inquiry will con-1. Th:- class will discuss the C. DISCUSS class(participation)C. DISCUSS discussion, stu- 2.l. TC F: icipat ion ) At the close of i , page 42 C. DISCUSS _ . _ boaQuestion. rd. 2. List final answers on chalk- 15. completedentsthewrite Inquirywill out conclusion be the Question.asked most to to inquiry Question: VIII. How do local Learning Activities governments finance their environmental c,,nt rot priimanls,,Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions A.Activity RESEARCH 01: 1. Divide class into teams of A.City RESEARCH and county budg- IfA. written RESEARCH assigninenL,. A. 1.W-ritITIJCalR_ SEARCHcity offices following:cityinvestigators. (or county) and researches the2. Each teama. Taxes selects a local governmentaldepartmentstamedpublicets may fromlibraries be located finance of units. local or on-in andare required,evaluate. collect officials.tofor the information. sellout by :appropriate3.2. ArrangeHave students personal arrange visits b. Budget HowcollectedsourcesWhatmuch is are themoneyof inthe revenue?money a various given is actually spent Howyear? ofvironmentalvisitofficealter government andschool of appropriateinspect interviewscontrol in aoperation. local agency officials. at en-4. Arrange for class to c. Environmental Impact Whatdollars)(percentage agencies ? or in actual the Discusstioning problems as its part needs of and research. and use financ- informa-5. TC ?27, page 81 , centagening).treatment,communitybagevironment Whatdisposal, of thezoning, affect is? budget (e.g.the sewage the per- plan-gar- en-al- generalInquiry(financial background Question. assistance) to this gives B. MAKE VISUAL AIDS cies?located for these agen- B. MAKE VISUAL AIDS B. MAKE VISUAL AIDS B. MAKE VISUAL AIDS havevisualgraphs,Have compiled. way each etc. the groupto information illustrate prepare in they charts, a 16. TC(visual) 23. page 73 Inquiry Question : VIII. How do local governments finance their environmental control programs? Learning Activities Resources Evaluation I Teacher Su_gestions D.theirHaveC. DISCUSS/LIST REPORT findingseach group to theorally class. present D.C. DISCUSS/LISTREPORT D.TC DISCUSS/LIST(oral)C. # REPORT 13, page 54 D.C. DISCUSS,REPORT LIST throughchalkboard.Question.general class conclusions discussion to the establish Inquiry2.I. AfterList all presentations,these answers on the (participation)TC # 1, page 42

17. Inquiry Question: Learning Activities IX. How do local governments pollute? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions ShowA.Activity VIEW students # SLIDES1: slides. A.edSlides VIEW Resources, # SLIDES 3-7, Select- page A. VIEW SLIDES cityA. VIEW or county SLIDES and locate 1. Acquire maps of your ingtreatalmentS-35. waterway. plant.sewage enter-4.3. Raw or poorly Sewage treat- Sources:GARBAGETRASHSEWAGEareas on isthe "dumped,"is is map"treated," "disposed". where and -planning departments objectsdiscardeddisposed in foreground objects.of at dump.7.6.5. Discarded Close-upGarbage beingof methodsterials describing of SEWAGE, alternative TRASH, 2.-utility-sanitation-zoning departmentboard department Compile a file of ma- within background. scenic beauty Corp.Sources:and GARBAGE disposal. -Westinghouse Electric, Westing Bldg. , El9200Pennsylvania,Gateway Monte, East Center, California,Flair 15222. Drive, Pittsburg, 91734. -Envirogenics Co. , 18. Inquiry Question: Learning Activities IX. How do local governments pollute? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions B. DISCUSS 1. On the board, write "key B. DISCUSS TCB. DISCUSS 0 1, page 42 B. DISCUSS x and "garbage. towords"such the class assuggested "sewage," for possible by "trash,"the generali-slides2. Present the Inquiry Question 1, areas:gatorsDivideC.zations. RESEARCH to class research into teams the following of investi- C. RESEARCH collectIfsearchC. teacher RESEARCH written work. desires, re- C. RESEARCH 1. Sewage treated?-Howarea?treatment-Where is the areplants sewage sewage in our 2. Dumps our-What-Where area? trash are theis allowed dumps in 19. Inquiry Question: IX. How do local governments pollute? 3. GarbageLearning Activities there-How and is what is not? garbage dis- Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions oralPresentD. reports. to class in a series of REPORT posed? D. REPORT TCD. (oral)# 13, page REPORT 54 D. REPORT

20. ocz STUDENT COMMENTS BREVARD COUNTY ATLANTIC OCEAN Population Density 21 z 1972 PartSTUDENT 2 of 4. COMMENT NO. 1 : 13 re yard County Map, Ath via 42- 4) itiV01 BREVARD COUNTY ATLANTIC OCEAN Sewage Treatment Plants 22 1972 ,,,---Nvrr,...:rezw;.1,7,7,.'" 77.."rr:r.1,!.."1;!1?2,r1,"!'"e7,!*-1-7:r77771"-rnt.-77r-,75,77'.,,:'

STUDENT COMMENT NO. 2 Sec. 20-3. ENFORCEMENT OF ARTICLE. : Excerpts From Chapter 20 of the Brevard Code trolofthe airthis State and act of water (article) Florida, pollution, and jointly any by andrules, injunction severally, regulations or are other herebyor criterialegal authorized means. established (Sp. and Acts, empoweredby the Ch.The State 59-1112,board toBoard enforceof countyS.3). of Healththe commissioners provisions to con- of B re yard County, Florida and the State Board of Health of watercourses,prevent the pollution and other of surface air and and the upollution n d e r g rof o streams,u n d waters lakes, located rivers, within ponds,TheSec. Brevard board inland20-13. of County. waters,JURISDICTION: county The saltcommissioners boardwaters, RULES of of AND B re REGULATIONS. v a rd County shall have the jurisdiction to control and posesthiscountystandards act of commissioners(article) this consistent act and(article). shall withof Brevard have the known,the County power available shallto adopt have and and the reasonable p authority re s c rib method to, e andand promulgateshalls of preventing e n f o rules,r c epollution, the regulations provisions and and pur- of (Sp. Acts, Ch. 59-1119, S. 3, 4). luteexists or contribute on account to of the any pollution discharge, of the or threatenedair or the waters discharge, of the of county, waste mattertheWheneverSec. board 20-14, which is inempoweredEMERGENCIES: pollutes, the opinion tends and of thetoshall COURT pol- board of ACTION. county commissioners of Brevard County an e m e r g en c y enedseek discharge. injunctive or abatement r el i e f in a court of competent jurisdictionSec. against 20-17. such STATE discharge AID. or threat- (Sp. Acts, Ch. 59-1119, S. 5). 25 (Sp.or state Acts agency Ch. 59-1119, w h en itS. The b o a r d shall have the right to is deemed necessary9). by the board to carry out the request and receive the assistance of any provisions of this act (article), educational institution tems,treatment or sewerage or disposal treatment plants or systems,disposal or AllSec. plans 20-18. and APPROVAL specifications OF SEWAGEfor the construction in plants located outside municipalities,for improvements shall SYSTEMS.be or extensions to existing sewerage sys- the county of new se w e r age systems, sewage submitted to and Statebe approved law reference by the board- State before board of health to Whenever,Sec. 20-19. NOTICEin the opinion TO VIOLATORS: of the board, any person construction thereof may begin. (Sp. Acts, Ch. supervise REPORT;and c on t ORDERr ol sewage OF BOARD systems, 381. shall violate or is about to violate the provisions 59-1119, S. 10) 281 Fla Stats Cx3Ot inanyof fifteenthis waters act (15) (article)of thedays county, fromor fails the the to receipt control of thenotice board shall notify such person of its polluting content of waste di s c h a ofr g suche d or determination, to be such person shall determination by registered mail. With file with the board discharged into upona shallfull reportthe notify board stating such may person issue thereof by what steps have been and are being such order of directive as it deems appropriate registered mail. (Sp. Acts, Ch. 59-1119,S. taken to control such waste or pollution. under the circumstances, and11) Where- the board, upon application filed within Sec.The 20-20. board HEARING: shall grant aAPPEAL hearing toFROM any person fifteen (15) days from receipt thereof. At ORDERS OR DIRECTIVES. who shall feel aggrieved by any order or Following such hearing t h e board shall make such hearing the peti- directive of finalitstioner order and may or conclusive. appear,directive present and, Such unless witnesses order appeal or and directive is taken t h submiteref r o evidence. m as hereinafter shall be subject to review and trial de novo as26 a cause provided, the same shall be in equity upon petition filled within fifteen (15) days of the issuance of such order or directive, in the circuit theminationdirectivecourt board of uponthe shallof countythe the be matter petitionstayed of Brevard. by pending of the any court. Except party the Any hearing adversely in ordercase before ofor affected andirective theemergency board,thereby. shall and, in case of affecting bethe subject public tohealth, modification any order or(Sp. revisionor Acts, byCh. 59-1119, appeal, pending final deter- S. 12). 41.

27 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 3 By WAYNE EZELLAssistant Metro Editor Dam Still 4 said.YearsGen. 1. vet%%al help maintain the water n 1.al2 Lake Washington Construction of a large dam Harry Sands. FCD Washington in Future pendingaway,Brevard,sideredon staterater the is officials atsolutioncrisis least in foursaid toSouth an Wed-years im- Lake Washington, con- area,eliminatingdeer,wouldMelbourne, boardit all quail be would killed memberandsaid be otherthough replaced treesfrom hunting along with in game, the thedangerouslyabouta3av2 summer 13 17feet. feet. low drought usually levelsThe drops season during lake, to now standing at bynesday.responsibletion the Environmental for muchAn Protec- ecology of the study, called for Agency, is primarily officialssurprisedfishing.by a when Sands he and saidBut several it an FCD biologist' giant lake good for may I ecologistsEdseriousand VOn salt'problem. Nordeck intrusionMelbOurne cautioned becomes City a Councilman should be con- FloridaMaloy,thelong Floodwait,assistant Controlaccorchil directorThe District. toEPA Jackto will be asked to Central and Southern biologisttivated.ifbe harmful Walt toDineen the environment"We when just he don't know,"the paid reservoir were ae- reservoiris steppedforcerned lack and about ofup water buildto aactivateA "people unless theseVere dam. actionthe kill" drought would Freyrepresentativesofficialshazardsoverlook Jan. of the28, dam County and when Rep. Com- local Lou meetthe environmental with EPA reservoir.wouldwas comeasked from 'how opening muchThe dam theharm is part of a giant Derry,possibleintrusion,pointlower therethe to lake's istreat, so level muchsaid to Fred salt the city the water is im- vironmentaloverlookedmissioner Hugh EvansAlso said. needing effectsis t h e to of ac-en-b e TheyearperFCDwater project ago involvingmanagement until was EPA thestopped projectentirecan study aup- by St. Johns River ba.:in. , helpsrepairedtendent. with sandbags,A city-owned now dam, maintain water superin- the recently lake's holdonlywhichReservoirtivating water.needs is nearly to ;vest be complete closed ofIf Melbourne closed, off and to the giant reservoir the Jane Green dam,tothethe environmental dams and reservoirs.South effects Brevard of is benefitexpected greatly from the the Jane Green blem.poraryconsideredlevel, solution to be onlyAbout 10 million gallons of hut the city', dam is to the pro- a tem- duringreplenishwould drought periods, Malov supply Lake Washingtonwater t o lecause-eservoir28Reservoir when south completed of Mclhourne. Ilex and another rethe :dux*wateridents. is pumped daily from lake for 'we by about smith c o ti n t STUDENT COMMENT NO. 4 Lakechair a meeting Session Jan.U.S. 28 Rep. inBy Lou DAVE Frey THOMPSON will ScheduledTODAY Staff Writer Jan.28 missionerdam,permanentpath District HughLake 5 County WashingtonEvans Com- said for completion of a amoratoriumficialsProtection Agency on construction (EPA) ofof large have darn placed a Melbournemakeshiftdepththe lake. of dam13Thecurrently thelake, nowhas at a feet, sometimes city 1 o w of Melbourne as city and county Tuesday. Washington planned by the at Lake sinks to dangerously officials attempt to clear a Feder al Environmental ReservoirCentralEvanstoandFlood have and Controlsaid. west Southernalso of District blockedMelbourne, Florida (FCD) plans close the Jane Green serioussalttherelevels problem. wouldduring bethe so summerDuring much salt anda intrusion severe drought, becomes a Tallahassee,EPAalongbranch,of theprogram withEPA and will Frey Johnwateradviser be PauletWakefield, presentprograms the from Traina, 2:30 acting director FredCitywouldintrusion WDerry a bet e says.thatimpossibler Superintendent theAbout lake's to10 watertreat, million gallons of somewhat,.liftCityp.m. Hall. meeting epecially at Melbourne"We will try to get them to this moratorium as it 100,000thewater lake is south pumped for county use daily by residents. about from servationsummer.thatWashingtonappliessaid. we "It's need groups just dam," the and simple Evan;city ofact We'll to water havethe Lake connex stateWednesdaytheMelbourne public isgroups invited." presentDuring and officials a i n meeting Melbourne. con-last FCDdam,Lakestructionmanagementleast involvingWashington four years the project dam whole away. was by up- Theat the part of of a saida w at erpermanent 29 damvironmentalthewasper and EPASt.stopped reservoirs. Johns can a study yearRiverWater ago the basin, untiloften en- leaks from the effects of the AID County Acts To Provide More Water By WAYNE EZELL TODAY Stott Writer Edo logy experts will be asked to overlook the environmental dangers of flooding Lake Washington during an expected drought next summer in order to provide South Brevard residents with adequate drinking water, city and county officials decided Wednesday. The flooding will be a stopgapmeasure,necessary because 17-year-old plans for a dam to be built by the Central and Southern Fldrida Flood Control District have not materialized. The Environmental Protec- tion Agency will be asked to grant permission to flood the lake from storage water availabletothe south and west, but now restricted from being used until ecology studies are complete. County commissioners Hugh Evans and Val Steele met with city officials and Gen. HarrySands, FCD board member, to map strategy to have t h edam project speeded up. "We need a scream from the bulk of the people to get theprojectoffof dead center," Gen: Sands said. He saidthe planned dam will have to be redesigned to meet present FCD standards and objectives. Theproject,expectedto cost about $4 million, would be completed northofthe lake on the St. Johns River. Environmental studies for the project are expected to take more than a year. Lake Washington, South Brevard'sprimary water supply, is expected to drop to a level, where salt intrusion becomes a serious problem nextsummerunlesst h e floodingismadepossible, said Fred' Derry, Melbourne water superintendent. A city-owned dam north of the lake helps keep the level up, but its effectiveness is not great enough during drought conditions, he said. STUDENT COMMENT NO. 6 Reservoir Ban Can Be Lifted, "water crisis" movedAn a giant EPABy WAYNEAssistant EZELL /AstroOfficial impendingEditor Tells Melbourne southwestthisto a summer.dangerously of the lakeThe low Janewill level be Green Reservoir Engineers.giantstructionbetween EPA of other and theTheareas Corps ban of theon of continued cow project, including the Melbourne studyfor EPA of theto forget dam project. the"I'd ecologyFCD be afraidofficials to plugged stop this hard bably'completesaidProtectiondaystep towardawhen beban lifted reservoir on Environmentalbeing using with solved a car'a letter. nearly pro- Fri- Agency officials reservoirdryusedsupply periods. to offloodstore waterthe thean city emergencythatlake Inplans canduring beto conjunction with the Rep.said.Washington,FCD Lou Freydam hadnorth stillA been meeting stands, in chairedhe by U.S. of Lake member.Harrydisastrousisproject ... what were facing the Sands, possibilityflood." said Gen. FCD of board a ecologyuntiltrolSouthern District study Florida willbefore have ButFlood it w;11to Con-wait. EPA the completesGenital a n d a n eitherfunds,possiblylakemakeshift beefor construct with up dam thethe north help aleaking new of of one,state the City Earl gramWakefield,sessionclosingafternoon adviser, for off two the suggested whenreservoirbows Fzi*y as the state EPA pro- John droughtwill and flood conditions.SomeHe said the giant project help ecology alleviate and both con- damincludingupperbe able on St. toLake Johns resumea large Washington. River Thework Pi million project,lake on the supplies between Watkinsreservoir."point said. said Paul"I see Traina, no problem at this with Managerclosing t h e quicklyquatebestplan. waywater voiced to supply. insure approvalSix an ofade- the Melbourne councilmen GamecludingclosingCommissionservation and off David Freshthe groups reservoir,Cox, Water objected a stateFish in- to biologist, who e-ghthaveresidentswater and feared daily In million toits Southsupply gallons Brevard will o' go and city officials closingdueprograms.acting off director the He reservoir said of EPA the ban waswater on to a misunderstanding dollar.blemhopedficialsa damper to havesolveon plans speededTheirthe by water supportFCD up proof-by apparently put with project a multi-million-which they enoughreservoirsaid the for %tater might city use quality in the not he good 31 bypassing the ecology study. STUDENT COMMENT NO. 7

2 BeachCocoa. CitiesBy HEWN MOORETODAY Probing *SRA Writer Beach Joint Sanitation. _ . and Cape hrisanitation salon department.unanimouslyThe ap- Cocoa Beach Com- year.Capecontract Canaveral's expires in laterJune thisand le thewherebya se-back larger one arrangementCocoa city, Beach, probably closegarbagemonth to Merritt removal Island's may $3.50 rise rate for household .creating.'atoing CanaveraldeterMinothe ahead :sanitation :with .officials .a.$2,000 feasibility depart-. are study. mov- of hasCapecost,proved given ofCanaveral's payingthe 'study two City last third Council week. the . an unofficial g- thewillCanaveral proposal, be a major SprowlCity problem Manager Laborand Cape cost inBert and recruitment partequipment,Canaveral,would of it forown daily and maintaincollection the in while effect, leases Cape currenta home contract average expires.Cape when Canaveral's the average two.Meat cties._,. to be itut jointly by the Study; b7 a West Palm. ... proveahead,at its its one and:meeting thirdis expected ofnext. the Tuesday. costto ap- willFrancis investigate agree. is keepingOne possibility the the study rounds. Neither city is overjoyed householdaddinga month, cost Francis is closer reported, to $3 that the cost had otbbrlaborroutes,..cigar forcedetails equipment requirements of a full needsfledged and. ,. "fiiista. and project estimates Beach'sManagercordingeoinP1efed to Tom current Cocoa SprowL TheBeach garbage study. Cocoa City Is expected to be by. Feb. 21, ac- garbageprobablecitiesbringingequpment collection. labor in Cocoa, source, The the twoand most will it also over daily consider a for estimatedRobertsaidmentapout "with creating theall itscity's headaches,"a new $2.02 depart- a Cocoa Murkshe, Beach but Mayor he contractor.themselvescitiesmightreached be thanthe cheaper pointuse a privatewhere it to do the for work the 32 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 8 County Starts Negotiations "It has become apparent in treatmentbeCocoapoints the Beachplant." sewage system"From wastes to will thethe connectionconveyed Beach through sewage t h e fornegotiation residents with living Cocoa in unincorporated Beach to provide areasThe sewer Brevard north service and County Commission has initiated By LARRY TWIERAUS TODAY Staff Winer On Sewers rapidlydensitiesiswherethis area approaching spetichave that become tank the populationthe... ordisposal point are becoming grossly in- thewhowithagreement" proposed agreeCocoa with has project. beenthe OnceGrooverbasics reached sewer of added lines a "tenativeare con- Beach officials sanitarywhethersouth of theorsewer not city. toproject proceed which with would the $782,000 serveThe boardabout proposed set556 March 2 as the day it will determine systemhealth,"peradequate protection exists the reportto in provide ofthe thesaid. areas"A pdblic the and pro- public water supply drainagestructed,the paving work ofcould streetso,nstruction begin and on the of storm in both areas, potentialofcityposed land of project Capecustomers.between Canaveral would Cocoa be Beachand 146 Cocoa acres and Patrick Beachof AccordingTheland andAFB.two between 216 unincorporated acresto the. Thomas areasGroover affected of _II by rthe ever pro- d well'sourceswaterblemthis adds sources. because. usage to the from ofpollutionpro- the p ugreater b li "Thec pollution. in these two than from private anddefinitelytankGroover stormproblemsbout said. want drainage," this could paved project,"The care Com-roads lessones but they without septic usagesituationcommissionersEngineering has exists constituted Co. Thursdayin who the a presentedtwo health afternoon, areas hazard." abecause feasibilityThe "an project septic study financing to would be accomplished , emerge Riverunderground.especiallysurfacebeach.areas through water pollution isof water pollution,mainly the which Banana of one the and can of said.mission tionpressedChairman Thursday the Lori board Wilsonso Commissioner theto takeproject ac- Wilson therateproperty.assessment county schedulethrough chaiging be theof Theadopted $6 customerssale reportper of byfoot revenuerecommends which bondswould a beand levied by a onspecial all monthly Groover said the average bill for sewer andforrainand the southstorms." thewillcombined surface seep Theinto area runoff recommendedthe north riverafter projects of Cocoa Beach rathermemberstoothingcan many has "digestget years,"been under the in Othershe feasibilityway.limbo said. "This forcommission said they would livingoffamilybill$5.50 $3.50 for as in units,those a a apartments,month minimum andliving for a minimum customers inmonthly motels single customersandBeachaverage$7.44,would $7.15. residents monthly in the ofbilltwo between for areas Cocoa $6 probablycompaied amount to t h e to theconsistingtionsto Cocoa serve to ofof points collectionBeachboth the of developedareas system,connection systems and theflow- por- to discussion,meeting.thereport project and make at the a Afterdecision March on 2 considerable Mrs. Louise and trailer parks. 33 report said. immediatecommissionersWomenKennedyRussell, president Voters, action. for of criticizednot the taking Cape Area League of STUDENT COMMENT No. 9 In unincorporated c o unt y areas north and south of the City of Cocoa Beach septic tanks have been : Government Cooperation listedcludingallowed. below: these Because areas of in the a sanitaryincreased sewage use of project.these septic The tanks,conclusions Brevard and County recommendationsCONCLUSIONS studied t h e ofnecessity that study o f arein- withhas respectreached to the the point necessity where and the feasibilitycontinued ofuse a ofsanitary septic seweragetanks and project,drain fields 1.Predicatedit 2.can Theconstitute be installationconcluded upon a healthour that: studyof hazard. drainage of the unincorporated facilitiesThe development in the areas northern in thenorth two areas, and unincorporated south although of the vitally Cityareas, of necessarno Cocoa r t h andBeach, y, southwill of the City o f Cocoa Beach, posal,thenot areareduce is tonecessary the healthBanana as hazard; aRiver. safeguard but will to transferpublic health. a portion of the pollution problem3. The from Provision the p r o ofp esanitary r t i e sewerage facilities, with adequate sewage treatment and effluent dis- s in transportingand such should and treating be considered of the wastes, only as should a last-resort be finalized. measure. 5.4. NegotiationsIt is not r e a swith on ab the 1 Citye to constructof Cocoa andBeach, operate for the separate operations sewage of thetreatment system facilities and the receiving,f o r these Cocoa Beach is financially feasible. 6. The proposed sanitary sewerage systems to serve the unincorporated areas north and south of 34 1.InRECOMMENDATIONS Thekeeping Board with of the County foregoing Commissioners Conclusions, proceed it is recommended with --"r7.77--,Y.ck7r71-1-7.;---,-,f,-, the legal requirements set forth in the en- that: andabling south legislation of Cocoa Beach. to create one (1) sanitary district to encompass 2. The boundaries of the District should be:existingNorthern at Section the time - Theof the Corporate creation Limits of the District;of the City the of mean Cape high Canaveral, the two (2) unincorporated areas north water waterBeach,lineexistingSouthern of line theexisting atof AtlanticSection thethe attimeBanana the-Ocean; The of time the River.Corporate the ofcreation creationCorporate Limits of ofthe Limits the ofDistrict; District;the of City the the ofandCity mean the high mean water Cocoa Beach, of Cocoa high crt District.preparation of a contract between Brevard County and the City of 3. The County Attorney and other County Officialsandline theof thebe mean directedAtlantic high towaterOcean; proceed line the ofwith Boundary the Banana Line River. of Patrick Cocoa Beach for servicesAir to Forcethe Sanitary Base; negotiations and the financingCertificate plan Issue for forthe validation financing andof the sale. proposed Project and the necessary4.5. The The County Engineers Attorney be directed and Financial to proceed Advisor with bethe preparation directed to proceed with the preparation of the of Drawings and Specifications for steps t o prepare the Revenue the construction of the recommended facilities. 35 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 10 : Three Major Legal Theories Frequently Used in Pollution Cases foredeviated are responsible from the standardfor the injuries of care sustainedthe law declares by virtue that of they that oweddeviation. the plaintiffThe1. NEGLIGENCE: concept (person of suing), negligence and there- is the concept of carelessness: that th e person or p e r s on s being sued notingnecessary sued)just literally deliberatelythat a person one's or earth, enter intentionally uponbut all the of caused land; his property, a the thing e nt may. rincluding y onto It must the his plaintiff'sbe person,shownTrespass2. land.that andTRESPASS: the Theinc creates ludingconcept liabilitythe of air"land" space for is damages following the entrance onto the land of another. defendant (person be- It is not Thereover arehis landtwo major(up to kindsa point). of nuisance cases. Nuisance3. NUISANCE: is unreasonable interference with the interest a person has in the enjoyment of property. 1.2. Public Nuisance: Damage hassuePrivate forbepublic enthe Nuisance:done commission (the to city the Only or public ofwhatever) thea public generally.person nuisanceto whose sue Thus or propertyonlycorrect it is if up hethe rights tosuffers nuisance. the have special been A private damage,interfered person that with is, may may more sue than suffered by the public generally. 36 whichSTUDENT is polluting COMMENT the environment?NO. 11 The answer is "yes," provided the citizenCan an is individual well-informed citizen, or group of citizens, mount effective resistance to : Administrative Remedies First an industrial concern on the legalrefersbegovernmental expected action. to the failureto processes prepare, of the especiallyinvolved. plaintiff He (citizen)a defense should to havereferred follow foreknowledge proper to as "exhaustion administrative of th e of various administrativechannels defenses BEFORE theremedies." polluter undertaking This It is c o mm only raised as a defense when the citizen files an immediate lawsuit against the may 14; Localciespolluter. withinlaw mayIn theother require government, words, the thecitizen before citizen first entering must to r eappeal g the i s judicialt efirst r a tocomplaint stage. appropriate directly administrative Suppose,with the Board for departments example, of Health. that or This a citizen discovers a source of radiation expo sure in the community. agen- court,thebothagency, citizen theexecutive inpolluter may turn, be and maydicould judicialr ebe c be tempowered e expected functions.d next to to at oBoardset investigate, up ofadministrative Appeals. report and exhaustion act upon as the a situation,defense. s e r vi n g, in effect, If dissatisfied with the settlement pr o v i d e d by the Board of Health If the citizen t r i e d to take the case directly t o bogged-downless"ever, thebefore process a administrativecontinuing entails 1 ensource gt agenc h yof delays ypollution.. and (assue is the Insometimes polluterthis event, directlyexpecting,the he case), has twothe Wherecitizen recourses. of government maycourse, Hefind amay himselfdefense agencies bypass "help- of thead-are efficient, the administrative rout e is the best to follow. If, how- mayremediesministrative sue the have governmentexhaustion. been exhausted, itselfHowever, to particularly compel there itis towheresome act. precedentimmediate for damages direct courtare involved. action before Secondly, administrative the citizen 37 themselves.STUDENT COMMENT However, NO.citizens 12 who attempt to do so are not likely to succeed,Citizens due to have the multitudethe right to of file pro- a lawsuit against polluters. They may, if they wish, conduct the suit : See Your Local Attorney problem,citizencedural who andrequirements wishesalso present to protectinvolved evidence the in environment whichmaintaining justifies is a simple:lawsuit. the potential Hire The a bestlawsuit. lawyer. courseIn of consulting legal action with for a localthe average attorney, the citizen s h o u 1 d be able first to identify clearly the pollution If a group of persons desires to costs.corporate"Citizensbring suit, status for the Clear arefirst an actionAir, enhanced Inc.," suggested orstanding "Committee by ina lawyerthe eyesto Preserve is of often the court tothe incorporate Indian and an River."in cthe r ea groupAmong se d abilityunder the advantagestoa titlebear such legal toas couldattorneyconsulting check who with with specializes the his family friends in lawyer, environmentalfor the whoname may of affairs.a decide lawyer Lackingeither who mightto suchtake take thea preliminary suchcase Inhimselfa case, selecting legal or or he refercontact, anc o attorney, hisu 1 sthd client contact e plaintiff the to citizen an has several possibilities. The best place to begin is oft en by the papersoutlocal against oftenlegal carryaidpollution. society stories Such or about bar lawyers association1 awy are e r oftens whoservice. guest have The speakersfiled town lawsuits atattorney meetings against could Afterconcerning polluters al the so lawyeroffer or pollution. have assistance. is located, News-a significant problem remains. Legal counsel is expensive. been speaking 1Vbst law- lawyeryers charge agrees between to work $25 for anda specified $50 per percentage hour, unless of theythe damages are retained r e c on e i av contingent e d if the case is won. Under 38 fee basis whereby the the ninglungwell-suitedcontingency substantialcondition to a plan, as pollutiondamages, a direct if nothing case resulthe is which isapt of recovered, traceableto involves accept atheair acontingent probable pollution.lawyer receives payment fee. If the lawyerno of legaldamages, feels fee. he The has contingency payment as when a client develops a a good chance of win- is problem.beabatement prohibitively One or is injunction), forexpensive the plaint forthe if theonly f to average seekappropriate a fundcitizen. whichmeans There willof arepayment pay several the islawyer, possibleon anIf, ohourlyon r solutionsfindthe otherbasis. thand, This theis likely suit is d e s i gn e d not to win damages but merely to stop the pollution a conservation group o this financial (by to However,tionswhichselves are is the insuchwilling behalfSierra groups to ofClub, join the are in thecitizen-plaintiff of the necessityNational suit. There Audubonselective ora rassist e also inSociety thelocal special cases attorneysand legalthey the Nationalgroupswill in so assume. doing. which Parks Exampleswill and either Recreation of bring such suitSociety. organiza- them- othercitizenIn a case financial who where files avenue the suit purification might open legitimatelyto t ofh ea citizenstream be isablewould to seekto upgradeenlist a lawyer the the support whovalue is of committed adjacentthe propertyFunds property,to may fighting owners also for be pollutinvolved. example, solicited ion An-who fromthe property owners who stand to benefit from a stoppage of pollution. mustlitigationence,will donate bewho prepared -- will hisfiling acceptservices. tofees, assume. pollution taking There Another depositions, arecases lawyers, as possible a challenge, copying especially means withoutdocuments, of young funding reimbursement lawyers etc.. legal These anxiousaid is beyondcosts, to t interesto gainof the course, courtroomactuala lawyer thecosts plaintiffin experi- ofseek- the luteringseems punitive is found sufficient damages. guilty to ofwarrant Punitivegrossly the wanton damages assessment conduct. are of awarded punitive They arein damages aoften case substantial.where against actual the If polluter, damagea citizen heis has slightmay evidence be but able the which to pol- per- 39 suade a lawyer to operate on a contingent fee basis, even if the actual dam ag e s sought are inadequate to dertakeingdefray a reward legal what costs. foris known information as a class concerning action, apolluters. procedural A finaldevice possibility which allowsThe a large citizen who brings suit against a polluter may be able to fund his legal proceedings by recover- for financing legal action is to un- number of persons to thererepresentsagessue should butsimultaneously. the 10,000be collective no difficulty persons, Thisdamage locating eachmethod is with significant, an is a attorneyespecially $1, 000 as who damage in is willing suit, isto thenwork suing on a contingencyfor $10,000,000. In useful when each individual has theincurred inhalation only slightof vapors dam- from a factory. A lawyer who basis! such cases CJl 40 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 13 'ECOLOGICAL CRIMINALS' "ecologicalestablishedthemselveswho facedcriminals." with charges in a newLOUISVILLE, kindCourt of court Ky. (AP)are Sets 'Pollution'careless to prosecute what a judge calls about pollution Louisville residents are finding streetcourtstatute,The strongest, insteadby which his neighbors ofpi payingehiLitshe said, aroadsidefor $3 dumping dumping dumping garbagefineLast of in trash.Fridayhis in sub- the defendants included a man taken to is Docketthe highway littering awareness,"afternoonCourt Criminal for adding, cases Division "Thison pollution court has set is and foraside ecology. theHeJudge every peopledescribed Glenn Friday McDonald the sessions of the as Jefferson"a court ofQuarterly public waslittering.division. one inThe which man wasa man found moving guilty furniture andAmong fined from $300 other one for littering cases McDonald has heard newPollutionmostto laws."make of t theControl h elegislature cases Board were oraware boughtthe Board of theby ofWhen eitherneed Health. the to the enactcourt Air was established five months ago, dumpingLouisvillenuisanceapartment brought roadway.statute, to another suit which andA person dumped thecovers man who violationswas some saw foundOther of the onit guilty. illegalcasesalong private may a be prosecuted under a public companieswantintoactual," to the get act, they *volved."McDonald filing think suits are"We said. polluters.against got "People more individuals, complaints justLately, don't, groups however, seem on orthe to telephoneordinary citizens than have gotten property. eragedowntheobtaindefendant violator, name. afrom summons Within$10 arethe tosummonedalleged atseveral four the County toviolation, hundred six to weeks, court.Clerk's dollars and FinesToplaintiff office,provide inbring the have name non-and suithis av- against a polluter, a citizen must ecutejury cases. ecology cases in Kentucky. McDonaldThere are few said. laws under which laymen can pros- 41 cri TEACHER COMMENTS TEACHER COMMENT NO. 1 : Participation Evaluation ifbers evaluativeobjectivitythe during teacher class processto wishes evaluating discussion by to devisingdiscriminate student periods. a rotationparticipation among system cognitive in classwhereby skills discussions. two of theor three students, The students teacherOnlyThe (i. e.following mayfourwould recall, simpleinvolve evaluate synthesis, checklist catagories students class isanalysis, offered mem-in are the employed as an example in this of checklist. a device Morewhich complex may be used scaling to lend may a be degree included of cludedetc.)- However, in this suggested this type checklist: of scale is not easily employed. The following catagories2.1. for evaluation are in- QuantitythinkingContent of byof student student.student's contribution. remarks as these indicate knowledge of topic, critical and/or innovative 4.3. propriateRelevance1-4.TheClarity evaluator ofcolumn. of expression student's may The indicate otherandremarks presentation categories quantity to subject of shouldby student's under student. be consideration. ratedremarks on theby simplyfollowing placing qualitative a check scale in the of1 ap-- Poor (incorrect and/or inappropriate) W samedent's line.name when he initially participates and continue evaluation of any ofThe his followingsubsequent chart comments may be on adapted for use in theThere evaluation is no need described to record above. the student's Simply recordname untilstu- the point of initial contribution. 4 32- Excellent- GoodFair (complete and appropriate) 1. Sam Sunshine NAME QUANTITY 3,CONTENT 1, 2 RELEVANCE4, 1, 3 3, 3, 3 CLARITY 3.2. 42 2E TODAY, Sunday, December 12, 1971 Editorials gib)

Robert Bentley Buddy Baker Editor Managing Editor Ed Frank Nick White News Editor Editorial Palm Editor Air Quality Insurance

Florida's Department of Pollution Land use Control should be used Control recently held public hearings when necessary to control air pollu- on the quality of air in our state. tion. Florida has less of a problem in Florida's varied environmental this area than many states, which programsshouldb ecoordinated makes it even more important that closely on a state level. we notletthequality we enjoy degrade in any manner. Much of the After the 1975 air quality stan- state, for example, already exceeds dards are met, the standards should federalstandards,astatus which be reevaluated to make sureey are shouldencourageusto adopt sufficient. t ougher-than-federal requirements The department should insist on for clean air. development of a statewide urban Brevard Countyisa good ex- transit system to make air quality ample. The unly obvious polluters of standards possible. the air in Brevard are the two power No area of the state should be plants on the Indian River, a small allowed to degrade its air quality, asphaltplanta n dautomobiles. even though it might be better than Because of our exposure to ocean the law now requires. breezes, the air is clear most of the The department staff needs ex- time. pansion, and the enforcement arm But that's no reason to take it for should be decentralized for more ef- granted. Power plants do pollute, fectiveness. despitethefactthat modern Currenttrafficpatternsi n technology is available which could downtown Tampa, the worst polluted bring emissions under control. As the city in Florida, should be altered to area grows this will become even enforce the required air standards. more of a problem, if we let it. The department should make Automobiles are another problem. air Exhaust isn't a big problem here, not long-ranged plans for Florida now, but it can be someday. That's quality, taking into account the need why we need tough exhaust control for transportation and power. laws such as thoseineffectin You will hear grumbles about the California. We need them now, not department as it is now set up, and after the problem becomes obvious. loud complaints about some of the TheEnvironmental Information above proposals to strengthen the Center of the Florida Conservation department. Foundation takes a tough stand on Technicalities aside, we are talk- Florida's air quality, and we think ing about the quality of the air we they are right. Among the recom- breathe. and what our 'children and mendations they support arethe their children will face within the following: future. The Department of Pollution Just because things aren't too bad Control should expand its authority in now is no reason tosit back and testing and inspection of automobile relax. Even Birmingham, Ala., used emissions. to have clean air. MeLoutk. Asks forStudy 1-3 `Don'tKill Off Our ScallopIndustry'

By JOE CRANKSHAW McLouth wants theportbeen found 20 miles at sea,lucrative red sna pper fishing Onward Bunn, Chief authority, theindustry andbut adult scallop shells,inindustry and mat something PORT CANAVERAL the state and local govern-piles four or five feet deep,ought to be done to protect "We need to be farmers of ments to finance a study ofhave been found north of thethat industry as wet the sea. not merely fishers of the Calico scallops' life cycleCape. the ss. a," said Malcolm Mc- through Hydrospace Techni- "This may indicate that "We are dealing with an Louth, vice chairman of the cal Institut. the adults come in and breedindustry thatispotentially CanaveralPortAuthority And he wants the federaland die and that the youngworth millions of dollars a Saturday. "We needto be gr vernment to declare thego out and grow up and thenyear. hcan't we spend a sure we don'tkill offour scallop a creature of thecon- migrate in,"explained Mc- es .1, 411FTPIENT11 scallop industry." tinental shelf, which would Louth. "This may mean thatsure we don't wine it out n McLouth is trying to get limit its exploitation byanythereAtelawacisuthenva sz§?" industry.science, govet,n- but American fishermen. OUttla.prayent crallnaiigh- McLouth said that indus ment and_the community to- ing or modi try representatives are will- ;ether on a program to study CREATURES OF thecon- ing to discuss the problem Le ife c'y'cle or ea leo tinental shelf are thosesea McLOUTH NOTED thatand thataction must now scallop: which has been dis- creatures which must stay in the scallop fishing may alsocome fromthePortand coverea in abundance some contact with the underwaterbe hurting the smaller, lessother government agencies. 20 miles off Cape Kennedy. land and are reserved to the But his efforts, while at- nation bordering the shelf at PIERRE DALLEMAGNE, tracting interest, aren't stir- that point. A wide variety of chief oceanographer at Fill, ring much enthusiasm in the speciesisconcerned. has made a study of the proj. Port Authority or other local The federalgovernment ect and hasreached some government agencies which hasalready invokedthe tentativeconclusionsbut would haveto supportthe terms of the Bartlett Act, more study needs to be done study. coveringcontinentalshelf he said. The -work has been creatures, and McLouth done under a contract from "PEOPLE FROMNorth wants scallops included. the federe' government. Carolinaarealreadyhere "We are going out there Commercial F,callops have fishing our waters," said Mc-. and dropping a dredge down Louth."Morepeopleare into we don't know what. cming. The sea freeze Atlan- don't know what the pRiii." tic is coming. If we all don't of our actionsis and we work together on this thing, dart-know if weare doing the Russians, Japanese, the ifilythinyg right. We arl_just whole world will be offshore exploiting our scallops." rooting up our:oceanfloor and making off with the scallops."

55 -3 2E TODAY, Sunday, January 2, 1972 0

0 Editorials 0 Robert Bentley Buddy Baker Editor Managing Editor tzi Ed Frank Nick White News Editor EditorialPape Editor z Wrecking the Landscape o4t. The high dirt banks along some of Natural Resources Committee. "As Brevard's roads and the sand dunes time goes on and you keep getting in many of our wilderness areas have more of them (dune buggies, etc.) takenon adifferentappearance you're going to have to find some during the past year or so from the place to put these people. I don't natural look that had existed for think you can do away with them. hundreds of years. Many of them are You have to realize that they're here now -defaced with rutsand have to stay, but you have to keep it from badly eroded crests. getting completely out of hand," he Thisisnotanatural erosion said. caused by water or wind. It is a Craig's committee will be holding man-made erosion caused by the re- hearings soon on a couple of bills cent popularity of the "sport" ow dune designed to protect the peace and buggiesandother"off-the-road" integrity of the great outdoors. One is typesof vehicles, .including some a bill by Rep. Bill Fulford, D-Orlan- motorcycle riders. do, to regulate air boats, and the These sand dune riders get their other is a bill by Rep. Don Tucker, D- kicksfromthewildridea n d Tallahassee,to ban dune buggies challenge of their motorized sport. It from most beaches. is not their intent to injure the land StateRecreationand Parks and destroy the beauty of the coun- Director Ney Landrum says the pro- trysideforothers.Butthis.i s blem of dune buggies "is bad enough neverthelessan unf or tun at e so that we're trying to take some byproduct of their sport. steps to get it under control.' We generally take a liberal at- We agree that some limits and titude toward any activity that is en- controls should be placed on the in- joyed by it's practitioners, along as discriminateuseo foff-the-road it doesn't harm or endanger other vehicles before our state suffers very members of society. muchmoreneedlessdestruction. Although the dune buggie may not Restrictionswereplacedon offer a direct threat to the health or halftracks and other swamp rigs in safety of the public, it does seem a game management areas not long threat to the general welfare in some ago. These should be expanded and abstract ways. For the few minutes extended to cover other damaging of pleasure it affords a dune buggy vehiclesandlandsoutside game pilot. it leaves an enduring scar on management areas. the land that cheats others of the Perhaps therecouldhe some natural beauty of nature. And there specifiedareasaroundthestate may also be some more concrete ob- where this type of activity could be jections at least in some beach allowed. areas. We hate to see more and more "There's no question that they do restrictions placed on the public, but cause environmental damage," says the thoughtless abuse by some dune Rep. A.H. "Gus"Craig,D-St. buggy drivers makes such action Augustine. chairman of the House seem. necessary. its

Legislation Needed To Protect Beach By JACQUELINE LOGAN Melbourne Beach Are the good citizens of Melbourne and Melbourne Beach, going to do anything to preserve this unique asset the beach? Itdoesn't cost money to assessthe possible benefits and the harm which could occuralongtheshorefromSpessard Holland Park to the county line. Protective legislation is badly needed. A wise and dedicated sheriff and a hard working marine patrol can not be effective without legislation to back them up. Picnic fires on the beach, fanned by an unpredictable breeze, could cause a con- flagration. Most of us are disgustedat seeingexhibitionistteenagerscavorting nude, on this public beach. Vandalism and thievery are not unusual, the litter continues. Some of it washed ashore by the tide. Beach dwellers clean up. Now that the turtle season is over, beach buggies and motorcycles cruise the beach until one and two in the morning. They have already caused noticeableerosion. Some turtle nests will never disgorge their baby turtles. Constant buggy traffic over these areas. can permanently bury the eggs. Any judgment on the harm caused by dunebuggies,shouldbebased ona geological and marine-biological report. South Melbourne Beach is a bit narrow but it slopes gently into the sea. The land ab- butting the beach is high, not flat, as it is in Vero. Here, motorcycles and buggies have torn down the bluff for easy access. All access roads to the beach should have the opinion of a geologist, toavoid erosion. Beaches north and south of Melbourne have high rise apartments and motels. A two-story limit on beach building would preserve its beauty. With the advent of Disney interests, any legislation should take into account the in- cursion of more buggies and more people. Ocean to bluff, "wall to wall" motor traffic would not be conducive to pleasant fishing, surfing and sun bathing.It would be a hazard for children. Any beach buggy traffic causes a certain amount of erosion. This is the opinion of three accredited geology professors, two of whom are also marine biologists. They are Dr. Webster of FIT, Dr. Dubbleday, FIT and Dr. Robert Perry of the University of Mass. A more detailed study would cost time and money. Any legislation should be drawn to cope with the type of difficulties which California experienced. The approaches to Disneyland became a shambles. Enormous advertizing :flour, hawkers with Bucks and pushcarts, campers beside the road.I.,et us hope for legislation to cope with every eventuality. 57 Young Ecologists Bugging Melbourne

By ED BERND JR. cessful in getting action from city Sint Inel Staff council, Bemis said. MELBOURNE A group of junior "They petitioned the city council high students who are concernedto clean up the old truck dumpjng about ecology are beginning to buggroundsand they did," he said. Melbourne City officials. WHEN RESIDENTS of the Imperi- The youngsters, taking an ecology class to learn what's what aboutalEstatessectionofTitusville pollution, are circulating petitionsasked the city to clean up the area, to schools throughout the area to trythe ecology students went out and to get Melbourne to deal with firmsdid the job. Then they put up signs that recycle 'waste paper and otherto encourage people to keep it clean resources in garbage. Bemis said. THE CITY HAS reacted "We anticipated we would start Immediately, charging that thethis program small," he said. "We firms that advertise they recycle paper have not been doing so in theplanned to have two or three classes past, and that the cost of garbagein each school." collection for homeowners will go up Titusville Nigh ended up. with 13 if the city losesitslarge, com-classes, and there are 67 throughout mercial "gravy accounts." the county. "It is not a matter of ecology, it is S OM E 2,99 9studentshave a matter of economics," Mayorenrolled. "Theresponseis Milton McGrath' said. overwhelming,"hesaid."These "Maybe thekidshavereallyyoungsters are reallyenthusiastic struck a nerve," Dr. Clair Bemis,about it." head of the ecology program for the So enthusiastid, that Melbourne coujty school system said. officialsare already up in arms "I WILL NEITHER encourage nordefending their exclusive franchise supress this sort of thing," Bemispolicy on garbage collection. said. "Our aim is to teach them the The garbage recycling problem facts about ecology, so that theylettingspecialized firms come in will know what they are talkingand pick up certain types of pro- about and not just take an emotion-ductsis probably going to become al approach." a county wide problem. Students in Titusville were suc-

r O Youth Heeds Warnings "A little child shall lead them," places where you can locate a new theBibleintones.But the Bible sanitary landfill (dump) or even a doesn't say that it will be easy. modern incinerator. Waste disposal Melbourne junior high s c h o o 1 and ecology problems are going to pupils are learnidg that hard lesson become more and more important; on their ecology class.T h e they can hardly diminish. youngsters have been urging the city Fortunately, the younger genera- fathers to deal with companies that tion is heeding the warnings of con- recycle waste paper and to permit servationiststhat we must begin collections of bottles, cans and other husbandingt h e s eirreplaceable materials that can be reprocessed to resources. prevent As witness tothis, some 2,000 litterandtosave' our students in county high schools and precious resources. junior high schools have enrolled in a But so far Melbourne City Couneiil totalof6? ecology classes. And has scorned such a course of action. they're not just sitting there reading Why? Well, believe it or not, Ma- textbooks. yor Milton McGrath tries to defend They're collecting old newspapers. council's action or inaction on They're cleaning up roadsides, parks t h e grounds that ecology is b a d and otherpublicplaces.They're business."Itisnot a matter ?if gatheringcansandbottlesf o r ecology. it is a matter of economics," recycling. And perhaps even m o re the city's highest official states. important, they're encouraging adults The mayor bases his argument on to adopt good practices. the fact that the city's garbage-col- In Titusville, points out Dr. Clair lection franchisee would "suffer" as Bemis, head of the Brevard County a result of the refuse siphoned off for School District'secology program, recycling.Thus,Mayor McGrath the students petitioned Titusville to asserts, homeowners would f a c e clean up its old dumping ground, and higher collection rates. the council had it done. In addition, We think tiff smacks of false the students themselves cleaned up a economy. Just iiecause wood !grows section of the cityand then put up on trees doesn't mean this nation can signs to encourage allcitizens to afford to waste it. And there are keep it clean. limits to our metal resources and We salute all 2,000 of these young even more stringent curbs on our conservationists and urge all of waste-disposal facilities. the county's adults (especially the Asthe BrevardCounty Com- responsiblepoliticalofficials)t o mission is learning, there are few follow their lead. Waste Paper Recycling To Be Studied By AL MARSH TODAY Staff Willa,' Melbourne City Manager Earl Watkins has been directed to -look into" the possibility of recycling the city's clean waste paper, rather than dumping it in a sanitary landfill. The directive from Coun- At the time the Rockledge ciltnan Ed Von Nordeck came firm was preparing paper for during a discussion Tuesday in recycling from three which Watkins admitted the 11elbournestores Zayre city refused occupational DepartmentStore,Penney's licenses totruckingfirms and Sears and was prepar- which were carrying the paper ing to do the same for Pantry out of town to be recycled. Pride as soon as the store workedoutproceduresfor "Shouldn't we get into the separating wet and dry trash, recycling business," Von said official Jim Mchleanam Nordeck asked. of the paper firm. Watkins countered the city The Food Fair chainad- is in the trash business now. vertisesitsrecycling policy "No we're not. We're taking on television and recycles dry it to a landfill and letting it rot waste paper such as where it stays for 150 years," cardboardboxes from"100 stores in paidVon Nordeck. percent ofour Jacksonville" and "100 Councilman Bill Clark said percent of our stores in the city recycling operations would be properof too expensive and added, "It Orlando," said would be like putting on a Cook. Food Fairalsorecycles second set of trash trucks." Watkins admitted the city paper from its stores in Cocoa satellite ,nA refused licenses to firms haul- Peach. Merritt Island. ing paper to Rockledge Paper, Stock, Inc., where it is baled and sent to paper millsin Jacksonville and Mobile, Ala., among others. Food Fair official Bill Cook said inJacksonvilleWed- lesdayhis companywas -making plan?"torecycle paper from thePanty Prude store in Melbourne when '^icking firm hired to haul the ilTer to Rockledge NV rdered out of tie city. City Referendum On Recycling Paper Opp sed By JACKIE REID minimum break and allow commercial Times Staff Writer recycling firms to come into the city to pickup this material it would certainly MELBOURNE Most city officialshelp the ecology." are looking withdisapprovalat all Councilman Ed von Nordecksaid proposals to allow private waste-today he was "very thankful a group recycling projects, especially onesuch as this is interested in ecology." calling for a referendum on the ecology "My second reaction to Mrs. Han- issue on the November ballot cock'ssuggestion areferendum be City Councilman Robert McKemy,considered to test the voter's opinion is however, favors the idea. she may be jumping the gun," he said. A suggestionfora wastepaper "We have to.look at the cost factor to recycling program to be added to thethe city in anything we do. We are in the ballot as a referendum item is' beingposition,withthelimitedtaxthe made by a Central Junior High Schoollegislature has imposed, when we cannot ecology teacher. afford to take a $50,000 or $60,000 loss." Mrs. Joyce Hancock and 130 students Watkins told the council Tuesday night in her four classes on ecology arethecitywould loserevenueinits requesting to be heard by the citysanitation department if occupational council at its next regular meeting Sept.licenses were issued to outside firms for 28. the collection of trash. "They would be in "It would have to be a straw ballot if itdirect competition to the city," he said. were included in the November elec- The council directed Watkins to study tions," City Manager Earl Watkins saidthe possibility of having the city enter today. "The city would have to gather athe recycling business and to have a lot of information before Nov. 2 about thereport by the next scheduled meeting. details and cost estimates involved in Councilman Robert McKemy said he such a program, and I believe there isn'tthinks Mrs. Hancock has a "fabulous enough time to do that." idea." Watkins said the city can't drop its "I would certainly have no objections current business "at this late date" toto having it placed on the ballot as a start a study. referendum item," he said. "If all the "Anyway, it is a decision that the teachers and students in our city would council will have to make. Even a ballotget behind the program it woul

63 $8,000 in Feet Loss Recycling Too Costly, City Finds MELBOURNE The rtty "We would also have to would lose .$8,000 a yca provide storage space and trash collection fees if it en- cost of the 40-mile round trip ters the wastepaper recycling to Rockledge to the East Coast program, Councilman Bill D. Paper Co. would have to be Clark said today. budgeted" he said. Mrs. Hancock suggested the Clark commented on a city consider negotiating with presentation made Tuesday theFloridaEastCoast night by Mrs. Joyce Hancock, railroad to use a freight car to a teacher at Central Junior ship wastepaper to the U.S. High School, who asked city Gypsum plant in Georgia, to officials to alloisr private firms be recycled into tar paper and to pickup and recycle waste products from large com- used for building purposes. cr "We Imve looked into that," ro rcial companies. Yount said. "But it would have "The intent of our petition to be baled, and the city would also covers having the cityhave topurchase a $7,500 itself enter the recyclingmachine, .plus extra labor if business," she said. "Many of we baled thecorrugate those who signed the:petition cardboard from the com- are not residents of Melbourne mercial establishments." and some are still students, "We want to know how it but we feel the city should can be done, not how to weasel consider the future and do out of it," Mrs. Hancock told something now." the council. Among those who signed the "Ittakes a government students' petition was body like you to do something Councilman Robert McKemy, about this problem," she said.. who said "I think the products "You have the power and our should be recycled if they can children are looking to you fot be reused. We must find a a decision before they find solution now to this problem." themselvesburiedingar- City Sanitation Superin- bage." tendent Pete Yount told of- "Mrs.Hancock and her ficials recycling plants would studentsareabsolutely pay $6 a ton for wastepaper,correct, and I feel the city "butthetransportation should explore itfurther charges to the facility would before saying no to the idea," come out of that. Councilman Ed von Nordeck "If the city decides to said. participate in the program, we have estimated the city could gather 1,665 tons of wastepaper from commercial firms each year, but the city would hr.ve toprovide ad- ditionalcontainers," Yount said.

ID SubjectTEACHER of Report COMMENT NO. 13 : Evaluation(To Form be filledFor Oral in by Report students and/or teacher) Student reporting II.I. Presentation Knowledge ofof subjectmaterial matter by using and/or audio/visual what way questionsaids.d.a. Poor wereExcellent (1 answered. point) (5 points) b. Good (4 points) Evaluate each aid used from 0-5 points. Points Earned c. Fair (3 points) j.g.d. a. Puzzles/GamesGuestFilmstrips Charts Speaker e.k. Slidesh.b. Skits TableMaps Display i.f. 1.c.StudyFilms OtherGraphs Guides III. Equipment used in presentation. Evaluate each aidd. a. usedFilm Opaque from Projector Projector0-5 points. b.e. Filmstrip Globe Projector Points Earned f.c. ChalkboardOverhead Projector IV. Speaker's attitude towards listeners, tone, and qualityd.a. ExcellentPoor of voice should be considered. o. Good Points PointsEarned Earned c. Fair Evaluate as #1. V. Evaluation of the participation of the members of d.a.the ExcellentPoor b. Good 54 groups. (Use where applicable) TotalPoints Points Earned c. Fair TEACHER COMMENT NO. 14 : Small Group Self-Evaluation Instructions: lowestwasbycollectedofStudents rankedlisting how total valuable andthem byscoreare each to from islist each ofconsideredgroup members thehis was lowestfellowmember's in accomplishingtoof totalgroup betheir totalthe score groupmembers. most to (withvaluable.the group'sEachhighest the exceptionstudent's goals.total The of rankingthemselves) of score is deteimined by adding up the number he score. The member with the group rank is determined members isin the order Instructions: namesgoals.List group Doin the notmembers order list your of in their theown order importance name. of howFor toexamplevaluable your group's eachif success. By each SMALL GROUP SELF-EVALUATION Sample Form for Students your group has six members,was list infive accomplishing the group's name indicate the C) Rank Order of Members of the Group.(Names) wish.grade This you individual think each evaluation member deserves will remain and makeconfidential. Letter Grade They Deserve any comments about their work that you Comments 3.2.1. 5.4. 55 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 15 : Small Group Flow of Contributions ProblemTimeDate to Instructions:respondsCircle each to number the number that cor- of tributionfirstDrawberwriteparticipants person ona thestraight toone namewhoe a ofin c linemakes thehof succeeding each fromgroupnumbers. a con-mem- the and Evaluatordiscussioncontributor proceeds. as long as the 56 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 16 : Small Group Pattern of Contributions ProblemTimeDate to rCircleInstructions: e spo each nd s numberto the number that cor- of 05ct Drawrow in an proportion arrow (length to length of ar- of contribution)berwriteparticipants on the one name ofin from theof each numbers.group the mem-c andon- wardwhomtributorgroup,directed. rected the the toward directcenter Ifcontribution toward =the theofthe contribution the personthearrow circle. isentire di- toto- is Evaluator 57 DateTEACHER COMMENT NO. 17 Time : Small Group to IndividualProblem Evaluation Participation Excellent 1 2 3 4 Poor 5 1. Was well prepared for discussion Item 1 2 3 4 5 5.4.3.2. KeptUsedContributed runningprepared outlinereadily outline ofat properly everydiscussion opportunity 1 2 33 44 55 8.7.6. ShowedContributionsContributions evidence were wereof a briefclearly firm presented grasp stated ofat discussionthe proper theorytime 11 2 3 4 5 11.10. 9. ReasonedDemonstratedUsed constructive critically objectivity reasoning rather than intentional reasoning 1 22 3 44 5 15.14.13.12. AnsweredProvidedShowed open-mindedness questions sources of asked facts of and him other readily bases for opinion readily 1 2 3 44 55 18.17.16. DemonstratedCourt3ousTalkedListened clearly, well and an to respectfuldistinctlyattitude contributions of and ofcooperation others audiblyof others (didn't rather interrupt, than competition etc.) 1 2 33 4 5 20.19. AssistedEncouraged in providing others to leadership contribute services to the discussion Total Evaluation 1 2 3 4 5 Rating of thetotal whole performance group in in relation relation to to other other group members discussions of the witnessed. Group Evaluation group Instructions: Circle the number for each item that tends to represent participation demonstrated. 58 Evaluator your o p in io n about the quality of TEACHER COMMENT NO. 18 Air, water, and land pollution is not a major problem in Brevard County. Unlike the national envi- : Goals for Brevard County uralronmental environment crisis ispresently an asset drawingrather than the aattention liability. of politicians, scientists,TheOur and aircounty's c itis inot z en 179,000polluted s, Brevard's withacres industrial nat-of surface waste water since is in most most in cases du s tclean. r y is electronicThere is some or space organic oriented. pol- dependencelutionreceptables caused on forby septic hheavy y a ctank iindustrial nt sh for s and sanitary or other chemical decayingsewage; wastes. but aquatic the Banana, weeds and Indian a danger andOver St.exists Johns500,000 in someRivers acres areas are of notfromland now remainthe in their natural state, not scarred oy the wounds of thoughtless andoursprawling the abundant continued development. wildlife use of and land Massive natural fills for areasdrainage the disposalof wet network. marsh of solid However,land waste provide threaten growing the necessary Brevard'ssome numbers land epr areas. ofc o ologic discardedb 1 e mal inbalance junkconservation cars for is not one of combating pollution or eradicating it; but rather, it -is ReplaceAct one to of eliminate preservinglandfills junkwith the cars.a favorable county-wide environment solid waste that disposal it has. OBJECTIVES: system. - EnactEliminate andpolicies enforcefraudulent to manage pollution land water sale policies. practices. resources including water 59. supply, drainage, and sewerage disposal. - Avoid- CooperateEncourage- Preserve unnecessary withthethe naturalpreservation the bulk-heading state habitats to control of agriculturalof Brevard hyacinths County'slands and other aquatic weedsabundant wildlife Board- Enact- Stopof County legislationbeach Commissioners, erosion to demolish abandoned, dilapidated May, 1970. houses. TEACHER COMMENT NO. 19 Excerpts from this agency's annual report can clearly demonstrate its activities in the environmental :1970 Annual Report Of Brevard County Health Department outline.sphere. Note how this report illustrates in part t h e ideas stated in the first two se c t ion s of this Unit's AIRThe POLLUTION results from the second year of operation of five air pollution effects stations were tab- interact?...agencies.. ulated and forwarded to the U.S. Public Health Service for their review, information and onofcomments. aircorrosion, quality The oversulfation, results the years. fromdustfall, theseThese wind-blown five static air type effects particulates, stations stations provide rubber will indicateair cracking quality trends andparameter nylonand effects dete- data N forThemarizedrioration. collection annual and Theaverage oftabulated. resultssuspended results from particulatesfrom the thirdcompletion year for theoperation of Florida two year of Air these s' M operation on stations it o ring of are hi-volNetwork n ow air being indicatesampler sum- enforce.....agencies.. dump was experienced when the County assumed the responsibility for operation or main- tenanceAnthat improvementairborne of the particulates facilities. in air qualityNo in intentionalthis inarea the are areas burning among of theof the trash south lowest o landfillr garbagein Florida. and takes Merritt place Island any longer trash laws? willsitesat these beearly alleviated. disposal in 1971 sites. and noThe burning County will will be assume allowed. operation Burning ofdump the pnorth r obl and e m centrals in the disposal County 61. The majority of air pollution complaints continues to arise from poor operation of super- interact?...agencies.. market incinerators. A few of these supermarket incinerators have been Inincineratorscompactors the fall of the and/orin year,the futurebailers a consultation by during installation the to designateyear. to compactor-bailerPlans have been madetype facilities. to an intrastate air quality control region replace more of these repl?.:ed by trash interact?...agencies.. for the Central Florida area of which Brevard is CleanPollutionrequested Air ControlAct. by Thisthe Administration Florida first step Department to become of the ofU.S.part Air ofPublic and a six-county Water Health Pollution Service. air quality T control a part was conducted by the National Air Control under the U.S. hi s consultation was region was emissionshealththensupported i ssuancand will damaging by ehopefully thisof air department. tquality o beproperty. established criteria The The nextto informal control early step designation1971. is concentrations formal designation and st of and of air pollutants harmfula tord s for air pollutantthe proposed region, C/ interact?...agencies.. Region Three, Florida Water and Pollution Control Operators Association, FifthSEWERAGE...The Annual B r Shorte AND v a rd School,INDUSTRIAL County September Health WASTE Department, 9 through FACILITIES 16, in cooperationin the Health with Department the Division of auditoriumsponsored inthe Health and Thecilities.andRockledge...The maintenancelift station survey school'sof all and public objective inspection and priv is tfor oat improve allel the quality of y ownedsewerage w at e r systems and waste-water were continued treatment during fa- 1970 m an agem ent, operation, enforce...... agencies.. with an additional thirteen (13) systems inspected. Deficiencies spections are brought to the owner's attention for correction; the result has 62. discovered during these in- been a decline laws?...agencies.. the Division of Health and the Department of Air and Water Pollution Control, initiated a Duringin the number 1970, thisof lift department, station failures in cooperation and subsequent with andsewer based system upon overflows recommendations in the County. from interact?laws?enforce...... agencies.. Surveillance was continued to insure that chromium compounds were not being used at fa- cilitiesliminationprogram previously to of phase c h r out orequested m the i u use m compounds ofby chromiumthis department and compounds use ofto lessdiscontinue in objectionable cooling their towers use.compounds in the County. is possible. F- laws?enforce...... agencies.. was closed once during the year in September, due to excessive rainfall; the area was oysters.closedTheSHELLFISH "conditionally from With Sept this emb approved"exception, er 30 to shellfish both October shellfish harvesting 24, a harvesting time area of littlelocated areas or inno remained the commercial south openend ofharvesting t hrthe oughout County of interact. ? . . agencies.. standards. An updated shoreline sanitary survey of both the north and south shellfish har- vestingthePublic year area withHealth s continued was Service. c o mpl monthly This et e shod samplingas reline required survey, to byinsure the along Floridathat waterwith Division the quality continuous of complies Health monthly andwith the the waterU.S. set ...agencies. laboratoriesDuringdirectsampling marketing 1970, program, and in cooperation theof shellfish. Floridaenables with Divisionboth the areas U.S. of to Health, Departmentremain special op en of and waterInterior, approved and Dauphin shellfish for the Island, meat harvesting Alabama.samples and interact? wereandsidual collectedheavy from metals. thefrom tenAnalysis within most commonlyandof the near waters shellfish used from chlo theharvesting rinat Indian e dRiver areashydrocarbons. showed for analysis no The p e of sanalysis tpesticides i c i d eof re- the 63. water and meat tissues indicated no mercury was present, and levels of other common ...agencies. edSOLIDheavy...An areas metalsWASTEordinance of the measured DISPOSALCounty requiring waswere mandatoryadopt within ed recommended by garbage the Board and oflimits.rubbish County collection Commissioners in the and unincorporat- will go laws?...enforce.. dumpsproperty.bishinto effectalong and The in thedumping 1971. roadsides,many This ofproblems garbage ordinance ditches createdover and should thewaterways andcountryside greatly clean-up of reduce the can County thepossibly dumping be almost of eliminated expenses incurred by unauthorized on both public and private garbage and rub- by WATERTheandthis mustordinance.monthly POLLUTION be overcome water Many samplingCONTROL problems if the desiredprogram in enforcement effect for basic of dataof this on ordinancethe St. Johns River a cleaner community is to be obtained. are expected to a ris e was continued interact...agencies. ? Waterprogramtrolat selectedDepartment. Pollution was stations presentedControl A summaryduring at ina St. thea jointof Johnsyear, water effort inRiver cooperationquality report public findings tohearing with the Floridathefrom held Orange this in Department Palatka. cooperative County Pollution of sampling Air andCon- interact...agencies.. ? Flood Control District completed studies of the physical, chemical, and biological providedditionsThe U. of S.assistance the Geological major in tributary portionsSurvey team systemsof the under biological to contract the upper studies with St. theon Johns Centralthis survey.River. and ThisSouthernA report department on theirFlorida eon- Thefindings water is qualityunder preparation monitoring and and will surveillance be published program soon. on the Indian and Banana Rivers 64. laws?enforce.....agencies.. continued with special attention to the shellfish harvesting Riversmarineing qualitative wasplants established. from and quantitativetwenty-six This biological(26) preliminary representative growth production date sampling study levels stationswill of compliment areas. A program for establish- plankton and brackish water in the Indian and Banana the survey of excellentpollution.metersbottom will livingbacteriological The provide bacteriologicalorganisms a new water and additional when resultsquality correlated insightof for the recreation department's toward with chemical the measurement and physical and uses throughout the County. s amp I in g program... indicated water qualityc on para- t rol of water laws?enforce.....agencies.....agencies.. affected During 1970,area, the construction dredging wasof the halted P in e d a Causeway project under qualityportation monitoring was commenced. for turbidity During by thethis dredging department phases at several of this locations project, upon request for turbidity and siltation and control on the Department of Trans- as ain result t h e immediatelyof water '1I tointeract? current.....impetus.. lishing stream classifications for the St. Johns River departmentAtwo public occasions. he witha rin supportg by the of Florida the City Department of Melbourne of Air and and Board Water of CountPollution was held in the fall of the year. This y Commissioners re- Control for estab- interact?laws...agencies.. ? St. Johns River north of Lake Washington in Brevard County is classified creation,Indianquested River Fishthat County theand St. Wildlife beJohns classified RiverPropagation. asfrom Class the TheI Lake Class Washington I- Water DamSupply south request to State - Public Water Supply, the present use. The as Class III -Re- was granted Road 60 in ...impetus.. Rive r Canal was held in the fall of the Aat publica later hearingdate. by the U.S. Corps of Engineers on the proposed Sanford-St. Johns-Indian 65. year. This department, from previous stream interac'laws?to current...... agencies. ? . partBoardjectstudies ment by of the andCounty also Corps water entered Commissioners ofquality Engineers written data opposition obtainedhas oppose not been from constructiont o made. the areaproject. to of be the affected, project recommended at this time. The that de- the Final determination on the pro-

66. Unsung Public Serynts Itwas about1969 beforethe as much as possible; and closing it United States got caught up in the only during rainfall of one inch or "ecology' movement. Sure, we have more which creates a heavy run-off had people who used to be called and an increase in,the pollutents in "conservationists" for many years. the river. but they were generally considered The commissioners felt that this far-out types who frequently tried to problem had been handled in such a block "progress." manner as to allow maximum use of Now that mankind throughout the our shellfishing waters, and at the world has come to realize that the same time allow the health depart- earth is merely a "space ship" with ment to make an evaluation as to the afragilebalanceofexpendible contributors to the pollution in the resources,the"environmentalists" river. It was felt that the activities of have gained complete respectability. this group should be expanded to in- We in Brevard can take some clude all aspects of our environment. pride in the fact thato u r Therefore,in1966,thecounty governmental officials were several commission createdtheBrevard years ahead of the mass awakening County Environmental Control Com- to the need for environmental safe- mitteeandchargeditwiththe guards. responsibilityofinvestigatingall Itwas in1965.after a health potential pollution sources; and re- survey made them awareofthe questing that once its investigations potential problems of pollution, that were completedthat recom- the county commission (Lee Wenner. mendationsforsolu ti o n sbe Richard Muldrew, Guy Brewster, Ed presented to the commission for ac- Kitties and George King Jr.) took the tion. firststepstowardenvironmental This commission, thoughlittle- protection. known, has worked dilligently and One of the recommendations of with dedication to its assigned task. the health survey was that a com- The committeeconsists of 10 mitteebeappointedto dothe members. two are appointed by each technical investigations into pollution countycommissionerfromh i s problems whichthecounty com- district. They receive no pay for mission did not have the time or ex- their work. They meet on the last pertise to do. About this same time, Monday night of each month. theshellfishindustryinBrevard The currentmembersa r e: began to experience a decline which District 1. Thomas Lookabaugh and those who were involved attributed to Don Prather;District2, Malcolm an increase in pollution in the Indian McLouth and Karl Eichorn; District River. In an effort to determine what 3. Dr. David Woodbridge and Dr. thecounty could dotoassist in Alan C. ilwier;District 4, James eliminating the shellfish problem, the Oxfordand Raymond B o I ton; commissionersappointedacom- District5, Arthur Beach and Dr. mittee of interested individualsto Jack Bechtel. work with the Environmental Health The list of significant projects this Divisionof .theCounty Health group has worked on is, too long for Department, in evaluating the pro- this space. All Brevardians even blem and offering suggestions for the land deevlopers should be action. thankful for the efforts of this group. As a result of the committee's In the final analysis. it could well be activities, the county established a thiscommittee'srecommendations monitoring system fortheriver that determine what the quality of which. allows the health department life will be like around these parts in to keep the river open for shellfishing a decade or so. whatTEACHER was at COMMENT first largely NO. an 21advisory and supportive position to an increasinglyFederal active involvement role in the in establish- air pollution control has in creased gradually over the past 17 years from : Government Interaction To Control Air Pollution aidandment toTechnicalAssistance." and state enforcement and local air of pollutionair The quality role control standards.of the federal agencies government for research, was training limitedThe thereinand first de federal monto extending stair ration pollutionlegislation grants-in- projects; was a 19551aw entitled "Air Pollution Control -- Research anydeferencefurnishing federally-imposed to technical the concept advice standards of federalism,and assistance,incorporated. no police and State disseminating power sovereignty was vested information was inmaintained. theThe federal concerning Clean government, Air Actair pollution.of 1963, nor werehowever, expanded considerably the active involvement of the federal In directed)islation.rathergovernment municipalities, toThe issue inSecretary the non-mandatory control in of order the of Departmentair to airpollution. encourage quality o Thefstandards theHealth, act rapid specified E anddevelopment du cto at reportthat i on federal and onof attemptsstate-levelWelfare aid be wasdirectedto air control authorized pollution primarily pollution (thoughcontrol to fromstates leg-not interstatefare"automobileregional were agenciescooperation, threatenedexhaust foremission. if thethe a controlstate1963 Significantly, proved act of provided air unable pollution. he financial wasto handle empowered incentives the situation. to forintervene the development directly when of intermunicipal "health and wel- and Finally, recognizing the need for ments to the Clean Air Act. The Secretary of the HEW was authorized,Direct under federal the commerce involvement clause, in air topollution was further increased with the passage in 1965 of amend- 68. Secretarythermore,supersede heof state State.was andauthorized This local included agencies to take the inaction ultimate the promulgationon pollution right to bringcomplaints and enforcement suit against filed by theofThe international auto polluter. gradually emission expanding role of the federal government culminated with the Air Quality Act agencies or bystandards. the Fur- of 1967. airStatesThe suchquality Secretarywere criteria requirements. then ofandresponsible the information HEW The for was federal the concerningcharged implementation government with control the was responsibilityof techniques, standards empowered which ofand toissuing establishing interveneenabled air themquality if air quality control any state failedto to conform com- tocriteria, regional distributing regions. diateimmediateairply pollution.with h ealth such federal hazard, Furthermore, specifications, abatement bypassing the action and, Secretaryall ifother in necessary, any channels. was air pollutionauthorized to Hesue wasstatessituation to also request in givenorderwhich the toexclusive he Attorney correct considered jurisdictionin General st to present an c e s of interstate to in it i at e an over the es - an imme- theemissioncepttablishment registration those standards.p ofre of viouimproved all fuelsly enacted additives, emission in California,standardsand auth or forwhich i znew e d were motorto research vehicles, the feasibility superseding of allformulating state standards In 1970 this function of the HEW Secretary was transferred to the Administrator of more stringent. He was empowered to require national ex- emphasizedwasthe newly-former'. at that time local pending controls Environmental in and Congress. encouraged Protection regional Agency. cooperation Legislation by means authorizing ofIn substantial add national it ion economic to increasing incentives. the degree of federal regulation, the 1967 Air Quality Standards Act de- emission standards trolHowever,provision of auto such whichemissions regional disbanded is thegroups only three were instance regular compelled ofcompacts direct to federalconform at the thresholdinvolvement to federally of implementation. in determined the determination air Atquality present, and enforce- the 69. regions, a con- ment of specific pollution control laws. In general, the federal government has limited its involvement to ogousemissionestablishing to the standards inter-relationship regional needed performance to ofadhere federal standards, to regionaland state leaving governments. The inter-relationship of state and local governments requirements. to the states the de v e lop in the matter of air pollution control is anal- Federal grant-in-aid funds provided the m ent and enforcement of thoughapollution impetusseparate not control forcommission compelled, the legislationdevelopment tot o enact promulgate and ofseparate designated state standardsand 1 local codesand codes. e g i slat ion, as longa state as their agency standards -- usually satisfy the health department governing air quality. Most states have Local governments are generally allowed, --or or surpassestablished state enacted air pateextendsStatespecifications. in governments area-wide such aid to regulation extend the states. technical or A else few advice bestates subject and require assi to direct In Florida, the state agency reviews all local st anmunicipalities c e to localities, and muchother localas the governments federal to state regulation. Many state laws authorizeregulations before they become effective. government partici- re- statestreamlinegional set-up. cooperation, the According administration but noneto this render of plan, controls it the compulsory. stateat different The Council of State Governments recently proposed is to compel municipalities to institute and administergovernmental levels. a model st at e air pollution act designed t o It runs parallel to the federal- air localagenciespollution programs,governments maycontrol require and programs to fail area-wide intervene to providing do controlwhere standards local equal so effectively. programs where necessary and intervene to administergovernments them fail if to fulfill Finally,responsibilities. the state Inmay addition, assume exclusive jurisdictionto or stricter than state requirements, to approve all stateover certain air pollutants if essential to effective The model state air pollution control act is control. particularly important in 70.light of the conflicts sometimes tivenessAlthoughbrought often aboutthe st exists. byat ethe theoretically Two structural specific independence supervises problems all contribute of local many programs, state to the and difficulties a local good control deal of of administering programs inconsistency presently state and and underway.disjunc- local localtorspresentativesair more pollutioncodes heavily concerning of control the than industries agencies. theclaims extent which of The ofpublic coveragepollute, first health. is thecausing and Secondly,traditional the thedegree adoption theredomination of technical a of r estandards wide of sophistication. such differences which regulatory weigh betweenThe agencieseconomic state by fac-and more sophis- re- measures.manyquiredticated localities, tothe enforce code, necessitatingthe it. Amore highly complex statetechnical assistance the monitoringstate codeof intervention would system probably and to theassure moreexceed the highly effectivethe enforcement trained administration the personnel capacities of the of re- 71. TEACHER COMMENT NO. 22: Government Cooperation? Both to the north and the south of the City of Cocoa Beach is unincorporated county areas where nowaterareasseptic sewer tables andtanks treatment has have have a very made beensystems modern septicallowed located sewertanks in theconveniently. asystem. healthpast. The Thehazard. increasing CityThe The Cityof Cocoacounty ofpopulations Cocoa Beach is responsible Beach andin the Brevardis areaslocated for combined theseCounty adjacent are with to presently these high areas but have Citymentpaynegotiating the of plant; CocoaCity aBrevard of cooperative Beach Cocoa County will Beach deal;collect willto Brevardmaintain thecollect monthly County thethem; special sewer the will City assessmentserviceinstall of Cocoa the charges sewer revenues Beach for pipes operationwill to and treat pumping theexpenses. sewage stations, in their then treat- pay for installing the system; 72. points)makingbasisTEACHER should the COMMENT sum insertdetermine of aall value blanks theNO. inproper 23 each Thereon a value blankperfect are four ofto itemeachdetermine major total areas 100. the of weightTeachers importance of eachusing indicated other systems (such : Evaluation Form for Visuals area. Note: part 4 clarity, has four sub-areas whichon this form. Teachers who grade on a percentage area in relation to the others, as variable VALUEStudent'scombinestudents Nameto to make evaluate the visualtotal value presentations for part 4. produced This form by isstudents. intended AREA OF EVALUATION Title or Topic as a suggested guide for teachers and/or 2.isIf1. theACCURACY APPROPRIATENESS studentchoice ofhas either had anor opportunityboth appropriate to select to the either assignment? the topic or method of his presentation, terialDoesAresentation3. COMPLETENESSthe theor factsfacts presentation lacking? usedomitted in the representwhich presentation makes a complete the accurate? presentation statement If not, misleading)or where coverage is the of? Ifinaccuracy?the not, subject where (Is is there the pre- ma- Is4. the CLARITY presentation clear to the viewer? b.a. Is Is the the presentation viewer readily free able fromwhich tosentation? unnecessarydetermine do not contribute the distractions? point orto themessage purpose?(pictures, contained drawings, in the etc. pre- (Total Score) COMMENTS: d.c. AreIn the the case colors of a andcollage sizes or of drawing, lines, bars, is the and/or focal picturespoint clearly suitable? determined? 73 liamTEACHER H. Walden COMMENT in Louisville, NO. 24 Kentucky. Judge Walden p re s i d e s over whatA small is believed green ecology to be the flag only flutters right beside the United States flag on the bench of Judge Wil- :Ecology Court othersburners.spoilagespecial either OfEcology of the thewere first environment Court convicted, 497 incases the in pleadednation.brought the Louisville Operated guilty,before or thearea, by saw court, Jefferson ranging charges only fromCounty, twoagain defendantsla str itg them handlese factories recorded have only tobeen casesneighborhood in acquitted. involving The leaf- de- an indefinitely sessesJudgepending Waldenfines file. for prefers first offense to use the or courtin cases as awhere deterrent the anddefendant an instrument has demonstrated of Althoughe d u c at effortihe on. is Heempowered to correctseldom theto levyfines ranging from $25 to $500 for a single pollution conviction, as- C7 countyproblem.steeper. brochure Many suchcallingfor off en citizens se s are to placed report in any the and pending all air file.pollution violations--whetherThe most controversial factory fumes aspect of the Ecology Court was a plea contained in a widely-distributed Fines for second off en se s are much tually,uationinformation.or wisps wherevery of few twosmoke Many citizen neighbors fromfeared arrests leaf-burners thatwould occurred--about a rash file ofcounter-charges,down "bounty-hunting" the 10 street. of the Awith 497, cash would a the cashreward ensue.judge reward of estimated.Judge up hanging to Walden$25 Andinwas the envisioned eoffered balance.v en in for those Ac- such a sit- inspectors.cases the cash reward did not appear to be the incentive. Nearly all charges were filed by city-county 74. "houndingWaldensading refusedfor pollution the environment;to be offenders." swayed byit requires aAttacking professional concrete a Louisville biolo evidence. meat-packing This Although most of its cases involve undeniable guilt, Ecology Court is not g i st who made his living by what he himself termed was apparent in one instance where Judge plant for allegedly discharging a partisan agency cru- promptlyspectiveandhealthful "diatoms dismissedthe materials biologist and otherthe into demurred, case. microalgae."Beargrass claiming Creek, When the the the information biologist court requested usedph could not the be analyzed rases such as "polytrophic actrobacter"terms be translated into legal in legal terms. The judge per- un- entlyheard ignitedup to 66 by cases a spark on afrom Friday her afternoon. cigarette. TypicalUnconvinced, Judge 1.Conceived An ederly bylady, Jefferson charged County's with open chief burning administrative of leaves, officer claims Todd cases were: Walden places the charge in the pending the pile of leave s was inadvert-Hollenback, Ecology Court h?s "You'llfile, warning soon bethe supporting lady either the to county,"improve predictsher story the judge, issuing 3.2. Two A constructionhog feeders (brothers) firm admits who tohad burning already trashbeen finedwood $700 in the for or come prepared to pay the next time. a fine of $50. open. creating a health hazard at It is not the first offense. theicosts,by rsome feed and kids.lot, warned are Saying, broughtthat the in effect,maximumup on chargesthat $500 he had ofpenalty heard would that story be before, Judge 4. Another construction firm is accused of open burning. They maintain the fire in question was lighted open burning. The prosecution enters a s t at e ment imposed for any subsequent violation. Walden fined the pair $100 plus position,from the theman defense t ending attorney the fire: disclaims "It was theonly employee's statement. a matter of time before we'd be caught." In angry inter- 75. The case is continued. tionquently of the gives violation. lenient The dispositions judge also to makesfirst offenders several alongecology with speeches a stern lecture eachPreventive week. warning In measures theagainst interest a are repeti- of p referabl e to punitive measures, Judge Walden believes. He fre- worstboard,generating polluter Robert publicity at T. periodic Offutt, favorable intervals.said thatto ecology, tests revealed he has csuggested 1 e an e rbestowing air since thea facetiousWhat court's has inception."award" the Ecology to the Courtcounty's accomplished? The chief of staff of the city-county air pollut ion In addition, caselatorsfield withinspectors pleading an interesting ignorance reported twist. increasingof the A laws. Jefferson public Countyawareness resident of ecology with an laws expensive andHow far broadfewerforeign is instances sportsthe jurisdiction car of filed vio- of the court? Judge Walden relates a st o ry of a quasi-ecological thatofagedcharges "prominent the the againstfootprints convertible County the were owner top residents," his.wit of ha cathis found(Willardsharp clawsfor by the name)and defense, muddy which exonerating paws. had allegedly Judge Willard Walden, slept because on weighing top of there his the carwas arguments and no dam-proof 76. TEACHER COMMENT NO. 25 :The TheConstitutional Trust Theory Right To Clean Air And Water: premeinthe state United over constitutions. the States statutes Constitution. and the decisions Interpreted of lowerby the courts. United At States the stateSupreme level,The Court, similarultimate the authority authorityConstitution is for vested interpretationis su- of legal actions relating to t h e environment is, of course, yersofenvironment, an believe y aspect that it of would athat court right. be can a simpleHowever, "find" matter a guarantee no tosuch bring guarantee to suita clean against is environment expressedly anyone who by Ifstated. theanthreatened elastic United Nevertheless, interpretation toStates deprive Constitution some a citizen of law- the or Bill of Rights referred specifically to citizens' right to a clean pretation:plicitBill of in Rights, the Bill in ofa way Rights. similar * These to a 1965 lawyers Supreme draw Courtupon four"discovery"of constitutional a rightFirst: amendment to Congressprivacy, swhich shallfor their makeis not inter- noex- law respecting an establishment of religion, o r prohibiting the free peaceablyexerciseshallFifth: private No thereof; to person assemble, property or shall abridging beand be taken -to deprived petition the for freedompublic theof life, Governmentuse of libertywithout speech, or just for orproperty, compensation.ofa redress the press; with of grievances. outof thedue right process of the of law;people nor 14th:parageNinth: Theothers enumeration retained by in the the people. Constitution, of certain rights, shall no be construedNo state shall to deny make or dis-or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or i m muni ties 77. of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, tion because it specified that the rights of the people are not limit Thelaws.without Ninth due Amendment process of provideslaw; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal a particularly strong support for the environmentalist interpreta- e d to those expressedly stated in the protection of the processconstruedBillright. of ofRights. The law. to 14th assure The Amendment Fifth citizens' Amendment right forbids to applies ana state unspoiled thefrom same depriving environment restraint to by the federal government. Although these It has also been argued that the First Amendment, and the Bill of Rights in a person of life, liberty or property without due cons id e r in g this a basic inalienable general, c an be manufacturers"Statelimitations action," apply in involvingNew to governments, York. wide s p they re ad may public also interest,be applied to individualsA comprehensive analysis of the role of the Bill of Rights in environmental was claimed in a recent court action against DDT where "state action" is involved. freeinUnion).Dave thefrom SiveSanta Siveimprovident appeared Barbaraemphasizes in oildestruction the spill.the April, Fifth The 1970or p pollution,"1 e issue ad in of g Civilreferredand "the Liberties to right "the to(published right ownership, to live by in, the and American and 14th Amendments, explaining how the Fifth Amendment was pleaded use and enjoyment of pro- protection byenjoy, lawyer an environment Civil Liberties Amendment"Environmentalperty, free in thefrom Cross Billimprovident Floridaof Rights?" Barge invasion Many Canal orscholars case.impairment."** have suggested Sive alsothis procedure,discussesInstead of attempting to apply the present Constitution to environmental the applicationprotection, evenof whythe though Ninth not add it anis proba- quiredbly possible for ratification to achieve ofthe a sameconstitutional effect with amendment. Furthermore, the a new statutory law without the time-consuming process re- 78. rights enumerated in the National RightsNevertheless,Environmental to be added students Policy to the Act at Constitution Northwestern of 1969 al re by ad University amendment. y state that Law each School person in should 1969 proposed enjoy a heathful an Environmental en v i r on m Bill en oft. 1. an inalienable right to a clean environment; It covered four points: 4.3.2. power power of toof a thecitizenredress legislature to for challenge a citizen to pass any if or lawshis governmentalany environment necessary other person; toaction i buy s andadversely inand which preserve affected the government land by in the a wild government could state; not to Jr.advanced (the latter by several was counsel prominent for theenvironmentalist plaintiff in the lawyers, controversial including Everglades BernardAn Cohen ideaairport related and c a Victor se). to the The J. constitutional Yannacone trust doc- issues discussed above i s the "trust doctrine," showwhich that has its been acts would not adversely affect the environment.*** 0 CohenThereintrine trust builds have hasfor suedt beenuponh e publicparties casesa belief generally.wherewho that seek thehas totrust been construct doctrine upheld apartments previouslywas applied on in wildto the rights landscourts; in on lands that a b the aunderwater. s iland s of ofviolation this And nation inof Virginiathe is trustheld Significantly, the doct rine applies to p r i vat e land as well as public. * controldoctrine advice. as well The as the Supreme plaintiff'sGriswold Court rights, overruled V. privileges Connecticut, a state and law immunities381 to U.S. the 479.contrary, under The the case find Constitution. involved in g the couple'sthe right "right"toof a married couple to receive birth ***Norman**privacy" Norman to J.J. be LandauLandau implicit andand in PaulPaul the D.Rheingold,BillD.Rheingold, of Rights. TheThe EnvironmentalEnvironmental LawLaw Handbook,Handbook, (N.Y.:(N.Y.:1971),p. 1971), p.38 39 79. TEACHER COMMENT NO. 26 Bill Would Create PollutionBrevard health'Traffic officers to actAn as ordinance pollu- By DAVE THOMPSON L),Av .u.1 Wrimrthat would enable $100,"be penalties McLouth accompanying explained,"There the "but tags. might this be a maximum fine of Cops' controlchairmanthetion 1972county "trafficAdvisory of session, the legislative cops" Brevard Committee. says will Malcolm delegationEnvironmental be presented Mc beforeLouth, to severalpresentedwasn'tcould occurtaken months to everycare county ago of." day andcommissioners if thereceivedThe violation basic an idea for the ordinance was awaterdepartment highwaytickets," pollution patrolman to code issue violations, tagsissues"This for speeding muchair would and as enable the health he said. "Points could be delegationofstructedCountyenthusiastic toAttorney atdraw a Dec. up Bob a18 model hearingNabors ordinance.McLouth in was Cocoa in- andthe Nabors explained' parts ordinance reception, McLouth said. to the legislative ability%mulctassignedtraffic to enforce lawfor thepoint anti-pollution violations,ncLouth system. similarsaid laws. to the greatly increase the proposed system the county's hetofavorable, Beach thesaid. delegation "To and McLouth my reaction byknowledge. stated.their next "Wetheresession," should are have the whole ordinance there also was hetagThe:40IT was orsome largesaid. take tagged action"Aviolations the violator unfairly."matter on the are couldto small court, either"This violations. if he would felt make it a lot easier to easy to spot." pay the ficerwhenitthefew. would statein if IMinneapolis. any.was withattract another such aira tot governmentpollutionan of ordinance.and attention." -1it controlworkedwas units J ex-think of- underin such an ordinance Fines and possible jail sentence could 80. tremely effective." 3-Year Sewer,TEACHER COMMENT NO 27 Watkins and City Planner Ed Water andProject sewer lines and street dents to either relocate their By DIXIE SANSOM Herald Writer Washburn began 15 months paving. home on rehabilitate their realizedpaveders,of city streetswater, in portions sanitarymay finallyofMELBOURNE South sew- be indoor plumbing and Dreams agram,Melbourneago three their then year attempt seeking forproject. such to funds aqualifyHowever, for between pro- the onfore."andwasyear submittedit's basis, been approved on a"It be-is the same project that said Watkins, three- council:soundpresent enough. dwellings, if deemedIn other business, the Hangs time the men began planning Will discuss requests Melbourne if federal officials Aid to Melbournetanceapprove application a plans to the submit. city of financial assis- changedtherenewaltidn project was its projects andcriteria an andforapplica- urban instead submitted, HUD afterMarch.proved Then, in 90 four-six days,"I weekshopsor by that, it the can get ap- city could Eauandbenchesby the Gallieto leaseJaycees throughout a park thesite city on Boulevard, near install the8resolutioncil p.m. is city expected meeting, to atfile Tuesday an to authorizing applicationapprove night'sThe aMelbourne City Coun- jectsjectedof eachsetting will number community befunds financed of years,aside for the pro-one pro- for ofbegin waterprobably the and with sewer the lines." placementMelbourne may also be the in-kind services, woodCrotontionpublic Forest ofElementary hearingsidewalks area. on School. in construc- the Lee- Will discuss calling a for assistanceUrbanparment Development with the De- for of Housing and a theyear same, at a according time toThe Wat- project planned is still managersuch a grant, firstsaid city toas hisin the Florida knowl- to receive pairs Hear at Lake Washington a report on re- time,project,program.neighborhood in whichfunded an a estimatedyearIt atwould a be a three-year development ingkins,cationre-submittal procedures but andthe changefurther necessitatedof another delays. in fund-Watkins, appli- a estimates the fed- beginapproved.edge, no with other the city small hasTHE areabeen PROGRAM would dam.andacquisition Hickoryportions Street, of Eber through Road Discuss on Line right-of-way Street "slum,orwithMelbourne totaldeteriorating blighted,the ofHUD 35 deteriorateddefinitionacres area ofappro- Southas a which comply erallion.matedoftwo-thirds governmentthe cost,at more to originally thanwill fund$2 mil- three-quarters esti- Street,Streettoonbounded the the west, south,andexcluding by eastnorth Florida Monroe to a Randolph low-rentAvenue Street to Spain dicatedWasmanwouldrightof property of theyproperty.like way toownerswill tobe theBoth exempt havecity sets but in-of give the project,"tated.priate would be CITY for MANAGER urban rehabili-renewal Earl suchthroughcosts as can placement of HOWEVER,water in-kind be some city services,rendered 81. area.availablehousing development to the area inGrants-in-aid will be made resi- the theyabuttingprovementsassessments donate. the to right for the future property im- of way . 41r

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93 POLITICAL/LEGAL RESOURCE UNIT TWO: STATE AND FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INQUIRY QUESTIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT II.I. HowHow have can thea person laws enacted determine by statewhat andstate/federal federal governments laws affect environmentalaffected the environment? problems? 8785 IV. HowWhy havedo state additional and federal environmental agencies enforce controls environmental not been enacted? laws? 9088 r 7.?; VI.V. HowandHow dofederal could environmental ancourts? individual control or group programs seek redress rate as forpriority environmental items in state damages and federal in state 95 VII. environmentIngovernmental what ways ? dobudgets? state and federal governments co-operate in regulating the 100 97 VIII. How have state and federal governments become polluters? 84 101 Inquiry Question: Learning ActivitiesI. How can a person determine what state; federal laws affect environmental proolems.! Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions knownA.Activity DISCUSS pollution it 1: problems. 1. Have students suggest A. DISCUSS A.(participation)TC DISCUSS 1, page 146 A. DISCUSS ofblemsresponsibilityment the state isconcerning the and primary whichof thewhich responsibility federalis theof theseprimary govern- pro- 3.2. Try to reach general agree- List answers on chalkboard. noted).bilitiesment (some will develop overlapping and should responsi- be RE.-.;EARCH C.11 onedivideB. RESEARCH "state" class and into one 2 m:.: "iederal". or trouts: 2.1. From list on chalkboard In each major group, sub- respondenceobtainedmentalB. RESEARCH lay .7sthrough ct.'.1: with becor- 1. State environ- TC(sinail7, p::12;es group) 154- 57 4, 5. 6. and or ofwereirn;-investigatecommittees applicable specific lis`ed theonshould pollution laws theexisting chalkboard. andbe problenisformed presents laws govern- to thatto 3. Each group complies a list pollution.TallahasseeStateJawstiC Pollutionof dealing Florida,Depi. "A Florida. DigestControl. with air 2. Other state problemthosethe class laws theyby that listing have apply investigated.on to the the chalkboard pollution DeptLaws"of State from Air PollutionU.S. . c,f H. E . uenci,,,srapidly (I'hiti,s the :-ntall- WashingtonAirNationa'.Puolic Pollution Health Center.DC. Control. Service.20201 for 85. v.-ritin,;niler the Hcal lit i 3. Federalbe:-t contacted h; -.- Inquiry Question: LearningI. Activities How can a person determine what state.'federal laws affect Resources Evaluation environmental problems'? thecorrespondencebevironmental United obtained States through laws En-with can 3. Federal en- men Teacher Suggestionsor Senators. C. DISCUSS C.ington,tionvironmental DISCUSS Agency; D. C. Wash- Protec- C. DISCUSS C. DISCUSS Question.orClassreaches flaws discusses in a conclusionexisting laws, laws, notesto the and gapsInquiry 146158 2.1. TC TC it # 8, page (participation)(listening) 1 page Inquiry Question: Activity # 1: Learning ActivitiesII. How have the laws enacted by state and federalResources governments affected the environment? Evaluation Teacher Suggestions HavingB.HaveA. DISCUSSREAD class finished read SCabout # 1, oil consider slicks. B.SCA. DISCUSS READ# 1, page 108 TCB.A. DISCUSSREAD # 1, page 146 B.TCA. DISCUSSREAD # 2, and 3, pages 147-153 Why?C.larthislaws RESEARCH/CREATEweakness question: regulating orWould "loopholes pollution other have existing?" How? simi- C. RESEARCH/ C.(participation) RESEARCH/ C. RESEARCH/CREATE ' :, existinggroups to environmental search for "loopholes" laws. in 2.1. When a "loophole" or Divide class into small vague- previousbeenfederalA listing compiled laws ofactivity. state have in andthe CREATE (smallpagesTC # 4, 154-157group) 5, 6, and 7. CREATE inamplessearchThe the teacher event to of find weaknesses thatwill additional studentsneed toin e:;- lawsre-can- ofthelaw.groupness the group lawin will meaning willand create summarizecome is a toencountered,more some themeaningful con- intent the 3. When no "loophole" is found, hand.existingnot themselves laws they find have on Ilan( any in the D.clusion REPORT/DISCUSS as to its effect. 1. Groups report findings to D. REPORT/ DISCUSS D. REPORT/ DISCUSS1. TC # 9, page D. REPORT 'DISCUSS conclusionclass to Inquiry Question. 2. Class arrives at general 87. 146159 2. TC Y 1, page(participation) (oral) Inquiry Question: III. WhyLearning have Activitiesadditional environmental controls not been enacted? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions A.Activity READ/DISCUSS # 1: 1. Read Student Comments. A. READ/DISCUSS 1. SC # 2, 3, 4, TCA. READ/DISCUSS # 4, 5, 6, and 7, BeforeA. READ the DISCUSS activity actually smallcusslisted groupsthe above, reading the assignmentsstudents will in dis- 2. Having read the SC section newspaperlibrarymay5,113 and wish facilities, 6, pageand to use maga- 109- their 2. Students (smallpages 154-157 group) informationittheyQuestion considerbegins,and could watching theto givingbe thewhich teacherthinking studentsfor the pertains current Inquirymight about so InB. BRAINSTORMa brainstorming session in B.knowledge.furtherzine BRAINSTORM articles enhance to their TCB. IFBRAINSTORM- 4, 5, 6, and 7, Students13.to BRAINSTORM it. should be instructed haveadditionalmanytheir notgroups, reasons been environmental studentsenacted.as possible will controlswhy list as pages(small 154-157 group) TCcritizedolet"brainstorming,"in not # thetheir 10, stopat proper thispageimagination to point.analyze 160.exercise so thatorsoar of they and Read fenseuponlyzeC. for ANALYZEall the their possible most choices. valid reasons ones. and agree 2.1. StudentsStudents will will prepare carefully aria- a de- C. ANALYZE workandC.157 ANALYZE is7, (small required,pages group) 154- 2.1. TC # 4, 5, 6. If written thedefendtheyStudentsC. entire ANALYZEmust their beclass.should decisions prepared be told beforeto that 88. collect and evaluate. Inquiry Question: III. Why have additional environmental controls not peen enacted? toEachD. theREPORT groupInquiry will Question report itsto theanswer class. Learning Activities D. REPORTResources TCD.(oral) REPORT # 9, page 159 Evaluation D. TeacherREPORT Suggestions Question.validTheE. DISCUSSclass conclusion will agree to the upon Inquiry the most E. DISCUSS test.giveE.146 DISCUSS a paper/pencil 2.1. TC # 1, page (participation)Teacher may E. DISCUSS -,1 89. Inquiry Question: Learning Activities IV. How do state and federal Resources agencies enforce environmental laws? Evaluation Teacher Suggestions A."U.S.Activity VIEW/DISCUSS Government # 1: Environmental 1. Give each student a copy of SCA. VIEW/DISCUSS# 7, page 114 TCA.(participation) VIEW/DISCUSS # 1, page 146 166TCA. VIEW:DISCUSS 11 and 12, pages 161- following(SCActivity # 7) Chart, questions: Executive Branch" 2. a. Why are so many executiveHave. studentsdepartments discuss and the agencies b. What is the apparent rela-otherProtectiontionproblems?involved of executive the AgencyEnvironmentalin environmental departments to the c. Do you think that the E.P.A.otherwithoutenvironmentalcouldand executiveagencies?effectively the cooperation problems depart- safeguard of a B.mock RESEARCH/ROLEPLAY session of the U.S. Senate 1. Studentsments? will participate Explain. in studentsB. RESEARCH to use ver- ROLEPLAY1. Encourage B. RESEARCH ROLEPLAY B. RESEARCH 'ROLEPLAY E.P.A.decidingin which theyupon will the bejustifiability debating and of the discoverticalperiodicals. E.P.A.files, uses current has which etc. made to of 90. Inquiry Question: 2. See TC #Learning 14, page Activities 169-170 IV How do state and federal agencies enforce environmental laws? its powers and to Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions for procedure. andNewbulletins,ness.evaluate "Environmental Environment" "Towardits effective- a 2. E. P.A. Washington,20460ProtectionUobtainedProtection" S Environmental by Agency, Dwriting:may C. be thementalregulatingConductC. importanceDISCUSS problems class and discussionofcontrolling andthe E.P.A.in enforcing to environ- evaluate in C. DISCUSS C. DISCUSS C. DISCUSS A.Activityclusion READ/IDENTIFY/DISCUSSenvironmental # to 2: Inquiry laws. Question) (Seek con- followingSC # 8, andprovisions briefly ofoutline the act: the 1. a. legislative intent behindHave the each student read ida.SCA.Pollution(excerpts READ/IDENTIFY #Air 8, pageand Control fromWater 116 Flor- Act) DISCUSS , student'scollectA. READ/IDENTIFY and outlines. evaluate DISCUSS2.1. TC # 1, page Teacher may TC A. READ/IDENTIFY,/ DISCUSS13, page 167 b. Florida's peculiar need forlaw;such legislation; 91. 146 ,(participation) Inquiry Question: c. powers and duties of De-Pollution;partmentLearning of Activities Air and Water IV. How do state and federal agencies enforce Resources Evaluationenvironmental laws? Teacher Suggestions pointsingmaster each on list chalkboard set of of answers answers. and to in above discuss- 2. Lead class ind. developing enforcement techniques atdisposal of department. a B. READ/RESEARCH/ROLEPLAY 1. B. READ/ ROLEPLAYRESEARCH/ B. READ," ROLEPLAYRESEARCH/ B. READ; RESEARCH ROLEPLAY : Havecopygroups each of and SC student supply# 9, newspaper read each this group article.article. with a Divide class into five small opoosed)dumping122, (ocean plans waste- 1. SC 9, page student'sevaluate individual notes. 1. Collect and , inthat nev:::papAr thi_ art ieie is to 1. sitTeacher liation should ciescribA stre: t .0 classthe following re-enactment "rot:' !-;" of to this play .i:-. 2. Designate each group one of envron- a newspapercurrent periodicals, articles, 2. School library and157 7. pages 2. T C (small group) 4, 5. 13,1- fi..,Studeu:,-; 1:serveci (,:ily (Jfs:-!(:aki71:. the ::s ac!_ual a sprinounrd i)e lactsel:Hin_ of to r. 7(_' a L'C' 11 and rol:JIiia:,-,_i;. -. mental decision-making case: b.a. representatives Florida Air and of Water ITT Pol-Rayonierlution Control Corporation; Board; ledgepandbeFlorida(vertical consulted student'sof the statues dutiesfile), know-to mayex- and actia.::rulesinatiensencourag:Acase. as notfreely th(2,.., an( ralher toni4.111interpret ,:se s.hould their have their imit,.-h atin,. and re- 3. e.d.c. U.S.members representatives Corps of ofSoutheastern Engineers of GeorgiaEnvironmentalWater Quality Control Council; ; whichwriteparticularand powers they to agencies are interest. of rep- their 3. Students may notestacted iunroles underas and they encourzor. this research given e situa-tht.in their to . 2. !lave :Htudents take Airing roleand on in Waterthis preparation case Pollution before for Controlthe a mockFlorida hear- Each group is to plan his additionalresenting information to request 92. atforproduce Control introduction written Board's documentsas evidencehearing. InquiryBoard. Question: Each group should prepare Learning Activities IV. How do state and federal agencies enforce Resources environmentalEvaluation laws? Teacher Suggestions mockquatepresentationsupportingtestimony hearingtime toand tohis beforeprepare Control "mock"interest the its Board. documentsControlgroup case, forhold 4. After giving each group ade- BoardFollowingchairmanceduretrolBoard. Board will forThe renderto completionhearingshould grouppreside a establishdecision.roleplayingand over of elect testimony, hearing. a pro- Con- a comenewspaperC. READ/DISCUSS of above article case. describing out- 1. Students will read SC # 10, (newspaperSCC # 10, page article) 125. READ/DISCUSS TC(participation)C # 1, page 146. READ/DISCUSS C . READ,/ DISCUSS discussion:Includeclassand compare members the following to indecision mock questions hearing.reached in by 2. a. How did ITT Rayonier'sDiscuss outcome of case b. By what authority did theRayonier'sControllutionplansFlorida conflictControl Board Airaction? and withAct?prevent Water the Pol- c. Why did the state of GeorgiainvolvementDoget youinvolved think affected inthat this Georgia's case? the 93. Inquiry Question: Learning_Activities IV. How do state and federal agencies Resources enforce environmental laws? Evaluation Teacher Suggestions d. Did the U.S. Army Corpshavewhatrectlyofoutcome? Engineers conditionsdirectly involved? intervened become would Under it di- e. What does this case illus-aboutinfortratewith environmental interstate about theRayonier's possibility the cooperation necessity control?plans? for D. DISCUSS tionvironmentalstate in andenforcement federal laws? coopera- of en- D. DISCUSS D. DISCUSS D. DISCUSS Question.tion,Theresearch, classbased will inon answerpastdevelop reading to a thegeneraliza- and Inquiry Inquiryessaybe146 asked in Question responseto write to 2.1. TC # 1, page (participation)Students may an 94. InquiryActivity Question: # 1 Learning Activities V. How could an individual or and federal courts? Resources group seek redress for environmental damages in state Evaluation Teacher Suggestions A.groups DISCUSS/SOLVE from 6 to 10 PROBLEM students. 2.1. Each student will be given a Divide class into small Constructive127A. DISCUSS/SOLVE Think- PROBLEM1. SC # 11, ,("Patternpage of andatedGroupsA. DISCUSS/SOLVE 7,by pages mayTC #be 154-4, evalu- 5, 6, PROBLEM Thinking"A.using DISCUSS/SOLVE "Pattern should of go Constructive step by PROBLEM1. Stress that students arrivestudentsstructivecopystructive atof conclusionsSC willThinking" Thinking.") # 11,discuss, ("Pattern asto theirresearch,the ofInquiry guide, Con- and 3. Using the "Pattern of Con- PayStudert("Stubborness-ing"). SC Off"); # Comments: 12, page Can 129 2. Suggested 157 (small group) themThinking"ofstep the as anduntil"Pattern they notto jt have work. isjump of completed. Constructivebefore over one 2. Give students a copy research.#'sQuestion. 12 through 16, may assist in 4. Suggested Student Comment -Canal");Clean("Pepsi SC ## Up 14,page 13,Told Dirty page To 130 131 background information: 3. a. Title- CassetteEnvironment.Suing tape for for a Clean Citizens("Polluter's-lutionCarmakers SC("Shevin # Bans");15, OK'd"); pageCharges SnubSuits Pol-by 132 b. Location- fromMay the be borrowedC.E.E. Pollution").izen("What- SC Do# 16,page CanAbout The Air Cit- 3. All library 133 todentsutilizedresources find as out they by what should the attempt isstu- be 95. Inquiry Question Learning Activities V. How could an individual or group seekstate redressand federal courts? being done or has Resources Evaluation for environmental damages in Teacher Suggestions B. REPORT/DISCUSS B.aboutbeen REPORT/ done this problem.in the past DISCUSS B. REPORT/ DISCUSS B. REPORT/DISCUSS therivedstructive stepsgroups at insolutions Thinking" willthe "Patternreport for and theirthe of having problem,Con- rear- 1. Having gone through all of 146159 3.2.1. TC#TC # 1, 9, page page Students(oral) . classthecussedgroups'solutions searchboard. will by agree solutions the uponentire will to a class beconclusionthe listed class.and onthe Each 2. Group reports will be dis- totheirdiscussworklinecould the groups step theirproblem. bein bywritingasked groups' solutionsstep Allto and out- ,..eq.%imto(41 the Inquiry Question. thisreceiveandshoulddoneindividual work. the by be studentcrediteach collected research student for should Inquiry Question: Learning Activities ,,Iv . andHow federal do environmental governmental control budgets? programs rate Resources Evaluation as priority items in state Teacher Suigestions A.Activityselect RESEARCH (or# 1: be assigned) one of the 50 1. Individual students will these:A. RESEARCH 1. Write one of A. RESEARCH TCA. RESEARCH r= 15, page 171 investigatebetoQuestion. reachorganizedstates a and conclusion the intoinvestigate federal a task to government. theforce data Inquiry neededto 2. 2 or 3 other students would a. Individual State data.ingCapitolOfficeComptroller's and taxationc/o for the fund- State c.b. U.S.Government U.S. Government OfficeWashington,ProtectionEnvironmental of Manage- Agency, D.C. mationforyour statistical local about libraries state infor- Washington,D.C.ment and2. Budget, Contact B. DISCUSS/LIST B.the"Marketcipalpopulation DISCUSS/LIST reference industries Guide" and section). prin- (Seein B. DISCUSS/LIST B. DISCUSS/LIST Mgwhatcussion, the data Inquiry have is pertainent the Question. students to investigat- suggest 1. Through general class dis- 97. (participation)TC # 1, page 146 larshouldstudentsThe topics: list include ofchoose data these topicsto investigate or the simi- VI. Inquiry Question: 2. List onLearning the chalkboard. Activities andHow federal do environmental governmental control Resources budgets ? programs rate as priority items in Evaluation Teacher Sujgestions1.state 4.3.2. apportionedHowfederalTotalPrincipalPopulation funds state funds iareor ndast ries 6.5. Which governmental Whatmentsenvironmenttodepartments control is shareeach the depart- offunction 7. available):downsharegovernmentmentalIndicate offour funds agencies' theways funds environ- broken (if 8. ci.c.Perb.Totala. Per Total capitacapita $ dailyannually $ $ daily annuallytheResearch tax sources to uncover that 9. What other agencie:: orstatewholementalsupport departments or or agencies thefederal1(1 environ-part of gov- in 98. shareagenciesxvithernments environmentalof the:,,e fur(:)nipete their tax Inquiry Question: VI. HOW CIO environmental control and federal governmental budgets ? programs rate as priority items in state C. PREPARE CHARTS' REPORT; DISCUSS Learning Activities C. PREPARE Resources C. PREPARE Evaluation C. PREPARE CHAR l'S Teacher Suggestions re V ell ll e S statestudents and willpresent prepare them charts at "Regional on each 1. To illustrate their findings Makeifessary charts available "art." are tomaterial nee- be PORTCHARTS/RE- DISCUSS and172 TC PORT;CHARTS;1. DISCUSS RE-(visuals) Collect charts 16, page ofTC Denefit to the teacher. RE EiblfrijISCUSS--19, page 176 . may_ be REGIONALREGIONALinvestigatingMeetings" efforts CHARTS adjoining in a to generalstates) illustrate re- 2. Discuss results and (small groups of students prepare time.made during class group)6,157 and 7, pages 154- 3.2. TC TC !! ;;9, 4, 5, (small page ,w)LtionA after all reportseralport conclusionto theare class.given. to the Inquiry Ques- 3. Class comes to a gen- 146159 4. TC ii (participation) (oral) 1, page 99. Inquiry Question: VII. Activity ft Learning Activities1: environmentIn what ways ? du state and federal _ Resources governments co-operate in rf.gulatnw; (1w Evaluation Teacher Suggestions A.small RESEARCH groups: air--water--land 1. Divide class into three whichviousA. RESEARCH activitiesaccumulated 1. Rely on pre- 157andA. 7,RESEARCH pages 1. (small"l'a! group) 4. 5. 6. 154- haseffortA. RESEARCH been to ,.firrelatepreviousl,, date collected that 1. This activity is an __ theorwhichgovernment role duplicate theyof the cooperate and effortsstate compare and in and/or eachfederal the of conflictway these in 2. Each group will research oficsfederaldata state can for government.`..laws,vovide the whilestate copied and 2. Public librari collectsearch and Is ev:Juatc.,. required, 2. If written re- sourcesasoperationto showair. water. regulation.state iu sonic and and federal areasland re-such co- 2. This might also be oralfinance.areas: and legislationenforcement-- visual report. 3. Each group prepares an legislation.insentativesSenatorslocal obtainin,, offices or can Repre_ federalof assistU.S. S-SelectedApplegate 15ofcasean government,opportunity study Resources, Case involving Study,suchto introduce -1:-; all thelevels a page B. REPORT/DISCUSS B. REPORT/ DISCUSS B. REPORT/ DISCUSS B . REPORT3. TC DISCUSSY 20, page 177-78. conclusiontomade the class in each to with the group. theInquiry aid of Question. visuals 2.1. ClassEach decided group reports on a general findings page146159 172. 3.2. TC1. TC II-TC It 16, /1,. (participation).(oral) 9, page page 100. Inquiry Question: Learning Activities VIII. How have state and federal Resources governments oecome polluters? Evaluation Teacher Suggestions A.Activity READ/REPORT/DISCUSS # 1: 1. Divide class into four small A. READ/REPORT/ DISCUSS1. SC # 17, 18, TCA. READ/REPORT/ # 4, 5, 6, and 7, DISCUSS BackgroundA. READ/REPORT/ information: DISCUSS orwithingroups, a which potentialone ofand government the polluter:supply following each was case small a polluter studies group b.a. Everglades Florida Barge National Canal Park SC#17, ofzinesbrary;135-142 Reader's19, (encourage currentand 20,Guide) maga-pages use 2. School li- (smallpages 154-157group) 173-175. 2.1. TC# 17 anda. Titles 18, pages Cassette-Dangers-Off tapes Shore of Drilling Pollution presentation depicting its case 2. d.c. The Cannikin SST SC Nuclear #20. TestEach groupSC# is19,18, to prepare a files,newspapers, Facts on verticalFile. b. Location from-May the be C.E.E. borrowed study by: b.a. identifying creating appropriate reasons why maps,ofdepictcharts, pollution location and/or in question; and sketches source to c. identifying and describingensuedenvironmentaltion;.particulargovernment from projectgovernment pursued harm inwhich theques- d. pointing out the value ofAmerican theinsponsorship question; system of ofthe "check project 101. Inquiry Question: Learning Activities VIII. How have state and federal Resources governments become polluters? Evaluation Teacher Suggestions 3. Have eachfactoringovernment'sand studentcases balances" is relevant. in group which own in checking thispollution ActivityQuestioninupmake whichwith # 2: classisstudent-led a reached.conclusion presentation class to the discussionand Inquiry follow withoutU.S.anA. historicalRESEARCH/REPORT or regard a state example for government conservation in which acted ofthe 1. Have each student select texts,AmericanSchoolA. RESEARCH/ American library; history REPORT writtenCollectA. RESEARCH/ andreports. evaluate REPORT regardrepleteA. RESEARCH/REPORT forwith the examples environment. of dis- 1. American history is Uhei:search-'., natural hiswill environment examplechosen describe case. of governmental the and selected historical pollution 2. In a written report, students re- AmericanrelevantHeritage, bookspast. and otheron the mightandourappropriateStudents 19thwesternization. be centurywillsuggested examples find expansion particularly to fromstudents 2. Examples which or environmental disregard. ture.ofandroads;include: soilroads, other with slaughter wildlife; canals,construction one-crop andof depletion the agricul- national of buffalo rail- 102. Inquiry Question: Learning Activities VIII. How have state and federal Resources governments become polluters? Evaluation Teacher Suggestions cussiongroupsB. DISCUSS/REPORT and chairman. have students Each group elect dis- 1. Divide class into small oncollectedStudentsB. sources DISCUSS/ shouldinand this notes relyand REPORT 157andB. 7,DISCUSS/ pages 154- REPORT1. TC # 4, 5, 6. (small group) varyMembershipB. DISCUSS/ from membership of REPORT groups shouldof theseGroupsasanswerwouldminutes a questionsPolluter: be toshould given theto discuss Yesterdaytopic: inconsider approximately discussion: "Government and following and record Today". 15 their previous activity. 159 2. TC # 9, page (oral) ervoiritygroups so as toin partincrease A of thethis activ- of group knowledge. res- a. How has governmentalchanged?pastactionsmentalawareness century? consequenceschanged of Why the during environ- has of it the its c.b. What Had doesour forefathers the U.S. "sacri- (parti-fice"nationconscience,possessedcularly as differ itour anstresses how nationaltoday?environmental might the leaders,' our d. Do you think that we aswethenationquencesenvironmental "afford" environment can of not"afford" its to?actions?conse- first? to put Can a discussionclass,report andhis to group'sconclude reach afindings withconcensus to the 2. Have each group chairman a class 103. Inquiryconcerning Question the : Inquiry Question. Learning Activities VIII. How have state and federal Resources governments become polluters? Evaluation Teacher Su.gestions discussiontoHaveC the stud&ntsInquiry Question arrive. at througha conclusion class DISC US S C. DISCUSS thewritecouldC. Inquiry DISCUSS a conclusionbe asked Question to to 1. Students C. DISCUSS 146classof(with their discussion) or notes without from use 2. TC # 1, (participation) page

104. STUDENT COMMENTS for Oil Slick Breaking Up; Navy Bans Future Dumpings

By HEATH MERIWETHER A Navy spokesman In And CLARK HOYT Washington concededthat Herald Staff Writers the law had beenrepealed ALTHOUGH dangersto but said that the Navy wasthe beaches appeared to have As the massive oilslick abated, Navy andcivilian caused by the Navy off the not certain that meant the oil dumping was illegal. forces stood ready to fight northeast Florida coast The WaterQualityIm-the slick shouldit hitthe showed signs of breaking up provement Act beaches. under favorable winds Thurs- signedby day. the Navy announced in Pfesident Nixon, .on April 3 "We have 450 people from Washington that it no longer prohibits the dumping of oil,city, county and local groups ready to go if the slick comes will dump oil sludge or other including sludge, in harmful waste into the ocean or riv- quanitites within 50 miles ofin," Lt. John Seay of the shore. It says nothing aboutstate's marine resources said. ers. waters farther out. Adm. Heyworth promised The announcement came all the men and equipment aftercongressionalcharges THE SLICK was reportedunder hiscommand were that the Navy acted illegally breakinginto patcheslate against the Thursday. A thin, ready to help when it dumped hundreds of 100-acreslick. thousands of gallons of bilge patch about. 10 milesfrom Jacksoonville Beach was the Capt.Don Dietz,com- oil off the Florida coast Nov. manding officer of the May- 30. closest one to the beaches. The U.S. Weather Servicep or t NavalStation,was SecretaryoftheNavy said winds had beenfairlynamed by Heyworth to head John H. Chafee sent a letter the task force to work with to Gov. Claude Kirk saying light Thursday and the forecast called for winds 10 to 15the state and city govern- miles perhourfromthements in fighting the pollu- he was "forbidding the barg- tion. ing of any waste materials to west-southwest today. which Dietz had said earlier that sea for disposal." should help carry the slick away from land. he authorizedthe dumping 1-4 AT THE SAME time, the The largest portion of thebecause "we were unable to get anyone to take a contract 0 adirective CO Navyreleased slick was reported 26 miles with us to take the oil for from Chafee ordering thatoff Jacksonville Beach and reprocessing waste oil be sold for refining reclamation or stretched 50 miles down the and we had no place to store ortobe burnedin"approved" burners. Northeast Florida coast. it." Harmon Shields, state di- Theletterand directive CHAFEE'S directivewill rector of marine resources, were made public on the eve no longer allow this policy. .1;an "emergency" Senateflew overthe'slicklate Sen. Ed Gurney also joined hearing today called by Sen.Thursday, and said there still in the congressional uproar Edmund Muskie (D., Maine),were heavy concentrations of over the dumping, sending a chairman of the Senate Airoil and cautioned: telegram to Chafee demand- and Water Pollution Subcom- "We would like to believe ing an explanation. mittee. we are better off than we "In times when we are try Muskie charged in a Sen-were yesterday, although ing to findsolutions to air ate speech Thursday that thedon't believe we are out of and water pollution .. .it is Navy dumping was illegalthe woods yet." extremely discouraging and and also violated administra- incredible to learn that one tiveregulations published THERE WERE no reports of our governmental depart- two months ago by the Inte-of oil within the 3-mile in- ments is engaged in dumping rior Department. land waterslimit,but five sludge into the ocean," Gur- o i I -soaked water birds ney said. l'HE FEDERAL law citedwashed ashore late Thursday In Tallahassee,Kirk said by the Navy as its authorityat Ponte Vedra, a wealthy he had been advised by the for dumping was repealed byresidentialcommunityjust Atlanta regional office of the south of Jacksonville Beach. Federal Water Quality Ad- Congress eight months ago. ministration that the Nay) That law, the Oil Pollution The slick was a threat to would be responsible for any Control Act of 1924, requiredthe rich shrimp beds of the clean-up opera- St. John's River at Jackson- necessary that all dumping take place tions. at least 50 miles from land.ville Beach. The beds pro- Rear Adm. Lawrence Hey-duce five varieties of shrimp. worthJr.,commanderof Iftheoilreachesthe Fleet Air Jacksonville. saidbeaches, it also would endan- l'hursday that Mayport Naval:ger the estuaries, tidal flats Station. which dumped theand swamplands of the St. off Florida, "has alwaysJohn's. The heavy oil would been meticulous" in follow-strangle plant life by cutting ing the requirements of theoff a plant's breathing abili- 1924 act. ty. a conservationist spokesman said. 1/6 STUDENT COMMENT NO, 2 Wipeout! milldefeated erosioncounty acontrol tax proposal to plan.finance to levy a beachLast a half- Thursday May 11, the BrevardDoing Coun- What Must Be Done Brevard voters Apopka.thetalkingFlorida,beyond Cross-Florida about theit the crops boundaries paperthe up Everglades barge whenmills. of canal, people Brevard.Across jet Lake port,start the In totalandsiderablyject,$160,000ty Commission aof federal $640,000. asby its grantstate share decided ofmatching for$320,000 such fundsa for pro- a which will be helped to spend con- twonation,actuallyCayahogastart bridges. itcaught river, fire so and polluted burnedThe that down it wondering average is apparent when people Brevardian,about Ohio's and defeatedtatorship?votersmissioners of because allSocialism? over-ruled Brevard. not enough Isn't the majoritythisThe peopleIn dic- taking this action, five com- May referendum w a s ducingingplantssumeconcernedAmerican, one milliontwice are producingcontinues whenas acres much told of oxygenwhile that forests per on his way un-year; oxygen pro- we con-destroy- as our .tsgOhrefigurefor about their thatBrevard's perpetuation. if thebekends. beachbeaches. Perhaps lasts theyAlthough as do theylong not wantthe "mainlanders" enjoyto pay come the beaches on t h e motorabornairAngeles car1,300.000 pollution; in istrucks the producedbasin U.S. Ponderosa in thatactually Manhattan every while every ninepines five; seconds. in the that were killed by a childaverage is 6 that Los beachaboutwatchesplaysas they strip golf, the want television. is beachcomes apathetic.to use whichhome, it. He that's He worrieshasis fishes,theenough. Evena drink, only not t h e retiree who lives on the throughmother'softhetrucksm.p.h. average averaged whilemilk American contains in 10 m.p.h.; drinks three that to tenwhenwater, five it hasother 1910 horse drawn already passed people: a glass that showonedoesn'ttourist up. or anything attractioneven care except ifBrevard no themselves. tourists has.ThisIn a ever nutshell,He few care about any attitude is apparent far sobeachtimesreversedby for law thefrevurit'serosion inamount thecommercial reterenduni.Brevard von of DDTgood. milk.voters permitted theyWhen did Brevard's commissioner., on the 109 The Rise of Anti-Ecology

-Ecology?" scoffs a black militant inanti-ecology because President Nixon istalists agree that ways must be lound Chicago. "I don't give a good goddampublicly pro-ecology. to help industries and cities payforpol- aboutecology!"InGeorgia,Union Blacks generally are the most vocallution control. Says Stanford University Camp Corporation's director of air andopponents of all. Cleveland Mayor CarlPopulation Biologist Paul Ehrlich: It water resources. Glenn Kimble, wondersStokes has said that providing housing.should be made perfectlyclearthat whether mankind will suffer "a wholeclothing and food for the poor shouldwhen the Government sets out to ban hell of a lot if the whooping crane doesn'ttake precedence over finding ways tothe use ofDDT,society ought to do quite make it," Flowery-hatted ladiescombat air and water pollution. Sayssomething to ease the transition for peo- from the D.A.R. have served notice that Richard Hatcher, black mayor of Gary.ple who previously engaged in the man- concern over pollution "is being distort-Ind.: "The nation's concern with en-ufactureofDDT."EcologistBarry ed and exaggerated by emotional decla-vironment has done what George Wal-Commoncr, who heads the botany de- rations and by intensive propaganda."lace was unable to do: distract the na-partmentatWashingtonUniversity. Such backlash views are now beingtion from the human problems of blackgoes a step further. "Every one of the voiced in many parts of the country, al-and brown Americans." ecological changes needed for the sake though the protesters often have tittle Other protests are bound to come asof preserving our environment is go- more in common than the smoggy airindustries startto fightpollution.Ining to place added stress within the they breathe. many cases, marginal operations mightsocial structure." he says. "We really indeed be forced out of business whencan't solve the environmental crisis with- Fancy or Fad, To some critics, the en-they have to take on the added burdenout solving the resulting social crisis." vironmental movement resembles a chil-of pollutionsafeguards. Armco SteelCommoner argues that once Americans l... dren's crusade of opportunistic politi-Corp., for example. closed eight oldrecognize the problems. they will find o-A clans, zealous Ivy Leaguers, longhairedopen-hearth furnaces in Houston ratherproper answers through the democratic Ft' eco-activists and scientists who speakthan equip them with costly antipollut;onprocess.Butthoseanswersrequire too sweepingly and too gloomily. Thedevices. This kind of shutdown can causehard economic choices: Who should D.A.R. labels the movement "one ofeconomic havoc. Some cases: pay for improving the e.-Ivironmentl the subversive element'slaststeps." How can a recession-hit town eject pol- Members of that element, the ladies U.S. Steel Corp. has threatened toluting plants at the expense of vitally add. have "gone after the military andclose allitsplants in Duluth ratherneeded jobs? the police. and now they're going afterthan spend $8,000,000 for pollution con- The key problem seems to be that our parks and playgrounds." In the sametrols required by the state. A shutdown,the rhetoric of ecology too often makes vein, several newspapers from Alabamacity fathers fear, would throw 2,500 peo-the subject look like a confused mix of to Alaska solemnly stressed the hap-ple out of work and severely damageunrelated alarms and issues.Intact. penstance that Earth Day (April 22)the city's economy. most of the issues are interrelated. The fell on Lenin's birthday. B.A.S.F., an American subsidiary ofDDT that kills birds and fish may seem The Red-plot notion hardly impressesa large German chemical company, hasremote in importance when compared serious critics like University of Chicagosuspended plans to build a $200 mil-with the rats and garbage that infest ghct Economist Milton Friedman. Instead. lion plastics and dye complex in poverty-to slums. Yet bothDDTand rats di they view the environmental movementstricken Beaufort County, S.C., until itrectly degrade the quality of U.S. life as a mere fad that will soon vanish, likedetermines just how expensive Govern-Nevertheless, some aspects of the en- the War on Poverty. Friedman also de- ment-ordered pollution controls will be.vironmental problem are clearly more cries the tendency of some crusaders to10. A recent Federal Water Quality Ad-pressing than others. For example, pub- ministration edict against thermal pol-lic-health and land-use planning should cast big industrial corporations as "evil rank higher than campaigns against lit- devils who are deliberately polluting the lution, if strictly enforced, could reduce power production by plants using fossilter and noise. Curbing carbonmonoxide air." He argues that the real soufce of in cities is more important than saving most pollution is the consumer. fuel (oil, coal) and force utility companies to start costly redesign of water-caribou in Alaska. For environmental- Both the leftist Progressive Labor Par- cooling systems. ists, the new challenge is how to retain ty and Conservative Columnist William New Challenge. Most environmen-ecology's holistic view of man and na- F. Buckley Jr. see the movement as a di- ture while yet recognizing that the move- version from more important national ment will soon fade unlessit sets pri- Last week Attorney General John Mitchell priorities, Joining them in this view are ordered the Justice Department to file suits orities that millions of Americans can many antiwar students who feel that to bar eight large corporationsincluding Al- understand and support. peace far outranks pollution as a pro- lied Chemical, Olin, Weyerhaeuser and Geor- test goal.S.D.S. chapters on many gia-Pacificfrom poisoning pubIh waters withReprinted by permission from Time, campuses have also publicly embraced mercurs. August 3, 1970 Who Pays for Anti-Pollution?

In his address on the State of the Unionthe Presidenttaxes that we pay. With respect to this government-chan- not only jumped onto the anti-pollution bandwagon butneled portion of the money, Mrs. King's comment is apt. pushed right into the driver's seat. It could havebeen anSince tax payments cannot be infinite, the portion of the editorial in Saturday Review describing how "70per centtax take assigned to anti-pollution must reduce, relatively, of our people live in metropolitanareas choked by traffic,the portion parceled out for other things that we may suffocated by smog, poisoned by water, deafened bynoiseneed or want. The anti-pollution money spent by busi- and terrorized by crime"; Professor ArthurSchlesingerness, whether voluntarily in response to market demands himself never came out more squarely for "improvingtheor under the du.ess of governmental regulations, penal- quality of life." In the purest noble-savage traditionofties and tax incentives, will be in the future, as it has Rousseau, Mr. Nixon portrayed "restoring nature to itsbeen in the past, part of the cost of doing business and 41. natural state" as "an aim beyond party and beyond fac-thus translated into the cost of the product or service tion." But if his philosophy was a bit wobbly, hispoliticsthat we, the consumers, will pay. In paying for anti-pol- were as usual right on line. Anti-pollution--"clean air,lution, They turns out to be We. clean water, open spaces"is the sure-fire issue ofthe Somewhere along the line, as the initial thrill of the . .. well, of the season. The President used the unmatch-anti-pollution crusade quiets down, these annoying eco- able prestige of his office to grab hold of it. The Demo-nomic constraints will sink into public awareness. We will cratsespecially poor Senator Muskie, who had beenface the fact that we can't have everything. We want conscientiously boning up on environmental science,clean air, land and water, but weweare going to have ecology and biodynamics, planning to make hisrun forto pay for it. So we shall then begin asking ourselves: the Presidential nomination as Mr. CleansergroundHow much do we want anti-pollution, and how much of their teeth, and pleaded thatno Republican could reallyit, compared to other things we also want? Obviously be trusted to wash out the national stable. we want things clean enough so that they won't kill us The President's speech seemed to make it unanimousall off or shorten our lives by half or spread horrible for purity, but close in its wakewere heard the first faintplagues or surround us with intolerable ugliness. To pre- voices of tentative dissent on this seemingly unchallenge-vent even these extremes in the next generations is evi- able issue. On a Massachusetts TVprogram, Mrs. Martindently going to cost a lot. But are we really ready to pay Luther King wondered whether money for anti-pollutionthe multiplied taxes, and zooming bills for electricity, might be subtracted from money for ghettos. Was it goingautomobile, paper, food, packaging, transport and what- to be water rights v. human rights? Liberal Democraticnot in order to get that last 5 per cent of gloop out of the columnist Clayton Fritchey suggested thesame sort ofair of our cities so that it will come to our lungs like query: "In the name of fighting inflation, the Presidentthe zephyrs breathed by Lieut. Zebulon Pike when he is about to veto the HEW bill because it appropriatesreged his peak? Unchlorinated spring water iscer- $1.1 billion more for education that he requested. Ifthistainly delicious, but to keep the billions of gallons needed relatively modest sum is inflationary... what about Nix-daily by a great city pure and healthy without chemi- on's proposals to spend $10 billion to curb pollution?"cal additives would cost a pretty penny indeed, and may- Fritchey's figures, as so often with these types,are abe we'd prefer spending part of that for... well, maybe fraud as ',e puts them. The HEW $1.1 billion is an out-even for a silly new gadget that strikes our fancy. right appropriation for a single year; the $10 billion is However much we spend, we're not going to succeed, a proposal for a five- to ten-year program, only partlyin spite of the President, in getting back to a natural financed by federal funds. Still, as Fritchey sums up, "It's nature. For one thing, there is no such thing as a given, a nice question." static Nature. Nature is the world of time in which all Who is going to pay for all the environmental therapythings change, in which oceans change to deserts, ice to we are now promi:-ing ourselves? The general feelingmountains, and living species flourish and die by the seems to be that They are going to foot the bill: that is,hundreds of millions. We men. if in spiritual essence "government" and the despoiler, Big Business. Now ittranscending her, arc also part of nature. altering and is undoubtedly true that most of the money for any clean-shaping naturc as naturc in turn shapes us. There is no ing up of the water, air and land is going to be channeledTime Machine that can return us to a clean. pure. idyllic through governmental agencies or business corporations.pastwhich. as it happens, never existed in thefirst Unfortunately this will not mean that They are donatingplace. the money for our health, comfort and aesthetic enjoy- Reprinted by permission from ment. The money paid out by government will come from National Review, February 10. 1970 tli PollutionFightCould Wreck U.S.Budget

The General Accounting Office re-major bills to advance this effort in his By ROBERT H. MOVING State of the Union and environmental Journal Washington Bureau ported that,despite the spending of $5.4 billion on*water cleanup in thelastmessage to Congress. WASHINGTON Thestaggering12 years, the nation's rivets andlakes before. The House has approved three-year costs of fighting pollution could wreckare just as polluted as they were extensions of the Clean Air Act at $755 the national budget within five years. Rough estimates of spending figuresbillion and the Resource Recovery Act That's the warning of Robert P.by Mayo over the next five yearsin-for solid waste disposal at $450 million. clude $70 billion on water pollution, $12 Mayo, outgoing director of the Budget But the Home Public Works Com- Bureau. billion on dirty air and $27 billion on disposal of solid wastes. mitteestillischewing on a Nixon He said that just to "break even" in administration proposal for a $10 billion dealing with air and water pollution and And that is only a beginning, Mayoprogram for improvement of municipal handling solid wastes, the federal gov-said. He added: "We also must not for-sewage treatment plants in the nextfour ernment alone would have to spend atget that, as the nation grows,pollutionyears. least $100 billion by 1975. problems grow right along with it." Indicating the pushing off of more of the cost onto local governments is the And that's outside the billions that ALTHOUGH THE NIXON administra- would have to be spent by private indus-tion in its 1971 budget seeks to providefact that the federal share of that pro- try and local and state governments. "seed money" to speed up the attack ongram would be only $4 billion. The total estimated annual cost ofpollution, it expects to shove a larger REP. FORD SAID he doubts that any holdingpollutionin check apparentlypercentage of the costs onto private in-of the administration's four water clean- will top the yearly amounts being spentdustry and local and state governments.up bills will be enacted this year. on the Vietnam war. "Those industries that are releasing "There is no question that Congress In any event, Mayo said, the expensetheir waste productsinto theair orhas been laggard in supplying sufficient of preventing the fouling of the nationwater cannot escape the responsibilityfunds to cover the federal share of the ultimately will be passed on to the pub-for devising ways ofmanufacturingwater pollutioncontroleffort," Ford lic through more taxes and increases in their products so they won't cause poll*,said. What he is saying is that Congress the prices of consumer goods. liar.," Mayo said. refuses to put the money where in The 1971 budget for the first time Hesaidthatlocalgovernmentsmouth is. includes a five-year revenue and spend-"must do their share, because they are "The water pollution control legisla- ing forecast. It says that, even if Con- in the thick of the baffle." tionlanguishinginthe House Public gress doesn't authorize any new spend- But the twist is that private industryWorks Committee is vital the the mas- ing, revenues will exceed spending by is caught in a profit squeeze and localsive national attack on pollution of our only $22 billion by that time. and state governments at the end oflakes and streams," Ford said. their tax rope are looking toward fed- "Let's be honest about it," he said. AS A RESULT, there is growing cfie eral funds to fight pollution. "The individual American is going to agreement in Congress on how fast the It just isn't there, according to Mayo.foot this huge bill no matter how we nation should move on improving the "The federal government can't do itdecide to assess the cost." environment. Already, bills aimed at im- all," he said . How much is the public going to pay proving the water supplies are bogging for cleaning up the environment? down in the House. REP. GERALD R. FORD of Grand "That is the question that must be Rapids, House minority leader, sharesanswered as we embark upon this envi- "Itis virtually impossible at this the gloomy outlook on the federal gov-ronmental mission which is going to be time to even guess at the amount of more costly than sending men tothe financing needed for so vast a national ernment's role in fighting pollution. project," Mayo said. PresidentNixonproposedsevenmoon," Ford said.

Reprinted by permission of R. H. Hoving Inv STUDENT COMMENT NO. 6 lisesin 18the must steaming, Dofind it smog-filled hard I toItimagine listen metropo-Yourself tothat the those of us who live Ecology By REP. PHILIP M. CRANE (R.-111) turnedmilitantsnew automobile over demanded to them for that "the move- in California, black the car be Now,promisesocialism, ironically, of enough not because, we for are all without likelyas everywhere tothem. get waysnaggingmentalaccumulated about feelingapocalypse us, seem that tothe Thebewithout end telling Cassandras is near. getting us that a of destruction, al- prophecies of environ- Thebreakfastasthingment." a symbol,issue worth Why, for of $2,000 whentheythousands "environment" asked, yon however can of destroy converthungry obviouslyimportant some- kids?it into thinweand,becauseelse, weby have." wedoingcouldn't may so, be produce destroyingproducing enough, too every- much but paregetif air us, pollutionfor OVek the worst?population and poisoned Or will.perhapsShould water weThomas don'tall just sit back and pre- consume.readydivided consume those inand this thoseHow country do who we aspire whosolve al- theto problem of saving excusetionning.advocated to Are our theyenvironmental systematic truly promoting economic Butproblem these a assolu-plan- are an the men who have long to promote socialism? Where newspaperIinginCarlyle was 1836, and reminded had "Do storyit nothing,right of thatthis when reportedonlyquote he keep wroteby athat agitat-recent back the will destroy themselves." whomaterialwhichthe aspire environment provides goods can produced earnincentives and Therea savingportion in sothis are that a country?of thosesystem thethose who say the "capi- othertoasDay"are joinit these recentlyparticipants with men government, did or thewhenfrom thousands Presidentthe industrycall goes of Nixon, "Earth andout, interested individuals depositedtoCity angrythe 18.2on normal "Earthopponents tons in the one of Day." area litter ton of inofbehindThis"pollution" whichdebris compares inthe usually New had pro- leftYork to resourcesSchooladequate.talist"public answers purposes;of EconomicsE.J. Mishhunare LaMontnot wants likely of the Cole, to London provedivert a from "industrial gadgetry" mentagainsttheir problems?share of the cost"I personally in the fight think the answer to our pollution and other tioiron- to "pay test was held' battlefacttheory and to saveactionwon't the save will. environment theRight environment;In now is the in other words, agitation and ourbiologistCommagerisber fundamental good"; of Commerce and says, problemhistorian syndrome, "A society is Henryour that obsessed"Cham- Steelegrowth at Cornell University, says governmentpolluterworkingandwithinecological government our (so together. present problems isto 'everyonethe and ordinary Yes,systemby individual will industryfrom be citizens providedtheindustry citizens U.S. and is a ecologyportant,mentcidethe early which iswill nothing whogetstages; sectors priority willbut butrhetoric. payof and, theuntil the mostenviron- we im-d.- price, dprise dwatedrecentlywith does the to invindication publicnot an nourish article enterprise." of in Thisa privateSaturdaygeneration line ofenter- thought Re- was summed ur $4Andpollutionyearthe billion "Earth thisindustry more yearof Day" air spenttoindustry and keep protesters). $2.5water up plans thebillion an&nature. battle. to But to spend fightlast visive.problem,feeling When manyabout Ecology ofsolving the solutions Action theFor environment example, buried are di- a while there is a common temsplanningAmericaview because and broad social welfare sys- which rejected 113.concluded, there was always the general "Historically economic ©1970. King Features Syndicate AgricultureEXECUTIVESTUDENT (supportsCOMMENT DEPARTMENTS: and NO. conducts 7 research : U.S. Government Environmental Activity Chart Interior (studies physical environment, fish and wild- pesticides,andCommerceconcerning physical etc.) (supportsherbicides, research and of air conductsnature's and water processes,biological quality, legalJusticeetc.)life, environmental water (advises resources and actions)supervises and power, suits land concerning management, Health,ofDefenseetc.) waste Education, (issuesinto intra-and permits and Welfareinterstate to regulate (health streams) discharge aspects guidelinesStateagencies)Labor (develops (coordinates and programs) and environmentalcoordinates international training with policy other Housingwastementalof herbicides, systems, andplanning Urban pesticides,etc.) aspects Development of toxic metropolitan (environ- substances, and policies,lationTreasuryTransportation pending) research (finances (develops and of reduce waste environmental treatmentaircraft noise) facilities-legis- transportation environmentalOfficecommunity of Management planning.) progress and versus Budget expenditures, (monitors recommendsCouncil on Environmental national environmental Quality (develops policies) and Officestudiesetc.) of cuttingScience acrossand Technology all agencies) (comprehensive 114. AtomicINDEPENDENTSTUDENT Energy COMMENT CommissionAGENCIES: NO. (develops 7 standard : U.S. Government Environmental Activity Chart National Aeronautics & Space Administration operations)vesselsFederalradiological haveMaritime assets criteria Commission to forcover environmental possible (certifies clean-up control) sea NationaltionNational(studies and environmentalScience Capital for noise Foundation Planning control planning) Commission and(supports air improvement) environmental (conserva- vironmentalGeneralgasFederal industries) PowerServices impact Commission Administration of electric (researchespower (helps and generatenatural en- TennesseeSmithsoniansciencestudies andexhibition) Valley Institutiondemonstration Authority (preparing (conductsprojects) environmental and supports National(conductslowprocuren.teAt pollution Academies and potential) specificationssupports of Science environmental for & suppliesEngineering technical having vironmentalU.S.experimental Information promotion) and Agencydemonstration (conducts projects) international en- 1.Environmentalprograms) Protection Agency (control of radiation, air, water, solid wastes, pesticides) 3. 2. Monitor and analyze the environment.Establish and enforce national standards. 115. 4. Assist state and local governmentsfinanceConduct totheir set pollutionup research and control and demonstration programs. projects. STUDENT COMMENT NO. 8 (1)403.021 The pollution of the air and waters of this state constitutesLegislative adeclaration; menace public policy - Excerpts from Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Act to public health and welfare,agricultural, creates public industrial, nuisances, recreational, is harmful and to other wildlife, beneficial fish uses of air and(2) water. It is delcared to be the public policy of this state to conserve the and other aquatic life, and impairs domestic, waters of the state and to animalmaintainprotect, life maintain, such and levels property, and of improveair foster quality thethe as comfort quality will protect thereof...and convenience human health of and the safety,people, (3)promote It is declared to be the public policy of this state and the purpose of this act and prevent injury to plant and the economic and so- to achieve and hereinaftercial development referred of to this as thestate commission. and facilitate The the commissionenjoyment of shall the be composedThere403.041* is hereby Florida created Air and and Water established Pollution the ControlFlorida AirCommission and Water - natural attractions of this state. Pollution Control Commission, of the governor, the secre- expensesMembersbytary the of governorstate, asof providedthe the commission andattorney confirmed by 112.061. general, shall by serve the commissionersenate. without The compensation, governor of agriculture, shall but serve shall and asbe two the chairman entitled to per diem anddiscreet travel citizens appointed of the commission. board. The board shall be composed of five citizens appointed by the governor,The403.045 head subject of Air the and department Water Pollution of air and Control water Boardpollution - control is the air 116. and water pollution control to confirmation by inthe accordance senate. The with members the law of and the rules board and shall regulations serve at adoptedthe pleasure and promulgated of the governor.The403.061 department by it, and for shall this have purpose the power and the duty to control and prohibit pollution of air and waterDepartment: Powers and Duties - act.sources,to: public or private, which loans and grants shall not be expended for(5) other than the purposes of this Accept state appropriations, loans and grants from the federal government and from other act.ulations Any pertaining rules or regulations to air and wateradopted pollution. pursuant to this act shall be consistent(7)(6) with provisions of federal Adopt,Exercise modify general and supervisionrepeal rules ofand the regulations administration to carry and out enforcement the intent and of the purposes laws, rulesof this and reg- cludinglaw, if any, hearings relating upon to complaints control of foremissions violations. from motor vehicles. (9)(8) ToHold designate hearings a hearing relating officer to the toadoption conduct of hearings, rules to controlwho shall or prohibithave the air power and waterto issue pollution,in- notices provided,ceroathsof hearings, shall and however,certify to subpoenas,take and testimony that file all requiring with hearings as the may department,the forbe attendance necessarythe adoption recommendations, ofor witnessesinof conformityrules shall and findingsbethewith before production this of chapter,the fact, department. of and evidence,and a suchproposed hearingto administer order; offi- and enforce the same by all appropriate administrative and judicial proceedings.(10) Issue such orders as may be necessary to effectuate the control of air and water pollution 117. (13) Establish ambient air quality and water quality standards for the state as a whole or for any thepartof air thethereof. and state water periodically quality of and the in waters a logical of thegeographic state. manner so as to determine(14) (a) the levels of air quality of Cause field studies to be made and samples to be taken out of the air and from the waters tionquality or expansion standard ofset any for installationair or water, that then may the be department a source of shall air or determine water pollution; (16)(14)the source(b) provide of the for pollution. the issuance Establish a permit system wherebyWhenever a permit amay study be isrequired made or for a samplethe operation, collected construc- which proves to be below the air or water maycontroland revocation be devicerelated orofto system,suchthe source, permits concerning device and for orthe the system. efficacy posting Nothing of of such an appropriate indevice any or system,bond to(17) oroperate. the pollution problem which Consult with any person proposing to construct, install, or otherwise acquire a pollution such consultation shall be construed to re- orvisionlieve expansion any of law. person of any from new compliance air or water with contaminant this act, rules sources. and regulations Within thirty of the(18) department, or any other pro- Require that notice be given to it prior to the undertaking of the construction or installation days of its receipt of such notice, inthesuch order department sources, to determine shallthe submission require whether as the aof condition proposedplans, specifications, precedent construction to theand or installationconstruction such other willinformation or installationbe in accord as itor deems expansion necessary If within sixty days of the receipt of plans, specifications or other information with applicable of willrequiredlaws, not rules bepursuant inand accord regulations. to thiswith chapter, the requirements the department of this determines act or applicable that the rules proposed and regulations, construction it orshall installation issue an 118. order prohibiting the construction or installation. Failure of such an order to issue within the time pre- mitted.vided,scribed that herein it is in shall accordance be deemed with a determination plans, specifications that the or construction other information, or installation403.121 if any, may required proceed; to be pro- sub- Enforcement: Procedure - theolationit shallprovision causethereof, of written the and law, may notice rule include orto regulationbe an served order upon allegedthat correctivethe to alleged be violated, action violator beand takenor the violators. facts within(1) alleged aThe reasonable noticeto constitute shall time. specify aNo vi- If the department has reason to believe a violation of any provision of this act has occurred, thatorsuch personsinjunctive order namedshall relief become therein may be effective and sought a hearing asexcept provided held after if underrequestedreasonable 5.403.131 within notice the and time the specifiedorder(2) is served in the notice;upon the except person If, after hearing, the department finds that a violation or violations have occurred, it shall tionabatementaffirm (1)as may ofor thisormodify be control section,appropriate. its of order orthe any emissions Anypreviously order order issued or issuedissued, pollution after prior or a hearinginvolvedissue to a anhearing may appropriateor for prescribe as the a parttaking order the of ofdatea or notice such orders by otherwhich provided for corrective thethe prevention,violationin subsec- ac- shallIfshall after rescind ceasehearing bythe onfixing order. an order reasonable contained timetables in a notice, for necessary the department action findsto prevent, that(3) no abate violation or control is occurring, the pollution. All testimony taken at any such hearing before the department shall be under oath or affirma- it upontion. Apaymen`.. full and completeand receipt record of all of costs all proceedingsor fees allowed and therefor,testimony a certifiedpresented transcript shall be taken and filed, and 119. of the whole or any partof anyof the party, record the shalldepartment be furnished shall compel to any theparty attendance in of 403.131 Injunctive Relief; Emergency Procedure - such hearing requesting the same. Upon application witnesses and the production of evidence. proceedingsanor ifemergency the department in requiring a court finds of immediate competent that a action jurisdiction for injunctive relief toIf preventive or corrective measures are not taken in accordance with any generalized condition of air or water pollution exists and that it creates to protect human health or safety, the department shall institute enforce this act or rules or reg- order of the department, ulationsjunctions. or orders pursuant hereto. Such injunctive relief may include both(1)403.141 - Additional Civil Liability; Assessment ofWhoever Damages causes an unlawful discharge of contaminants into the waters of this temporary and permanent in- state which re- CZ) agessults and in thedamage reasonable to the fishcosts and and fish expenses food or of other the damage to said state incurred in tracing the source of the discharge and waters is liable to the state for such dam- department,assessin restoring these thethedamages. watersdepartment to their may former institute condition. civil action in the appropriate (2) Upon the request of any state agency or the alleged violator, the If the amount so assessed is not paid within a reasonable time as prescribed court for a judicial determination department may consider and by the person.minationof liability Nothing of and the damages.herein liability shall and prohibit damages. the No department finding, written report or (3) Nothing herein shall give the department the right to bring an action on from proceeding forthwith to obtain a judicial deter- recommendation of the department behalf of any private made pursuant to this section shall be admissible in 403.151 Compliance with Rules or Orders of Department - 120. evidence in any action. or orders to comply with any provisions of this act, may specify a reasonableAll403.161 rules time or for orders such ofcompliance. the department which require action to comply with standards adopted by it, Prohibition, Violation, Penalty, Intent - ingstate standards in violation of air of and or bywater failure quality, to comply or permits with issuedany order pursuant of the to department, its authority.(2)(1) including orders or rules fix- ViolationIt shall be isunlawful punishable for anyby a person civil penalty to cause of thenot pollutionmore than of $1,000.00 any of the for air the or firstwaters offense of this and prisonmenttionof notoccurs more constitutesfor than not $1,000.00more a separatethan for 1 year each offense. or offense a fine ofthereafter. not more Each than day $1, during000.00 anyfor(3) eachportion violation. of which Each such day viola- dur- Violation of any order issued by the department is a misdemeanor and is punishable by im- pursuantbeing of anysuch thereto.portion amount of as which to insure such immediate violation occursand continued constitutes compliance a separate with offense. this(4) act and rules or regulations It is the legislative intent that the civil and criminal penalties and fines imposed by the court * dutiesS. 26, ch.to the 69-106 department abolished of air the and control water commission pollution control. and transferred its functions, powers, and 121 wastesSTUDENT daily COMMENTinto shallow NO. offshore 9 waters of the Atlantic JACKSONVILLE - (AP) - Plans of the ITT Rayonier Corp. to dump 30 million gallons of hot acid : Ocean Waste-Dumping Plans Opposed Ocean ran into bitter opposition Monday from thevironmentalFlorida deadline and Councilfor Georgia opponents (SEC) interests. toof stateJacksonville, their cases. the U.S. Army Engineers announcedAfter receiving a two-week protests extension from the Georgia Water Quality Control Board and the Southeastern En- of permitocean is outfalls issued to for pump the Rayonier its paper milldumping, wastes said into the water district 25 to engineer, 30 Col.Rayonier, A.Following S. Fullerton. owned the new by thedeadline International of December Telephone 30th, anda public Telegraph hearing Co. probably , seeks willauthority be called to before a feet deep 2.5 miles offshore from Fer- build two C.J powernandinamainder plant Beach. at into100 About Biscaynedegrees. 3.5 Baymillion testified gallons that would damage enter is donethe ocean to marine at a temperatureConservationists of opposing a Florida Power and Light Co. plan to dump hot water life by effluent temperatures in the 135 degrees, the re- from a nuclear commercialcharges90s. would and form sport "a fisheries thermal becausebarrier as fish far do south not crossas Daytona thermal Beach." barriers Mrs.This, and Helen shethus Bird, president of the SEC, told Fullerton it was probable that Rayonier's hotsaid, dis- wouldcould not"decimate come into Rayonierour rivers had and "seriously estuaries wheredegraded" they its normally environment spawn." for 30 years and the oceanR.S. Howard, executive secretary of the Georgia Water Quality Control 122 disposal "wouldBoard, only charged move that landthe area islands of degradation off the Georgia from coast, one point threatening to another." beaches and many square milesThe Rayonier of valuable wastes, marshlands. Howard said, would be dumped within six miles of St. Mary's and Cumber- windsquirements and tides," established and there by the was state no warrantedof Florida conclusionunder the Federal except thatWater they Quality wouldMixingThe effluent, Act. "critically and dispersion Howard degrade said, of ex-the would wastes, be inadequatelyhe added, would treated be and"subject would to bethe in capricious serious violation ocean currents, of re- sinceoftensive the the Corps areas proposed ofof Engineersmarine plan watershas to been investigate and in beachesthe works this of matter. forGeorgia several We and are years Florida."confident and has that receivedRayonier the findings the spokesman, approval will be of favorable Jerry the Gregoier, said in New York that "we appreciate the responsibility CA31.46 Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Board." Gregoier, the company's public relations manager, said the costs of the plan would be initially $8 cleanattemptedmillion up inplus for 1967. ana southern annual Since then,output pulp Container mill," of abour he said.has$700, spent 000. $60 "We million believe to thisgive is full the Rayoniertreatment most expensive andof its another such programNassau County ever mill, Container Corp. of America were given citations to effluent. Atlantic.it had dumped 2.5 million gallons in the ocean and the rest into the AmeliaTheNot River, untilU.S. Departmentlast December of InteriordidIt Rayonier pulls has 30 recommended submitmillion agallons proposal that of no freshto more build water ocean outfalls daily outfalls to from the be ocean.underground Previously sources. which winds up in the built and the nationalby the state.Water Quality Act requires that applications for them may not even be considered unless 123 approved posal. The Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Board rejected and later approved the Rayonier pro- thatsaid protest he understood would be itheard means until "an December improvement 15. on what they're doing now."WithAsked the on state's what groundsapproval, okay the wasArmy given, Engineers the man then in notifiedcharge of state construction agencies andpermits, conservation Frank Watkins, groups thatsaid ocean in her dumping letter. "Yet of sludge this plan "should would be allowphased Rayonier out and no to newdump sources 30 million allowed.""HowMrs. gallons Bird shocked a toldday! Fullertonwe What were a doublewhen that Presidentthe Navy Nixon'sdumped Council500,000 ongallons Environmental of waste about Quality a week had ago," specified Mrs. Bird intotragedyvironment." underground to waste thesupplies. precious fresh water and to inflict the acid wastes it wouldThe enormous carry into use the of marine water en-in the area, she said, already has caused serious salt water intrusion Board.)matter after the above article was published. You are to re-eanct this third(The - unreported Florida Air - meeting and Water of thePollution Control Baord met again to reconsider its decision in this The following article appeared in The Miami Herald on December 15, 1970. 124 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 10 : State Vetoes Plans for Acid Waste Dump at Sea fromthe plans the ITTof a Rayoniergiant paper plant mill at to Fernandina dump 30 million Beach wouldgallons have of acid turned wastes a portion dailyGeorgiaFERNANDINA intoof the the officials Atlantic Atlantic andnearBEACH, Ocean. conservationists the (AP) - With had apologies mounted to anGeorgia, outspoken the State protest, of Florida claiming canceled that the Thursday effluent take,notifyingGeorgia-Florida but whenthe company you border make that ainto mistakean operatinga "dead you sea." shouldn'tpermit approved stand by last it." May would be"I withdrawn. feel a lot better"We made now," a saidmis- Nat Reed, chairman of the Florida Pollution Control Board, after C0,31.1 problem was the jobs of 650 men." "Nothing ever bothered me so much in my life. I agonized over it all during the holidays. The theHoward plant plan at a andmeeting had apologized of the Georgia personally. Water Quality Control Board in Atlanta."IFirst apologized He saidword Reed that to RockhadFlorida because had pulled it had back never its crossed certificate our mindscame fromthat the Executive discharge Secretary would R.S."Rock" affect thecanceled victorieslaunchedwater quality fora heavy conservation of the attack State on of ever the Georgia," oceanwon in dumping Reedthe nation." said. proposal, called the state actionMrs. "oneHelen of Bird cf Jacksonville, president of the Southeastern Environmental Council which the outstanding had near the Georgia-Florida border, declined immediate Officials of the International Telephone and Telegraph Co. , owner of the Fernandina Beach 125 comment. They have denied in the past that the plant, employerproposed ocean-- had outfalls "killed wouldthe Amelia harm River marine by life. dumping untreated waste forHoward 16 years." said He the said Rayonier the proposal plant -- which produces cellulose products and is Nassau County's largest foreandto dumpissuing marshlands effluent its own of with Georgia.permit. a thermal Reed's reading action of made 104 degrees this unnecessary, 2 1/2 miles becauseoff shoreBecause prior in the stateof ocean a flood approval would of protests, killis re- beaches the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers had planned a public hearing be- Thequired preceding before the article Corps appeared can authorize in Today construction. on January 8, 1971.

126 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 11 : Pattern of Constructive Thinking Step I Identify2.1. BeAgree sure the on Problemeach the membergoals you of arethe seeking.groupgoals. understands the wording of both the problem and the Step II 4.3.Analyze2.1. Research the theProblem problem and find outList whatConsiderExplore all has the the beenand possible nature discuss done and barriersor what is worth being will to of thedonehappen the goals. goals.about if nothing it now. is done about the problem. CIIC., Step III 1.Suggest ,Suggest All PossibleALL possible Solutions solutions.atting The this the greater step, best just solution.the suggest choice, Be anythe creative! betterand all are Brainstormpossibilities. the chances for of possible get- solutions. Don't be critical Step W Select1.2. The Best Solution or SolutionsandThinkinSolutions some compare through way are the orpossible and revisegood discuss and theways badgoalsall to of points remove thein light possible of eachthe of thebarriers suggestion.solutions barriers to whichthe if they goals have are or insurmountable.been get around suggested. the barriersWeigh Step V Suggest2.1. Decide Ways howon to the Implementyou solution can put orthe the solutions Solution solutionJust(b) which what intostudy effect. willthe more groupit take (c) findssecureto put to yourmore be the solution money most desirable.etc?into effect: Will you have to: This is the "how to get it done" step. (a) change the law 127 2.1. ItNotes is designed on Using to thebe used"Pattern byin a groupsof free Constructive democratic of not over Thinking" type 12 students.of group discussion where each student must 3. themoning"Theassume and started groupon where ahis step should eachfair theyby shareday step selectbegin and ofbasis. researchawilland group The stopsee leaderthatrecorder eachand they discussion. day. and willare Thisgroup following keep will recorder. a bedaily the record"PatternThe leader of of what Constructivewill the simply group help Think-decides get "official" record. 5.4. AlwaysgroupsrespectdaysEach activitiesstudent remember work.to each should inmember advance.that keep co-operation of his the own group record is andessential encourageof daily for activitiesthe each group member and to functionprepare to participate himselfwell. Always fullyfor the in show next the 128 Each of these alleged benefits has been Stubborness called intoserious question by local environmentalists, theU.S. Forest Service, U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife Can Pay Off and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Wildlife experts criticize the corps GREENSBORO, N.C. for failingto deduct the loss of natural "There's nohabitat from the recreational delights of the power without perseverance" may well bereservoir. The NCCC and ECOS site im- thecentral lessonoftheenvironmentalpressiveevidencethatthecorps h a s movement. It is a fact that many of theoverestimated both the frequency of floods ecological disputes being won in the courtsand the need for flood control in the New and Congress today were "lost causes" aHope area. And in a damaging thrust at the "pollution dilution" idea, EPA argues that decade ago. What transformed them fromdownstream industries and cities now have losers to winners was the sheer stubbornessthe ability to clean up their own wastes: they and skill of organized environmentalists. don't need big slugs of water to flush them A potential case in point is the free-for-allaway. over the New Hope Reservoir project near But the strongest case against the New Chapel Hill, N.C. Originally proposed byHope reservoiristhatitwill become local boosters in the 1890s and revived aftervirtually a cesspool, choked with algae and a 1945 flood on the Cape Fear River, the Newrobbed of oxygen by pollutants flowing into it Hope Reservoir isa classic, $38 millionfrom the Haw and New Hope rivers. While boondoggle.TheU.S.Army Corpso fNorth Carolina's Department of Water and Engineers launched it at a time when nearlyAir Resources haspromisedto deal everyone loved darns, and now, despite im-rigorouslywith pollutingindustriesand pressive signs that the reservoir will becometowns on these rivers, it has precious little to a cesspool, the corps isdourly ploddingshow for its bold talk so far. As a result. says ahead. the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and But North Carolina's environmentalistsWildlife, "we can only conclude that the are at least as determined as the corps reservoir and.tailrace may become the scene and their pluck is beginning to pay off. A of massive fish kills." year ago one of them wrote: "I don't thin The weapon whichgivesall these there is a prayer of stopping the dam." No criticisms a deadly aim is the 1970 National he thinks the North Carolina Conservatiot Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Not only Council (NCCC), a university group calla does NEPA require a searching analysis of ECOS and other ecology organizations havt the true environmental costs of projects like a fighting chance in the Richmond, Va. New Hope, but it also forces a rigorous Circuit Court of Appeals. weighing of the alternatives. Among the What provokes his optimism is a series o. alternativesproposedbyl o c alcon- devastating attacks on the corps'"cost. servationists: a "dry" New Hope dam to be benefit" logic for the New Hope project. The closed only during floods or no dam at all. corps concedes that its dam will flood 14,300 Increasingly sure of theirground and acres of forest. farms and wildlife habitat angered by Denison's slapdash (30.000 acres at flood crest), but against this NEPA state- loss it stacks the following "benefits": (1) ment, local conservationists filedsuit against the corps lastsummer. Their suit is gettinga flood protection, (21 a stable water supply judicial back-of-the-hand and "pollution dilution" at the U.S. District flows f o r Court level, but its chanceson appeal look downstream cities on the Cape Fear River bright. and (3public recreation. Bulldozing or no, this boondogglecan be Typically. the corps has tried to behave stopped. President Nixon, after asif NEPA didnot all, ordered exist. Wilmington a halt to the Cross-Florida Barge Canalwhen District Engineer Col. Paul Denison at first itwasnearlyathird argued that the 1970 law did not apply to ex- finished. T he Administrationhasalsoagreedtore- isting projects. 'Alen, faced with a lawsuit, evaluate its huge Tocks Islandproject on the he patched together a bunch of dusty NewDelaware River. Andeven more germane, Hope documents and labeled them an "en-from the viewpoint of NorthCarolinians, is a vironmental impact"statement underfederal judge's decision againstconstruction NEPA. "If compiling and issuing a state-of the Cossatot River dam inArkansas; the ment will make people happy," Col. Denisoncorps, said the judge, failed to comply with snapped, "then that's what we'll do." Mean-NEPA. Meanwhile, the corps continued to bulldoze Like the Cossatot River dam, the New land; the reservoir is now one-third com-Hope project is one lostcause that may yet plete. turn into a big victory for environmentalists '37 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 13 Pepsi Starts Cleanup River,inggrandBottling is jurytaking Co.. indictment stepsunder to MIAMIa cleanfederal charg- (AP) pollution of the Miami Pepsi Cola signaturesWaltonof the South FloridaJames Izaak Redford,Of chairman Polluted Canal League, have saidbeen 7,000 col- shuttempted"Uncola a 24-inch this wide week drainage toA cement group calling itself the Underground" at- sewerareficialwastes system.""not says which acceptable are a A sopollution large dirty to part they our ofof the problem ducts.refusinglected from to drink peopleLeach, Pepsi who pro-the are former pollution didCola,plant somethingpipe into leading the."It's Dressel from about the Canal. bottling time someone and we did about Pepsi it," an haschargesweek, pouredconsultant,should said that oil, Pepsi's thePaul grease, PepsiThe Leach. pollution 19-cset- plant o u n t indictment be solved within a privatethecompanyCounty,control problem. consulting wasMonday hiredHe firm. toheads by the a director for tackleDade notfailedanonymous have becausetime tocaller set.theThe The said.cement federal moonlight did indictment at tem pl River.whichintotleable the flowssolids Dressel andinto Dairy fecal Thethe companyMiami Canal,matter paid a total of toilethowmystery.fecal itmatter could We is gethave "aLeach there.complete no ideasaid All the presence of facilities in the plant tectionfederalby followedthe countyAgency. a jointagency investigation and the Environmental Pro- county.onlastcharges$1.400 other June Itfiled and complaintsalso byhas is Dade thebeen object Countybynamed the of in files on similar devicepiPe."goesflow into which into the cesspools takescanalPepsi sludgedischarge and this out none week installed a beforetotalingPepsi the would $50,000. Pollution be liableThe Control tocompanyIf finesfound guilty is to on appear all counts, products.logy-mindedmoratoriumdeclared a people boycott who of have Pepsi by local eco- of greasesystem"restructure"he'sthe water, and Leachsettleable the said, presentsolids. and also for been working collecting oil, to similarindictment.Feb.triedBoard 4 toin for those Dade 11Jan. pollution in County27 the and federal charges Courtis to be OS SHEVIN CHARGES CARMAKERS SNUB POLLUTION BANS

TALLAHASSEE (AP)-- Atty. Gen. Robert Shevin Wednesday filed a federal anti-trust suit against four major American car-makers, charging they conspired to restrain trade in motor vehicle pollution control equipment.

Named in a 12-page suit filed in U.S. District Court herewere General Motors, Ford, Chrysler and American Motors. Shevin charged the four, along with the Automobile Manu- facturers Association, engaged "in a combination and conspiracy in restraint of interstate trade and commerce in motor vehicle air pollution control equipment." The attorney general said the activity violated U. S. anti-trust laws. He asked the court to order automakers to recall every motor vehicle manufactured since 1953 and install air pollution devices "at no cost to the present owners." The "big four" automobile companies since 1953 have conspired to eliminate all competition among themselves in the research, development, manufacture and installation of motor vehicle air pollution control equipment, Shevin charged in his suit. Shevin also alleged they conspired to "eliminate competition in the purchase of patents and patent rights from other parties" involving control devices. In addition to recalling automobiles, Shevin asked the court to order the four firms to pay damages to the state to make up for "costs to the state to control air pollution, costs to citizens, counties and cities for medical and health care necessitated by air pollution, and hindrance to the state's economy." Shevin said the court should decide how much damage was involved. No hearing date has been set. In filing the suit, Shevin said, "The case is extremely important in setting forth the broad common law powers of this office." He said in the near future he would "move into other antitrust and consumer protection areas." Shevin said Florida has nearly five million motor vehicles on its street and highways serving a population of 6.8 million. He said motor vehicles are the "major source of air pollution in the United States." Similar suits have been filed in 15 other states. Shevin charged the level of pollutants emitted into the air by automobiles manufactured by the four firms was "substantially greater" than the level which could have been attained under existing technology. /39 Polluters' Suits By Citizens OK'd TALLAHASSEE (AP) .Florida's lakes and Acting on a package of con- waterways. may "reasonably be expected iervationbills,theSenate Estimatedtoraise$1.75 to be a source of air or water Mondayvoted toal 1 o w pollution"to obtain perm's citizensto bringlawsuits million a year. the bill would against polluters. involve a portion of the taxes fromtheDepartmento f that are presently being paid Pollution Control. The bill. passed by a 34-8 by boatersbut"are being margin.was amended. usedforroad building Passed 41.0 a bill allow- however, andthat kept it ing theDepartment o from going to the governor purpos es that have nothing to do with beforeanothertriptothe boating,"said Natural Resources to import House. Weissenborn. fresh water fishand game The lawmaker said Florida Theamendmentsrequire was "losing the battle" "forthepurposeofco. those bringing the suit to give ducting experimen against.tiodeaand water 30 daysnotice tot h e aquatic weed control." prospective defendants.and mitle1111 irs, slid Seri. lardry also require the loser to pay Horne,D-Tallahassee,said Voted 41-0 toauthorize allattorneys fees and court the passage bf the legislation the governor to proclaim ex- costs. was essentialtopreserve traordinary fire hazards be- The bill allows "class ac- what we have left of our fresh cause of drought and to allow tion" suits against polluters. waters." him to restrict the movement These suits could be brought by citizens who were either Other action included: of people in those areas. The bill has already passed the directly or indirectly affected Passage by a 37-4 vote a by the pollution. The proposed House and now goes to the bill allowing the Department law would allow such suits to governor. be broughtagainsteither ofNaturalResourcest o private businesses or charge $5 an acre onnew Adopted33-7 abill g o vernment-run operationF oysterleases. Existing authorizingthe Game and such as waste tr ea tme n Fresh Water Fish Commission plants. leaseholders who are paying the old price of 50 centsan to conduct researchto Theaction came asthe develop thefarming o f Senate devoted most of the acre per year were day to conservation measures "grandfathered in"forten alligators in captivity. many of them bills which years. havealreadypassedt h e House. O Adopted23-17a b i 1 1 By a 38-2 vote, the Senate allowing the Departmentof adopted a bill by Sen. Lee NaturalResources to Weissenborn, D-Miami, to re- establish coastal construction quire 2 percent of the state's setback lines on a county-by- first four cent gasoline tax be county basis. usedinthebattle against Adopted 36.2abill re- aquaticseedsthatchoke gullinginstallation which STUDENT COMMENT NO. 16 A private citizen or an incorporated Clean Air Committee may bring a lawsuit or class action : Air Pollution and Lawsuits whenmentagainst it --city, is other involved county private in or ainterests lawsuitstate? Under whichwith a pollutecertainpolluter. thetheories In environment. some of states law, they theBut State canmay. theyBoardMany take muststates action take allow against the local initiative the Clean govern- Air committees to testify on behalf of the State Air Control Board l" tainfendInagainst eithercircumstances their case,the rights polluter; individuals against in order in theothers andto polluter assure conservation the burden ofa clean their is organizationsenvironment.environment.placed on the have polluterUnder the this whoright doctrine, wishes toA expressconcept to the challenge their knownstate, feelings county, as a Boardthe and trust city order. de- doctrine enables citizens or groups to sue the government under cer- etaryStatesertyor even is rights areentrusted federal the to ultimatesafeguard government to hold, "owners" thecontrol qualityare considered orof manageallof theland environment. a--publicfor fiduciary another. and for Theprivate the assumption people; --and asthat suchis is,that amay the exercisecitizens oftheir the propri- United In 1892, the Supreme Court rules that "the "person" to whom prop- idainmaystate freed has enjoyholds also from the upheld the navigationtitle obstruction tothe the trust oflands doctrine,the or under waters,interference andthe carry navigablethe ofrighton private commerce of waters... the parties."* people over in trusttothem, The compel for Supreme the the people government Court of theof the state to Stateprotect that they and have liberty to fishing thereof Flor- their rights to a clean environment. The right of the people to enjoy an unspoiled environment is based not only on the trust 133 doctrine, tion.but on Many a civil attorneys right derived believe from that the a CivilBill of Rights Rights Act and enacted the 14th by Amendment Congress in to the United States1871 Constitu- guarantees such a right. expressedlythatThissuch the interpretation a enumeration right. stated, The is14thwhich ofbuilt certain amendment resideprimarily rights with on forbidsin the thethe people; ninthBill the of governmentsand many Rights 14th have didamendments. arguednot of states,deny that the counties a existence clean environmentor cities is precisely The ninth amendment declares of other rights, not from depriving ofAmendment.federally-protectedcitizens citizens of affectedproperty Furthermore, by civilwithout the right pollution, ifdue ofa state processits citizensit grants is notof law; topropertyextending a cleantherefore, rights environmentequal any to protection afailure polluter constitutes by under withoutthese the agovernments violationtaking action of tothe on 14th law to all its citizens -- enforce the behalf 14z6 vironmentalthus violating groups, another as part educational of the 14th and Amendment. public-minded organizations, mayA apply private for organization or citizens' group can increase its effectiveness by incorporating non-profit corporate itself. En- tionintaxstatus. publicagainst deductible They lawsuits the polluter.may-- an against alsoobvious A qualify tax-exemptpolluters, financial as tax-exempt or environmentaladvantage. even private organizations, Such lawsuits,group groups may insomay not, whichlong retain however, as case all the objectivetheir tax-free is simply status an injunc-when involved contributions to them areassist in legal action where*Richard an individual T. Marshall seeks and payment Larry H. of Schwartz, damages. "What Can the Citizen do About Air Pollution?", The Environmental Law Handbook, (N.Y.: 1971), p.121 134 theSTUDENT Cross-Florida COMMENT Barge NO.Canal. 17 Conceived in 1942 as a means of shorteningA clear the shippinginstance ofdistance government from action which endangered the environment was the construction of : Cross-Florida Barge Canal Engineers,nearnorth-centralthe Yankeetown.Atlantic an seaboardagency Florida, The of 150-footintofrom the thegovernment Palatka Gulf wide, ofon 12 Mexico, thewhich foot St. deepJohnsis the employed canalartificial River, was indown waterway projectsto be the excavated Oklawaha suchwas toas bebyflood River carvedthe control, Army and 107 on Corps drainagemiles to the ofacross Gulf of gP land-owners.andallwetlands levels the President. andof government canalConstruction Supporters building. -- beganFlorida's As predicted plans in 1964.Congressional were appreciable Seven developed, years delegation, economic the--and project some benefits the enjoyed $50governor, millionfor almost shippers, influential in unanimouspublic manufacturers, taxstate funds support legislators later- andat - valleynearlyriver blanketedone-thirditself abounds ofwith the witha waterway thick fresh subtropical water had been fish, hardwood completed, and the valleyforest and whichisit hadan important reachedsupports the astopping Onewide Oklawaha of range theplace fewRiver.of along wildlife. remaining migratory The wild rivers in the nation, the Oklawaha meanders through a mile-wide ponds.canalroutes Treesby ofengineers. manystood Northdead Already or American dying, a stretch and bird theof species. the swamps Oklawaha All glowed this had was with been threatened the converted blaze by of Citizensintothehardwood continuedtwo ofstagnant logs.central escavation weed-choked Florida of became the increasingly concerned about the destructive swath being carved Orlando-basedacross the peninsula. conservation But what group recourse known did as thethey Florida have against Defenders an agencyof the Environment of the federal rallied government? public opinion An 135 formedgroupbenefits,against sought theto because help canal, the citizens assistancearguingit would file that destroy ofdamage environmentalthe Environmental the suits area in forpollution damage tourism causedcases. -- an Actingbyimportant the canalin source of revenue. Defense Fund, Inc. , of New York, a group of lawyers behalf of the Florida Defenders ofwould far outweigh its economic Finally, the irrevocableBarringtontheCorps Environment, claimed D.injury Parker as the might a government Environmentalfound occur for tothe agencythe plaintiffs, Defense swamps it was Fund ordering and "immune" attorneysthe river.a halt to Thesuchto canal judge suit, butfurther U.S. filed suit against the Corps of Engineers. The construction on the grounds that Districtpointed Court out Judgethe inconsist- citizensprogramsency of Congresscan to successfully protect in approving the environment.hold their a project own Four whichgovernment accountable for actionsThe case of the Cross-Florida Barge Canal provided graphic evidence for the days later Presidentdamaged Nixon orderedthe environment construction at the halted. same time it was launching which threaten the environment. fact that concerned 136 STUDENTsibility for COMMENT protecting NO. the 18environment. Much has been done in this direction.In today's Paradoxically, age of "ecological however, enlightenment," the government would appear to bear primary respon- :Everglades Construction Projects - Corps of Engineers projectstheCorps same of asgovernment Engineers. draining marshlands, whichA government combats building agencypollution levees which continues and is employed straightening to disrupt to "improve" the and environment dredgingTake, the for environment rivers, example,in other the instances. Corpsthe through serious has such ac- disturbance caused to the ecology of South Florida by the Army filtrationNationalquences.quired a Park.system reputation In this Before from case, for theman the proceeding marshes Corpsintervened, set to with outthe the toitssea. area drainprojects A possessedwide wide regardless variety expanses a delicately of of plantof possible land and balanced in animal negativethe swamps ecosystem life environmental was north supported with of Evergladesa naturalconse- with- Engineersstudiesin this environment, of thebypassed South Floridaincludingthe natural ecosystem. the filtration now nearly-extinct He of pointedthe marsh, out Everglades causingthat the watercanals kite andto constructed rush woodEcologist to stork.the by seaFrank the and Army C. deposit Craighead, Corps tons of sponsored by the National Geographic Society, has made extensive watertheingof swamp's theorganic level rainy destroyed oozenaturalyears in of filtration coastal much1968-70, marsh bays. capacities the vegetation Thisengineers posedwas suddenlyandalmost a serious wildlife. "drowned" sluiced threat intoto the the it Everglades, throughfishing industry.openings as water Furthermore,in farlevees. in excess The dur- rising of Ironically, the situation was reversed in 1971, threatenedwhen severe the drought,water supply aggravated of South by Florida. the engineers' Fires ravaged flood-control the parched measures, marshlands. killed much wildlife and 137 Dr.considerationsible Craighead for the despoilage warned as engineering that of such an inarea destruction government (Everglades could construction National be expected Park) projects. to supposedly recur until Itunder ecology can thusgovernment was be seengiven protection.that equal one arm of the government, the Army Corps of Engineers, was respon-

138 securitySTUDENT was COMMENT apparent inNO. the 19 controversy surrounding the test of a five-megatonThe conflict nuclear of environmental warhead under protection the groups and proponents of nuclear development for national : Conflict Over Underground Nuclear Tests mentedseveremissionAleutian objections thathad island "somereceived of fromAmchitka objections President environmental (off have Nixon's the beencoast groups approval raised of Alaska) in on tothree environmentaldetonate in nations. the fall a test ofAEC 1971.bombgrounds." Chairman Newsknown His that Jamesas remark theCannikin AtomicR. wasSchlesinger gave an Energy understate- rise com-to holdCanadianment. the In United addition Foreign States to Minister opposition responsible Mitchell in forthe Sharp anyUnited short stated, States, or long-term" Canadavigorous andeffects protests other of nations werethisThe test." heard fears threatened fromof the Japan environmentalistswill necessarilyand Canada. centered around three possibilities. First, seismologists (sci- waiithatIslandsentists theand form blast whowestern partmonitormight Northof generatean earthquake activeAmerica. a earthquake tsunami, activity)And third, or zonefeared giant conservationists which seathe wave,explosion wreathes which saw could the amight Pacificdanger trigger inundate ofOcean.) an radiation earthquake. the Secondly, shores leakage (The of it Japan,which wasAleutian feared Ha- onecies),could in peregrinecontaminate 10,000. "Environmental falcons fishing and waters sea damage otters around which has Amchitka been inhabit exhaustively and the endanger island. considered, the bald eaglesReplying and overriding (already to these a requirementsthreatened charges, Schlesinger spe- said he believed the odds on an earthquake or tidal wave were of national security have, of necessity, taken precedence," the AEC head concluded.A device similar to Cannikin, called Milrow, was detonated beneath Amchitka in 1969. 139 It caused no discerniblerevealed no environmental evidence of an damage. increased A studydanger by of the earthquakes National Oceanic in the area and after Atmospheric the blast; in fact it found the Administration headthanarea threewhich to be times isrelatively to morebe used powerfulstable. in the Opponents Safeguardthan the 1.2 of ABM Cannikinmegaton system. Milrow.criticized The X-rays the are intendedThe test to was deactivate designed enemy to measure war- the explosive force and X-ray yield of the Spartan missile war- study, observing that Cannikin was more againstmentalheads when groups,the test.they including Theyare intercepted failed. the Committee A aboveU.S. District the for atmosphere Nuclear Court ruledResponsibility, by the that ABM the dangersprojectile. attempted Claiminghad to received obtain the a AECproper court had injunction consid- not given sufficient consideration to environmental hazards, seven environ- thewouldwarheaderation. area, have and As was anthecost secured injunction attorney the government at thefor appeared bottomthe plaintiffsan unlikely.estimatedof the considered6,000 $50 foot to $100 testan appeal,shaft, million. and preparations Fishing the shaft boats was for were sealed.the testwarned Acontinued. postponement away from The 140 minalSTUDENT building COMMENT at Uplands NO. Field 20 in Ottawa, Canada. TIAe pilot decided toA "buzz"few years the ago,airport. a Lockheed The plane F-104 Starfighter was flying over the glass and stainless-steel ter- : Supersonic Transport (SST) intobeautifuldove damages.the ground; to terminala low window level building and frames flashed was popped largely across out; destroyed.the beams runways, twisted, Glass traveling fragmented doors over were 1000 and unhinged. mileswalls collapsed; There ceilings fell per hour. BOOM! The was over $300,000 sonicairflying shows flight faster and and than attention an the ear-splitting speed getters of sound usedhazard by creates to flying our aenvironment teams.sonic boom. Today and In they theto public arepast, a major thesehealth.This boomsthreat incident to commercialrepresents a major problem now facing the United States airline industry. A jet plane were attractions at super- CP theofments, pounds earth, and outracingof isthrust, expected thethe SSTsun to be atpromises in30 commercial miles a revolutionper minute. service in The airby travelthemost mid-1970's. remoteby slashing places WithA through supersonic in engines the theworld skyproducingtransport will12 miles be (SST) thousands above is being developed as a joint project by the British and French no more govern- Thisthan1990. 12usually Fromhours is oneaway. not pointa problemOne of expert view because estimatesthis represents air moves that the progress.out world's of the Fromairlinesway at another, muchwill need lessEvery it is than decidely airplane, the speed including of sound. the The paper variety made by schoolboys, pushes air aside as it more than 500 SST's by a "mixed blessing." moves. speed of sound (Mach-1) at sea level is about 768 miles per hour. An airplane, however, may move at supersonic speeds--that is faster than the speed of sound. The 141 breaksairmolecules cannot through move are this forcedthat barrier, fast together and a thusloud, and cannot double create "get thunderclapa sort out of gaseousthe isway" heard. wall of the called aircraft. the sound barrier. As the In the air cone created behind the speed- When this happens, the air aircraft blereallying boom. aircraft, prepare air us rushes for what in violentlymay be expected to refill fromthe partial the SST. vacuum. An SST These flying effectsWe at have60,000 are already the feet source creates had some a boom- experience with the sonic boom, but experts tell us that this does not of the dou- determined,milespressure across. pattern but The there (or effects isa shock-wavemuch on apprehensionpeople who live that in they the mayarea beover extremely which the unpleasant giantThere plane has and beenis even strong support for the development of an SST by the United States. cone) which will reach 30 miles back of the plane and will measure 60 flying remain to be In 1971, however,dangerous. Cit countries.importance.reasonsCongress for rejected the action a program by Congress, for this but purpose the warnings sponsored of by the Nixon administration. There were It has even been suggested that our airports should be closed to SST's operated by other environmental disruption were certainly of great various bethathave effectively any the suchUnited projectcontrolled. States will construct be vigorously an SST opposed will be revivedunless it at can some be shownfuture date.thatThere the is keen international competition in aerial transportation, and it is possible that It seems probable, however,environmental menace can proposals to ECOLOGY. Oxford Book Company 142

evaluativeobjectivityTEACHER processCOMMENTto evaluating by devising NO. student 1 a rotationparticipation system in wherebyclass discussions. two or three The students teacherThe following wouldmay involve evaluate checklist class is offered mem- as an example of a device which may be used to lend a degree of : Participation Evaluation students in the cludedetc.)ifbers the duringHowever, teacher in this class wishessuggested this discussion type to discriminatechecklist: of scale per4ods. is not among easily cognitive employed. skills The of following the students, catagoriesOnly four for simple evaluation catagories are in-are employed in this checklist. More complex scaling may be included (i. e. recall, synthesis, analysis, 4.3.2.1. RelevanceQuantityClaritythinkingContent of byof ofstudentexpression student'sstudent. student's contribution. remarks andremarks presentation as to these subject indicateby under student. knowledgeconsideration. of topic, critical and/or innovative Cif propriateThe1-4. evaluator column. may The indicate other categoriesquantity of should student's be remarksrated on bythe simply following placing qualitative a scale of1 - Poor (incorrect and/or inappropriate) check in the ap- ZV samedent's line.name when he initially participates and continue evaluation of any ofThe his following chart may be adapted for use in theThere evaluation is no need to record the student's name until the point of initial contribution. 432 - GoodExcellentFair (complete and appropriate) described above. Simply record stu- subsequent comments on 1. Sam Sunshine NAME QUANTITY 3,CONTENT 1 2 RELEVANCE4, 1, 3 3, 3, 3 CLARITY 3.2. 146 .______. _ TEACHER COMMENT NO. 2 : Chronology of Conservation Legislation (1965-69) Whiskeytown-Shasta-TrinityParksacres and in Pennsylvania Recreation. and New (225, 000 acres in northern Authorization of additions of the Delaware Water Gap Jersey); Spruce Knob Recreation Area 1965 California); Assateague National Seashore (40,000 (100,000 acres in West Virginia); Recreation Area (72,000 HighwayMonumentacres Beautification in in New Maryland York). Act. and PL 89-285 Virginia); and Ellis Island (27.5 acres to be added to the authorized a new program for beautifyinglandscaping the of areas adjacent to the highways. Statue of Liberty National nation's Federal-aid 1,1Co,CII highwaysParks and through Recreation. removal Authorization of junkyards of and additions 1966 of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore (8, 721 acres TrapacresLookoutin Indiana, Farmin Montana National 35Park miles (96 andSeashore from acres Chicago); 13(30,000 miles acres in Wyoming); Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore Guadalupefrom Washington, Mountains NationalD.C. , in Park Virginia, (77, 582 the acres first in North Caroana); Bighorn Canyon Recreation (67, 000 acres in Michigan); and Wolf Federal park to be de- Area Texas);(63, 300 Cape andNationalvoted real primarily estate Park Foundation.from to the the performing public PL 90-209to support the programs arts). established a foundation to accept donations 1967 of the National Park Service. of money, securities viewPublic Commission, Land Law. PL which 90-213 was extended created in the 1964 to study Federal lifemanagement and authorized and additional funds for 147. disposal statutes and thereg- Public Land Law Re- advanceWetlandsulations forappropriations Preservation. the approximately forPL acquisition 90-205 770.8 extended million of wetlands acres for eight offor land migratoryyears the 1968 owned by the Federal Government. birdperiod conservation. during which Congress could make lishedthusandConservation enabledavoiding in 1964, the Fund.a had periodFederal been S 1401of Government plaguedprice provided speculation both tonew by hasten inadequate sources before acquisition theof revenues revenueGovernment of land and soaring for the Land and Water Conservation Fundauthorizedtook forover Federal the land. recreation The Fund areas, estab- land prices. NationaloutstandingWildfor land and Trails acquisition. Scenic stretches System. Rivers of S System. rivers827 established from S119 incompatible established a nationwide awater National system resource Wild of trails development,and Scenic Rivers pollution or and authorized up to $5, 500, 000 System to preserve commercial- W-VI WildernessParksization. and System.PreservationRecreation. Five Additions Systembills added - ofthe morethe first Redwood thanadditions 800,000 National since acres the Park ofsystem Federally(58, 000was acres authorizedowned in land in to 1964. northern California); the National EnvironmentalNorth(201, Cascades 253 acres PolicyPark in Utah (505, Act. and 000PL Wyoming). 91-190acres in made northern environmental Washington); protection and Flaming a matter Gorge of Recreationnational policy 1969 Area and ParkParkscreated in Florida;and a three Recreation. PLman 91-42 Council PL authorized 91-88 on Environmental added funds 6,640 to complete acres Quality, of privatelythewith acquisition members owned appointed of land land to for the by the the 148. Everglades National PadrePresident. Islands National Seashore in Texas; PL 91-60 established a national monument at the site of the Florrisant Fossil whicherosionGreatBeds authorized (6,000Plains in ten acresConservation. Plains Federal near states. Pike's contracts PL Peak 91-118 with in Colorado).extended farmers forfor retirement20 years the of Great land underPlains programs Conservation to combat Act of soil 1956,

149. TEACHER COMMENT NO. 3 Stricter regulations on oil spills anchored the Water Quality Improvement Act passed by : Water Quality Control Congress prohibitedbill.and signed theby President flushing ofNixon raw insewage 1970 followingfrom boat a toilets; long deadlock tightened between restrictions HouseBesides on and thermal holding oil companies liable for up to $14 million to clean up oil spills, the legislation also Senate versions of the pollution emana- tingoncides fromEnvironmental on nuclearthe nation's power Quality. waterways. plants and called for the determination of criteria concerningIt also created an Office of Environmental Quality to serve as a staff for the President's the effects of pesti- Council 1.The OIL provisions POLLUTION of the Water QualityA. Improvement The discharge are of as oil follows: into navigable waters of the United States or adjoining shorelines is B.C. The Penalties President will is beauthorized assessed to for determine failuretoFederalcontrary fish, of what shellfish,vessel Water to quantities U.S. operators Pollution wildlife, policy. of oroil,Control beaches operators Act. and public and private shorelines--thus violating the would constitute a threat of onshore or off- D. The President is authorized to removeknowingly$10,shore any 000, facilities oil operatingimprisonment spill tonot inform aproperly vessel up the toor appropriate onefacility year. which Fines U.S. is of agencydischarging up to of$10,000 any oil oil in may spill.violation also be of levied the for 150. treated by the responsible Fines range up to Act. E. The vessel of facility responsibleconduct,lower,party. forernment,costs the (The unlessof spillliability cleaning or Coast isthean liable actisspill Guardit unlimited. ofup, towas a up thethirdis the theto U.S. $100power.result preferred per of If angross the instrument act spill tonof God,resultsof oil for war, or fromsuch $14 negligence willfulmillion negligence total,by the whichever or is clean-up.) Government for the U. S. Gov- mis- G.F. InA Nationalthe event Contingency of a marine Plandisaster for behazard,the3aused utilized removalgovernment remove by in anof the oil or may,event wasspilldestroy if offrom necessary imminent any an vesselonshore and which substantialor offshore is creating threat facility. the to dangerthe of established by the President, to It established criteria for public health and welfare to abate a pollution discharging oil. H. A revolving fund of $35 million wasemergencyalvention setting establishedboth to ofup prevent oil clean-upregional in discharges, the and contingencyoperations to clean including up by plans spills. the a regulationfederal and set forth that procedures vessels carry government. U.S. Treasury to cover costs of and requirements for pre- the necessary materi- mediate and serious health hazard, and establish criteria for their 3.The2. CONTROL OTHER President HAZARDOUS OF is authorizedSEWAGE POLLUTING FROM to designate VESSELS. SUBSTANCES. those discharges, otherremoval. than oil, which constitute an im- createissuethe discharge regulations an unreasonable of sewage concerning demand into the such uponnavigable devices. small waters However,recreational of the craft. Means were provided for establishing federal standards for marine requirementsUnited were not States. to be The construed Coast Guardso as to was directed to Time limits for compliance were two years sanitation devices to prevent for new vessels, five years for existing vessels. The4. AREA federal ACID government AND MINE has WATER the authority POLLUTION. to join in 151. agreements with states or interstate agencies forother the purposemine water of implementing pollution from demonstration active or abandoned projects mines. concerning the elimination5. GREAT or control LAKES of POLLUTION. acid or Greateral governmentLakes. into agreements with subordinate governmental agenciesAn within6. authorizationALASKA the watershed DEMONSTRATION similar of to the the one PROJECTS. concerning mine pollution was applied to the entry of the fed- munity facilities for safe water and to abate water pollution in Alaskan villagesAll7.The federalFEDERAL federal lacking agencies government GOVERNMENT such andfacilities. departments is authorized COOPERATION. engaged to conduct in public demonstration works activities projects are providing required central to meet com- water revocationcompliancequalitystances standards into for with theviolation water establishednation's quality of navigablewater in standards thequality Act. waterways standards.areBoth necessary a mayfederal be before licenseconstructed. any or facilitypermit Licenses whichand a or statemight permits certificate discharge are subject showing sub- to ities which affect the environment implement the provisions of the Water QualityThe9.8. TRAINING OFFICEfunctionSecretary Improvement OF of ofGRANTS ENVIRONMENTALthis the office Act.Interior AND is to isSCHOLARSHIPS. assureauthorized QUALITY. that everyto issue federal grants department or contracts or toagency colleges involved and universities with activ- ortomay assistto students be in awarded the already development to undergraduate accepted of intoeducational studentsantipollution programs entering programs. occupationsin water quality related control. to antipollution In addition, treatment scholarships works, 152. liabilitytrol bill, forcentering oil spills. on the greater stringency of the Senate bill concerning theThere conditions was a wideand extent gap between of the original House and Senate versions of the water pollution con- Lobbies for the oil and gasoline industries reportedly exerted heavy influences oilHousebills.against spills A plan suchcomposite in onthe liability liabilities. original bill measures. finally Senate cleared bill, Months attributed committee, were spentthe eventualapproaching in conference clearing the in Senate of an a attemptstrong version bill to morereconcile to public closely thereaction thantwo the to Senator Edmund Muskie (D-Maine), who had introduced the key provision on totheFla.),spill the occurence stifferwas whose believed liability ofconstituency major to provisions have oil spills awayedwas ofdirectlyoff the Novathe Senate committee's affected. Scotia, bill, in Cramer helping Tamparanking had toBay Republican cause previously and theoff lengthy Newmember, maintained Orleans. stalemate. William aThe staunch C.Tampa Cramer opposition Bay (R. - 153. Instructions:TEACHER COMMENT NO. 4 collectedofStudents how valuableand are eachto list each group members was member's in accomplishingof their total group score (withthe is group'sdetermined the exception goals. by The of : Small Group Self-Evaluation adding up the themselves)numberranking he in of the members order is lowestbywas listing ranked total them by score each from is of consideredthe his lowest fellow total togroup be score the members. most to the valuable. highest total score. SMALL GROUP SELF-EVALUATION Sample Form for Students Each student's group rank is determined The member with the C")Fy Instructions: namesgoals.List group Doin the notmembers order list your of in their theown orderimportance name. of howFor toexample valuable your ifeach your was group in accomplishing has six group's success. By each name indicate the members, list five the group's that you Rank Order of Members of the Group.(Names) wish.grade This you individual think each evaluation member deserves will remain and makeconfidential. any comments about their work Letter Grade They Deserve Comments 3.2.1. 5.4. 154 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 5 : Small Group Flow of Contributions TimeDateProblem to Instructions: F-1. participantsrespondsCircle each toin number the groupnumber that and cor- of I-1Ch - tributionfirstDrawberwrite onperson a the onestraight to namewho ofeach the makes line ofsucceeding numbers. each fromthe a con-mem- discussionEvaluatorcontributor proceeds. as long as the 155 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 6 : Small Group Pattern of Contributions DateProblemTime to reInstructions:Circle spond each s to numberthe number that cor-of C") Drawparticipantscontribution)berwriterow onan thein onearrow proportion name in of thefrom (lengtht ofhe group each numbers.theto lengthof c mem-and ar-o n- of wardgroup,diwhomtributorrected. r e cthe the t direct toward eIfcenter dcontribution the toward the contributiontheof arrowthe theperson circle. entireis di- to is to- Evaluator 156 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 7 : Small Group Individual Evaluation ExcellentDate 1 Poor Time Item to Problem Participation 1 2 3 4 5 3.1.2. WasKept Usedwell running prepared prepared outline foroutline discussion of discussionproperly 1 22 3 4 5 6.4.5. ContributionsContributed readily were presentedat every opportunity at the proper time 11 2 33 44 55 9.8.7. ShowedContributions evidence were of briefclearly a firm graspstated of discussion theory iA 1 2 3 4 5 12.11.10. ShowedReasonedDemonstratedUsed constructive open-mindedness critically objectivity reasoning rather than intentional reasoning CJ05 1 2 3 4 5 15.14.13. AnsweredListenedProvided questions wellsources to contributions of asked facts of and him otherof readily others bases for opinion readily 1 2 33 44 55 18.17.16. DemonstratedCourteousTalked clearly, and an respectfuldistinctlyattitude of and ofcooperation others audibly (didn't rather interrupt, than competition etc.) 11 2 3 4 5 20.19. AssistedEncouraged in providing others to leadership contribute services to the discussion Total Evaluation 1 2 3 4 5 Rating of thetotal whole performance group in in relation relation to to other other group members discussions of the groupwitnessed. Group Evaluation Instructions: Circle the number for each item that tends to represent your opinion about the quality of participation demonstrated. 157 Evaluator GroupTEACHER Reporting COMMENT NO. 8 : Evaluation of Listening Skills I. ATTENTION GIVEN REPORTERS Excellent (5 points) (check one) Good (4 points) Fair ( 3 points) U. VALUABLE QUESTIONS ASKED OF REPORTERS Poor (1 point) Possible Points (check one) 5 Your Points NoneMany (0 (points) 5 points) PossibleSome (4 points) Points 5 Your Points Few (2 points) III. ADDED INFORMATION GIVEN AND/OR FACTS RETAINED BY LISTENERSNone(Much 5 points) (0or points)many Some (4 points) (check one)Few (2 points) Evaluation of (Student's Name) 158 Possible Points 5 TotalYour Points 11111 Amor' TEACHER COMMENT NO, 9 : Evaluation Form For Oral Report I.Subject Knowledge of Report of subject mat ter and/or what way questions were answered. (To be filled in by students and/or teacher) Student reporting U. Presentation of material by using audio/visual a.d.a. Charts ExcellentPoor (1 point) (5 points) b. Mapsb. Good (4 points) aids. Evaluate each aid used from Points Earned c.c. Graphs Fair (3 points) 0-5 points. 11 j.g.d. Puzzles/GamesGuestFilmstrips Speaker k.-e.h. SkitsSlides Table Display Points Earned 1.i.f. StudyFilmsOther Guides III. Equipment used in presentation. d.a. Film Opaque Projector Projector Evaluate each aid b.usede. Filmstrip Globe from 0--5 Projector Points Earnedpoints. f Chalkboardc. Overhead Projector IV.V. Speaker's Evaluation attitude of the towards participation listeners, d.a. ExcellentPoor b. Good tone, and quality of voice should be Points Earned c. Fairconsidered. Evaluate as #1. d.a. ExcellentPoor of the members of the b. Good 159 groups. (Use where applicable) TotalPoints Points Earned c. Fair ingTEACHER the solutions. COMMENT NO. 10 Brainstorming is a creative process of suggesting possible solutions to problems without justify- It could be called "ideation." : Brainstorming very short time. "One idea deserves another!" TheBrainstormingBrainstorming rules are very has is creativeitssimple: value thinkingin the potentiality as opposed of to a criticalgroup to thinking. turn up a large number of ideas in Criticala thinking comes later. d.c.b.a. ImprovementsQuantity,ContributionsCritical judgment,brevity are (hitch-hike) uninhibited.wanted. justification, Be on practicableother and ideas evaluation anddesirable. specific. is forbidden. CT:C1`)4.41 PossibleTopic:e. Contributions: Think freely; speak up! How can we reduce highway accidents? 4.3.2.1. OthersPrisonRaiseIncrease minimum sentence Highway agefor Patrol drinkingof drivers. drivers. 160. TEACHER COMMENT NO. 11 There are several types of sanctions which the government may employ against polluters. : Government Sanctions and The Environment tent,volvingthe enforcement or ata prisonleast negligence, termof environmental or large on fine the partisprotection likely of the to polluterrequirelaws, for the -- several beyondpi.:)secution reasons. a reasonable to proveThe first is criminal prosecution. This avenue, however, has rarely been First, a criminal conviction in- doubt. before a jury willfull in- followed effectively in Secondly, it would bleofbeonly theextremely evidence fifthbe fined, amendment without difficult not emprisoned. benefit to against assay of individualdiscoveringself-incrimination, Furthermore, culpability vital ininformation criminalthus within requiring proceedings aknown corporate the only government tothe defendants enjoy structure; and corporations themay defendants. to furnish incontroverti- If lost, athe protection penaltiessecurecult.criminal a caseconvictionwhich may are not too in be alenient jury appealed. trial, would and not might constitute deter an effectiveIf deterrent penalties to are pollution; too harsh, they would lose public support. This would make it very Finally, the establishment of appropriate punitive measures is diffi- judges from imposing the penalties. On the other hand, it is much more difficult to civilment.economical action. for large corporations to absorb minor fines than to install expensiveAn effective alternative to criminal prosecution is the impositionIf of large monetary enough, such penalties may be effective deterrents even to large pollution control equip- penalties throughcorporations, espe- doubt,ciallyremediation. if it imposedis much Moreover, morethrough likely directsince to achieveciviladministrative action abatement. does action. not require They maytrial byalso jury be and proof beyond a 161. cumulative, assuring long-term reasonable knowingly.tionlates of the a preponderancelaw Although is the injunction. an injunction of the evidence,Applied can usually to without environmental be appealedstipulating by that the thepolluter, violationThe most effective and most widely used administrative remedy against cases, it may be granted merely upon presenta- a temporary restrainingbe willful order or even performeda business firm which vio- fearthereliefor effectiveness preliminaryof severein situations economic injunctionof injunctionsof chronic repercussions may abuse,in often environmental such besuch granted as as the unemployment. control. continuouspending further pollution (Immediate legal of action. At present, two factors limit Courts are usually hesitant to grant immediate a river by an industrial plant, for injunctions are most likely to injunctionsible,whichbe granted encouragingwould remainsin bethe irrevocable.) case an"stalling" effectiveof anticipated Secondly,tactics means environmentalon of thelengthly environmental part ofdelays polluters.damages, control.in litigation However,such if procedures could as the desecration-- inof onea natural case area,five years -- are pos- be expedited, e°) Alternatively,problemready filed intrinsic suit. the toPrecedentgovernment this channel for may suchis the seek action difficulty to recover exists of ingaugingdamages the awarding damages for of suffered trebleA fourth enforcement device open to the government is to initiate a private person, providing he has not al- a civil action for damages. damagesOne to individuals byproven the government itself. figureed1942.by bythe the airProofgovernment amount pollution of damage of toandan have illegal thenis the been triple pricechief victimized them? increaselimiting Simple by factorand prices triplecivil which penalties it, how violated do contain the theEmergency on sanctions which award damages; while it is easy to you measure the exact damages inflict- advantage of not requiring quan- Price Control Act of edtitative acts. proof, merely a demonstration of the A particularly stringent instrument of enforcement is the licensing of all businesses occurrence of prohibited acts, or failure to 162.perform prescrib- by the govern- thatlationslyment, serveoutweigh suchwith as a asanylicensesstrong a ecologicallarge deterrent to power be forfeited gains. plantto pollution, Nevertheless, or upon a major violation it could industrial a licensingalsoafter become plant device could create social and economic a warning. While such a practice would undoubted- onerous, in that the shut-down of instal- may gain support if the environmen- problems compellingatal manner crisis deepens.as the to complycontinuation with ofenvironmental essential production laws. Just in spiteas it ofhas a occasionallystrike, the Anothergovernment acted optionin the could publicopen to interest the government by is to seize control of a polluting plant and operate it in intervene in such tainingmethoda returnflagrant production wouldthe instance plant probably asto of muchits pollution, management, lessen as possible the occupy problem with during the compensation ofplant the lost interim.long jobs, enough with to be the todetermined governmentimplement via correctiveretaining the Court employees measures, of Claims. and then This main- fiscationoutsides compensation. in of the boats plant employed Thisitself, action making in smugglingis based the property on or the distilleries anthropomorphic subject towhich seizure violate concept in alcohol thatA morethe tax environmental laws. drastic form ofoffense seizure would be out-and-out forfeiture of the plant to the government, with- a manner analagous to governmental con- It allows the govern- re- atgovernmentment which to compensate governmental may at the for enforcement sameeconomic time inheritproblems is to bea considerable applied.deriving from burden the installation in management. Inof additioncontrol equipment, to choosing but which the sanction is to be utilized, considerable importance lies with the stage Ideally, enforcement procedures should be designed ulatorywhichto allow is action themost potential tosuitable a specific polluter to his point owna wide of economic applicationrange of situation.options where on enforcementHowever, how to avoid practical is the most environmental considerations feasiole and damage least usually costly. in limit For 163. a way reg- example, it is much more efficacious to forbid the manufacture of detergents containing phosphates rather thanmonitoredsulfurcult to to prohibit levelsachieve systematically. in theirthroughliquid use. and regulation The solidControl reduction fuels, of non-biodegradablegaseouswhich of sulfur is emissions, a moredioxide viable containers butin the itenforcement hasatmosphere beencould realized most instrument of largeeffectively through cities because the beis veryattainedrestriction it can diffi- be by of tiveindustry-wideimposingenforcement advantage, controls placingcontrolsprogram at their allwould aimed on source, an preventprimarily equal or by basis.corporations atforbidding the Other consumer, problemsfrom interstate exploiting which could shipment would besuch attacked be of measures unmanageable.such fromitems, to severalachieve as opposedThe pointsa imposition competi- to simul- an of taneously.allbiditantly existing the imposemanufacture vehicles. emission or shipment control regulationsof certain kinds on the of manufacture engines, and ofestablish all new general cars, restrict emission fuel standards additives, for for- In the case of air pollution from automobile exhaust, for example, government could concom- However,priorenvironmental to the in actual many consequences emissioncases the ofonly pollutants,may clearly be extremely discernible preferably difficult pointat a juncture toof ascertain.arrest where is the Therefore, Mostenforcementemission of the although stage, measures is mostwhere it is describedpractical. wisespecific for abovethe are intended to curtail the pollution process at some point themethodsgovernment only effective of control, to seek mode suchalternate of enforcementas subsidies, points of will incentives, application be to impose charges wherever controls and possible, government on actual itAs is emissions. inevitableanpurchasing alternative in power. many to the cases sanctions that outlined above, the government may exercise other, more subtle 164. inTEACHER four spearate COMMENT situations, NO. administered12 in each As it presently stands, federal law provides for federal : Role of the Environmental Protection Agency in Air Pollution case thrcugh the Administrator of the Environmental abatement procedures against polluters governments.magnitudeProtection Agencyor urgency and leaving the enforcement of The first situation is an instance of intrastate air . However, federal intervention has been most pollution control measures to statepollution and local where the governor of the statevery judicious, limited to cases of great re- immediatesecondthequests effect intervention procedure, of legal the pollutionaction added by the to in tostopAdministration thebe pollution ofAir sufficient Quality which of Standardssignificance the creates EPA. Act of an "imminentEven so,and he tosubstantial mayjustify proceed the endangerment exercise only if ofhe federaldeterminesto the jurisdiction. A1967, authorizes the Administrator to take regionsityhealthsituations for offederal designated persons,"* of interventionextraordinary by if thestate EPA. applies and severity, Iflocal the to theauthoritiesfailuresuch enforcement as of killer have of one state to enforce controls causessmogs air caused pollution by airto inversions.failed The third to act. possibil- This provision is airintended quality only standards for within air quality control theofintervene.affect polluter.the Departmentother He states does ofwithin so Health, only the if Education region,he finds they that and the Welfare, state involved has failed In existence for five years, this procedure has may request (though not require) the EPA Administrator to never been invoked, by either the Secretary to take reasonable action against Sectionuation is 105 the of only the caseClean where Air Act a state of 1963, may ifrequire the the federal government source of pollution is 165.in one state and the adverse effector the Administrator of the EPA. The fourth sit- to intervene. As provided in in another, the governor or state air pollution control agency of one of the states involved (or, with state thanstateisapproval, evidence that officials in awhich ofmunicipality) toair subsequentthe pollution discharge may "which consultations. originates."require is alleged the Administrator** to The endanger Administrator ofthe the health EPA may or to takewelfare call the a conference, initiativeof persons of providedin summoning a state otherthere tonotof intervene,unusual the states. gravity. an And individual althoughIn all but citizen there one instance,iscannot one situation require initiative himwhere for to suchact,states under intervention may any compel federalFederal rests th,.: enforcement withAdministrator intervention the federal procedure. inof agency, thethe enforcementEPA of air pollution controls is thus seen to be limited to cases ** Ibid.PoliciesFrank p. 105.P. and Grad, the GeorgeLaw ( New W. York:1971),Rathjens and P. Albert 103 J. Rosenthal, Environmental Control: Priorities, 166. stateTEACHER level, through COMMENT a central NO. 13 Most water pollution control, with the exception agency, or on different regional water basin:State levels and Municipal Governemtn Control of of local sewage regulation, is Water Pollution within the state, with lodged at either a torsmeansstatessepara.a an of opportunityhave inspectionsagencies. laws which to The oranswer amoduscall monitoring forthe operandi charges system, for enforcement or it a hearing as soon as a violation is discovered, to give being brought against them. In may be limited to responding to complaints. Most may consist of an active pursuit of violators emergency situations, some the alleged viola- by C.4 anceasebe orderstates conducted and isauthorize usually desist, as soon atliablethe the control thereafter discretionto both civil of andthe agencycriminal commissioner. sanctions. agency to issue an order prior to a hearing; in suchas possible. instances The customary remedy following A violator who fails to comply with such a hearing is an order to the hearing must i tions.$3,000.civil Someaction. In Florida,states The rangelevy the fines ofcivil such topenalty penalties is $1,000 is wide for Civil penalties for failure to meet water quality a maximum of only one or two hundred dollars; others from state to state, eachjust asoffense, it is with and airthe pollution criminal penalty forstandards may be recovered separately range as high as a misde- through viola- whichreliefstatesmeanor includes th.roughconsider consists fines injunctioneach of ranging a day $1,000 of in fromviolation cases fine $500 andwhere to ato beyear $2,the 500violatorin prison and for each offense. a separate offense. Most states have statutes which provide fails to complyimprisonment with previous of agencyup to a yearorders. for All each offense. Some New York has a criminal penalty basedstate onlaws records provide from for the judicial previous appeal hearing and forbefore review of agency orders. 167. the agency, although in some instances the In most cases, such a review is courts are directed to conduct a fresh review of the situation. The main responsibility of municipalities in controlling water pollution is to maintain the purity pollutionlities,ofseptic the underwater tanks of wellsupplythe and appropriate water private by enforcing and sewage other health proper waterdisposal code supplysewage regulations systems sources. disposal are or constructed, subdivisionNon-compliance procedures. andordinances, in usually such ato constitutesway see asthat to necessaryprevent a misde- the It is generally up to the municipa- fromsewageinspectormeanor. the localdiSposal In has most healthexamined systems,cases, agency. ait. personand The they permitwho generally wishes often havetospecifies install the authority athat private the systemto disposal intervene not system be summarily buried must until obtainin situationsa sanitary a permit Most municipalities also hold the responsibility for policing malfunctioning wherementthemselves.owners thefacilities to malfunction hook Local for up the lawswith hasdevelopment maypublic created also sewers acompel publicas aas whole. soon developersnuisance. as they Some of become subdivisions municipalities available, to furnish assuming render community it assessedcompulsory expensessewage for home- treat- 168. TEACHER1. COMMENT NO. 14: eachAdvise be studentsdebating that and theydeciding will nowupon participate an issue arising in a mock from session the following of the Senatehypothetical in which situation: they will Roleplaying Procedures HisareofducedSenatorsince argumentPresident repetitive a December billSava toNixon'srests of Dime,eliminate those fundamentally2, Reorganization1970.representing carried the Senator EPA, out on bywhich aDime hisPlanconserative, other belief wascontendsNumber Federal createdthat agricultural 3thethat departmentsand by EPA the hasCongressional functionsis been adistrict, part and in ofexistence ofagencies. thehas approvalthe intro-EPA un- planningfavorablelaws.financialnecessaryracy The in savingsrecenta reportadditionsSenate strong years. to andCommitteefloor the which no HeSenatefight substantial saysHave for on on that hisbeenGovernment Senator proposal.reductionelimination made Dime's to Operationsinthe ofenforcement bill;cumbersome this however, agency has ofreturned Federal wouldSenatorenvironmental resultan bureauc- Dime un- in is Cti 2. considerDivideresearchbill and class the 3 the groups followinginto organization, 6 thesmall responsibilitytype groups, offunctions, questions assigning of powers,defending in preparing3 groups enforcement the the forEPA responsibilityeventual against techniques, debate: opposition. of etc.defendingWhy of Each was EPA thegroupSenator and EPA should is Dime'screated?to fully HowWhatsibilitiesready are are existing) such the as responsibilitieswellfunds governmental as expended? the EPA? of Whyagencies?the EPA? or Why Could not? otherthese What agenciesresponsibilities are the budgetaryor departments be assumedrequirements meet by these other of EPA?respon- (al- 3. Upon completion of research, have students organize a mock session of the Senate by electing a 169. toPresident serve as Vice-President,Pro Tempore and Senator Secretary Dime, of theand Senate.Chairman of Government Operation Board.) (Students should select class members willInstructonshould bebill responsible studentscontinueunder consideration. onuntil forrules bparticipating oth for sides debateRoll-call have onin exhausted votedebate.Senate should floorVice-President argument follow. and advise and willhave class preside voted that each to over close class debate debate member which and vote

170. der

Water Pollution Control Funds For Fiscal 1968-70 tzi C) (In millions of dollars) tzi 1968 1969 1970 States Authorized Allocated Authorized Allocated Authorized Allocated

Total $450.0 $203.0 $700.0 5214.0 $1,000.0 $800.0 0

ALABAMA 8.4 4.1 12.9 4.1 18.3 14.7 ALASKA 1.2 .9 1.5 .9 1.9 1.6 tzi ARIZONA 3.8 2.0 5.6 2.1 7.8 6.3 ARKANSAS 5.2 2.9 7.6 2.8 10.6 8.6 CALIFORNIA 35.3 14.6 56.9 14.9 82.8 65.6 COLORADO 4.7 2.4 7.1 2.4 10.0 8.1 CONNECTICUT 6.2 2.9 9.7 2.9 13.9 11 1 p DELAWARE 1.6 1.1 2.3 1.1 3.0 2.5 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 2.3 1.3 3.3 1.3 4.6 3.8 FLORIDA 11.8 5.3 18.6 5.4 26.8 21.4 GEORGIA 9.8 4.6 15.1 4.6 21.6 17.3 HAWAII 2.2 1.4 3.0 1.3 4.1 3.4 IDAHO 2.5 .5 3.4 1.6 4.5 3.7 ILLINOIS 22.9 9.6 36.7 9.8 53.4 42.3 INDIANA 11.1 4.9 17.5 5.0 25.2 20.0 IOWA 6.9 3.3 10.7 3.3 15.3 12.2 KANSAS 5.7 2.8 8.6 2.6 12.2 9.8 KENTUCKY 7.8 3.7 12.0 3.8 17.0 13.6 LOUISIANA 8.3 4.0 12.7 4.0 18.1 14.5 MAINE 3.1 1.9 4.5 1.9 6.1 5.0 MARYLAND 7.5 3.5 11.8 3.6 17.0 13.6 MASSACHUSETTS 12.0 5.3 19.1 5.4 27.6 22.0 MICHIGAN 18.0 7.7 28.7 7.8 41.6 33.0 MINNESOTA 8.4 3.9 13.1 3.9 18.7 14.9 MISSISSIPPI 6.2 3.4 9.2 3.4 12.8 10.4 MISSOURI 10.3 4.7 16.3 4.8 23.4 18.7 MONTANA 2.4 .7* 3.3 1.5 4.5 3.7 NEBRASKA 4.0 2.2 5.9 2.1 8.2 6.7 NEVADA 1.2 .9 1.7 .9 2.2 1.9 NEW HAMPSHIRE 2.2 1.4 3.0 1.4 4.0 3.4 NEW JERSEY 14.0 6.1 22.4 6.2 32.4 25.7 NEW MEXICO 3.1 .7 4.4 1.9 6.0 5.0 NEW YORK 37.6 15.5 60.7 15.8 88.4 69.9 NORTH CAROLINA 11.1 5.2 17.4 5.2 24.9 19.9 NORTH DAKOTA 2.3 .3 3.3 1.6 4.3 3.6 OHIO 22.1 9.4 35.5 9.6 51.5 40.9 OKLAHOMA 6.1 3.1 9.3 3.1 13.2 10.6 OREGON 4.7 2.4 7.1 2.4 10.1 8.1 PENNSYLVANIA 25.7 10.8 41.3 11.0 60.0 47.5 RHODE ISLAND 2.7 1.6 3.9 1.6 5.3 4.3 SOUTH CAROLINA 6.5 3.4 9.7 3.4 13.7 11 0 SOUTH DAKOTA 2.5 .3* 3.5 1.7 4.6 3.8 TENNESSEE 9.0 4.3 13.9 4.3 19.8 15.8 TEXAS 22.0 9.4 35.2 9.6 51.0 40.5 UTAH 2.9 .7* 4.1 1.8 5.6 4.7 VERMONT 1.8 1.4 2.4 1.3 3.0 2.5 VIRGINIA 9.7 4.5 15.1 4.5 21.7 17.3 WASHINGTON 7.0 3.3 11.0 3.3 15.7 12.5 WEST VIRGINIA 5.2 2.7 7.8 2.8 10.8 8.8 WISCONSIN 9.5 4.4 15.0 4.4 21.5 171 WYOMING 1.5 .005* 2.1 1.2 2.6 2.2 GUAM 1.6 .8 1.6 1.5 1.7 1.7

PUERTO RICO 6.6 3.5 9.8 3.5 13.7 11 1 VIRGIN ISLANDS 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.6 1 5

Actual amounts used by these eight states although they were entitled to toe more Unused amount totaling S8.3 million from these eight re allocated to other states. SOURCE: Federal Water Pollution Control Administration

177 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 16 : Evaluation Form for Visuals combinepoints)basismaking should should tothe make insertsum determine theof a valueall total blanks the invalue Thereeachproper on for ablank are perfectpartvalue four to4. of determineThis itemmajor each formtotal area.areas the100.is Note:intendedof weight Teachersimportance part of as 4each usingaclarity, suggested indicated area other has in relation systemsfour guideon this sub-areas for toform.(such teachersthe others,Teachers aswhich variable and/or who grade on a percentage VALUEStudent'sstudents toName evaluate visual presentations produced by students. AREA OF EVALUATION Title or Topic If2.is the1. theACCURACY APPROPRIATENESSstudent choice has of eitherhad an or opportunity both appropriate to select to eitherthe assignment? the topic or method of his presentation, sentationterialDoesAre3. COMPLETENESSthe theor factsfacts presentationlacking? usedomitted in the representwhich presentation makes a complete the accurate? presentation statement If Not, misleading)or where coverage is the of? Ifinaccuracy?the not, subject where (Is is there the pre- ma- Is4. the CLARITY presentation clear to the viewer? b.a. Is thethe viewerpresentation readily free able fromwhich tosentation? determine unnecessary do not contribute the pointdistractions? orto themessage purpose? (pictures, contained drawings, in the pre- etc. (Total Score) COMMENTS: d.c. AreIn the the case colors of a andcollage sizes or of drawing, lines, bars, is the and/or focal picturespoint clearly suitable? determined? 172 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 17 One factor which complicates the implementation of environmental protection legislation is the : Disjunctiveness of Federal Agencies Which Leads to Pollution tionalfederallack of components integrationgovernment. ofof In policythe many same between cases, agency, differentdevelopmental may be agencies engaged programs within in pursuits andthe government,pollution which Oneare control entirely example or even programs antithetical. differentof such within disjunctiveness func- the is the extensive involvement of the federal government in tocausingashighway combat.the sprawling or development. exacerbatingAside interstate from While possibleenvironmental highway federal damage network funds problems to arescenic, presently pouring which historic under otherinto and high-priorityconstruction, agencies aesthetic of the roadvalues, government the construction are of these very same roads are development projects such committed whichthehighwaysor problem adverse will may use ofeffects havetheair pollution,new substantialupon roads. forests, because Not ecological wildlife only it clearlydoes consequencesand this encouragesnatural stand resources. to such increase the as production interference exhaust of emissions, withmore watershed automobiles Highway development also intensifies but also to contrib- management and trucks tionalmentuteshift to refining may airpriorities and undermine ofwater petroleumfrom pollution massivefederal necessary efforts resultinghighway toto controlfromconstructionfuel thesethe automobile manufacture new to vehicles.the developmentpollution. of the automobiles The of only more viable extensivethemselves solution and may In short, continued highway develop- and theefficient addi- be to developmentmass transit systems.of atomic energy. The Atomic Energy Commission is directedAnother to encourage example and of a federally-supported program which poses a threat to the environment 173. aid in the is the environment.development ofFirst,there nuclear power is the mattersources. of These disposal facilities, of nuclear in turn, wastes. pose Secondly, three specific there dangers is the danger to the of fromconventionalsafetycumulative the levels. use effectsof powerProbably river of waterplants, low-level most as nuclear asignificant, coolantradioactive processes for however, theemissions generate reactors. is whichthe much Although problem domore not, thisheatof at thermal any situationthan one conventional pollution point is also in time, createdwhich methods. exceed results by It policy-makingquencesenvironmentalshould be while pointed process meetingprotection. out, between however, power The government demands.most that workable rapidly This agencies growing couldobjective whichbest power would be sponsor realized needs be to new make minimize projects it unrealistic environmental and those to insist charged conse- on withtotal through better integration in the 4°1' Juxtapose,the protection the ofland the reclamation environment. projects of the Army Corps of Engineers andThere the are attempt other examplesof the Depart- of government agencies which are working in near diametric opposition. lution.fertilizersment.ment The ofOne theby "schizophrenic" responsibilitytheInterior Department to preserve of nature ofthe Agriculture Departmentwetlands. of government Orwith of compare Interior, the actions Department the formay promotion instance, even of Interior'sbe isofobserved to agricultural improve efforts within theto insecticides controltheexploitation same water depart- and ofpol- Interiorlandnaturalone and in resources, is onalteration supposed what it partiallyofis to doing.the be topographycleaning through A significant up! mining in a mannerstep projects. was which taken Many helps in thissuch pollute direction mining the operations riverswith the Department lead to despoilage of the of It would seem advisable for one governmental hand to let the other the establishment of the En- previouslyofv government ironmental been Protectionscatteredprograms throughwhichAgency, reveal several which better otherhas assumedintegration departments. and between coordinated This progressshould environmental help and to environmental assure the development protection. 174. functions which had TEACHER COMMENT NO. 18 U.S. Agency Backs Plan to PermitDespitefrom Georgia strong and opposition Florida,HO'. River LYWOOD the t AP 1 Isadequate.wastes that the is impressivereduced"EPA amount but is tryingin- of to convince Pollution intofall5 percent volumethe Amelia of would the River. current be allowed out- dorsedU.S.tion Agencya proposal has that quietly would en- Environmental Protec- wasteAmelia River, and we just will not harm the F. asbe permitted but are"Air depicted emissions would alsobeing well within the Telephone1110AmeliaCo. w to continue River and Tefor polluting leThethree gr Florida ayears. ph the Pollution Con- the International deCastro,don't agree," metBureauchief last of of Feb.the Enforcement. state's 16 withA group Ravan of conservationists said Jose pointeddardsbecontrolfederal noted are boundaries.and notablythat state Florida lax,air It qualityshouldas was t by Mr. ttairn. stan- RayoniertroltheBeachdischargescompany Board plan byplant approvedhadJan. at ordered1, Fernandina 1973. by UndertheEPA. to from clean its I T T up comecontinuedexpressedpollutionand otherup with abatementEPA an officials.In program.a confidential They update on failureconcern with of ITT to effective the beintoabatementthere permitted the would Amelia until be to 1975. noRiverdischargeEven pollution wouldafter 5 1975, an outfall theindicatedevolvedficials ITT plans,said an effectivethe the company EPA plan of- hadand that it -- involved volume..outhcrnpercent of the currentJack outfall E. Ravan, .------EPA's arecyclinghad sulphite previously wasmill.of the impossible claimed wastes."It thatITT for will -- not involve any officials!trialsqualittuallynunistrator. the ITT has plan told even-Florida s awould y the 93 standards.percent regional meet The wat e r adof. simianservationistslaterocean outfall,"depicted saidas being a memo orib circulated "although t o con- a n ot. eduction in the daily outflow:91 miliwn gallons .11 arid 175. TEACHER COMMENT NO, 19 0 000000000000 o 0000000"TAX0 0 OOOOOOOOO""'"e DOLLAR* UNCLE 0 0 0PIZZERIA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SAWS 0 000

iN/IfA."71 :04) IIII 110.111,11 Ant MIS IML - Imam ist--111F9lor PF 176 ulationTEACHER and COMMENT enforcement. NO. Most 20 cooperative ventures which have been undertakenThere has have not been yet beenimposed substantial from intergovernmental cooperation in the area of environmental reg- : Environmental Regulation Intergovernmental Cooperation inoriginiatinga federal a sense, level, examples at a rather federal of than level.intergovernmental through The 1967 the mutual Air cooperation, Quality initiative Standards sinceof equal-level theAct federal and thestate Theregovernment 1966 or local areWater three governments. sets Restoration major requirements examples Act are, of intergovernmental cooperation in environmental regulation, all CJ06 installations.in-aideventand asksfunds of non-compliance.the in The statesthe thirdconstruction to instancecomply. A second and ofThe governmentalmaintenance federalexample government of of intergovernmentalteamwork local sewage reserves lies intreatment thethe cooperation powerfield plants of to atomic impose isand the water energy,use standards ofpurification federal where in thegrant-states ment,eraland localitiesauthorities. or conducted have assumedunder terms certain established aspects byof radiationthe federal safety government. control, underThe onlyspecial historically contracts proven with fed- device for intergovernmental cooperation is the interstate compact. In all three instances, however, the cooperation is either enforced by the federal govern- ThetheDerivedregulation Supreme first fromsuch have Court acompact colonial already to rest was device been upon the established,Interstateused a sound to settle constitutional Sanitation but boundary they Compactdiffer provision.disputes, widely (known the Interstatein interstatetheir as the degree compactsTri-State compact of responsibilities Compact),for has environmental been foundformed and by power. fishin 1935and shellfish by New againstYork, New sewage Jersey and and other Connecticut. effluents in the coastal, estuarial and tidal waters around New 177. Its initial purpose was limited to the protection of thetoYorkthe enforce District PotomacHarbor. them of RiverColombia. through Compact, the This courts organizationcreated of thein three functions member purely states. on An a research entirely anddifferent advisory role basis, is served and bycan- It has considerable power, however, because it is authorized both to issue standards and 1940 by Maryland, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Virginia and pact,withnot initiate .powers ratified action. midway in between the above two is the New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Com- 1947 (A new and moreby powerful New York compact and the is Newunder England consideration.) States. The An compactinterstate adopts compact standards, but re- andWatersylvania,sponsibility enforce Sanitation Tennessee standards, for Compactinvestigation and but West (ORSANCO),this andauthority Virginia enforcement approvedinhas been rests vitiatedby Illinois,with bythe theIndiana, seven organization's member Kentucky, states. own New Themajority York, Ohio Ohio, require- River Penn- Valley 1940 and implemented in 1948, has the power both to establish ceeded.pliancements orders,for the adoptionbut only ofthe such latter measures. agency has ORSANCO actually soughtand the relief Tri-State in the DespiteCompact courts. the have problems both issued it involves com- and the criticisms which have been directed at it, the interstate It has generally suc- alism,tion.solvecompact efforts problems device should andis the befurnish onlydirected workablean effective to devising plan instrument for machinery regional for pollutionintergovernmentalfor interstateSince control, compactsthe impositionshort cooperation. ofwhich direct of will federal federal meet controls interven- criticisms, upon states runs contrary to the national tradition of feder- 178.

POLITICAL/LEGAL RESOURCE UNIT THREE: AWAKENING THE PROCESS FOR CHANGE INQUIRY QUESTIONS II.I. HowWhat can is the environmental role of public apathy opinion be andsubdued? propaganda in forming environmental policy? 188183 IV.III. How cando pressure an individual groups effect promote environmental improvements change? in government's environmental policies? 193190 VI.V. theIfHow government city do ofpressure the couldfuture groups solve resemble? impede all of today's improvements known environmental in government's problems, environmental what could policies? 196195 VIII.WI. To How avoid can man'senvironmental self-destruction, problems how be solved can government through internationalenvironment restore and cooperation? ? conserve the 201199 182 Inquiry Question:I. Learning Activities What is the role of public opinion and propaganda in forming Resources Evaluation environmental policy? Teacher Suggestions A.Activity READ/DISCUSS # 1: 1. Divide class into small A. READ/DISCUSS 1. Student Corn- A. READ/DISCUSS 1. Teacher Corn- A.Before READ the DISCUSS activity begins the (Expressionsof(Whatgroups. Personal is an Opinion)Opinion), of Public and SC Opinion). SC# 2(Quality 4 20 2. Each group will study SC 41 ment209206ment (SC) (SC) # #2, 1, page page 2. Student Corn- ment272ment (TC) (TC) 4's 4' 7,1,2,3, page 2. (participation)Teacher Com- thinkingtheteacherstudents Inquiry should about so Question they itconsider and could watchingto the begiving publicgovernmentalwill make opinion. a list policy of ways is shaped in which by 3. After studying, each group ment 4 20 page 254 3. Student Corn- 258-261(smalland/or (group) 4, pages . pertainsfor current to informationit. that publicB.mentalcompile RESEARCH opinion issues examples helps and suggestofshape current govern- ways environ- 1. In small groups students will Studentscilities,useB. RESEARCH their will current library need tofa- 258-261and/orTeacher(TC)B. RESEARCH 4,if's Comment pages 1, 2, 3, pageTeacherB. RESEARCH 279 Comment (TC) - 11 (public pressure). , C.mademental REPORT/DISCUSS in writtenpolicy inform. relation to it. 2. Oral reports will also be C.azinenewspaper REPORT/ articles. and mag- C.(small REPORT/ group). C. REPORT .,DISCUSS publicparedclass. toEachopinion defend group helps their should shape positions hegovern- pre- that 1. Small groups report to the DISCUSS 271ment (TC) !- 6, page DISCUSS2.1. (oralCollectTeacher report). and Com- arrivefurnishmental at policyasupporting conclusion in examples evidence. to the given Inquiry and 2. By discussing, class will 183 evaluate written work. Inquiry Question : I. What is the role of public opinion and propaganda in forming environmental policy ? ActivityQuestion. # 2: Learning Activities Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions 1 (propagandagroups.A. READ/DISCUSS and related subjects), 2.1. EachDivide group class studies into small SC # 13, 234-238SCA. READ/DISCUSS #'s 13, 14 pages (small3,A.258-261 and/orREAD/DISCUSS group) 4, pages 1. TC 4's 1, 2, partavailableA.Crisis READ 1,"Man: of soundDISCUSS the An Environment, filmEndangered strip 1. Teacher should have theyopinionmethodsand(SC have SC # #13) in seen available14 environmental and (types used discuss toof propagandistshelppropaganda). which matters.form ones 3. Students should list the ingmade material. test over read- 2. Teacher borrowedSpecies." from C.E.E. 2. Filmstrip may be B.environmentalcanpropaganda RESEARCH/REPORT remember and policyhaving identify making. been types used they in 4. Students should list types of whichamples are of environmentalused in a variety propaganda of media. 2.1. GroupsSmall shouldgroups analyzeshould find ex- freeexcellentandB. industriesorRESEARCH/ inexpensive sources are of REPORT1. Organizations (small3,B. and/orRESEARCH/258-261 group) 4, pages REPORT1. TC 1, 2, apage special S-37B. interest (publication RESEARCH group fr(ftn seek-REPORT 2.1. TC Selected Resources 13. page 289 what(loadedpieces propaganda of words, propaganda nametechniques callingto determine are etc.) used 3. Groups should decide which onposters,materials radio andnewsletters) (leaflets, TV 2. Commercials , 271 2. TC (oral report) 6, page animals)ing humane treatment for Thetivetechniques andclass why? should they feel compare are most the effec-group 4. Groups report to the class. shouldzinenewspaper advertisements be considered. and maga- 3. Other media 184 Inquiryandevaluations Question: draw up of a effectivelist of characteristics techniques Learning Activities I. What is the role of public opinion and (songs,should be buttons, considered: Resources propaganda in forming environmentalEvaluation policy? Teacher Suggestions A.Activityworkthey READ think of propaganda.# /DISCUSS 3:essential for an effective A.boards).novels, READ/DISCUSS bulletin A. READ/DISCUSS A. READ /DISCUSS thedealinggroups. suggested with propaganda) ways of dealing with 3.2.1. Rank,ReadDivide asSC classto # effectiveness, 15, into (ways small of SC # 15, page 239 (participation)SC # 7, page 272 B.propaganda. REPORT/DISCUSS 1. Small groups report their B. REPORT/ DISCUSS TCB. # REPORT/ 6, page 271 DISCUSS B. REPORT/DISCUSS thatsuggestedwhyrank satisfies they order were order a to majority sothe and ordered. class the of reasons.and the explain class. 3.2. Arrive at one rank order Class compares the groups' # (participation)(oral7, page report) 272 or TC insuringinGroups a panel could greater discussion, present participation. report A.Activity READ/DISCUSS # 4: 1. Divide class into small A.SC READ/DISCUSS ;= 16, page 240 A. READ/DISCUSS 1. TC 4's 1. 2, A. READ DISCUS_ S 1. TC '' 12. page 281 exist.groups. 3.2. DiscussRead SC 141:why pressure groups 16. (pressure groups) 185 (small3,258-261 and groups) 'or 4, pages 2. Evaluation of organizatifgroup(public s ) opinionins trying and to pressureim- 2. If students only list Inquiry Question: ganizations who act to bring pressure 4. Make a list of groups or or- Learning Activities I. What is the role of puOlic opinion and propaganda in forming environmental Resources lists. Evaluation teacherprove the should environment, remind them the Teacher Suggestions policy'? cerned.where environmental issues are con- theislationtoturers,aresuchthat slow environment. many as whichdown automobile groupsexerting orwould modify in protect manufac- pressureindustry leg- environmentalB. RESEARCH/REPORT pressure group and 1. Each group should choose an withB. RESEARCH/officers of local REPORT1. Interviews 271B. RESEARCH/ REPORT1. TC # 6, page (oral report). studentsTheB. RESEARCH/REPORT teacher that should the term remind "prop- value.cancopiestechniquesgather be informationofanalyzed their they publications foruse. on their Trythe propaganda propagandato so obtain they 2. Each group should present pressureandorganizations. newsletters groups. of 2. Publications 272 2. TC # 7, page (participation). word.tationsbecausewritingwhenaganda" interviewing associated forof should theinformation negative not withpeople be the conno-used or asgoals.successgroup'sa report to how objective,orto and failurethe why class insuchactivities, describingachieving organizations and its their its 3. Then hold a class discussion are A.Activityeffective. READ/DISCUSS # 5: A. READ/DISCUSS A. READ/DISCUSS A. READ: DISCUSS #groups. 17, (political polling). 2.1. DivideEach groupthe class should into read small SC SC # 17, page 243 186 Inquiry Question: 3. Each group should discuss Learning Activities I. What is the role of public opinion and propaganda in forming environmental Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions policy ? B.theand RESEARCH/REPORT possiblelist ways dangers polls are involved helpful inand polls 1. Each group should formulate SCB. # RESEARCH/ 18, page 247 REPORT B. RESEARCH/ REPORT B. RESEARCH/REPORT talCongressmenquestions issues.Candidate) See for asa SCfeel poll an # aboutexample. 18,to find (Rate environmen- out Your how 2. Each group should give the 272(small3,258-261 and/or group). 4, pages 2.1. TC TC # #'s7, page 1, 2, (participation) lectedwiththeclass best one toa of copypoll.send each ofthe poll their poll and questions.to come state upleg- 4.3. AThe committee class should should consolidate be se- tee.andingtonislators interpreted D. and C. Congressmen by a second in commit- Wash- 6.5. The committee should report Results should be tabulated . tion.theirTallahasseeclassifyevaluateto the stand class. theirthe on and answersenvironmentalThe representative Washington class on will the protec-poll want asin to to to 187 ActivityInquiry # Question: 1: Learning Activities II. How can environmental apathy be subdued? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions schoolA. CONDUCT grounds APATHY for the experiment. EXPERI- MENT2.1. Arrange with the administra- Select a small area of the A. CONDUCT EXPERIMENTAPATHY commentskeepEachA. CONDUCTa notebookstudent that willthey on the EXPERIMENTAPATHY youandA. CONDUCT administrationare doing. APATHY Stress know to what sta- EXPERIMENT1. Bc sure the custodians overlectedwithtion andtheseveral area experiment.custodial deteriorate days. staff graduallyto co-operate 3. Plan ways to make the se- (add trash, etc.) analysiswillthetheyhear experiment writeobserveand atthe their the behaviorduring con-andown administratorselusiondents"Top that Secret" the experiment anduntil custodians its con is 2. . Daily checks with - B.whothingsomeone REPORT/DISCUSS does about toact. thecomplain situation or anddo some- note 4. Notice how long it takes for B. REPORT/ B.mentclusion REPORT/ . of the experi- B.complaintsare REPORT/DISCUSS needed toabout reveal the any area. mentsexperiment. they have heard and observa- 2.1. StudentsClass will will discuss report onthe com- entire DISCUSS 272271 DISCUSS2.1. TC TC # #7, 6, page page(participation).(oral). waysperimentgreetions to ofthey overcome apathy in have the revealed made.school. apathy byin thethe ex- 4.3. Students will suggestdiscuss possiblethe de- school. 188 Inquiry Question: Activity # 2: Learning Activities II. How can environmental apathy be subdued? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions groups.illustratingA. SHOW/REACT public apathy. 2.1. Divide class into small Show students cartoons SCA.(cartoons). SHOW/REACT # 3, page, 211 theyparagraphStudentsA. SHOW/REACT give will theirin which write inter- a A. SHOW/REACT B.interpret DISCUSS/RESEARCH meaning of the cartoons. 3. Ask them to discuss and B. DISCUSS/ RESEARCH B.cartoons.pretations DISCUSS/ of the RESEARCH B. DISCUSS/RESEARCH theanalyzegroupsstructive Inquiry willand Thinking" Question. arrivediscuss, at(SC research,conclusions # 4) student to 1. Using theTattern of Con- 214212 3.2.1. SC SC # #5, 4, page page Students (small258-2613, and/or group). 4, pages 2.1. TC #'s 1, 2, Written re- with.entirestudentstructiveGo over class. has theThinking"with a Be"Pattern copy sure to eachofwork Con- the Stress that students tomaterials.as work a beginning in a library to theirlocating research. 3.2. HaveAllow students class time read for SC students # 5 tiontainReadersposal.materialsshould iscurrent vKal.Use Guideuse of atinforma- library the theirto ob- dis- ated.collectedstudentssearch notes may and taken beevalu- by andinvolvedportanceisjumpshould completed. discussion. over go ofin stepone allthe byStress studentsstepgroup step before theresearchand being im- notit tion,groupC. REPORT/DISCUSS the conclusion groups will to the report Inquiry to the Ques- 1. Having arrived at a small C. REPORT/ DISCUSS 271 C. REPORT/ DISCUSS2.1. TC TC ii #7, 6, page page (oral). C. REPORT/DISCUSS elusionssedentire and class.to the the class Inquiry will Question. agree on con- 2. Each report will be discus- 189 272theirdiscuss group's in writin. answers 3. (participation).Students may , ActivityInquiry # Question: 1: Learning Activities III. How can an individual effect environmental change? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions tothis#A. identify 6. READ/DISCUSS case studythe tactics and encourageused by Dec- them 2.i. Lead class in discussion of Have each student read SC mental(TacticsSCA. READ/DISCUSS # 6, Improvement) page for Environ- 218 A. READ/DISCUSS talualspriateA. action, READ involved case or DISCUSS studiesexpand in environmen- of this inclivid- 1. Locate other appro- employ.tifystudyproblems.ember the which tacticsDuke Then they toused protest havethemselves in this studentsenvironmental case might iden- -Cassettequirythroughlookactivity for Questions by additionallibrary tape having entitled research.III, students examples IV, "Eco- V, 2. Background for In- B. OBSERVE/RECORD 1. To increase each student's B. OBSERVE/ RECORD TeacherB. OBSERVE/ may collect RECORD ThisB.belogical OBSERVE/RECORD borrowedactivity Politics". should from Tape beC.E.E. assign- may served,problem,ofinstructlevel Local (d) of (b)each Environmental changeenvironmental location, student in situation, to(c) keep timeProblems."awareness, a ob- "Diary 2. Students should record (a) vidualineffortuatethe keeping "Diary" eachrecord, and student's awarenessthis and inch- evil- beforedentsassignmentnumbered as to sectionhomework. have of and days this D requireof completedallotted Decidethe activity stu- for the C. READ/DISCUSS/RESEARCH 1. Have students read SC ii 7, 222C. READ/DISCUSS/ RESEARCH1. SC # 7, page HaveC. READ/DISCUSS/ students turn in RESEARCH C.is started.READ DISCUSS, RESEARCH1. Be certain that stu- (Actionwhichidentify for anEnvironmental individualtypes of political must Protection) have information to 2. After reading have students ex- andshould public use library both nor st'''ool 2. Students 190 lettera carbon (s). copy of mightpolicyanddents nationalwish identifymakers to environment wh(,m local. theystate. a1 contact (e.. J Inquiry Question: Learning Activities III. How can an individualeffect environmental change ? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions incussion.smallspecifically,press (a) himselflocal,groups Groups (b) forgenerally state, shouldresearch or and specialize(c) and national dis- 3. Divide class into at least 3 ingVotersLeaguementaltactthis records localresearch. groupsofto environ-Womensecure of theseorCon- vot- responsibilitiesorganizeCongressmensioners,councilmen, stateand county divide andlegislators, in Senators). class, commis-research in- 2. Though groups should toofficials. find the Have following each information: group research a. Names and mailing ad- dressesofficesrently ofrepresenting identified individuals in them# cur-2. in public officials. addressessupplyassignment.theirstruct fact-findingclass them of with officialsto pursue names as homeworkfor much and a of 3. Have each group c.b. CurrentImportant environmental environmentalyears.havecialissues, is arisen responsible,for which in the thepast that offi- 2 lionstudents Notebook. Environmental Ac- d. Voting record or stand ofthewhicherationresponsibility.issues officials these or on proposals officialsissuesunder consid-identified have for groupcials'sbyhave which shouldenvironmentaleach they group establishcan evaluatedevise concern. criteria a theirrating Eachap- offi- scale 4. Upon completion of research, in b and c above. whomgroupwhichpropriate shouldtheyit has to have theinvestigated. evaluate level investigated. of each government Then official the 191 Inquiry Question: Learning Activities III. How can an individual effect Resources environmental change? Evaluation Teacher Suggestions discussquestionfindingsClasseach group members rating andeach evaluationspresent others' scales. should findingstheir beto groups' allowedthe and class. to 5. Have representatives from tion.writetions,onleast the a haveone letter officials official each expressing studentenvironmental to whom selecthis he views will atposi- 6. Following above presenta- actionandblemHaveD. ANALYZE/WRITE outline whicheach which student ahe mightproposal noted selecteffect in for his oneaindividual "Diary"change pro- in D. ANALYZE/ WRITE andD.Collect ANALYZE/ grade. student papers WRITE areD.someHave ANALYZE/WRITE suggested. studentsof the proposals implement which If so, class LeadE.mightcludethat DISCUSS classarea. thosebe employedin His tacticssummary proposal whichby discussionindividuals. should he thinks in- E. DISCUSS E. DISCUSS E.teesprojectsmight DISCUSS for decideimplementation. and organizeon most worthycommit- of Inquiry Question. Canessaybecussion,supplementAs askedan Effect entitledalternative studentsto Environ- writeto "How dis- anmayor I theBe sureimportance the student of these: recognizes2.1. cateresponsibilitymentalawareness himself problems. of for environ- to action.edu- 192 mental Change." 3. variousmay be tactics employed. which ActivityInquiry # Question: 1: IV. How do pressure Learning Activities groups promote improvements in government's environmental policies? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions theA. INVITE local environmental GUEST SPEAKER organizations 1. Invite a speaker from one of A. INVITE GUEST SPEAKER pageA. INVITE 272 GUEST SPEAKER1. TC # , (partici- 7 pagesTCA. INVITF 41's 296-304 15, GUEST16, 17, SPEAKER policiesS-28improvementsizationlisted inof has Selectedgovernment. worked in environmentalResources, to bring about 2. Have students to talk about how his prepare ques- organ-page notesaentriod).tionpation questions forand during evaluation. answer and ques- 2. Collect stu- pe- organizationandtomayduringtions current the wishin discussion actionadvance toenvironmental askis which taking questionsto period. ask the to guest remedy speaker'sproblems Studentspertaining speaker presentationHaveB.these. DISCUSS students during discuss following speaker's class B. DISCUSS TCB.272 DISCUSS # 7, page (participation). B. DISCUSS governmentaltofocusvironment,localmeeting. bring upon environmental about Classefforts techniques policiesimprovements discussion being pressureconcerning madeused, shouldin byand groups en- success in achieving stated goals. 193 Inquiry Question: C. READ/DISCUSS IV. How do pressure Learninggroups promote Activities improvements in government's environmental C. READ/DISCUSS Resources C. READ/DISCUSS Evaluation C. READ, DISCUSS Teacher Suggestions policies? thearticle Inquiry and toQuestion. conclusions concerning 2.1. HaveLead studentsclass in discussionread SC -# 19.of EnvironmentalSC(Tactics to Influence Policy) 19, page 250 backgroundTeacherreprintedGovernment"mental14, page mayLawsuits foror287 also maystudents.for useAgainsthis have ownTC it the ,"Environ- Ck;

194 Inquiry Question: V. How do pressure groups impede improvements in government's environmental policies ? Activity # 1 READ/DISCUSS/LIST Learning Activities : READ/DISCUSS/Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions 8, 9, 10. 2.1. Have students read SC #'s Having read the SC's, have 225 LIST1. , (TheSC Emerg- # 8, page couldTeacher-made be given quizon READ/DISCUSS/LIST thoughtful discussion of the READ:DISCUSS/L1ST1. Encourage open, asthe"a theymany students pressure can possible which define group" mightpressure "a and lobbyist" impede to groups identify and 228totrialing Environmental Complex). Regulatory- Indus- Pro- 2. , SC (A# 9, Roadblock page ingdefinitions assignments. and read- Inquiryandstudentsreading lists Question, ofarrive assignment at TC definitions # in 's helping18, 2. Background for this pressure groups. Activityboardpressureeffective and # 2:discussed.groups environmental will be listed policies. on the 3. All definitions and possible A229tection). GM Lobbist). 3. SC # 10, , (A Day With page 19, pages 305-314 flictConductA. inPLAY Redwood the ROLES simulation Country" (TC = 9). game, "Con- sible,A. PLAY274 rent ROLES the film 2.1. TC if 9, If at all pos- page 272searchA. PLAY and ROLES prepara- 2.1. TC # 7, page , (participation).Student re- A. PLAY ROLES DrawingtheB. DISCUSS/LIST students from willActivities discuss # the1 and Inquiry 2, B.NewAssociated"The DISCUSS/LIST York,Redwoods" NewFilms, York. - B.couldtion DISCUSS/LIST for be the evaluated. role B. DISCUSS LIST Question,and decide list upon possible the best conclusions conclusion. 195 IInquiry Question: VI. If government could solve all of today's known environmental problems, Activity # Learning Activities1: what could the city of the future resemble ? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions A. DEVELOP CONCEPTS 1. "Design your own city," by A. DEVELOP CONCEPTS1. Cassette TCA. iits DEVELOP 1, 2, 3 and/or CONCEPTS A. DEVELOP CONCEPTS 1. Followintr ::, are ideas ment.industry,areas:havingdividing each recreation, class specialize into small and in govern- groupsone of theseand 2. Groups are to envision "con- transportation, housing, "Transportation-Tapes -(a) "The list Death includes: of OurMess"Cities" (small4, pages group) 258-261 aresorestructureGovernmentineach first,mind:that group needs hence maylocal group of personal environmentneed government will to need keep to havefirstmumcitycepts" priority.students problems harm of ideal to utilize thethat solutions environment wouldthe following: tobe presentof mini-as a 3. To aid in this development offrom231(b)--"No a Key). Can Place be borrowed to Flee" 2. SC # 11,C.E.E. page (Development that(birthconsiderHousingbyfreedoms housinglaw; control/immigration) grouppopulation may will willbe adequaterestricted need control to so b.a. SC Cassette #'s 11, tapes12. groundof233 books reading. for back- 3. SC # 12,page lists a number knownconsiderIndustrialhousingresourcesand tonot governmentgroup howcrowded group without itto can willmake (encourage depletinggroup);use need needs natural to or toactivities inventRecreationlawsindustrialdestroying to new governmentthat group leisurethemgroup contribute to(encourage might time recommend group); toneed 196 gestmentrather needed group):(encourage than laws strain to them thegovern- environ- to sug- Inquiry Question: Learning Activities VI. whatIf government could the city could of solvethe future all of resemble? today's Resources Evaluationknown environmental problems. Transportation group will Teacher Suggestions passed)."restrictive"grouppeopleneed to into moversinvent an"talk" effort laws new (encourageto governmenttobeing modes avoid of Inquiry Question: 2. Backgroundb.a. Tape Cassettefor thismay betape borrow- enti- edtled from "Urban C.E.E. Slurb." C.) itport B.with REPORT/DISCUSSon visual their area aids. and accompanies 1. Each group prepares a re- constructals"ProvideB. REPORT/ necessary "art visual materi- to aids. DISCUSS 271B. REPORT/ DISCUSS2.1. TC # 6, page (oral). If written re- B. REPORT/DISCUSS presentation. 3.2. AllowReport class to the to class, question each 273tent.lectport and is required, evaluate con-col- 3. TC # 8, page (visual). "PlanningfromC. CORRELATE/DISPLAY each Board."small group to act as 1. Students select one person C. CORRELATE/ DISPLAY 258-261and/orC. CORRELATE/ 4, pages DISPLAY1. TC It's 1,2,3. C. CORRELATE/DISPLAY modelsforall additional reports/visuals, in an attemptdrawings tomakes anddisplay even requests the 2. "Planning Board" correlates 197 273(small group). 3.2. TC it 8, page Teacher may (visuals). j Inquiry Question: Learning Activities VI. whatIf government could the couldcity of solve the future all of today'sresemble known ? environmental problems, Resources Evaluation Teacher Su_gestions Activity"city" designed# 2 by the class. involvedwishmakestudents)of judges to anhave in evaluation. not(teachers,project a paneldirectly to orderedvidedA. PLAY"Sitte". in fromthis ROLES package the producing and must company. be 2.1. This simulation is not pro- Conduct the simulation ado,Institute,BehavioralkitsA. PLAY from La Jolla, 1150WesternROLES Sciences Silver- 1. Order game keepsbyA.theevaluated,The PLAYan end "analyst"simulationscore ofROLES eachof in thewhopart, periodis at A. PLAY ROLES tion:(a) taxpayersdisenfranchised,aEach3. different participant association, group: government, is business, a andmember an of Brief description of simula- $50$35California, for 2535 studentsstudents.92037. 2. Cost - decisions.playgroups'consequencesstartspoints, with aactions decides newa new ofround and seteach the of of (b) The game is divided into DECI- trees.particulargroupSIONad hoc periodsdecides committee "influence duringhow for it whichpoints" willparks use each and to its (c) The details of the game are in- game,tricatemasslife.gain itstheenoughmedia ends groups anything forto simulate maycity theyplanning.tell the realwant For example during the theirtheymedia'sissuing havestatements. pressdecisionsno control releases; about over but printingthe 198 Inquiry Question: VII. To avoid man's self-destruction, how can government restore and conserve the environment? A.Activity LISTEN/DISCUSS # 1: Learning Activities A. LISTEN/DISCUSS Resources A. LISTEN/DISCUSS Evaluation A. LISTEN/DISCUSS Teacher Suggestions blemscordsper group. mentioned the type of in environmental the tapes. pro- 3.2.1. Divide class into 3 EachListen group to tapes discusses and re- - one tape groups. tapes: b.a.1. ShoulderThe World to As ulationShoulder control)Cassette (pop- 258-261(small3, and/or group). 4 pages TC #'s 1,2, whetherwhenoriscouraged presenteda theydifferent it thinkis to a turnandnew aspect a new thediscuss problem tapeofproblem one off 1. Students should be en- borrowedE. from C.E. 2.c.Nuclear These canPower: be ALife Wastebasket or Death whichity,involvedaalready tape"The discussed from Transportationlisted. with an moving theearlier problems masses Activ-Mess' 2. Ask students to recall discuss,B. RESEARCH/DISCUSS analyze and arrive at solu- 1. Student groups will research, useStudentsB. RESEARCH of all should library make ma- DISCUSS and 4, pagesB. RESEARCH 258-261 DISCUSS1. TC 1,2,3, Question:BackgroundB.of people.RESEARCH/DISCUSS TC for it's this Inquiry 20, 21, whetherconstitutionalgovernmentnewtions laws. to or problems not If are so,the changes involvedwhich solution listed. necessary?levels and requires areof 2. Attention should be given to tainisReadersposal.terials vital.current Useat Guide their materialof the todis- ob- collectsearch andis required, evaluate. 2. If written re- pages 315-330 199 Inquiry Question: VII. To avoid man's self-destruction, how can government restore and conserve the environment? C. REPORT/DISCUSS 1. Each group Learningwill prepare Activities a C. REPORT DISCUSSResources C. REPORT, EvaluationDISCUSS C. TeacherREPORT, Suggestions DISCUSS madeposedwritten tosoluti- report the entire is, of and problems, class. laws needed. pro- 3.2. ReportsClass willof each discuss group and will evalu- be this271reports.entire form class to toevaluate 11:!, 2.1. TC TC It 47, 6, page page (oral). Allow conclusionate solutions to theoffered, Inquiry and Question. draw a basis.onationStudents272reminded an shouldimpersonal should that be keptbeevalu- (participation).

200 Inquiry Question: Learning ActivitiesVIII. How can environmental problems be solved through international cooperation? Resources Evaluation Teacher Suggestions A.Activity VIEW It FILMS/DISCUSS 1: A. VIEW FILMS/ DISCUSS A. VIEW FILMS, DISCUSS A. VIEW FILMS/DISCUSS andfilms. discuss the films considering 2.1. DivideShow Buckminster class in small Fuller's groups - "Playing"More with World Less"( 1. 6), Films: TC4, pages 's 1,2,3, and/or(small group). 258-261 cepttion ofsee the TC "World i Game" con- 2.1. For furthera brief descrip-informa- 10, page 278. these points: areWhatmentideas considered specific are? for Fuller's a quality needs in thismain ofenviron- plan?man - "World- "Playing Game World CanGame" (# 7)9),8), tion: a. order "World Game Inventory,fromSeries World Document 206 Resources West One" ArebeWhatHowin removed? theFuller's do can way you these ofsuggestionsthink this impediments will plan? stand MichaelSaturnabout film PicturesPercival, rental: Corp (a) Work" (# 10).2. Inquiries 3.b. If selectivityIllinois,909,50cEachCollege, Carbondale, postage. copy 62901 of P.O. $4.00the Box plus not?reasonable? Why? Why ters.university(b)(212)10019.New10 check WestYork 736-4225, film local New56 Street,cen- York or totwofilmsEach be listed theis is necessary, most30 (i9 minutes and comprehensive. .i10) the long. appear last 201 Inquiry Question: B. REPORT/DISCUSS Learning Activities VIII. How can environmental problems be solved B. REPORT/Resources B. through internationalEvaluation cooperation?REPORT/ B. REPORT/DISCUSS Teacher Suggestions clusionports.answers to theto the Inquiry questions. Question. 3.2.1. Allow class to question ClassEach then group decides presents on atheir con- re- DISCUSS 272271 DISCUSS2.1. TC # 6,7, page(participation).(oral). pagesQuestion:Background TC for #'s this 5 Inquiry 262, 330. and 22, ) STUDENT COMMENTS whetherSTUDENT it be COMMENT an issue that NO. affects 1 the nation, such as ending the war; one thatExactly concerns how doesyour onecommunity, define an opinion? An opinion is what you think about a controversial subject, : What Is An Opinion? anreligion.such opinion as the The to building exist.important of a wordnew school;in the definition or one that is relates "controversial." to your personal DisagreementIt life, is unlikely such is as necessary that dating, you smoking,have in order an opinion for about every subject. If you do, you might ask yourself on or G!) youhowstrong aremuch to opinions havethought an on opinionand matters on how about of much importanceit. knowledge to you. are yourIn fact, opinions the closer based. the However, topic is toyou your probably life, the do more have likely Social scientists who measure public opinion find individuals more con- orwhenfident international theyof themselves comment problems onwhen national or they social expressissues issues and opinions when foreign these about affairs. directly personal affect behavior, them Someinlocal some affairs,subjects, way. and of productscourse, do than not tend to evoke opinions. When almost everyone in a group agrees Individuals may have strong opinions on national whichwithseriouslyagreement an have idea challenges gained oris usuallya way universal ofthe based doing need acceptanceon things,for experience. law opinions enforcement, by a Forgroup do example, not and even exist. are though no regarded responsible there as are"facts" persondifferences by inthe the people of United opinion involved. States today Such Instead, there are beliefs. These are ideas as to what oftechniques fact. policemen should use and what role they should play. The needWhile for mostpolicemen beliefs is can itself be arelated matter to experience, some are based on agreement which has grown out 206 forthereof scientific example, exists widespreadevidence. it was widely agreement believed on "fact," an idea not that a matter has no of basis opinion, in reality. that the Therefore,Some earth five was ahundred flat.belief is years based on what individuals agree to be "fact," whether or not these facts are Still others may be accepted on faith. And, at times, situations develop in which ago, opinion"manyionabsolute. is groupsthe is Anview used opinionor of publics,to a describegroup is what there of mass peoplean can individual opinionbe who many express- thinkswhatpublic large agreement toopinions be numbers the caseon on one ofain controversial peopleaissue. controversial Manythink. issue.timesHowever, situation. theBecause term it Acan "publicpublicthere also are beopin- whichwhenteachersused publicto someone describe may he represent isstates thereferring. opinions that one public opinion, held opinion by the smaller, isstudents tending more another, in specialized this direction and the groups. administrationor that, In it'syour well school, another. to pin for him As example, downa result, as to A partiesmorement. disagreethanMoreover, opinion. on whateverything You one need individual fromonly todefense reador one a spending daily group newspaper considers to education. toto find be Membersfact evidence mayIn almost beof of judgedthe this. allsame situations, by party another hold it as is di- nomore common to find opinions and disagreement than facts and agree- Competing political differentmen,verse oldopinions. states and young. and In residentsaddition, ofbusiness the same and state; labor so hold do businessmen differing opinions and those onThe may not most inissues; business,ordinary so do meansmen residents and of wo-resolving of conflicting views is compromise. For the sake of agreement, mentapproach,each is side a fact it accepts is of likely life, some thatcompromise ofcompromise the views is important of will the be other avoided at allside. levels and thatof human one approach activity accepted.- in governmental Because affairsdisagree- as 207 Of course, if a large majority favors a particular well as in club activities, in relationships with our friends, and in our relationships at home. Taking the onlythatother differopinion person's from that thoseopinions may ofnot the intolegally majority account be expressed and is one yet ofopenly is the primary express one's One of the great strengths of the democratic system is the freedom to disagree, one that urges overthrow of the government by violent ways in which we conduct our affairs. own views. In the United States, the to hold opinions continuingofmeans. all individuals All flowother of andopinions ideas, organizations some are permitted,of which to speak may no out, matterimprove how our unpopular system. theyThis may isbe. theory. In guaranteeing In reality, the rightsright to express differing opinions is not always respected. we protect our own rights. In addition, we encourage a Social withthatpressureuals' the physical opinions individuals can limit violence. differed an who individual's Suchso held much repressivethese from absolute opinions what action freedommost lost is theirpeoplein violationof friends expression. in ofand both jobs. There the They theory have been and a town felt, or from what important groups felt, have even been threatened the spiritcases of democracy. in which individ- 208 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 2 There are basically two kinds of opinion; informed and uninformed. The real quality of one's opinion : The Quality Of Personal Opinions theseactuallywill twodepend kinds"know" largely of nothingopinions on whether about. are given Uninformedit is inan the informed following opinions opinion paragraphs. may ordevelop an uninformed out of THEthe opinion. stereotypes UNINFORMED The characteristics OPINION. of Many people hold very "strong" opinions on many issues which they a person has as to "constitution,"fromuninformedsome ones specific emotional opinion "socialism," reference may interpretation also group "communism." derive such offrom aswords "Negroes,"one's One such emotional of asthe "Jews,""freedom," characteristics attachment "Indians," "liberty," to of symbols the"Japanese," "law uninformed such and order,"as"Catholics," "the opinion flag,""justice," is etc. that The it or oflimited,is baseddifferentiation narrow,on very and littleemployed; unproven. real factual that is, information. the discrimination The information among events, on which people, THEit may and INFORMED beother based types is OPINION. usuallyof information very One of the major characteristics of an informed opinion is the degree "freeopinion,alternativein such speech" onea wayresponses must and that atunderstand itthe and is samerelevant develops thetime toimplications support athe more opinion. "informed"efforts of A his toperson opinion.stop opinion certainwith For onthe groups example,the ability issues. from to one differentiateIn exercising canorder not to really have freeis anspeech.believe "informed" in more aware of If them.atone's by The theopinion carefulinformed is an and informedopinion objective is one based evaluation he willon a be variety of aware all of of ofthe information all variety of the ofimplications andinformation sources and ofby be information.as preparedmany means to It deal is as arrived possible.with 209 Therests informed with factual opinion information is not influenced which can by standstereotypes or up to scientific testing or the test of time. by prejudice in any form. The informed opinion

210 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 3THE ar-Ginmemier OF THE : Apathy rv%-rgl;t. 211 arwhat oager priDagall STUDENT COMMENT NO. 4 : Patterns of Constructive Thinking Step I 2.Identify1. the Problem AgreeBe sure on theeach goals member you areof theseeking. group understands the wording of both the problem and Step II Analyze1. the Problem Explorethe goals. the nature and worth of the goals. Step III Suggest4.3.2. All Possible Solutions ResearchConsiderList all ofthe and the problem discuss possible and what barriers find will out happen to what the hasgoals.if been done nothing is done about the problem. or is being done about it now. 2.1. SolutionscriticalgettingSuggest atthe ALL arethis best possible possible step, solution. just ways solutions. suggest Be to creative! The greater Brainstorm any and all possibilities. the choice, the better are the chances of for possible solutions. Don't be Step IV Select1. the Best Solution or Solutions riers in some way or revise the goals in light of the remove the barriers to the goals or get around the bar- barriers if they are insurmountable. 2. DecideWeighThink andon through thecompare solution and the discuss or good solutions alland of bad thewhich points possible the 212 of each suggestion.groupsolutions finds which to be have the beenmost suggested.desirable. Step V Suggest2.1. Ways to Implement the Solution lawJustDecide what how will you it cantake put to putthe solutionyour solution into effect. into effect: Will (b) study more (c) secure more money This is the "how to get it done" step. you have to: (a) change the 2.1.Notes on Using the "Pattern of ConstructivesumeIt Thinking" ishis designed fair share toto bebeof usedresearchused byin agroups andfree discussion. democratic of not over type 12 students. of group discussion where each student must as- 3. beginbystartedThe step andgroup eachbasis. stop should dayeach and day.select will a see group that leader they are and following a the "Pattern of The recorder will keep a daily record of what the This will be the "official" record. group recorder. The )eader will simply help get them group decides on and whereConstrutive they Thinking" on a step 4.5. toAlwaysactivitiesEach each studentmember remember in advance. should of thethat keep group co-operation his and own encourage record is essential of each daily for member activities the to andparticipate group to function well. Always show respect prepare himself for the next day's fully in the group's work. STUDENT COMMENT NO. 5 Individual citizens can accomplish a great deal in defense of their environment, if they : What Can Be Done? are willing fortsanto persevere environmentalof the owner-operator over aobjective, long period of attesta camera of totime. the shop Sixpossibility in case the histroiestown of effective of Fremont,of individuals citizen Ohio, action. Thewho preservation would not be of deterred the Sandusky from River in north central Ohio can be traced back to the individual ef- on the Sandusky River. Ray legallyfortheGrob, theSandusky local protectedan avid newspaper, from outdoorsman against farmland Grobcommercial and run-off,used Boy the development Scoutsilt column deposits leader, as a and andforumhad pollution. industriallong for been an idea He discharges.concerned developed of making about Author the the Sandusky of gradual degradation of a color slides presentation an outdoors column a scenic river, billfriendbrochureand calling showed who concerningforwas it Grob's sympatheticto service originalthe andscenic to civic ideaGrob's and ofclubs recreational protectingviews and was government several electedvalue of Ohioto theand the Sandusky.waterways.business state senate. leaders. The The He turning bill introducedHe compiled point was passed, protecting came when aa scenic riversan illustrated development.designatedsored two riversnew Public parks, and interest authorizing and Grob's sprung theBoy up state Scoutsalong to seekthe "adopted" 70-mile federal a protected fundsone-mile for stretchclean-upstretchThe ofof projects possibletheriveriront Sandusky. anddestruction to recreationalplant Frenmot and of amaintain. herd of dwarf Tule elk on government-owned land in the Owens Valley spon- fordiscoveredin California leasing tothat was cattle the prevented stateranchers, fish by andhad a citizens' gameregularly commission, drive authorized initiated in the orderby slaughtera Losto reserve Angeles of a part certain housewife. of the quota elk's Mrs. of natural elk. Beula By habitat Edmiston1960 214 headcollectingMrs.the herdfrom Edmiston was 1961 money down toand 1969.and to 14 300,writing others Not and satisfied, attendedletters, the commission and Mrs.a public finally Edmiston announcedhearing got the prodded to commission tothat agree theprotest toyear's a herdthe kill order. limitation would She be organizedof 150 250 head. a Outraged, campaign of the news media to cover the "hunt." It elkpublicatwas once. and discovered re-evaluation restore She helped the that herd helicoptersofarm the to reporters 2000situation werein withCalifornia. which used questions ledto herd to the thatthe passing elk together of in front of In addition, there is a bill to convert the elk habitat state biologists couldn't answer. The result a state law to halt the slaughter of the Tule hunters, to be butchered all intowas a a Riverfromnational Shreveport,would wildlife destroy refuge Louisiana, the under last natural Wellbornconsideration stream Jack, in Jr.. Congress.the state The last free-flowing wild river in Arkansas Realizing that theowes Gillham its preservation Dam project to the efforts of a- theyoung others lawyer had already been altered by five pre- on the Cossatot ganizationscouldpendviously construction be conducted.built became dams of involved,Jackthe final enlisted damforming thein the aid a coalitionproject of the Ozarkuntil against the dam. A "float - Jack organized public resistance and called upon the Army Corps of Engineers to sus- a re-examinationSociety, of its impact a regional on the conservation environment group. Other -in" involving 102 canoes, was or- talquencesTheconducted Defense Corps of toofthe Fund, publicizeEngineers Gillham filed theDam, suitignored cause. against the them. Arkansas Films the Determined project. conservation Five to months force the were Shown at area garden clubs and to state and local officials. groups, aided by the New York based Environmen-later a court injunction engineershalted the to project. consider the ecological conse- withThe Corpsstaunch has resistance recently givenfrom theindications conservationists. of an attempt to revive the An excellent example of how much a single citizen 215 can do in the fight against pollution is evident in project, but any such effort would meet thepollution.CountyHarris case spendsof Conservation WayneHe hasabout M.pushed 20 Harris, Council, hours and a a prodded RochesterHarrisweek in has public voluntary lawyer. successfully officials Longefforts into agitateddedicated against greater for pollution. to effortsnew the lawspreservation against Working to control pollution. through of air, the land environment, Hethe hasandMonroe water filed aboutlocationlawsuits a possible ofagainst sewage pollutersradiation outlets. and leak hiked from through an atomic woods reprocessing and streams plant collecting near Springville, waterPersistence samples New is York,and Harris's charting Harris greatest theob- asset in his one-man crusade. When his committee was informed hadtainedcarriedspecified tests a geiger theconducted by matter the counter, Atomic toand a trekkeddeterminednational Energy through level, Commission. that contacting thethe woodswaste The Senatorsmaterialuntil plant he did located wasJavits, not 6,000 take Muskiethe timesstepsplant's and togreater discharge correct the latethan Robertpipe, the radiation took Kennedy. limit Fi- the situation. Harris readings, N1-6 environmentalistsannally independent the AEC directed environmental with thea place plant testing to to obtain correct lab. concrete Answering the situation. evidence to no against polluters.In 1970, Harris Harris achieved a long-sought objective: the establishment of Delta Laboratories, industry or government agency, Delta provides has been active in fund- Inc. , where.talenvironmentraising case. To to impresssupport protection the labs.politicians movement, Although and Harris he bureaucrats, recognizes emphasizes youthe the importance need need test to results,compile of general public involvement "If you talk in general terms about lost beauty and how the rivers are full of junk, factual supportexpert witnesses,for an environmen- sample photos, you'll get no- in the California,statistics." where * Mrs. Howard W. Harrington presented the Palo The fifth example of effective citizen action on behalf of the environment occurred in 216 Alto branch of the American Association Palo Alto, , .- . . ,anerr, copiesSavetheyof University did.Your sold After Environment...Start in Women every a year state ofwith research and a unique more at andHome. projectthan organization, 30** - foreign making thenations. up groupan environmental The published project theretains handbook paperback, 35 active for Ifhousewives. Youwomen Want to ThatanswerTo The book has had four printings, with more than 75,000 network.themail, former keep Determined secretary accounts, of to send the bring Navy, out the copies vastand Mrs."womanof the Richard book power" and Helms, deliverof the whose nation talks husband toto areabearA groups.similarheadsupon thethe women's ecologicalnation's campaign intelligence crisis, was initiated in Washington, D.C. by Mrs. Nancy Ignatius, wife of wivesthey50,000of the set which environment uppeople an products organization in early by are 1970.***researching, best known for Two theas publishing Concern, additionalenvironment. Inc..and guides distributing TheirThe have first basic since list, ecological tactic beentitled is produced. "Eco-Tips,"to shopping turn consumer lists, reached advising power more in house- thanfavor *** Concern,** Inc. 7% from* Mrs. Changing Harrington, Times,1972), AAUW, "What p.10. Can 774 You Gailen Do Court,to Clean Palo up Alto,the Environment? California, 94303. Plentyl", (Washington, D.C.:March , 2233 Wisconsin Avenue, N.W. , Washington, D.C., 20007. 217 busySTUDENT New YorkCOMMENT City street NO. 6to protest in front of a store which was sellingCan you feature yourself decked out in a papier-mache alligator costume parading up : Tactics For Environmental Improvement items made from alligator hide? and down a ment.Miamiment activist,She high was school, ashired described Decemb by scientist in er Constance became Luther interestedGer L. lockStallings' toin intervieworganizing essay "It'syoung young June people people in December."This and was one of many activities engaged in by 19-year-old December toDuke help in preserve the role ofthe environ- environ-determine their awareness A graduate of a matic."Minnesota'satesconcerning under "Environment!" the the Students nameenvironment. "Environment!". for embarkedEnvironmental She and on PhilipFor a Defense.similar advice, Spitzer, course. Sheshe 21, wrotefound organized tothe Wes tactics a groupFischer, used of by headabout Fisher's group to oe of the University40 of high school gradu- "dra- weekthelitter litterers "Environment!" and speaking proved to to beactivists them embarrassed concerning continue and theto apologetic.patrol cost of the cleaning beach, The campaign andup the lifeguards mess has they Itshave werefirst started tactic creating. issuingwas to roam up and down the beach at Key Biscayne, searching for people had a marked effect. Every other In most cases one-dollarwho dropped ticketsyouaccosted know for womenlittering. that five on leopards the streets were of butcheredMiami who were wearing animal-skin coats,The makingsecond movecomments by "Environment!" did not meet with as sympathetic a reaction. for your back ? ". * December reported that most women who The young people like, "Did *were Constance spoken toL. appearedStallings, unimpressed "It's June in by December", the The next target for "Environment!" was the ineffective Miami sewage treatment environmentalists' argument. 218Ecotactics, (N. Y. : 1970), p. 90. system. December came up with a truly dramatic stunt to demonstrate the pollution which was being dumped into Biscayne Bay - posalcayneHall.the "Peanut Shortlyfacilities. Bay! Shell Eventhereafter Caper." though hundreds "Environment!" the tactic of peanut was reported, "raiders"shells were flushedMiami observed haspeanut bobbingy et shells to act up down toand c downlethe an toilets inup the its of waterwaste Miami's of dis- Bis- City onofMiami, Southweekends which Florida immediately was conservationists, causing offshore thermal but frompollution the the point Turkey to was the dramatizedwaterPoint nearplant. thewhen The plant. waterDecember'sAnother Plant was officials found target volunteers to for denied be December's so went hot the thatskin-diving charges itgroup was the Turkey Point nuclear power plant, 20 miles south of Z`.)7\.) hadcaused at least the indicated divers headaches clearly the after effects 10 minutes. it was having Although upon Turkey the environment. Point continuesProbably to theoperate, biggest "Environment!" of December's Florida projects was a drive to educate high school and university couldDecemberBigstudents Cypress cause. toto SwamptheDecember the potential problem, north immediately environmental oftaking the Everglades. her wangled to thedamage site Nationalpermission of which the proposedAudubon would from bethe jetSociety caused Dade port andCountyrepresentativeby the explaining construction Commissioners Joe the Browderecological of a tojet conduct port introduced harm in the it quencesofexposedgroup high visitsof school by the theto jet and thekeep port. jetcollege pits "Environment!"port gouged site,students under out into during the members the pretext swamp,preliminary continue of explainingarchaeological construction). to conduct the ecology exploration tours Each through of weekend, the (ironically, area the andDecemberswamp the fossils possibleand led WEREgive caravans conse- Everglades.talks at local schools, attempting to increase public awareness of the delicately-balancedActivists are not ecologynecessarily of the radicals, according to December. She points out that even political 21 conservatives have rallied to protect the environment, especially when areas close to home were threatened. Decemberstudying intends at Katherine to work Gibbs both Secretarial inside and School outside in "the New system." York City. In September, 1969, December began mind"I want of the to learnpolluter." all about she explains.big business and industry, and the "I need to know their a friend, Tom Stokes, formed a New York "Environment!" Notwithstanding her "inside" role, December continued her environmental activism as well. She and wideyouways. ever secretarialKnowing, thought whatmaybestrike?" would I can** happen change if them there awere little. a nation-Have organization. It was supported entirely by funds manyanswerfrom friends. dramatic to the Decemberindustries activities which claimscarried do that out the evenby polluting. New foundations York "Environment!" which donate in money Theto preserve alligator the costume environment ploy, which must received substantial coverage in the newspapers, was just one of the interest of what December terms afterincluding60,000"participatory the picketscat "Environment!", skins ecology."left were Kahn imported pledgedOn picketed another illegally no Ben longer occasion, Kahn's, every to import some year.a New skins40This York representatives timefrom furrier. theendangered action The of signshad several species. immediate they conservation carried success; claimed groups, shortly that mobileeralafter Motors the tailpipes big Building as well and as onaerial the Fifth small.views Avenue, Oneof cities bitterlycarrying blanketed cold enlarged day, in smog.aphotographs dozen They young also of peopleexhaust distributedNew picketedYork fumes flyers"Environment!" billowing in frontcontaining of the was sta-Gen- not content to deal with independent businesses, however. They went from auto- **tistics ConstanceUnited from States, the L. CongressionalStallings, and the auto Op. industry Cit.Record , p. whichin92. general blamed for overGeneral 60 per Motors cent. for Clad one-third in knee-high of the boots,air pollution a pea in the 220 jacket andsmile a yellow and inform mini-skirt, them December that General braved Motors the was killing us all. The 12-degree temperatures to walk up to pedestrians with a entire demonstration was very well Everyonereceived. Thereappeared was to no agree resistance. that General Even Motors the police had officerno right on to hand wasDecember's New York activists plan participatory activities every weekend. They hope pedaling through the downtown Wall Street district to protest the internal destroy the air. accommodating to the pickets. to arrange combus- whichcatetiona Bike citizensengine. sellDay non-biodegradable with Theyto take cyclists are the researching initiative detergents. on means making Theyof pollutionrecycling encourage complaints, waste housewives to take the troublematerials to return in useful bottles. ways. They plan to edu- including the picketing ofMachiasport, supermarkets Maine, where oil re- C.3 Aendsfineries trip, workingsimilar threaten to for December's the "Environment!". coastline. Everglades She does tours, research is being and planned speaks to to groupsDecember attends school from 9a. m. to 3:30 p.m. and spends nearly all her afternoons and week- such as "Citizens for a Quieter theira City."Long mother Island She believesto wildlife answer in preserve. forteaching her leopard-skin ecology at coat!an early age, and has guidedDecember realizes that not all the activities planned by On a recent trip home her brother applied his lessons well, environmental groups will solve the problems her 9-year-old brother on tours of calling for environmentnowthey ifseek constructive to expose.in her homeaction But she state.is ever believes When shethat discovered it is essential that several And although she is presently "stationed" in New York, to result. to educate and organize people against pollution December continues to keep an eye on theMiami beaches had been closed (except Shot!"for sun-bathing)distribution atdue airports to the dangeracross ofthe typhoid United from States. polluted Its 221 title -"Don't Go to Floridawater, Without December Your Typhoid promptly prepared a pamphlet STUDENT COMMENT NO. 7 What action can the individual take to fight air pollution and water pollution and preserve natural re- : Action For Environmental Protection Wilson,ingnessdividualsources? an ofAction," environmental individualPlace lessMrs. valuecitizens Wilson planner on to explainspersonal withalter thetheir thatconvenience Miami life the styles solutions office andand of to theadoptmore environmental National aon new social Auduboncode responsibility, problems of values. Society. will She Inanswersdepend her essay on Judith the "In- will- Voliner stressesIthe im- Z3 thantheportanceground. balance, an active of manyeach commitment personseparate either individual to solution contributes efforts. represents to Likethe problema votes,contribution they or works DO to count.the toward problem. With the thesolution. There survival can And be of noanything the middle earth lessin willdriveeffective be to able educate action to offset voters against the to tendencyit. informed of participation industries and in governmentgovernment. either Only towidespread contributeOne area effortsto of pollution active by individuals commitment or to open to the average citizen is to participate in an urgently-needed Volunteers are needed to conduct scientific and legal research, talk to school delay andentsgroups, joinare typerequired.a conservation materials, attendgroup whoseand report beliefs on arepublic compatible hearings with and theirmany own. otherAnother Even if channel they do ofnot environmental have the time protection is group action. Individuals have a responsibility activities. Many different tal- to find individualor the inclination involvement to participate in legal andactively, political they aspects should of at the least solution and preventionPolitical of action environmental is a third possibility.problems. The best weapon in protecting the environment is increased 222 lend greatly-needed financial assistance. Knowledge of givernment is of primary importance. Citizens should know their representatives at all vationthiseconomiclevels is toand of find governmentoppose development out their pollution votingand in theirdeterminein records,their constituency public theirbecause statements. stands and nearly potential on environmental all politicians damage to mayissues. the environment?be The expected only certain to And support even way conser- votingto do But what have they done in a decision between fromwhomittee.records passtheir mayconservation constituents not give beforebillsa true only makingpicture. after arendering final decision them onvirtually how to useless vote on by an watering issue. them downIt is alsoin com- important for citizens to write to their representatives. They often await response Committee assignments should be checked to ferret out legislators Typed, personally- ;IQ onandsigned an sign informed lettershis own carry basis. letter much Whethercan bemore expected a weightletter toprovides than check duplicated thea detailed legislator's materials. analysis voting Anyone of record an issue who and ortakes cast merely histhe own timesets ballotforthto write a Cn Theasrequest well first asfor step allies, support is to because know or opposition existing changing tolaws, theira measure, and votes whether isit criticalDOES they COUNT.toprovide the ends for Letters ofstrict the Faced should enforcement.environmentalist. with be sent a specific to opponents threat to the environment, how can the individual go about combatting it? Before pro- shouldresponsiveadministrationceeding, be sufficientlyenvironmental to public of existing pressure, informed groupslaws. and on must whichthe knowstructure have whether the of authoritygovernment to push to for maketo new seek orlegislation thoseenforce officials decisions.or simply who moreare most effective likely It is also essential to know which government officials will be most Citizens basedtimeto be toreceptive on organize. scientific to their or economic wishes. facts. Research should be done on the issues involved; if studies don't Environmental groups should coordinate their efforts and present solid arguments Public hearings can be an effective forum for citizens if they take the 223 presenttheexist, situationenvironment, they arguments should should because beon be initiated. the called economicthe uponopposition to advantages testify. is often of represented an environment-damaging by professional publicproject, relations or the prohibitive men who People qualified on various scientific and economic factors pertaining to Facts are far more important than emotional appeals to save shouldstressingexpense also theof be properlong-term sought, waste as economic itcontrol. often helps benefits offset of thepreserving professional natural resources.Public Good awareness local press can coverage be an effective means of preserving the environment, but it is often neces- Environmentalists can most effectively counter sucn arguments by caliber of the opponents' spokesmen. legalernmenttiallysary to action,harmful carry for violatingenvironmental the land-use matter existing proposals, into groups the pollution courts. or can. filing laws. a lawsuitAlthough against the average a major citizen corporation cannot of afford an agency the costs of They mayLegal include action in could their consistmembership of a formal lawyers objection who are to willing stop poten- of the gov- tancetocase work to involving atlawyers cost, orthein beconducting protection able to locate researchof the outside environment. pertaining attorneys toIndividual non-technicalor law firms citizens who aspects can willIn of conclusion,donate the case. their Mrs. services Wilson to a calls for a strong personal commitment to the movement to often be of considerable assis- bring man stickenvironmentalistandinto toharmony to withstand the responsible with publicis his likely environment--a courseresistance to become of action.to aan commitmenthero. unpopular cause which if is necessary. able both to sacrifice personal convenience But if the cause is unpopular, he must have the integrity to If the issue is popular, the citizen- 224 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 8 One of the most formidable obstacles to effective regulation of industries which pollute the environ- : The Emerging Regulatory-Industrial Complex influencevestingwhichment are isthe theupon supposed Regulatory-Industrial tremendous government to be political regulating regulatory Comp influence them. bodies les, Accordingwhich" inoperates The these Voter's into industries fourRobert Guide major C. exertto Fellmeth,areas. Environmental on the author very government Politics,of the chapter, industry's agencies "Di- heavybasis.icies are influence, formulated. both Atfromal these and formative informal, levels, over therules regulatory can still agencies.be alteredThe on afirstFor more thisarea or reason, of less influence informal industries is in maintainthe middle large levels and of permanent the government lobbies bureaucracy in Washington where which most wield pol- Industrial leaders and lobbyists andinvolvingagencies.maintain/ then new constantpollution, rules are contact are formulated discussed with "advisory" to in meet secret the groups conferences public which relations between discuss needs prospectiveagency of the members companies. policy and decisions Theindustry consumer by leadersvarious can Fellmeth claims that thousands of letters of complaints from consumers, including complaints consumersresentedbureaucracypropose amendmentsat orall and consumerat theare middleno to longersuchrepresentatives bureaucratic rules, subject but toonly on changelevels their through whereadvisory without public the aboards, decisions majorhearings, nor"hassle. are afterdo made;they "they Consumers consult few,have ifpassed consumer any, are agencies hardlythrough groups rep- have the asforjective" an informal example surveys opinions the onrecent agencyas they"outside policiesdo industrial study are group" also leaders. under recommendation the influence that of industry,passenger Fellmeth charges. He takes Even225 "outside" groups called upon to conduct "ob- train service be theisofdiscontinued an wishespassenger alternative of the serviceon to railroada heavily-polluting number had companies.done of railroad business automobile A lines. studywith the revealed traffic), "independent" that the 15group's of firm the suggestion which 17 railroads advised "happened" seeking the government a to discontinuance conform agencies to Virtually ignoring environmental considerations (mass transit importantlateto discontinue it is an agency elaborate the service.officials, process keeping of entertainment track of birthdays of agency of personnel.sons and daughters,A second anniversaries, method of persuasionhobbies, fav- exercised by industry upon the agencies who are supposed to regu- Industries keep extensive files on ReportstoCommerceorite build foods, upof the Commissioners etc. impressionsummer of of1969 deephave when personaltaken it wasapproximately concern shown, and for 220 friendship.instance, trips to that attend over industry the past conferences three years inInterstate places The cumulative effect of these remembrances, Fellmeth asserts, is not monetary, but The process is revealed in the Nader were75such per already as cent Hawaii, ofwell expenses Puertorepresented Ricofrom andwith such the executives trips Bahamas are borne in (or Washington. bythe the home government, states One commissionerof agency outA of third publicofficials), factor publicly tax creating whendollars. estimated industries a close that link between industry and government regulatory bodies is job inter- Anmissionposts change.equally later have significantA on. substantial become More thannumber high-level number 50 perof regulatoryof executivescent agency of the officialsagency informer the communicationattorneys wereCommissioners former use theemployees industry. ofposition the Federal ofTen as the a out springboard industriesCommunications of 11 former to to be industrial ICC regulated. Com- ficialsforCommissioners the into industry lucrative as have 'ICC industrial either practitioners. assumed executive "positions Fellmethpositions directly refersas a "deferred towithin the process transportation bribe" ofwhich hiring helpsindustries, regulatory make or the agencyhave government worked of- 226 counter-attacksofficials.agencies conform with to strategicthe wishes pork-barrelling of the industries (lobbying they are for supposed the allocation to control. of Theeconomically-advantageous fourth area of industrial influenceIf Congress in Washington threatens isto incontrol the appointment or break up and the hiring regulatory-industrial of agency combination, industry oftengressmentributions.federal headed projects who by are "puppets"to certainable to ofregionsinfluence industry. of appointmentsthe country in torepayment regulatory for agencies. political Asfavors) a result, and thesecampaign agencies con- are Millions of dollars have been contributed by industry to the re-election campaigns of key con- Fellmeth observes that only four of the current 11 Interstate Com- transportation.sors,merce " Commissionersand the Two majority of those havehave four experiencebeen come involved from with inthe law, party industry economics, politics being for anti-trustregulated. a long The result of industry's four-fold influence upon the regulatory agencies of the federal government period. regulation, rate regulation or All 11 have political "spon- CO Indesignedselfis fact, a veryis industriesa business--much closeto maintain agreement have influencecrossed of of it corporate taxcompetitive over deductible, regulatory and lines regulatory no agencies.to less! establish Theviews--to Industry result large thehaslobbies is benefithighlybeen in extravagant organized,Washington.of the induatries, well-financedindustry of spending course. and Lobbying it- pro-industryprofessionallyexposedTherefore, largely evenbias. represented. tothose industrial, agency Consumers, ratherofficials than onwho consumer the are other not viewpoints,directlyhand, lack or indirectlyorganization, and as such linked are funds inclinedto corporateand representation. to develop interests a are STUDENT COMMENT NO. 9 Air pollution. Since we all breathe, we all have a vital interest in this national problem. A : A Roadblock to Environmental Protection? theylogicalcialcerning evaluate interest solution automobile groupsproposals, would exhaustwhich be thea tough arecommittees systems. paid crackdown to present are onalmost thesmoke views certain from toindustry be besieged and by In Ccngress, proposals like these are referred to committees. As of their group. Automobile manufacturers, for unyielding high standards con- lobbies from various spe- ducedamagingsesexample, to "mountains" argue couldthe that economy. be proposed of expected eveidence to "proving"marshall an impressive array of lawyers, Equally professional standardsrepresentatives for pollution for manufacturers control are cannearly be expectedimpossible to meet without seriously that industrial smoke is not a major component of air pol- scientists and expert witnes- to pro- thelution.sional imposition committees of clean-air which muststandards make on decisions industry concerning would force the plant environment. shut-downsThe viewsOther ofspecial such interestspecial-interest groups would groups probably are clearly be involved;and forcefully labor, presented for before Congres- Butinstance, how about might the argueviews thatofand cause unemployment. nearlydeterminethemost average aspart, much policy. Americanthese influence people who arewith has without Congressional to breathe effective the aircommittees or which organized other as therepresentation people lobbies insist described they before the Even those people who speak out for clean air dynamically and publicly do not command must pollute? For theabove, because they legislators who Excerptrepresent from no clearly article definedby Congressman interest group. Morris K. Udall and Congressman Paul N. 228 McCloskey STUDENT COMMENT NO. 10 A GM lobbyist has no set routine. : A Day With a GM Lobbyist His job is to react. HF is a combination commentator and ciescounter-puncher.8:00 affecting a. m. with GM, its His they one day scanpredictable is shapedthe day's activity--reading.by news others. for schedules of committee hearings,For GM upcoming lobbyists floor James actions M. Morris, William C. Chapman and Jay G. Hall, the day begins before To keep abreast of Congress and the various agen- ExecutiveTheand proposedNew York Report, rule-making. Times, The NationalFederal RegisterJournal, Congressionaland relevant items Quarterly, from the The previous BureauTwo ofday's to National three Congressional hours Affairs are spentDaily Record. each day in reading. The reading list includes The Washington Post, 1.4C.3ZV ingmitteeday's or assignments simplyhearings, visiting observing can withbe made. afloor key Depending debate,legislator going oron staff whatto a memberchamber Congress to of isensure commerce doing, that this Bythe or might 9:30,businesslines include theof communication GMassociation attending lobbyists meet- com- are are in the office with enough of the day's reading behind them so that the fromwhokept open. isthe assigned office. to the controversial safety and pollution issues, it means spendingFor Morris, even this more means time spending away at least 50 per cent of his time out of the office. Chapman also makes frequent trips to Detroit to report in person on developments in his For Chapman, resentativesareas of responsibility. have to make calls on Capitol Hill, according to Morris. The burgeoning of government activity affecting automobiles has restricted the free time GM rep- 229 'It would be highly desirable to visittime. more " often with legislators and staffs, but we are limited by the small Forstaff William and the D.demands Thompson on our and Albert D. Bourland, who are not yet registered to lobby, the year andestimatedsince the theyworkings thecame office of to thethe management government.Washington chores office take has beenup to spent80 per largely cent of in his acquainting day.Bourland's themselves duties with as managerthe people of the office limit the time he has to get acquainted on the Hill. He onStreetregistered information Journal. to lobby, Hefed is towork assigned him in by the Morris to Washington cover and congressional Chapman. office is Thesenot hearings unlike reports theand arereporting occasionally sentFor on he B.to once E. Detroit.to (Gene)write did for reports Ritzinger, The Wall based who has been in Washington for less than two months, and who is not andrequirederation late. toby attend Congress--as meetings is inthe the case evening. with the When Clean an Air important Amendment--these bill affectingWhile evening the Congressindustry meetings is is under in can session, consid-run often the lobbyist's day does not end until 6 or 6:30 p. m. , and often he is 230 STUDENT COMMENT2-B NO.11 THE MIAMI HERALD Sun., April 2, 1972 : Development of a Key 84, and he says heHiram doesn't A. Riviere says he's By FRED TASKER Herald Waff Writer fromseems them. to be slipping away triedat Vernon's to get Carolan, Drug Store 4, to andfin- don't like it," Mrs. J. M. Leh-"I'll be frank with you. I they rue the day, Nov.Some 9, of the residents say 'Keypaidgivefoursell for toa his damntheorit in Key fiveapartment 1953. that Biscaynetimes he builders whatcould house cBiscane:ghe for Paradise 'Lost? walksatmosphere,losing areits sleepy,painted where small green theThey're townside- and sorry the Key is hadof ishdesign." no"They're at street lightsjust ugly; and no "Inot preferredsense least part of hers. it when we Lehman'sscoffedman replied. her "Oh, it's house, not that bad,"husband. falls at in Thethe115 whichafterdedicated.Causeway1947, thewhen had Matheson owned wasItthe had Rickenbackerfinished beenthe family, whole built and "I don't . care about them;rideyoung bicycles-built-for-two where girls thewith Chamber long hair onof so many people," Mrs. Ep- earlyHampton morning St., shadow of the nutisland plantation, and used offered it as a coco-Dade Keyhereuablemoney," toBiscayne's live." he says.main "Istreet,The came old man's house is val- because, it sits just off bumperwhereBiscayneCommerceand poke stickers cattle amongis forthe saying 50 Good the cents coconut"Key Life;" sells egrets flutter thatknowstein anyfirst continued.more."everybody names; we "I don'tThe used ownerhave to of the drug- by their said.officemonsteraround "Lookbuilding. is at on," Earl the Swain," mailman"The guys are tossing whose route that it causewaytheCountyland county as a toanbig the wouldoceanfront part mainland. of build the park is- a if tobuilding,withCrandonmit zoning a builtBoulevard, that almost would onlot landper-line lot line, 12-story apartment as fordisepalms 12-story is abouton apartments.land to getthat's its secondzonedThey're sorry their para- pretty"Thosemoratorium,saidstore, he pennyRichard developersfavors for the that building land, so but L. Vernon, paid added: a crying?"SeaviewheKey continued. Biscayne. and the "He Think Towers got he's the of not ofwar were1940s,Key enthusiasm Biscayne's zoned more tothan ofallowoceanfront the100 apart-late SOMEHOW,acres in the post- many"Peopletonks as 87here," usedunits per acre."I DON'T WANT honky- containingtoRiviere live very said. trafficMiamiis light. beingiums Beach-style that are condomin-THEY'RE SORRY all this replaced by the filling in the compensatedbuildif on it, in some way."Now the bigthey're buildings are not they should be allowed to theythesenancemoratorium foughtare thatsome for voters of the the buildingfinally reasonsTHE ap- RESIDENTS enabling ordi- say ments.ingtheand buildinggave the birth new of thetoapartment what causewayThe now zon- opening of the park, Keyfastpromoterscomfortable buck." residents came agree. there in Manyto untilIt get was of athe Riviere's fellow SonestaCasaoceanfrontattractiveCommodore Del Beach Mar, Hotel. Mayan-styletheClub, 190-unit even the the 27-story likeBiscayners'becominghouse?" Bob part kiddedlives. of all mailman"YOU the Key MEANEd you don't Griese's new Goodeendum.powerplaudproved Andfor County onlyin using theit's 15 Marchwhy Manager days they 14after ap-refer- Ray he to slap a temporary his rew key.gressionhas become of population a geometric on pro- the sorryYou."Islandthatthey reads: who and "Keyputthey upBiscaynesay the they're sign that Paradise Welcomes their paradise sheKeycrete."ugly munched Biscayner Edie a Epstein,cheeseburger complained"Most another asof the buildings are just blocks of con- starArlt, quarterback.namebuildingters waving at of a the goingfour-story aMiami batch up Dolphins' underof office let- the 231 front.ofbuilding gotKey it Biscayne'sban on a major piece ocean- Visions of future disaster mendation of the study,ANOTHER how - .major recom- to buy the land, turn it into it by newspapers.not have his name in the weekdayofwerethat,traffic ifdrawndeveloped analysis.all trafficland in a on It1971to across concluded thethe countyisland its zoning, the average limits the withever. single-familyere'ssquarement is zoningtohouse, blocksremove from zoning.and around the thereplace apart- several Rivi- it chargingerparks zoo admission. workeranda different pay on forthe idea. key -They Beverlyhas give Woods, 24, anoth- handheMiami said,at the Beach waving hotel all construc-a thecalloused time.""THIS IS going on on daywithcausewaystillmost peak the traffic aswinter hours, would thick that season's becomeas now the Sun-occurs stand- al- willthe be Zoning Apri147. Appeals Board,TheBut first rezonings take time, hearing, before buildpeoplehercuddling tofarmersthings." neck, grow money a"they moneyWooly things," ought here monkeyout shetonotWest give said, toto not wantlandcan'ttion, to "Iseeleft,stop don't as itat there'shere. leastknow along toowhy "Anyway,"much they the he went on, "1 isn'tager'smid goingproves" that building alonghe of "Absolutely the ban.with HIRAMcounty ap- man-RIVIERE says that, he buildersand$60,000ere'stheespecially courts, lot neighborsrecently. byfor ifand the histhey onewassmallapartment end ofoffered house upRivi- in streetwhogothe so lives countyfar.from Wilfred Riviere, zoners Johnson, shouldsaysSome he not Key residents feel just down the wenttuckedAmerican wide,low,ocean."back a plasticto leatherchisel flagwork.He replacedhardon back tool either hat into with hisside, his yel- its belt, and 000sameeral -to- blocks position, $40,000 around living areRiviere's in in$25,- the neighbors for sev- houses on ban.useothers of And the approve temporaryit's why of Goode'smany buildingThis of is why Riviere and zoningshortswants on toand his keep houseT-shirt, the and apartment Johnson lot.DRESSED in bermuda Hotel.story,theguard gatehouse Octavio Jordan. of Justsat in up the street, security oceanfront the Sands 11- zoneandtheirwouldLikeland have zonedchancesRiviere,their be countywilling land for atmany apartments.backquick zonersto ofgive to profitthem sin- re-up days,mustthemtend18,Metro todecidewill when thegive Commission appear ban countywhethercommissioners for before plannersits onto full ex-theApril 90 in lythe landscapedgrasswas front on from yardhis knees,house.around of his pulling neat-the cactus"I planthe to sell in about 10 comelysaid.economy low from "Many class construction. of people, the city," especial-have"A in-heban is not good for the gle-familyafterMetroing to studying Planning dostatus. just theDepartment, areaThe for county zoners are try- that. The theirinenough rezonings.buildingtime. Goode ban say has it said cameTHOSE the just WHO LIKE the time to complete here."years,"in"and sweatthe thenhe building said,from take wipingan that apartment goes Johnsonthe up said he approves his forehead, tobelieve," saysthe apartment he'll he concluded. never builders. sell hisBUT land"This HIRAM is anti-democratic, A. Riviere I tionstaltwo "KeyDesign years, Biscayne Study." has written Environmen-The study's recommenda- would not prohibit a buildingfour,apartmentban eightpermits. stopped and nineat least stories threethat were about to receive projects of roads,waytiestoof allowthe perhaps building time afor newban, more cause-but facili- only to catchnew up withsewers, the better sontoums,"lifetime. planted the he Damnsaid, turning condomini- back"It'll never happen in my sapling avocado for him last his permittedButofapartment theyacre the density key's wouldto building fromvaluable cut 87the on units per- muchland. 50, and they the zonersbe not should allowed go to further. build,""TheSome said builders Key residents should feeljust let'sapartment face that," building. he said."YouEven can't buck progress; m ore strongly sweetweek."GotHurricane soil soto replaceit'll Betsy,"grow." it with Andhe goodsaid. "Soil'savocados too saltycan here since take Boulevard.theapartplacewould ocean andthe require apartmentsandfarther from back Crandon farther from builders to Zoo.highunteertheSteve Steveschooler key at and wantsCrandon whoworks the livesChildren's count as a on vol Tennis, 15-year-old Hotel,oceanfrontagainstfour-storycarpenter, who the Royalban said addition was he's a ratherunion helping build 232 Biscayne to the a years to bear fruit. STUDENT COMMENT NO. 12 : Reading References (City Planning) Doubleday,Architecture"CommunityChermayeff, $5.95 of Serge,and Humanism," or Privacy: $1.75 and Christopher paperback. Toward New York, a NewAlexander, 1963 Norcross,phiaMowbray,$5.95 and New Carl, A.Q., York, "Open "The 1969, RoadSpace J.B. to Communities Ruin,"Philadel-Lippincott, FederalNewEckbo, York, Garrett,Highway 1964, "Urban AdministratorsMcGraw-Hill, Landscape $16.50.Urban Design," Advisors Seymour,Urbanin the Marketplace,"Land Whitney Institute. North Washington, Jr. D.C. , 1966, , ed., "Small AmericanJacobs,1968,"The Freeway U.S.Jane, Cities, Government "The "New in theDeath York City," Printingand 1961, Washington,D. Life Random Office. of Great C. , BloomfieldVosburgh,UniversityUrban Spaces," John, Press,Hills, New "Living Michigan,$6.50. York with 1969, 1968, Your New Cranbrook Land," York NewLittle,paperback.House, York, Charles $7.95 1969, E.or ,PergamonModern "Challenge Library Press, of the $2.95, $3.75. Land," $1.95 Whyte,InstituteNew York, William of Science. 1968, H. Doubleday,, "The Last $6.50.Landscape," McHarg,1969, Natural Ian, "Design History with Press, Nature," $19.95. Garden City, 233 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 13 The word "propaganda" had its origin in the effort of the Catholic Church to "propagate the faith" : Propaganda: Method, Use, and Scope usedgandaduring in ride" themany century to different act asfollowing its spheres "propaganda" the of reformation. life. agency. The Church established the The"Sacra scope Congregation of propaganda de Propa- today is very great.. It is not limited to any particular field of life. Since that time, the word "propaganda" has come to be Prop- timesmostaganda found daily plays halfway at home,a very between atimportant work, politics or role at play. andin politics, religion. religion, economics, and areasPropaganda of morality is used which to "induce" are someone to act. It Everyonedoesn't compel is exposed one toto actsome and form therefore, of propaganda it depends al- affectagandaeitheron communication the situationdo target's or believe is behavior. when to something. be theeffective. propagandist Propaganda by one is usedmethod for orthe another purpose communicates of affecting behavior.with his target A typical so as prop- to Negative propaganda is sometimes used to try to undo whatIt trys some to appeal other prop- to the non-thinking side of man in order to get him to ventdidate,theagandist somebehavior to haschange buy alreadyof some the from target. product,done taking through toplace, accept positive to smoke,some propaganda, religious not to smoke, belief, or to preventtoto wearsupport rathertheir their hair than nation in bring some in about wartime,particular a change to style, pre- in Propaganda may be used to get someone to support a particular political can- mightto hate be some used particular for is really group, endless. to like some particular group, etc. There are many different ways in which the propagandist may practice his art. 234 The list of things which propaganda He may appeal to propagandahatred,people'sPropaganda courage, emotions depends operates desire or upon to on theirfor theall prestige, intellect.ofstrength the emotions; sense of the of emotions adventure,fear, pride, already patriotism,greed, existing sympathy, etc.in the mindsself-respect, of the targets.ambition, love, In most cases, propaganda is designed to appeal to the emotions. The real effectiveness of Propa- orleaflets,inganda inpictures, almost may tracts, be inany presentedpatriotic orform "novels which orin manyrevolutionary withthe human differenta purpose," mind songs,forms. can in satires,on the radio, in rumors, on television, in truth, inin the press, in comprehend.It may be found in the spoken work, the printed word, half-truth, in false-hood, pamplets, hetruth"good", will if usuallyit willhe is help bemost more his likely accomplish unscrupulous to use truth the and anddesired use honorable any results. methods methods of propaganda in his propaganda. toPropaganda as such is morally neutral. The propagandist may use either false information or the If the end result the propagandist is seeking is achieve his desired goals. If the end result is "bad", 235 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 14: Contemporary society is so complex that most of our information is relayed to us at second or Weigh the Facts withWethirdone are a hand.or critical expected two Often, other attitude. to itsources. trust is difficult our Of sources course,to determine of shouldinformation; whether a speaker however, the orinformation writer we shouldbe angiven authority also to approach us is in completely his all information accurate. If you question something you are told or read, it is wise to cross-check with field, it is fair differentlytodecision.have assume different thatbyIn evaluatingtwo his viewpoints. individualsinformation information, In or thisis two correct, case publications, one you unlessshould should he rememberdepending thenis involved judge thaton the intheir the evidencea controversy sameattitudes. set of ofboth infacts which"experts" can otherbe interpretedand experts reach a It is then necessary to (X) fluenceordistinguish behave at leastin between a certainsome facts of way. our and thoughtsThis opinions is the and ortechnique actions.assumptions Theof propaganda. propagandistabout facts. Almost may be every PROPAGANDA.an employee of a publicIn certain cases, information we are fed to us may be selected to get us to believe day, propagandists in- itshouldone relationsis canuseful seek give orto the aboutbean source awareadvertising propaganda of propagandahis agency, methods. is to be but and awareSome it attempt is justprincipalthat as weto likely understandare methods all that constant he arethe is discussed persuader's antargets. amateur. below.* purposes. The most In basic addition, advice In important issues, you dictionarywords as definitions. "motherhood," For example,"country," the "family," propagandist "home," might "God," associate "protection," an ideaLoaded he or supports Words. "progress." withThese suchIf are the words pro- with strong emotional connotations that go well beyond their 236 . - appeal"wasteful"agandist to. is attackingare some anexamples. idea, he willEveryone employ possess other loaded attitudes, words. ideas, Name-Calling. The possibilities for name-callingConsequently, are unlimited. loaded words This are likely to appear in all propaganda. "Dishonest," "un-American,"and interests and the propagandist can technique is usually em- life.termsployedand Name-calling "Red."used,in by an individualThese the United is two too attempting namesoften States used imply in torecent by discredit that political years,the individualanother candidates to attack individual so or who described may or group. is a undermine individuals are "Communist" describe an opponent as "unqualified,"threat to the American way of Two of the most common will"puppets"inexperienced," rarely manipulated attack orthe "demagogueish." good by political sense and bosses." intelligence The opponents of his may audience. reply by Flattery. The propagandist also exploits our desire to be respected Itand is highlyratherreferring thethought opposition toof. their He that opponents is "dis- as tohonest"appeals lend "seals and for "dangerous." money,of authority and television andFlattery approval" is commercials. frequently to goods, used in political Appeals to Authority. The names of leaders and experts of all ideas, or whatever is being promoted. Since President speeches, magazine advertisements, types are used by propagandists frequentlyNixoncalled believes "transfer." used this,transfer Here the isreasoning an the idea displaying or goes, a movement that of an should American is be Bandwagon. The psychology here is that because so many associated with a highly respected symbol. Theenough most for you. A varietyflag at of a this meeting technique or rally. is people are thinking on doing this, it asmust they be are.right. Plain Folks. The goal here is to give people the impressionPoliticians attempt to convey Youthis impressionare also told by that a great if you don't join in, you'll be 237 leftthat behind. the propagandistdeal of joke-telling and hand-shaking. is the same convincinguntil it is accepted. Germans Adolf that theyHiller were was members the master of ofan the Aryan big lie.race superior Theto all Big other Lie. races. This is a purposeful falsehood of great magnitude that is repeated again and again His basic and most successful lie was American* From aJournal classification of Sociology, developed September. by the former1945. Institute for Propaganda Analysis; reported in

238 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 15 How to Deal With Propaganda sions,pleopinions make it is free isessential the choices challenge that of we leaders facing learn andeachhow in ofto which dealus. withthe people propaganda. exert a great dealEveryone of influence is subjected over public to propaganda deci- daily. If we wish to maintain a form of government in which the peo- To be able to evaluate propaganda and arrive at informed The following methods could be most helpful in achieving this goal: b.a. slantedAvoidSeek out listening point people of view. towith individuals many different who are points extremely of view prejudiced and listen and carefully who are to obviouslyeach of them. presenting a d.e.c. Read many different magazineswhen andDevelopCheck booksyou upsee informedwhich on or andhear present test it.opinions any varying idea on orall points product major of issues view.and see so ifthat it doesyou willwhat be its able advocates to recognize have saidpropaganda it will do. 239 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 16 Pressure groups are organizations whose aim is to further the : Pressure Groups and Propaganda special interests of their members lifebyless givinginfluencing isof represented whether a voice public you to by theagree opinion.a ideas pressure with Thesetheir group. goals, pressure For pressure example, groups groups are the the serve an a large number of people hold in common. AFL-CIO is the voice formost many frequent working users men, of propaganda. Regard- important function in a democracy Virtually every segment of thetomentalmen. Nationaltheir Many officials.peculiar Education interest Theinterest. groups purpose Association also of thesehire for manylobbyists teachers, is to influence the U.S. Chamer lobbyists to help present their views to federal and state govern- lawmakers to make.decisions favorable of Commerce for many business- 1;1 Society,people than a leader with advancingin the movement ideas they to conservejudge to be natural of benefit resources, to society as aSomeOther pressure groups haveare less large concerned nationwide with memberships, promoting the is one suchwhile organization. others have ainterests relatively of smalla particular group of whole. The National Audubon ticularlong-rangeamembership group issue organized andgoals which disband and specifically works consequently once on theirthe for state immediate long and lives, local goalwhile levels is other attained. only. organizations The are safeguarding Florida's natural beauty. Some pressure groups have Florida Defenders of the Environment is formed to influence one par- individualsmembership. organize Highly dedicatedand unify, personnel their efforts and tend good to organization be far more Pressure groups usually exert far more influence than might be 240 efficientcompensate and foreffective. small numbers. When expected from the size of their Propaganda activities of some type are utilized by most organizations. The type and quantity of staffofpropaganda volunteers is often varies timesis usually withemployed giventhe size byresponsibility and the purposeslarger An organization's propaganda program is and wealthierfor propagandaorganizations. inof smallthe organization. groups. A full-time One part-timefrequently volunteer executed or a all or in part by outside professional firms. committee tionsHillofficesOver and firms. four Knowlton,in thethousand This United firm which advertising States caters was and primarily hasagencies, to established in 1927, is the largest and one of the representatives in twenty-eight other countries along with hundreds ofcompanies public relations and business organizations. It operates oldest of the public-rela-firms, offer this service.to serve its clients' eight againstonetiveinterests. importantcommunication proposed service laws, with develops stockholders, pamphlets, Its services are broad and typical of performed by this firm. In addition, it assists business reporters, employees, and with brochures, and other publications forthose offered by other such firms. Assistance its clients in campaigns for or the general publicdistribution is in schools in effec- CA) beoperate,and delivered. elsewhere, prepares The provides public speeches relationsadvice for on.executives, maintenance firm also researches the public's attitudes and even tries to arrange audiences whereof good relations with cities and towns in and opinions as a basis for these speeches can which business organizationsandits work. thousands inof thisothers country who workspend at over There are well over a quarter of a million the job on a part-time basis. In fact, $15 billion yearly in an attempt to influence people in the U.S. who are full-time thousands of individuals and others to think and propagandists; agandabehave isas believedthey desire. to be more successful How effective are such efforts? Resultsin strengthening vary. Sometimes existing opinions attitudes are than 241 inchanged. altering However, them. Yet prop- areconfrontedeffective.one at wouldwork with and be foolishit.that you to aredismiss frequently propaganda their target. as ineffective. Too many cases have Consequently, it is very important for the individual to be able to recognize propaganda Thiswhen is not always easy. It is beneficial to maintain an awareness that propagandists indicated it to be highly

242 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 17 Political polling has become an integral part of the American : Political Polling election process. Two types of polls whichtheare utilizedinterest are not ofin widelythe politicselectorate publicized, of asan to function who is aheadto help in parties an The Public Polls. The major political polls are conducted election year: public polls and private polls. The former aim to satisfy election race and who is likelyand candidates to win. Private develop polls, campaign strategy. by three men and their organizations; Pl timesbasis,George analyzedincluding Gallup, by the Elmonewspaper Florida, Roper, Iowa,polls. and Texas,Louis Harris.California, In The professional pollsters have perfected their polling addition, a number of organizations polland on Minnesota a state polls. techniques over the years to the point that City and state races are some- presidentialtheirquickvaried forecasts to from admit elections the have that final becomethe indicatesresult polls by highlyhave antheir goneaverage accurate. competence. wrong of approximatelyThe in the In pastnational pollsters' success in predicting the results of recent and could go wrong again. 1.9 percent. The pollsters, however,elections sinceare 1950, the Gallup figures have today,tivesurveys sample which in of thecandidates voters 1968 to race, decidewould voters youbetween werevote forthe --major Nixon and Pollsters use "trial heats" to reach their conclusions. asked this question: "If the presidential election were candidates as if it were Election Day. In the Gallup Agnew or Humphrey and Muskie ?" In these heats, pollsters ask a representa- being held Poll Agnew or more to Humphrey and Muskie ?" FollowingIf the voter the exhibited nomination uncertainty, of candidates he was for then a asked: presidential243 race, the Gallup Poll conducts four trial "As of today, do you lean more to Nixon and concerningsurveyheats. The is completed first the outcomeis held three in of earlyor the four raceSeptember, days from before the just resultsElection after ofthe Day the campaign lastin trial hasheat, officially as well asbegun, and the November. Pollsters draw conclusions from information final askcalculationscollected each individual in earliercan, of heats.interviewedcourse, Many be thrown afactors special off must setby of inclusionbe questions considered of soresponses however,as to weed of innon-voters. out makingOne the such non-voters. a finalfactor is determining who is going to vote and who is not going to vote. The pollsters' Gallup interviewers judgment. istiongoal well Day. of under theIn recentresearcher way. yearsElection is about to resultsobtain one in asare five clear oftentimes voters an impression have determined postponed as possible by making the aschoice Anotherato decision how thefactor until to be considered by pollsters is how the undecided will probably vote come this group makes. The "undecided's" will the campaign Elec- nC: hevote. selectscomes For thistoa winner. estimating reason, Gallup the actual researchers vote. By try contemporary to make it as standards, easy as possible aHow to to select Evaluate a the Polls. The success of a pollster is usually evaluated on the It is, of course, more sensible to rate his performance on the basis of how close pollster merits a superior rating basis of whethercandidate. theTheyif he American comes encourage within political public a point process interest or two by in of providingpolitics the final and, aresult, storehouse at the no same matter time, who contribute wins.While public polls can be exciting to follow, their importance is information on voting behavior and on the founded on other reasons as well. to a better understanding of opinionstrategyeffects is isof useddetermined major far issues before by on referencean voting. election to to how help people determine regard which the candidatesof the possibleThe Private Polls. Public polls focus upon who is ahead; private polls and the issoes. candidates wouldfocus have uponthe why. Campaign In fact, public best chance of winning. Research of this type is not widely publicized, but is intended for the use of didate'sgressional,$5,only 000 those strengths to gubernatorial, $100,000politicians and weaknessesand involved. andhigher, mayoral Although amongits use candidates. iskey privateincreasing groups, research Research the rapidly. condition is isquite Research directed ofexpensive, his is toimage, useda determination with byand presidential,fees he issuesranging of whichthe con-from can- groupsheracial, should support religious emphasize. the and opposition. national Thegroups, pollster occupational differentiates and betweensocio-economic the attitudes Keygroups; Groups.of men and andageThe groups.women; pollster Poli- seeks to illuminate which groups support the candidate and which 1,.) anydidateticians given whouse election. thecan projected build a wide reactions base of of support these key from groups a coalition in deciding of various who keythe candidategroups is mostshould likely be. Theto win can- wN'NJ andSuchdidate eradicating information is and what wrong is he helpful has ideas: done. to the Another candidate objective in emphasizing is to determine certain how personality votersImage. perceive traits, In image playing the candidate.research, down others, a primary objective is to discover how well voters know who a can- toofthey determine great felt importance:the which government issues the wereshouldcandidate's bringing act on. hard-core aAnalysis candidate support of support,these and replies whichthe undecided was were made costingIssues. voters.by key him In groups,Thus, his votes, private it includingandwas whichresearch,possible two Louis Harris would request that voters describe the problems whichwere having issues tonoare emphasize. effect. important Harris and reveals which that are oftentimesnot. From thisthe typecandidate of research, and the candidates people are are far guidedapart on as to 245 noted. PrivateFirst, research say critics, is obvisouly private usefulpolls causeto politicians; excessive however, emphasis criticisms to be placed of this on process a candidates have been personal- alsounpopularSecondly,ity and express image, criticsissues concern qualities chargewhich regarding thatthatthey mayprivate might the have useotherwisepolls little of tend private to dotosupport. discouragewith polls how Pollstersfor effectivepropaganda politicians deny a leaderboth frompurposes. of orspeaking these lawmaker For charges. outsuch hein purposes, favor willCritics be. of the publicizefavorablepartsof where of research thefindings the entire candidate that arestudy favor not stands.if revealed.theportions candidate Because areThe used areofresult this "leaked"dishonestly. is possibility, to present to the most pressan incorrect pollsters by the candidates- nowin fact, reserve a staff,dishonest the while right picture lessto -

246 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 18 One kind of poll is to find out how your governmental officials feel about a particular topic. : Ecological Attitudes Poll The followingareon the friends issue questions or of enemies conservation. might of be conservation? sent Would to your this representativespoll tell you anything in government about whether to find or out not what those their responding atitudes areto it ECOLOGICAL ATTITUDES POLL ZpiPZ1,1 andI. Recreation areas; or to match state expenditures for expanding outdoor facilities.TheLand amount and Water of money Conservation in this fundFund has not been sufficient to finance new National Parks, Seashores, majorFune? conservation organizations? HaveAre you you in voted favor for of aadequate program financing of YESadequate in the financing past and for specifically the Land and for Waterthe bills Conservation urged by the NO YES NO areII.estuaries very important are being for destroyed providing by a dredginghabitat for and birds, filling, water-fowl, oil exploration, mammals, andThousandsEstuarine garbageand fish. dumping.Areas of miles ofThese the tidalareas marshes, coastal bays, and shallow sounds which make up America's suitedand that for Federal, wildlife state, and recreation?and local governments will develop plans to conserveAre youand inrestore favor areasof the Estuaries Act which would require that all estuaries be inventoried, YES 247 NO Management of Public Lands votedmade anto extendattempt the to provideClassification adequate and management Multiple Use on Act lands for tothree be retainedmore years inUp public in until 1968. ownership.the 1920's, public lands were being disposed of on a large scale.How did you vote on the original bill and on the extension of the act? Finally in 1964, Congress YES Congress NO wildlife,YES for recreation, and for commercial purposes? YES Do you supportfavor using the presentpublic landsclassification for a variety activities of purposes of theNO Bureau such as, of forLand a watershed, Management? for NO N.clude individual Federal areas in the National Wilderness Preservation System.InProtection 1964 Congress of the passedWilderness the Wilderness Law. This law provides for CongressionalDo you favor the enactment of legislation to establish the many wilderness areas in National action to in- V. EstablishmentForests, Parks, of theand Redwood Wildlife NationalRefuges? Park Do you favor strong executive action to preserve the wilderness? YES NO YES NO off of National Forest land for their holdings, threatening to set a dangerousIn return precedent. for land included in the new Redwood National Park, timber companiesDid you opposesupport the the plan establishment to give National of a large, Forest adequate lands to park? the timber companies YES demanded a trade- ?NO YES NO 248 fitsVI. for their congressional districts. CongressmenPork Barrel Projects often support vs. the projects Preservation to dam of free the flowingEnvironment rivers with the promise of economic bene- for the benefit of real estate companies? AreHave you you opposed ever sponsoredto damming reservoir such streams projects as: in your districtthe that vital would Clearwater raise land in Idaho? values YES YES NONO thethe Salmon Big South in Idaho, Fork ofthe the longest Cumberland stream inin Tennessee theYESscenic? West still which free ranks of dams? among the most YES NO NO

249 STUDENT COMMENT NO. 19 Undiscouraged by defeat after defeat, the active promoter of environmental protection can battle : Tactics to Influence Environmental Policy thatgrovepresentedthrough organization, Chapter severalby James of thelevelsRedford RedfordIzaak of won governmentWalton in the his AmericanLeague essay, and "Political offinally MotorsAmerican achieve ConservationEcotactics and his former objective. in AwardSouth president Florida.for 1970.of the " FloridaPresident Division of the Man-of This is the underlying message His essay outlines the environmentalseveralprocedures pieces involved ofactivists advice in themay on influencing the dilute tactics their tothe effectiveness be government used. before to achieve government a particularA agencies critical ecological partif they of goal, appearRedford's and too offers strategyoften. is to make the victory worth the battle. He points out that umph.broadlyDueHe advises to the as complexitypossible,instead less so ofthatfrequent procedures a long but and fully-planned to hard-fought be followed, intervention battle he suggests may yieldon that issues more action of than major beIf andesignedyou ecologicalisolated wish to ecological protectpreserve importance. as a tri- rich section of bay bottom, for example, Redford urges you to consider basicfightingand stepsproceeds for arethe involved:toentire outline bay. a course of action for preserving the hypothetical bay1. bottom in question. Massive public reaction may be used effectively to sway government commissions or boards at Nevertheless, he concludes that any decision is better than no decision at all, Eight tivenesspublic(against hearings, if your overused. interests) especially before if you the should hearing. learn that the issue has already been more or less decided However, the mass-reaction route undercuts its own effec- 250 fore the meeting and, if possible, before their minds are made up. 2. Another tactic is lobbying directly with members of the board or commission, preferably be- It is essential to be knowledgeable if ofmentalistsuch presentation lobbying organizer is and to have toto seearrange much that influence. thefor testimonyscientists itselfof various is as briefspecialties and unscientific to testify,3. toas determinepossible. a logical order Scientists may be called to testify at a public hearing. It is the responsibility of the environ- Scientists who holdworksurveyson legalup for development thebeforedecisions. state a ordredge federal for considerable permit government can be lengths granted. are often of time. most Redford effective advises because the their environmentalist testimony has leader some to bearing State biologists and biologists from the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service must conduct Biological reports from appropriate federal bureaus can C.4I%) informed.groupssummarize to testify, his case in atorder the toend stand of the clear scientific of any testimonypossible mis-statements before calling orother actions pressure by people groups who or voter are less Athequires hydrological Internal that a Improvement biological report may report Fund also be bebefore submitted required, a permit byopening the to dredgeState up theDepartment and possibility fill may of be ofNatural grantedanother4. Resources byavenue the Trustees for to the environ- staff(Cabinet). of If the public hearing fails, the next step is an appeal to the State Cabinet. The Randell Act re- influence.biologicalmentalist report,to follow. but they do not control the Cabinet's decision. An informed5. lobbyist may also exert The staff of the Internal Improvement Fund offers its recommendations along with the sential to reinforce the lobbyist's efforts with evidence of popular support.6. EvenFor that if the reason, State correspondence Cabinet votes to from grant environmentalists the dredging permit, around other the government state to the channels Cabinet remain is es- 251 findServicepermitto the out enterprising from atwhen Vero the dredging U.Beach. "ecotactician.S. Army isBy scheduled, writing Corps " Heofto and Engineers thecan thenCorps now reactivate appeal andof Engineers a biologicalto his the correspondents federal in Jacksonville,survey level. from and the the demand U. defender S. Fish another ofand the Wildlifepublic bay can The dredger must receive a Washingtonretarythushearing. force of the theconservation Army. issue up Once through from the a issue governmentnational reaches conservation channels the federal allsociety thelevel, way as it a tois specialized advisableSecretary oflobbyist,to theenlist Interior theand servicesto and contact theIt ofSec- is aalso possible to pit the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service against the Corps of Engineers and onlythatFlorida sincein majorCongressmen. Congressmen problems. However, tend to refrain Redford from cautions intervening against in excessivelocal controversies, appeals7. Assuming to it legislators, is wise the to decision involveobserving again them favors the dredgers, the environmentalist's next recourse lies in 2.',WeC/1 Corpsizedifthe the courts. knowledge courtof Engineers. decision on the protects case to the back bay, up the Justice lawyer Department may still lawyersbe needed--he if the dredger may be decides able to touse sue his the special- Army It is very helpful if the organization has a lawyer who is willing to donate his services. Even ofduring"save-the-bay" the environmental the controversy. movement protection as a forces. campaign issue. 8. Since the above procedures are bound to take a long time, an election is likely to have occurred Candidates can often be persuaded to pick up an ecological drive such as the If elected, they may be able to exert influence on behalf asmust, "exhausting in fact, be Administrative fought on all possibleremedy. levels" of government before being Redfordtaken to maintainscourt. that all ecological cases can be fought on several levels of government. They 252 This is known incentive for obtaining the support of political figures, which is essential.The1. essay concludes with general advice to theDo ecotacticalnot expect leader.to receive most of the credit for successes. Credit for possible success is theFive Evenmain thoughpoints arehis covered:organizational lacksuccesstalent of is sewage inessential, one environmentalplanning the ecotactician and the area possibility by must introducing be of primarily withdrawal an ofinvisible federal 2. Consider "flank attacks" as well as direct, or frontal assaults. other factors. (For example,force. Redfordfunds for explains treatment how plants the blocked a It may be possible to achieve down.zoning )application In other words, after an there appeal is more concerning population 3. Practice the "Law of Parsimony" (thrift). than one way to skin the cat. result in the acceptanceLimit proposed ofdensity relatively legislation and minor damage to maximize measures to nature chances had been of turned CinCil worthandits being the the failure passed. battle. of An more overabundance substantial programs.of demands This may 4. Be resourceful but maintain your integrity. idea is related to the concept of making theTo victory be more blunt, be "tricky" if necessary but quitethenever effectiveness possible "dirty. " that Underhanded of you the might ecotactician strategyjoin forces in future on the campaigns 5. Despite your strong commitment, avoid creating feuds with opponents on one might win one battle, but it could well lose the war because next issue. by undermining his position with politicians. issue. It is it limits STUDENT COMMENT NO. 20 Public opinion is of great importance to all governments, even to absolute dictatorships. : Expressions of Public Opinions People theernmentindividual'sof hands all times functionsof their andopinions placesleaders. with are havethe of consent crucial indicated ofand the that continuing people. there are importance limits to the in poora democracy treatment because which thethey democratic will accept gov- at Then, if there is no improvement and they see no way out, they revolt. An The clearest and most direct way people in a democracy meansandduringexpress resist byelection theirwhichany measuresopinions years to express governmental andthat their their will opinions consent,increase officials on ortaxes become speciallack or of impose issuesconsent,acutely throughother aware is through burdens. ofreferendums. and elections. sensitiveVoters Each are to also thevote voters' given can be interestsother in- It is apparent that Ut mayterpretedconcerning be cast as anfor its expression reasonsactions. having of opinion, little to even do with though the notissues all opinionsinvolved. are carefullyVoting thought is not the out only and wayother by votes which a citizen can effectively express his opinion to the government However, these other techniques require more than going to a voting booth, and localsonsorganizationsconsequently inproblems authority that arefewer when workinvolved, people you in behalfdisagree utilizenotifying of them. withideas your their Oneyou governmental actions,effectiveagree with. writing technique representativesAnother letters is is toof direct contributeopinion concerning action: to time,local complaining your money,newspapers views or onto both per-whenis- to Americanpetitions,sues of importance andhistory organizing have to you, grown meetings. speaking out of Perhapstheup atcivil public therights mosthearings movement. dramatic on proposed types of laws expression or public of actions, opinion circulating in recent 254 Picketing, boycotts, "freedom marches, " to"freedom combat racial rides, segregation, " "sit-ins, " have"swim-ins" been adopted and other by massother demonstrations,activist groups in first recent used years. by Negroes and whites decidestillenterprise. a force what thatyou thinkcan never when be confronted disregarded. with controversial subjects. Though the voice of the people is not always the expressionIt is also of the a challenging final truth, publicarea of opinion citizenship. is One of the responsibilities of citizenship is to Thus, having opinions and putting them to work is an exciting

255 TEACHER COMMENTS TEACHER COMMENT NO. 1 : Small Group . Self-Evaluation Instructions: waslowestbycollectedofStudents howrankedlisting totalvaluable are andthemby score to each listfrom each is ofgroupmembers considered thehiswas fellowlowestmember's in accomplishingof theirtogrouptotal be total groupscorethe members. score most to(withthe the isvaluable. group's determined Eachthehighest exception student's goals. total by The score. addingofgroup rankingthemselves) The rankup membertheof is membersnumberdetermined in the with order he is the Instructions: namesListgoals. group in Do the members not order list ofyour in their the own order importance name. of how For tovaluable example your group's each if your was success. groupin accomplishing Byhas each six members,name the indicategroup's list five the SMALL GROUP SELF-EVALUATION Sample Form for Students Rank Order of Members of the Group.(Names) wish.grade Thisyou think individual each member evaluation deserves will remain and make confidential. any comments about their work that you Letter Grade They Deserve Comments 3.2.1. 5.4. 258 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 2 : Small Group Flow of Contributions ProblemTimeDate to respondsCircleInstructions: each to number the number that cor- of tributionfirstDrawberwriteparticipants onperson thea onestraight nameto who ofeachin theof linemakes succeedingeach numbers.group from amem- con- andthe Evaluatordiscussioncontributor proceeds. as long as the 259 7 8 6 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 3 : Small Group Pattern of Contributions ProblemTimeDate Instructions:respondsCircle each to number the number that cor- of DrawwriteParticipantscontribution)rowber theoninan proportiononearrowname in of theoffrom(length the each groupto numbers.the length mem-of c and ar-o n-of warddirectedwhomtributorgroup,rected. the the toward direct Ifcentertoward contribution the contribution theof the theaperson r entirecircle.row is di- toto- is Evaluator 260 8 6 7 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 4 : Small Group Individual Evaluation DateExcellent 1 Poor Time Item to Problem Participation 11 2 33 4 5 3.1.2. Was Usedwell prepared prepared foroutline discussion properly 1 2 3 4 5 6.5.4. ContributionsKeptContributed running outlinereadilywere presented ofat everydiscussion opportunityat the proper time 1 22 3 44 55 9.8.7. ShowedContributions evidence were of a briefclearly firm grasp stated of discussion theory 1 2 33 4 55 12.11.10. ShowedReasonedDemonstratedUsed constructive open-mindedness critically objectivity reasoning rather than intentional reasoning 1 2 3 4 5 15.14.13. ListenedAnsweredProvided wellsources questions to contributions of askedfacts and of him otherof others readily bases for opinion readily 1 22 3 4 5 18.17.16. DemonstratedCourteousTalked clearly, and an respectfuldistinctlyattitude of and ofcooperation others audibly (didn't rather interrupt, than competition etc.) 1 2 3 4 55 20.19. AssistedEncouraged in providing others to leadership contribute services to the discussion Total Evaluation 1 2 3 4 5 Rating of thetotal whole performance group in in relation relation to to other other group members discussions of the witnessed. Group Evaluation group Instructions: Circle the number for each item that tends to represent participation demonstrated. 261 Evaluator your opinion about the quality of TEACHER COMMENT NO. 5 : International Debate of Man's Uses and Abuses of the Sea nanthasseabed provided of the is lessworld's man advanced with weather. a majorthan knowledge means of transportation of the surface andof the livelihood. moon. The oceans: man's final terrestrial frontier. Oceans cover 70% of the earth's surface. The seaIt borders on more than 100 nations. Yet scientific knowledge of most of the It is the most important determi- 1 bothexploitation for food andof earth's essential greatest mineral resource: resources. (1) how However, to organize two major and regulate problemsThe growing will population of the world makes it inevitable that man turn seaward for development of what is essen- confront man M his sustenanceendanger -- the Co) tiallythevery formeran resources international will manbecome expanse,will aso moot desperately and question. (2) how need toThe curb in vastness the growing century of pollutionthe sea has of probablythe sea which served may to ahead. If the latter problem is not resolved, obscure the themMunicipalitiesnologiesfact that in the itis is also sea. finite, discharge finite. Rains and washthat sewage, its chemical capacity with pesticides,varing for absorbing degrees herbicides theof treatment,waste and products fertilizers into rivers, of the which Factories sluice effluents into convenient rivers, which carry them to the sea. from agricultural lands into world's expanding tech- eventually deposit maritimemerelyrivers and accumulate disasters then on in intoin the the the 1960's waters sea. whichThere of the castis ocean no hundreds outlet and on for of the the thousands deep sea. seabed.Any of wastes gallons ThePublic "buck"which attention arestops here. was first riveted to the gradual degradation of the sea by a series of petroleum into the sea. On not degradable of spectacular andMay dumped 18, 1967, 118,000 for example, tons of the crude tanker oil into"Torrey the sea.Canyon" Within ran a agroundmonth, French at the 262 west endand of British the English coastlines Channel were sent,"Ra,"slickstrewn 10%over explorer-author with ofsome millions the 800shellfish squareof Thor dead producing milesHeyerdahl fish andof watersthe seabirds. reported Pacific bordering Ocean. sighting the During Unitedhuge globsthe States 1969 of have blackexploration been oil fardeclared ofout the at unsafe papyrussea. At due pre-ship to In 1969, a major blowout at Santa Barbara left an oil wastes,world'stheypollution. absorb theretechnologies a isdisproportionately a mounting continue danger to largegrow. of thermal amount In addition pollution of the to effluents.) oil from spills, nuclear Theindustrial, threatpowered tomunicipal, the generating ocean and mounts plants, agricultural as of the (Filter-feeding creatures such as oysters bear the brunt of pollution in coastal areas since taminationprodigiouslaboratoriesatmospheric of rate. theandfallout oceans. Thehospitals. from coastal The gasoline New Unitedconcentration chemical vapors, States, substances andwithof the accumulation approximately world's which population may of 45% low-level pollute of increases its the populationradioactive sea the are threat being clustered wastes ofdeveloped such from on con-the reactors, at a 144CT) theenvironmentalsentcoasts, world's decade. dumped aggregate Supplying hazards an estimated coastal forpetroleum the effluents. 48 oceans. million products This Tankers tons figurefor of rapidly-growingsolidtwice was wastes as expected large into as industrialto thethe increase sea "Torrey in societies1968 seven-fold Canyon" -- or continues about areduring underone-fifth to the present con- pre- of whichisventionalstruction not could confined in tankers, cause Germany to radioactive outrightthe andpotential Japan.pollution contamination use In additionoffrom nuclear spillage. asto poweredwell.the Dredgingdanger The tankers ecological of channelscolossal raises danger oilandthe spills possibilityharbors of such from tooil these accommodateof carrying a marinehuge operationsnew disaster these con- crudemajormassive oil fear 800 vessels of miles conservationists poses across yet the another Alaskan concerning threat tundra tothe marine fromplanned Arctic life, installation byCoast disrupting wells of a to48-inch ecological the seaport pipeline balances. at Valdez to transport This -- that is hot a 263 thermal transfer could destroy the delicate tundra ecology even if seepage or breakages could be avoided. thefeasibleThesea threat alternate even by ofwhere the spillage possibility 1969 no directvoyage and ofecological pollution transportingof the ice-breaker isdistrubances. involved the Alaskan Manhattan was Another observed oil inthrough examplehuge following tanker-ice-breakers,the of the construction of the Northwest Passage, alsoman's carries ecological impact upon the which was proven seacausedinresulted Egypt. turtles, the Thein near Pacific a 90%interruption extinction plungesardines ofinin and manythethe sardineAtlanticannual species yield.deposition salmon. of of rich nutrients in the sea creatures:Finally, notably in his searchcertain forspecies marine of foodwhales and seals, eastern Mediterranean Sea resources, man has Aswan Dam enduringlastdrugs, major minerals effects resource. andof many fuels.In general, forms Yet heof several mustmarine dofactors pollution. contribute Lead from to the difficultyThe rapid increase in the world's population makes it imperative for so with due regard for its preservation, or he will destroy his gas exhaust which enters the ocean today manof to this tap problem.the ocean Onefor food, is the Tradewhichchainsthrough windshasoften atmospheric been causedisperse found pollutants falloutDDTin the thousands organswill to ramify be ofcirculating animalsof throughout miles throughout from the its original the point of on the seabed centuries hence. Secondly, marine food seas. This is particularly true in the case of DDT, seas. Third, ocean pollution circulates. application. Ultimately it is tivestaclelong-rangedissolved program to protection into effectsof controlthe ofsea. of marine must the A fourthsea, build pollutants however, complicatingon a firm and is foundationthe factorcapacitydifficulty is of ofthe scientificof the dearth providing for meaningful internationalsea to absorb co-oper- and disperse them. An effec-of scientificknowledge. knowledge concerningProbably the the greatest ob- beation. essential Marine if it pollution is to be abated. is ultimately an international 264 problem and effective international programs will Act,Executiveafter which six years established Office, of debate, under a National the Congress chairmanship Council finally on ofpassed Marine the Vice the Resources MarinePresident. Resourcesand Engineering andIn the last decade, the United States has awakened to the need to protect It also directed the President to appoint Engineering Developmentthe oceans.Developement In 1966, in the establishmentJanuary,anda 15-member Federal 1969, organizational of commissionof an a independent 206-page structureto report,conduct National for "Our a Oceanicacomprehensive national Nation and andocean Atmospheric the study Sea." of marineItsAgency most programs (NOAA)significant and proposal recommend program. The result was the publication in to coordinate marine was the a plan fromionalItprograms also 1976-80. committees recommended which (The were held actual an scatteredhearings annual budget oceanographyonthroughout request United for States 22 fiscal budgetdepartments ocean 1971 of $652 and million agencies for 1971-75,within the rising federal to $948government. programs and related internationalwas issues. $553.1 These million.) In 1969, five Congress- million suchgovernmentalhearingsseveral resistance, revealedprominent departments on some July government opposition9, 1970, to relinquish officialsPresident to the theiradmittedformation Nixon ocean announced they of programs the had NOAA, not the to read establishment the due "Our largely Nation to of theand NOAA reluctance within new agency. At these hearings, the Sea." Despite of somethe De- datedpicesnewpartment agency ofprogram other of Commerce.assumed governmental for achieving responsibility Employing departments.a more for12,000comprehensive several "Establishment people ocean and understanding programs operating of the whichNOAA initially of oceanic had would previously and 'make possiblecome under the on a budget of $270 million, the atmospheric phenomena.' a consoli- aus- 39Mr. Congressional Nixon said." committees* and subcommittees continue to hold various Evenjurisdictions if the United States can integrate its governmental agencies into a unified campaign against Nevertheless, a great deal of bureaucratic overlap still exists, as approximately 265 in the ocean field. ocean pollution, the only viable channel for a total assault on the problem is through the formation of an hensiveSeptember,ogyinternational and outline legal-political 1969, body. for anUNESCO's The expanded issues United Inter-governmentalare long-term Nations among would theprogram United appear Oceanographic of Nation's oceanic to be themost exploration logicalCommission pressing candidate. and environmental (IOC)research. Ocean completed The resources,interests. Food a compre- and ecol- In hibitsnationalalsoAgricultural been discharge Maritime active Organization inof Consultative promotingoily wastes (FAO) the withinOrganization heldutilization 100a conference miles ofis responsiblethe of oceans shorein December, and asfor a requires administeringfood 1970, source. registration to study The a 1954 Unitedmarine of agreement all Nationspollution, oil transfer which Inter- and has pro- totiveness investigate1968operations, ofand this 1969, cooperative andagency thealso U.has in N.measures developingbeen General vitiated against Assembly better by the marine preventative lack adopted pollutionof an several effectivemeasures and resolutions to means againstconsider of whichoil international a spillage.U.S. directed proposal However enforcement. U.N. for Committees the effec- In an Inter- samemayvironmentnational be problems considered.Decade will givein of coordination Ocean However,substantial Exploration. international-level whichattention plagueThe to 1972 the the protection StockholmU.S. efforts Federal to and preserveconference government;use of the on seaoceans, the some have Problems and 22encountered U.N. international of agenciesthe Human much treatiesare the En- in- nationalandvolvedof expertise,international in regulatory issues and pertainingfisheries especially body. Two and to by themineralareas the oceans. reluctancewhere resources For political theof embedded memberU.N. conflicts nations in have the continentaltobeen yield most sufficient heatedshelves. areauthority the exploitation to an inter- , this problem is compounded by the lack of funds more that. 50 million metric tons annually, resulting in an annual income ofFish approximately are the most $8 valuable for the resource in the ocean. The total world harvest from the oceans is 266 world's fishermen. Proper conservation of this resource will be essential to combat food shortages re- thespecializedmarine sultingverge pollution.of from extinction, intergovernmental the Atworld present, while population others international organizations are explosion. underexploited. fishery formed At present, management by bilateral consists of someIn addition, species ofmany fish specieshave been are overexploitedthreatened by to or multilateral treaties or under the more than 20 regulatory or sharingitativelimitedFAO. international toThethe recommending resources regulatory fishery among authority conservation management many of nations. such measures. regimecommissions One ispossibility The the difficultykey varies, problem would but of itbeestablishing impeding is usually insufficient, implementation ofan anequitable author- means of and often 1\1a) Anothertheinterests question alternative of of various whether would nations, large be and tousing internationalize wealthy part of nations the economic the would world's exert yield fisheries undue to finance influence and then marine grant research, concessions develop to fishing fish a licensing process, but this raises upon the license auction. (13 milehavefarming,Claims limit.)to be policeof resolved Thisexclusive the problem seasconsists territorial and has ofaid recently the the jurisdiction enormous participation been vaulted variationsvary of from lessinto among threedeveloped the international to nations 200 nations. miles. concerning Another(The U.S. offshore problem recognizes fishing which rights. would news spotlight with the seizure a 12- beforefromsuchof numerous offshore aseffective Peru fisheriesU.S.and world-wide Chile. tuna to boats Obviously,an actioninternational by Latin to seriouspreserve American sharing problems and plan fishingdevelop couldin nations.international living be economically marineLoss relationsof resources ruinous will have for coastal to be surmounted a substantial portion of income can get underway. countries resources?questions: (1)(2) HowBeyond far thatout canpoint, a nation how should claim soleexploration jurisdiction and exploitationover the oceanThe of thefloorequally seabed's and volatile its non-living issue of marine mineral resources revolves around two fundamental political 267 resources be whichregulated? vary considerably It is necessary in width first toand arrive depth. at an operational legal definition for the continental (The average width is 50 nautical miles, the mean depth shelves, duction.placeocean,200 meters,w'thin 90%Already these ofor all656 accounting areas. current feet.) They Althoughexploitation for have 16% greatthe of ofthecontinental growththe world's ocean's potential, petroleumshelves resources constituteespecially supply, -- both onlyoffshore inliving the 7.5% and operations of non-living the area of offshore oil pro- total area of the are expected-- takes Controlfacilitiesofto providethe United of carries asuch third States, hazardswith of thewith it the world'sis 1,000 anrisk intricate ofnewoil oil by marine blowouts 1980.matter. rigs Some Some and being 16,000interference have constructed arguedwells withhave that each marinealreadythe only life, been effective shipping drilled regulatory offand the fishing. coasts in- year. Development of such MC?) havelutionstrument opted hazards, wouldfor the a be "Canadianpractice an international applied solution" to agency. the Arctic But waters pending north the of formation Canada inof responsesuch to potential opening -- or unilateral extension of national jurisdiction to control pol- an agency, some nations includinghaveof a recognizedNorthwest the United corridorthe States,principle by theU.S. of U.S.S.R. atankers coastal andequipped state's other rights majorwith ice-breakingto powers, adjacent ratified offshore equipment. theConcerning 1958mineral Geneva deposits. the managementConvention Forty, of offshore mineral resources, 102 nations - 98 of them coastal - expandingbyitson continentalthe the ambiguous Continental national shelf concept jurisdiction outShelf, to aofwhich depth "adjacency." to grants accommodateof 200 coastal meters The elasticity nations technologicalor beyond, exclusive of theas advances. far"exploitability" jurisdictionas exploitation For example, over criterion permits, mineral the U.limited resources S. oil only inon seems to permit years,dustry technologicalis already drilling improvements exploratory are wells expected in waters to make as deep possible drilling out to 6,000 feet. 268 as 1,300 feet (396 meters). Within 10 Eventually such expansion is bound to create international conflicts unless the criterion for exploitation is more pre- bestdebatescisely equipped delimited.which tohave exploit already the takenmineral place. resources The basic of the conflict sea, against pits the smaller large Thenations, nations, possibility which which ofare fear international at a present "race to political conflicts over the use of the seabeds is evident from U. N. U.N.exploitationsmallgrab" Seabeds nationsby the Committeeofbig pushed the powers. deep through onseabed In the 1969, the Peaceful until General over an theUsesinternational Assembly strong of the objections Sea aregime resolution was instructedcould of the declaring be U.S. set to andstudyup. a "moratorium"Theother the 42-member developmentmajor powers, on Permanent all of further the 11, toprinciplesregulating determine to exploitation governa precise deep boundary beyond sea exploitation. forthat the line, continental with a percentage shelf and of to the establish revenue an to international be earmarked machinery for international for It met three times in 1969. Participants agreed upon the need .1 mentjurisdictionresourcesorganizations. of deep onover seabed May Presidentthe 23, seabed mineral 1970. Nixon to resources.He a depth setcalled forth of for "The200 his expeditious metersAdministration'sregime and should adoption for an also proposalsinternational of establish an international for rules regimeregulating to preventtreatyto control the limiting useunreasonable develop- of oceannational thedisputes."interference investment ** with necessaryThe otherAdministration usesfor such of the exploitation planned ocean, toto protectandsubmit to provide theits proposalocean for frompeaceful to the pollution, U.N. andThere compulsorySeabeds to are assure many Committee. the settlement problems integrity toof of be solved before such a plan can be implemented, however. It will tificlegalbe knowledgedifficult, and political for concerning example, problems theto canreconcile extent, be pinpointed. distribution the political There and interests natureis also of theof ocean large problem resourcesand ofsmall nations willnations. bewhose necessary Greater primary scien-before off- 269 shore interests rests not with non-living resources in the continental shelf but with fishery resources; marinetheofthey the development are continental resources likely to ofdemandshelfmust marine whichbe recognition devised. resources. would In be of Administrativeparticular, an extensive essential the fishing integument relationship machinery rights of before foranybetween regulating international agreeing national exploitationto programthe and precise international governing and definition protecting troleignties.authorityassuring is to be necessary must achieved; be defined. environmental this will Sufficient require safeguards. thepower relinquishing must The be ability vested of aof degree inthe the nations internationalof jealously-guarded of the world agency to uniteifnational effective and sover-develop con-Finally, there is a basic conflict between promoting exploitation of needed resources and .7' futurea balanced of the formula earth. for the use and conservation of the resources of the sea will determine the ecological Ys **Congressional*Congressional Quarterly, Man'sop. cit., Control p. 80. of the Environment, (Washington, D.C.: 1970),p. 78. 270 I.Subject TEACHERKnowledge of Report COMMENT of subject matter NO. 6 and/or what way questions were answered. : Evaluation Form(To be For filled Oral in Report by students and/or teacher) Student reporting II. Presentation of material by using audio/visual a.d.a. Charts ExcellentPoor (1 point) (5 points) b.b. Maps Good (4 points) aids. Evaluate each aid used from 0-5 Points Earned c.c. Graphs Fair (3 points) points. j.g.d. Puzzles/GamesGuestFilmstrips Speaker k.e.h. SlidesSkits Table Display Points Earned 1.i.f. StudyFilmsOther Guides III. Equipment used in presentation. d.a. Film Opaque Projector Projector Evaluate each aidb. usede. Filmstrip Globe from 0-5 Projector points. fc.Overhead. ProjectorChalkboard IV. Speaker's attitude towards listeners, d.a. ExcellentPoor o. Good tone, and quality of voice should be considered. PointsPoints Earned Earned c. Fair Evaluate as #1. V. Evaluation of the participation of d.a. Poor Excellent the members of the groups. b.(Use Good where 271 TotalPoints Points Earned c. Fairapplicable) objectivityTEACHER to COMMENT evaluating NO.student 7 participation in class discussions. The following checklist is offered as an example of a device which : Participation Evaluation The teacher may involve students in the may be used to lend a degree of cludedetc.).ifbers evaluativethe during However,teacher in this classprocess wishessuggested this discussion typeby to devisingdiscriminate checklist:of scale periods. a is rotation not among easily system cognitive employed. whereby skills two of the students,Only (i. four simple catagories are employed in this checklist. More complex scaling The following catagories for evaluationor three are in- students would evaluate class mem- e. recall, synthesis, analysis, may be included 4.3.2.1. RelevancethinkingQuantityTheClarityContent evaluator by of of ofstudent.studentexpression student's student's may contribution. indicate remarks andremarks presentation quantity as to thesesubject of indicateby student's under student. knowledgeconsideration. remarks by of simply topic, critical and/or innovative Co.) propriate1-4. column. The other categories should be rated 1 - Poor (incorrect and/or inappropriate) on the following qualitative scale of placing a check in the ap- samedent's line.name when he initially participates and continue evaluation of The following chart may be adapted for use in theThere evaluation is no need described to record above. the student's name until the point of initial contribution. 432 - GoodExcellentFair (complete and appropriate) any of his subsequent comments on Simply record stu- 1. Sam Sunshine NAME QUANTITY CONTENT RELEVANCE CLARITY 3 3.2. 272 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 8 : Evaluation Form for Visuals points)combinemakingbasis shouldshould the to summake insertdetermine of the aall value total blanks the invalue proper Thereeachon afor blankperfect valueare part four to 4.of item determine Thiseachmajor total form area. areas 100. theis Note: intended ofTeachersweight importance part of 4as usingeachclarity, a suggested indicated areaother has in systems four relation guideon sub-areasthis for(such toform. teachersthe as others,whichTeachers variable and/or who grade on a percentage Student'sVALUEstudents Name to evaluate visual presentations produced by students. AREA OF EVALUATION Title or Topic 2.isIf1. theACCURACY APPROPRIATENESS studentchoice ofhas either had anor opportunityboth appropriate to select to the either assignment? the topic or method of his presentation, terialDoesAresentation3. COMPLETENESSthe theor factsfacts presentation lacking? usedomitted in the representwhich presentation makes a complete the accurate? presentation statement If not, misleading)or where coverage is the of? Ifinaccuracy?the not, subject where (Is is there the pre- ma- Is4. the CLARITY presentation clear to the viewer? b.a. Is thethe viewerpresentation readily free able fromwhich tosentation? determine unnecessary do not contribute the pointdistractions? orto themessage purpose? (pictures, contained drawings, in the pre- etc. (Total Score) COMMENTS: d.c. AreIn the the case colors of a andcollage sizes or of drawing, lines, bars, is the and/or focal picturespoint clearly suitable? determined? 273 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 9 : Conflict in Redwood Country cerptsales are office taken, for is further available information.) from Houghton Mifflin Company. Contact yourIntroduction(The local complete salesman To Thesimulation Original game Controversy entitled, "The Redwood Controversy" from which the following ex- or regional Nationalprotectstatements.in the themid Park. California 1960's, Legislators, A nationwide shows coastal asthat always,redwoods,dispute both conservationists erupted.were largely subject A owned careful to and conflicting by lumbermen lumber companies,The by Redwood National Park controversy began when President Johnson asked the 90th Congress survey of the history of the dispute, which raged pressures. Finally, withinwere the federalguilty of intemperate and distorted establishing a Redwood to ofinterestaratebureaucracy the domains participants was oftenitself in northern submergedinthere the weredispute. California. insigns a mass of Thea of struggle, conflicting real issue as different ofclaims, whether andagencies seemed triedI. ofThe secondaryto Plotbuild a Redwood National Park was in the public or maintain their sep-importance to many proposedhave tried park. to putLumber such acompanies bill in front and of people the Senate who forwork almost in the 70 redwoodAllThe over United the United States SenateStates, ispeople about are to considerwatching setting this Senate up a Redwoodmeeting. National Park. years. country strongly oppose any park. Many newspapers support the Conservationists forWhatevercarefully one of decisionthe consider following is all made, ofproposals. the there data will and be opinions. many unhappy He should people. listen to all of the 274 It is the responsibility of each Senator to witnesses. Then he must vote Proposal No. 1 timated cost to the U.S. government to purchase the private land is 6 millionEstablishProposal dollars. No.a medium-sizesmall 2 national national park by park taking by overtaking two over state three parks state plus parks 5,760 plus acres 18,900 of privateacres of land. private Es- Estimatedland. Estimated cost to cost purchase to the U.S.land governmentis 75 million to dollars. purchase Or, the establish private no land parkEstablishProposal is 20at thismillion No. atime. large 3 dollars. national park by taking over three state parks plus 71,000 acres of private forest. sonalitya special and point how of hisview supporters on the park feel proposals. about the parkEach issue. of the Senators gets aPlayersH. different Roles will role be that given shows the roles his perof Senators and witnesses. Each witness is an important citizen with III.2.1. The Senate Leader calls the hearingAfterhas five toall order. minuteswitnessesRules He to tells havemake each spoken, his witness presentation. the Senatewhen Senators toLeader testify. asks may A witnesseach then Senator ask questions. to identify himself and state 3. entireSheet.how he Senate thinks then he will debates vote. the These issues preferences and votes. are For recorded this game by thethe twoLeader steps on have the(In Master beenreal life,combined.) Voting a Senate committee hears witnesses and reports to the rest of the Senate. The 4. Next,anotherNext, the the SenatorLeader Leader tocalls declares change the roll,his a 15 vote. and minute each recess Senator for casts discussion. his vote. Now, These one votes Senator are alsocan tryrecorded to get 275 proposalon the Master receives Voting enough Sheet. votes, The anotherproposal discussion which receives session two-thirds is called. of Go the on votes with wins. discussions If no YouW.5. TeacherThe can classeither Suggestions discusses deliberately what for assignOrganization factors the wereand roles votingand crucial or Playing distribute until in settlingone of themtheproposal Game."The randomly. wins.Redwood Asking Controversy". for volunteers may therepromoterelatively are studentless unsuccessful than participation. 21 students students Considerin who the class,need assigning encouragement omit some key rolesSenator's and such success. roles.as the SenateThe game Leader requires and witnesses 15 Senators, to one of whom you shall appoint Senate Leader, and six witnesses. If more than 21, have students dou- If - . theirble up name on some plates Senator on their roles. desks, should sit in a semi-circle. If possible, arrange the classroom furniture to look like a Senate hearing room. The Senators, with It is important to keep the ratio of park supporters and opponents the same. Elie Senate Leader should be in the center. participation.The witnesses Someshould questions, have desks especially facing Senators. those concerning rules, should BeThebe asanswered first unobtrusive witness directly should as possible. to befacilitate one Answer who will or set entertain out the questions broadest outlinesfrom the of players the proposals. but avoid any active municationplay. should take precedence over discipline. InThis reality session a simple will be majority characterized is needed by tospirited pass a discussions.bill. The two-thirds Exercise rule minimum here promotes restraints; debate. com- stand current events and to guide their future behavior as responsible concernedThe post-game citizens. discussion You may should want tofocus on ways students can use their game experiences to under- 276 ask some of the following questions to get the discussion started: 1. What factors seemed to influence the Senate the most? 5.4.3.2. DoDidWhatWhich you you factors witnesses think convince shouldit was presentations another luckbe considered that Senator the affected proposal to before change you thewon, thehis government vote?most? takes or did it win because it was the best decision? How?Why? private land?

277 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 10 : World Game whichsources holds so efficientlythat one side as orto bethe able other to must provide die aeither higher by standard destruction of living or starvation.WorldSpecifically, for all Gameof humanity, "Worldis a scientific Game"enabling means was all intendedof for discovering to be a refutation the expeditious of John ways Van of Neurnan's employing the world's war game theory, re- butFURIChumanity manufacturers ACID to enjoy (a in basic theCeylon whole component need of SULFURICplanet of batteries). Earth ACID.without There any is noindividual excess marketprofitingExample: of atSULFURIC the expense U.S. Petroleum ACID of another. in the refiners U.S. spew forth SULFUR from their smokestacks, we can make SUL- ,

278 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 11 There always have been conservationists in Congress, and they often have been at least moderately : Public Pressure aimedlandseffective and at protecting wilderness in protecting' the areas. public's environmental Antipollution safety and concerns. laws interest have Congress is been generally on regularly the included books makes for inBut a bills numberadditions in theaffection 91stof toyears, Congress,the natural nation's and resources.language issues park such as air and water pollution, waste removal and preservation of lutionwellnatural in issue. theresources Santa Barbara,were in prominentCalifornia, view.channel Shortly sprang after a leak the andfirst "radicalized" session Constituentopened a lot in of January pressurethe public 1969, has on been anthe oil pol-instrumental in getting strong bills through Congress. Several observ- permittedCoalition,upers oilnoted spills that increasedheaded - theis as Waterby strong timberthe QualityWilderness a piececuts Improvementin of Federally pollutionSociety, lobbiedowned Actlegislation of forests.1970successfully as - whichever written. in contains February A stringentnewly to kill formed aprovisions bill which Conservation for would cleaning have versialwhere. pesticideIn 1969, heand offered immediately an amendment got 30 co-sponsors; to the water the pollution Senate passedbill (5 7)the ToSeveralto amendment studya certain years limitations extent, byago, voice Senator memberson vote. the Gaylordcontro- were Nelsonrushing (D.Wisconsin) to get on the bandwagon. introduced a 1970bill to is ban an electionDDT; it wentyear, no-and thepublic new concern inover Congress the fate is of sincere the environment - and may hascontinue never afterbeen the higher. current ButThe frenzy evidence environmentalists of activity indicated slows that in down. muchCongress of cut across the lines of most traditional alliances - party affilia- 279 tion, conservatives and liberals, regional interests. "We're taking votes that we would not have taken one, tionstwo,sewage fivebill attreatmentyears a time ago," when plants. said Congress an aide insistedto a conservation-minded on giving the Administration Senator. He $600 Anothercited million the aide,public more this worksthan one it appropria-fromwanted the for opposite party, held the same view. For the first time, the votes forsufficiently"enoughinterests, strong votes bills legislation so behindare they there, won'temergesthem he have tosaid. bargain from to Like compromise a forseriesmost better issuesof compromises.atcompromises, all.where the public Thehe said. Congressional good appears environmentalistsin conflict with private have Possibly now "the tide has changed

280 ionTEACHER or the attitudes COMMENT held NO. by the12 general public. It is generally agreed that the essential factor in any attempt to clean up air and water is public opin- : Public Opinion and Interest Groups In fact, the final decision on what is feasible in any society facilities.ison circumscribed local or state by bond the issuescollective for thesocietal construction beliefs andof waste attitudes. treatment plantsIn aand democracy, other water the-voting pollution public control may bePublic the actual opinion decision will continue makers toin besuch important situations in weighingas referenda the costs and benefits of pollution control. (- ,value of pollution control. PublicAnother awareness area where of publicproblems opinion with isair at and work water is in pollution helping tohas evaluate been rising. the aesthetic and recreational Studies conducted by the 0 tostudiesseveralOpinion 27 percent havestudies, Research in shown 1968. pollution Corporation a Concern high was correlation about considered(ORC) air showbetween pollution one concern of the therose level abouthalf from ofdozen water air10 pollutionpercent mostpollution serious in and 1965 has the community risen to concern 25 from percent 13 expressedproblems. percent in 1968. in Some the1965 pro- In theblem.as problem, air There pollution. isprobably no indication because that water this pollutioncorrelation is notexists always between as evident the level to theofConcern watertotal population pollution about both andof watera concern community and forair pollution increases as one moves up the socio-economic scale. iesAwareness show that of higherthe pollution income problems families dependsare exposed heavily to more on exposure information to information sources.If public onconcern the subject; regarding air pollution leads to control of the more obvious 281 forms of pollution such as and many stud- smoke and odor but leaves untouched those most damaging to health as sulfur oxides and carbon monoxide, publicrateswimming, that opinion public boating, will concern be fishing,increasingly has increased.and sight-seeing.hard to More arouse likely, and thewill amount depend ofon publicity informationAwareness given sources. to of pollution water pollution by all levels is probably more directly related to various forms of recreation It seems unlikely that pollution has increased at the same - personalofsplit government on villainmany and political"technology" by large issues private in recently. much organizations the The same problem way has that ledof pollutiontopioneers increased wereallows public united Therethe concern. public against is also to nature.unitea pyschological against an im-factor involved in the politics of pollution. America has been deeply energytheaction individual before necessary anythingmust to have do is it. knowledge accomplished. of what The he problem can do; must and then be seen he must as one be Publiconwilling which concern to theexpend government may the let time the can andboundaries act; for governmental action but concern must lead to some type of Studies show that there are many times more people who express concern about beenitthe as environment anmade area up of primarily governmental than there of areupper activity who and take untilupper-middle any someone type of actionclass suggests individuals. it to them. RecentlySometimes anti-pollution this is because groups people have do not know how pollution can be controlled and they fail to think of - even a simple letter to their congressman. pressuredemands.Federation groups Individuals and involvedthe Audubon influence in the Society; politicsgovernmental groups of pollution representingpolicies are: by conservation forming various groupslevels groups ofBasic for government suchaction. in theas The thepolitical suchNational major as process thetypes Wildlife Governors of of a democracy is the idea of translating individual desires into group Conferences; and groups representing the industries. Important pressure groups and areas where they have made their influence felt are as follows: 282 The Izaak Walton League is one of the most active conservation groups in lobbying and has been most puttheireffective out main several interestin influencing publications has been state withwater regulations wide pollution distribution and and enforcement pesticides. and testifies in the often Midwest. before TheCongressionalLike National Wildlife Committees Federation and with an estimated 2,500,000 supporters is the largest group. many conservation groups, It publicat public contributions, hearings. and publishes a highly respected monthly newsletter TheseTheon pollution Conservation groups matters. have Foundation been supported undertakes by many reaearch groups and with educational much narrower projects interests financed such by as:grants Outboard and 144 action.Boating Club of America; the Federation of Fly Fishermem, and local sportmen'sSince 1956 clubs. Itthe undertook League of a "KnowWomen Your Voters River has Basin"had water survey; resources spearheaded as their amain "Citizens interest Crusade for study for Cleanand Water" mainMayors,and testified impact the Nationalbeforehas been Congressional Leaguein the area of Cities, of Committees. air pollution.and the National Realizing Association the enormous of Counties.The amount second Inof manyfundstype of instancesnecessary organizations their to curb active in this area are political; such as the U.S. Conference of expansionOfficerspollution and they of thepollution have Conference worked controls together of butState are to Sanitary jealousget the FederalofEngineers. any tendency government These of organizations the to FederalcommitCities governmentmore have sometimes funds a vested forto conflict takepollutioninterest over with in anyprojects. the state of organizations; like the Association of State and Territorial Health Science.havethe states' become responsibilities involved - as especiallyhave scientific in the organizations area of enforcement. as The American Academy for the Advancement of Health groups such as the American Medical Association and the National Tuberculosis Association 283 These groups were in existence before pollution became the matter of concern that it is today. Other asWaterorganizations Citizens Pollution for Clean sprang Control Air into Federation,in beingNew York in responsethe City. Air Pollution to the challenge Control ofAssociation, pollutionNo control. and industry numerous Examples has openlylocal of groupsthis declared are such The itself opposed to pollution control. However, pollution control devices lawmakeadd andto a the profit,public cost opinion. pollutionof production control without is bad increasing business. theCountervailing value of the product.forces to To Sincethe be profit effective,industries system allare are laws in the business need forces a highto of percentage of voluntary compliance. Whether or not industries willopinionare voluntarily enforced and (3) equitably. comply the political will depend influence on theof the effectiveness industry. of the regulating agencyOther and considerations whether the whichregulations influence industries are (1) the cost of abatement, (2) sensitivity to public If the cost of abatement is so high as to entail bank- Co)Ut theedbillionruptcy, between amount in nopollution necessaryairamount and controlwater of to public solve pollution equipment opinion water control. pollution andwill expectedinduce problems them to invest to but change. not$1.5 to billion Insolve 1967 airin industry 1968.pollution This invested problems. was about approximately evenly divid- $1.1 If these figures are correct, industry would seem to be spending thelevel sophisticatedlocal but level has becausemet and only have they limited fewer are more successresources. important at theThis Federal to carries the local level. over economy; toIn Washingtongeneral the the stateIndustry influencewhere and locallobbyistshas of lobbied governmentsindustries for for industry governmental is greaterare canless usu-at subsidies to offset these costs. It has been successful at the local groupsally do withoutbetter talking any one to groupCongressmen dominating than has by leftgoing the to Executive the Executive Branch Branch. free in In dealing a way withthe many pollution different problems. interest 284 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 13 LEGISLATIVE WRAP-UP - At: Excerpts the beginning from An of Environmentalthe 1972 legislative Newsletter session, Florida conservationists largestinThesehad committee, high hopesgang hopes ofwere crippling antifor quickly environmental amendments dashed, progress, however, were being because when, proposed early of the in and several the legislators session, excellent environmental - environmental lobbyists ever to infest the halls of Tallahassee. The developers, real es- were being pursued and wooed bybills the which had been introduced. bills became ensnared mentaltion.tate1972 dealers All Statelegislation, the and Legislaturesigns industries portendedwhich wound may were an even up outenvironmental its surpassin session force in toon importance scuttle 7disaster April any with in the legislationTallahassee. work of thatthe But justly from praised this bleak 1970 some truly outstanding accomplishments in environ- even implied environmental protec- beginning,Legislature. the It thebillswashour. Tallahassee apassed cliff-hanging The followingthis Reportsession, tour are prepared defor brief force which descriptions bywith IC-70s have some drawnand of publishedthesome information most of theimportant by more Bill from Partinton's significant bills Martin being Northrup's Environmental environmental passed at Conservation virtually Informationand the Digesteleventh conservation Center. and tiveness,opmentsplanning it ofagencyis regionalurgent to that establish impact, Florida suchuse voters standards as power approve for plants, environmentally-sensitivea referendum highways, in etc. November For this ENVIRONMENTAL"areas whichnew law of will critical to permit achieve concern" theLAND maximum State AND to effec-WATER MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1972 (SB 629) authorizes the State and devel- bondwaterpledge authorization storage a $240 areasmillion but and it bond is other not issue, tooenvironmentally-endangered soonthe money to start from passing which the will word lands. be to used to purchase aquatic and wilderness 285 I believeyour most friends Floridians and associates.will support this areas, WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT ACT (HB 4060) - This is the law that was prepared by the Select tricts,significantwaterCommittee of management, which environmental chaired the St. flood by Johns our controllaw ownRiver passed Representative and Basin thisdrainage is session. laws Jack have one. This may well turn out to be the most far-reaching and EveryShreve. member At long of last IRAS Florida's should hodge-podge send a congratulatory of been supplanted by 5 regional water management crazy-quilt letter dis- tionlabyrinth.to JackControl Shreve to go for directly his outstanding to court in accomplishment A REVISION OF THE STATE POLLUTION a pollution case, rather than going through a long, drawn-out adminis- ENFORCEMENTin preparing LAW this authorizes bill and guiding the Department it through of the legislative Pollu- N, protectionGovernor'strative procedure. of approval, wildlife habitat.to acquire by purchase WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES (SB 187) - Authorizes the Gameor andgrant Fresh wildlife Water sanctuary Fish Commission, easements onwith lands the and waters for the Departmentpollutionit is properly control ignored applied laws it and and on declined theenforced. Federal to Aprosecute books. But water for Unquestionably, these are all fine and much needed laws, but case in point is the Federal Refuse Act of 1899, over seventy polluters.years the CorpsOnly inof theEngineers past year, and after the Justiceoutraged public no law can be useful or effective unless one of the finest water low-upclobberingoutcries, the didwork the the polluters.of President the Legislature direct andthe Corps and Therefore, the citizens of Florida must remain alert carry forth their responsibilities to apply and enforce these Justice Department to dust off this powerful act and start and insist that the appropriate State officials fol- new envi- porkGeneralronmental barrelers. Bob laws. Shevin serving as the "peoples' lawyer" In this regard it is encouraging to know that from THE LIMPKIN, newsletter of the Indian River Audubon Society in Tallahassee.286 He doesn't pussy-foot with polluters we have a public servant the caliber of Attorney or TEACHER COMMENT NO. 14 Can an individual sue the government in order to protect the environment? Two recent cases in : Environmental Lawsuits Against the Government largeain FloridaCross-Florida natural jetport indicate science just Barge north thatas well heCanal of can Evergladesas law.bynot the only The Army Nationalsue,first Corpsbut case WIN Park. involved of Engineers.-- Both provided a suitscitizen-organized The thathave second the achieved attorney opposed resistance their for the objectives, constructionplaintiff to the excavation isat wellleast of aversed tem- of esronmentalofporarily. potential control In environmentaltasksboth cases,such as the building hazards key to leveesposedthe success byand the installing of construction the lawsuit drainage which appeared systems. was planned.toA be traditional a well-researched "enemy" ofpresentation conservation groups, the Army Corps of Engineers is assigned various envi- It has performed much use- ofCorpsceedingful the service region.drainage with in projectstheseSupported project areas, regardless north by particularly the of EvergladesNational of negative with Geographic Nationalflood environmental control, Park Society, appearsbut consequences. theecologist toCorps have Frank has endangered In also southC. Craighead,gained Florida, the aecological reputation forSr. example,has balanceconducted for pro- a portingThepolitanan sawgrassextensive Miamia great swamps studyareavariety (Dade of of ofthe plant theCounty), ecology Everglades and animalofsouthern south collected life Florida. Florida (including rain Accordingrepresented water the now and to a nearly filteredCraighead,remarkably extinct it slowly before balanced Everglades back man complex toward developed kite and the ecosystem. the sea,the wood Metro-sup- ervoirsecologicalstork). in Craighead order dangers to divert claimedof draining water that thefrom the area. possibility developed The Army of areas, exposing Corps and of thenrich Engineers attemptedfarmland constructed under to regulate the swamps levees, artifically canalsblinded the and flowman res- ofto the 287 water into the Everglades. As a result, the natural system of filtration was disrupted, and water which had edrainsit seepedtons the of ofcapacities 1968-70, graduallyorganic of oozethe toward the engineers which natural the clogged sea filtrationsystematically under coastal naturalsystem bays fed controlin and waterthe endangered began into Evergladesto the fishing swamps. The result was a raised water level in the surge seaward through canals, carrying with National Park which greatly exceed-industry. During the heavy denlyinstitutedragedmarsh converted uncontrolledwhich by the destroyed fromCorps across a duringvirtual much more theinlandvegetation wetthan period half and worsened wildlife. the effects sea to a parched expanse of highly combustiblea million timber acres. and Smoke was visible from Interstate 95. Ironically, in 1971 a backlash to flood-control of a natural drought. The Glades grasses. Fires "Such de-were sud-measures asancedstruction a matter ecosystem willof ecology happen of 70 as againyears well andago. again," We must Dr. learn Craighead to warned, The lesson Dr. Craighead referred to was translated into action in 1970-71 view each project not as just an engineering problem, but "unless we can restore the marvelously bal- when a group of conserva- Wtionists in north-centralMexico.1942Canal, to another meet needs Corps for of military Engineers and project.commercial The idea for the 107 mile It was designed to cut a path 150 feet wide and 12 feet deep from Florida successfully halted construction of the controversial transport of goods from the Atlantic seaboard into the Gulf of artificial waterway was conceived inPalatka on the St. Johns River, down Cross-Florida Barge, throughoutdelegation,almostthe Oklawaha unanimous the the 1960's. River governor, support and By on1971, the across state approximately the legislature peninsula $50 and to millionthe the Gulf President. in public -- from shipping interests, land-owners, manufacturers, Florida's congressional near Yankeetown. At the time the project enjoyed Construction began intax 1964 funds and had continued been spent, and almost one- prinicipalthird of the rivers projected of Florida. waterway had been completed. Excavation had reached 288 the Oklawaha River, one of the servation group known as Florida Defenders of the Environment enteredWhile there had been some opposition to the canal from the start, it was not until a Gainesville the picture that significant headway con- andnomicpublicwas gamemade. gains,resistance in The theobserving group, area to the as which canal.thatwell revenue as includedIt from claimed isshipping derivedscientists that the andfrom fromdanger industry. tourism state to the colleges Publicbased and universities, environment was greater than potential eco-on theopposition scenic beauty to the and canal abundant did increase. fish began to organize usedatheHowever, "class FDE the action"Oklawahacontacted the battle on aRiverbehalf wasNew wonValley Yorkof the not organization andFlorida primarily all persons Defenders with of attorneyswishing public of the relations,to called Environment, the but in court. a large Environmental Defense Fund, Inc. Filing The turninggroup of point petitioners came when who had e.:3 filed suit against the Corps of Engineers to stop the canal construction.The initial reaction of the Corps was disbelief. It claimed "governmental immunity"preserve the area in its natural state, the EDF -- a traditional violatingyieldbelief beforethat three a citizenthis constitutional assertion, cannot bringthe amendments EDF suit drew against upand a 12government different acts of Congress.The argument revealed a great familiarity with the ecology of the region. The Oklawaha, a comprehensive legal action against the Corps, accusing it of agency. Construction continued. Refusing to it declared, throughnavigableGeorge.is one Silverof waterwayWater the Springsprincipal from flows SilverRun. rivers northward The Springs, of Oklawaha Florida. for one 60 Originatingof Rivermiles the Valleylargestand enters in isfresh-water several one the of St. thelarge Johns springsfinest lakes River unspoiled in eightthe world, mileshardwood below forests Lake in the central peninsula, this joins the Oklawaha in thecludingthe river. state. Thethe Several magnificent forests species provide bald of an deciduouscypress. ideal habitat Other trees, hardwoodfor well many adapted speciesspecies to periodic offlourish wildlife, flooding,along including higher groundwood ducks, 289 cover the valley floor, inon both sides of herons, alsosnakes, found turtles, the forest alligators, to be an deer,essential wild wintering turkey, ground raccoon, otter, bobcat, black bear and panther. The on the migratory routes of many North American report ofbirdshad.sunfish, the species. St. All Johnsspeckled this, In Rivertheaddition, perch,EDF includes maintained, the striped river extremely bass abounds would and valuable its withbe famous endangered fresh-water fresh largemouth black bass. Moreover,water the fisheriesproject forby largemouth the completion bass and of theanadromous Cross-Floridafish such as channel catfish, chain pickerel,Barge Canal. area provementUnitedimpossible. States Act The ofConstitution; 1970;EDF suitthe Federalcharged the National Water the Corps Environmental Pollution with Controlviolation Policy of The number of well-researched charges against the engineers rendered Act, as amendedAct by of the 1969; Waterthe the fifth,Quality Environmental ninth and 14th Quality amendments Im- to the an effective defense almost Improve- eS) recreationalwhichment Act compel of 1970;values the theCorps of Refuseareas to exercise involved Act; the due Fishin regardtheir and projects, Wildlife for wildlife Coordinationand four acts Act; pertaining the Migratory to the protectionBird Act;conservation twoand acts and maximize conservational and develop- 171 Corpsofwent the ofNationalof fresh-water Engineers Environmental did fish. not give Policy adequate Act andconsideration the The suit was systematic and devastatingly logical. First Environmental Quality Improvement Act, asserting that the to environmental factors as specified in these two the EDF proceeded to outline the provisions noxyacet1.cbyentacts. canal state Secondly, construction and acid) federal toit presentedcontrol at statutes. the endthe an growthof The exhaustive the engineers Oklawaha of water biochemical hyacinths River were using a toxic chemical known as 2, 4 -D (2, 4- dichlorophe- which found theanalysis government onof Rodmanconditions to be inPool violation at . two artificial of differ- ponds created Not only was the use of the chem- Controlical itself Commission, a violation ofbut Federal the decomposition water quality of standards the affected plants 290 established by the Florida Air and Water Pollution was found by the EDF to have caused the ofoutlineddissolvedsame the canal, species. the oxygen various and In then level each species applied ofinstance, the of watertheseplant the findingsandto Corps fall animal below wasto severallife shown the which accepted Congressional clearly would level to be be threatenedset in acts byviolation callingthe sameby ofthefor agency.existing continuedprotection Third,laws. construction of thesethe EDF very In effect, otheritsgovernmentthe builders. Environmental vessels Theyagency. which claimed Defense would They thatevenlead Fund the towent lawyers oilshallowness spillage.so far had as trapped Theyto of study the argued canalone the arm actual thatwould of such thedimensions cause governmentenvironmental frequent of the withgroundings canaldamage the andprovisions could ofturn barges notthem of be anotherand against con- Corpsshallowsidered to constrpction. cease"a substantially chemical spraying unavoidable of water accident" hyacinths (as isin sometimes Rodman Pool held and in In suchsubstitute conclusion, instances), mechanical the due EDF to or thepleaded manual intentionally for the court to stop construction of the canal immediately, force the completionconstructionmeans of removal; of which the canal drainfailed virtually the to complypool impossible. immediately, with all statutes allow stated the area above. to return The lattertoClearly its requirementnatural outmaneuvered state, would and forbid render in court, future the the Corps of Engineers rested its case largely on governmental immu- oneBarringtonirreparablenity hand, to lawsuits for D. damagethe Parker needby private torendered to the preserve swampscitizens. a decision our and environment river. calling The for whilejudge an immediate approvingwent on tostop projects criticize to canal which Congress construction were for causing arguing, due serious to possibleon the dam- It received quite a jolt, therefore, when U.S. District Court Judge stepage toI have the environment. taken today will Four prevent days latera past President mistake from Nixon causing ordered permanent a haltThe to damage."**construction. key factors in He the stated, Environmental "The Defense Fund victory in the Cross-Florida Barge Canal case were 291 a thorough knowledge and systematic application of existing laws protecting the environment and a painstaking forsostudy the "airtight" timeof the being, exactas to atovercomenature least of the traditional environmental government hazard immunity involved. to The lawsuits combinationA from similar private of combination the citizens.two produced of law and science provided the impetus for a lawsuit which has prevented -- the construction of a large jetport north of Everglades National Park. The a case -- ationof statedefender much group of ofFlorida ofbut,the the plantessentially, wasenvironment. andconsidering animal a single Yannacone life a "Big personin the Cypress park.filed a TheSwamp class intervening action Jet Port" lawsuit force which on this wouldbehalf time haveof all jeopardized those entitled the to existence the full -- Victor John Yannacone, Jr. , a New York lawyer renowned as was not an entire conserva- Co) thedefendantscitizens,benefit, Dade use, butCounty, in andgenerations the enjoyment caseFlorida were unborn. Board Johnof the of A.He Everglades County Volpe, served Commissioners,Secretary a National58 page of complaintPark, Transportation Acting including against as Dade notof thethe only County promotersUnited this Portgeneration States ofAuthority. theof Americajetport. of American One and envi- Co- Floridaronmentalist Barge Canallawyer case, against except the combinedthat it placed forces even of greater local, stateemphasis and federal onYannaconet.s aOr scientific governmentwas it? study strategy --hardly of the was projected essentially the same as that of the Environmental Defense Fund in the Cross- a match? damagessourcesviolation theof of the jetportthe Everglades. fifth, would ninth cause and 14th to the amendments environment. of all Yannacone's those who wishedclass action toYannacone enjoy the tracedunspoiled eight natural specific hazards to the environment which he claimed would be caused directly was also based on the alleged re- or indirectly by the construction of the "Big Cypress Swamp Jet Port": 1. Water pollution. The drainage and canalization of the area--essential to the construction of the 292 airport --would radically alter the water system of the entire region and upset the balance of the scalecontainingtechnicalEverglades construction term phosphates ecosystem. for the projects widespread into Another naturalrequired form growth waterways. for of the waterof algaejetport. Such which wastes pollution is the possibility of eutrophication, can be caused by the discharge ofwould wastes inevitably accompany the large- a 2. jetportpresentEvergladesPesitcide would usage contamination. birds requireof the is already pesticide extensive just in use underDade of pesticidesCounty.the danger A to level control The quantities of DDT found in chemical analysis of new urban concentration around the proposed as a result of contamination from themosquitoes from nearby swamps. As the eggs of certain 3. adverseAirina result, pollution.the Everglades.effect increased on the DDT presently contamination pure atmosphere would mostabove likely threaten The fallout of jet exhaust during landings and take-offs would the swamps, and would also be dissolved numerous species of wildlife be certain to have an 4. Dangerjetporthaustinto the fumesof with naturalextinction theof the Metropolitanwaterways automobiles for some below. speciesMiami which Furthermore, area.of could wildlife. be expected there would to jam be the Numerous species of wildlife which are al- appreciable air newpollution superhighways from ex- linking the mammalsofedready their them), onnatural (the the especially listMango breeding or rare thefox, grounds. andextremely squirrel, endangered Among manatee rare Cape speciesthose and Sable threatened Everglades could mink), and sparrow and the wood ibis; fourbe pushed species into of extinction by the spoilage are 12 species of birds (Yannacone list- American55 to 60 alligator.species of reptiles, all performing vital roles in the food In addition, the area is known to contain 15 to 20 species of amphibians and 293 chain of the ecosystem. Rare the rare and endangered tropical plants suchwould as also orchards be threatened and ferns by which side effectsare found from nowhere the jetport, else includingin the United species States. of 5.6. DisturbingtotheNoise the northern pollution.north. Indian part of Tribes. the Everglades National Park and even more so in the Big Cypress Swamp The constant noise along the jet corridor would disrupt the wilderness along The Miccosukee Indians would be suddenly subjected to 24-hour 7. waysaviationBirdnoise strikes.duringbombardment hazard, flood from periods by ground powers would levelutterly aggravate to beyond2,000 the feet. theirproblem The control. presencebecause they of small would animals be on the run- Large flocks of birds, especially large water birds, would pose a significant crushed by air- r 8. planesseekingFire and and refuge smoke. attract from carrion-eatingThe high combination water onbirds. theof birdrunways strikes, would pest doubtless insects from prompt swamps authorities and small to drain animals much Cil Yannacone concluded by arguing that the negativedestroyofof the land effectsjetport the to ecologicalbe ofarea, drained.the andjetport balanceproperty This, would in of development turn, bethe irreparable. entire would south greatly around Florida increasethe jetportregion. the would risk of cause fires other and permanentlylarge expanses Since no temporarily.itsdamagessuch development. a facility, paid However, after makingYannacone the therefact it imperativecould arewon still restorehis considerable point. for the environmental He ecology succeeded economic of the protection in region, blockingand political the groups the only construction pressures toalternative maintain for woulda theconstant be to awareness- of the jetport -- at least construction of prohibit both legal and scientific. The successful intervention of environmental forces against the Cross-Florida Barge 294 Canal and the safeguardproposed Bigthe environmentCypress Swamp of their Jet Portnation attests to the effectiveness of organized effort by -- even when the opposing force is their own government. private citizens to Society,**Haynes (1971), Johnson,*H.Robert p.218.p.166. "Concerned Morrison, People! "Urbanization: Key to Tomorrow," the Great Migration," As We As We Live and Breathe,Breathe," National National Geographic Geographic

295 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 15 : The Environment Becomes a Political Issue has become political TNT. WhatEcology politican is one could of few afford issues to come which out transcends AGAINST lines ecology? of state, It would party, be ideology roughly akin to coming out and age. As such, it primaryhasaspirantagainst been issues. seizedmotherhood. Senator Sponsorupon Edmund as But aof prized Muskie,althoughmuch possessionanti-pollution have the environment adopted in partisan legislation, the environment, crisis politics. united Muskie liberals,along with The Democrats, especiallyaccused Presidential the Nixon Administration of moderates and conservatives,Vietnam and it the economy, as INDNiCn adoption(D-Wisconsin)giving more of a "rhetoric" Constitutional opened the than Second Amendment"...whichsubstantive Session support of Congress to will the with recognize environmental and a comprehensive list of proposals, including the protect the inalienableprogram. right Senator of every Gaylor Nelson Democratstheperson environment. to a todecent seize Democrats environment." the early initiativeunited * Heto inpledgecalled the environmental for annual federal expendituresPossibly of $20 due to to$25 its preoccupation with Vietnam and inflation, the Nixon an all-out assault on pollution. arena. But by early 1970 the Administration was Administration permitted the billion to protect andforcomprehensivegaining theenforcement expenditure ecological concerningand of momentum. costly $10 billion programautomobile In in his the(in 1970pollution interestenvironment State ofand ofclean developmenttheprotection) waters,Union Address, in of the nation's President new methods for land acquisition, researcha "national growth policy." Muskie history. Nixon proposed "the most ** The program called Muskieretorted was that converting the President's his long "rhetoric reputation in environmental protection was excellent," but that he was unwilling to spend the money. Clearly, 296 to political advantage. In its January letedEducation26 issue, from andNewsweekall departmentWelfare) Magazine had films. ordered reported Muskie's that nameRobert expunged H. Finch from (then all Secretary HEWThe publicationspolitical of the Department significance and his picture of of Health, ecology de- is not limited to the national scene. In their "state of the state" hisnewmessages,(Vermont), administration. governor three andof RepublicanVirginia, Francis California W.Linwood governors Sargentwas a Holtonpivotal (Massachusetts), in the (R)state Northeast, established in the environmental allNelson environmentalset forth A. Rockefeller extensive politics protection whichantipollution (New as preceded York), the top programs. Deane prioritythe 197C C. ofTheDavis TunneyReaganpollution,midterm (D)administration elections. but opened Democratic Governora successful for gubernatorialtoo Ronald much campaign talkReagan opponent and against toodevoted little incumbentJess muchaction.Unruh ofSenator laterReagan his "statefollowed George won of re-election,the Muskie'sMurphy state" (R) addressexample, but by Rep. touring to attacking Johncontaining California's V. the Studentsworstcollege pollution areand requesting high spots. school the campuses. inclusion Environmentalof more courses protection on ecology groups and environmental haveThe mushroomed impetus protection for across environmental in the the country. curric- protection has come largely from the nation's youth,. especially on highulum.*Congressional school Earth campusesWeek Quarterly, in 1970 across included "Man's the nation, Controla nationally-organized designed of the Environment,"to increase series public (Washington:of ecologyawareness "Teach-ins" Aug.of environmental 1970), on pcollege . 2. issues. and ** Ibid. 297 changesTEACHER in the COMMENT conservation NO. movement 16 which initiated that awareness. Better-fundedIncreasing public awareness of the need to protect the environment has resulted in : Conservation Movement Modernizes conservation groups substantial Society.ingare followedbecoming The in 78-year-old larger defense and of more theSierra environment. sophisticated, Club, based andin San many Francisco, are becoming has moreThe militant. two largest New conservation avenues organizations in the nation are the Sierra Club and the National seen its membership balloon from are be-Audubon activitiesclubenvironmental15,000 resulted than to nearly manyin activism the 85,000 clubouster officialstrends inof theExecutive increased lastcould decade, accept.Director membership due Brower Davidespecially from promptlyBrower, to750 who toorganized 19,000. espoused An internal struggle an influx of memberships in the East, where a new group knowna more as militant"Friends brand of within the marilydeliberatelysuchof the asby Earth," Ecology young foregoing which activists Action, is tax-exampt committed wellEcology versed Centerstatus to inintervene the inand strategiesorder Zero in to politicalPopulation do of so. confrontation, Evencampaigns Growth, inhave behalf all exertedof environmental more militant organizations, staffed pri- sprung up. These groups, a militating influence protection, sionalsment,upon older, however. who more are ableWhat established to is understand, needed organizations is technical and thus such expertisecombat, as the the Sierra subtle Club aspects and the ofMilitancy Audubonenvironmental alone Society. will pollution. not adequately The equip conservation groups for the battle to - lawyers, ecologists, engineers and other profes- preserve the environ- theSierra necessary Club, for skills. instance, has depended more and more on the advice and assistance of members who Other sources of technical assistance are becoming available to conservation groups. 298 possess betterWithinsulting environment a firmweek called of his forThe resignation man." Overview * as Group,Secretary dedicated of co "...work for governments and industries :le Interior, Stewart Udall, for example, formed a con- to create a passageopposestrongest measures of theinfluence Clean which Waterupon might legislators Bill be in harmful 1969, is towhen toorganize the conservationists environment. their constituents An were example able to support toOne of mold this of a,ttipollution atheproc,,,ss coali.tion most waseffective of seen organizations inweapons the in the conservati,;nists' arsenal is thc. political lobby. Their measures or academicmentalwieldedand special "alliance" far and moreinterest scientific influenceare groups certain communities, tothan labor lobby the unions, conservationfor professional the such bill. as A groups theSierra societies, United themselves.Club Mineentertainers, representative Workers, Prominent and the observed members peace movement,that in thethe alliesenviron- the - especially - the youth 0 5 thislawyersmovement. new direction. are entering The the purpose field of of environmental such lawsuits, law, in addition and law toschools half specific are Theadjusting threatsother curriculapotent to the weapon environment, to accommodate in the conservationis campaign is the environmental lawsuit. Many young thatlegislation."aroundato nationally applyhas come the pressures country prominentdown ** intohave theboth environmentalist focusedpast the 50executive orforcibly 60 years and attorney,the haslegislativeattention been declared, precededof branches the "Everylegislature by of a piecethehistory ongovernment. of the ofenlightened inadequacieslitigation Victor insocial which of J.Yannacone, existing legislation lawyers ***Congressional Ibid. Quarterly, "Man's Control of the Environment," (Washington: Aug. 1970), p.4. 299 toTEACHER block a billCOMMENT which would NO. 17have authorized increased federal timber cuttingThe in political national power forests. of A organized power conservation groups was demonstrated in their successful campaign : Coalition Blacks Timber Bill 1970,ofstrugglevote timber wasof developed 228-150. and a refusal housing Thebetween by interestsdefeatthe House two of which Congressionalthe of bill Representatives had manifested provided lobbies the the to --ability impetusconsider the conservation of forconservation the the bill. bill. coalitionThe The organizationsrefusal outcome, and came the onoriginal toon February compete a roll lobby call 26,effec- tivelyfurnishlow-income in theraw legislative materialshousing development forarena. housing development.project and increased An attempt timber was cutting, made whichto allyThe they thebasic timber claimed strategy cutting was of essentialthe proposal pro-lumbering to alliance was to establish a relationship between the federal withdwellerlaunched ana crusade aura was a ofspirited a tomoralbald help piecerebuttal, necessity.the impoverishedof prevarication asserting that ghetto designed the dwellersudden to imbue concernreceive a bill improvedof thewhich timber wouldhousing. industry decimate Conservation for the nationalurban forces ghetto forests toheavyshortage pressure snowfalls were from a housing droughtin the Northwest indevelopers 1967 which in January,for suspended increased 1969; manysources a boxcar timbering of shortage, timber. operations Short-termandThe an timber Eastdue causes toCoast billfire originated hazard;dockfor the strike unusuallytimber with which timber shortages between 1967 and 1969 which elevated prices and led timbercurtailed -- especially deliveries. to A Japan. long-term cause of the domestic timber shortage was the substantial exportation of 300 fromFundment conservation Billto finance (HR 12025) a groups new waslumbering and drawn the Forest up.program The Service, major within theprovision the National national of thisForest forest bill Timber system.wasAfter to Conservationset The hearings up program, a High oefore andTimber however, twoManage- Yielddifferent subcommittees which were intended to incorporate suggestions was limitedofsureto berecreational a subject balance by specific to between thefacilities, provisionsmanagement economic range of lands, thepractices. exploitation Multiple-Use watersheds The of Secretary the Sustained and natural fish of andforests YieldAgriculture wildlife Act and of the resources.was1960, preservation directed which Lumbering wasto and submit designed development wasto Congress to to asbe 'Cr.) O immediatelyablewithinsources, proportion one andyear voiced to of establish therevenue. vigorous enactment policies Despite protests of onHR the againsttimber 12025apparent salesthe a program bill,attention which arguing for would to developing environment that guarantee it would and protection,smallundermine managing business conservationallthe national conceptconcerns forest of groupsan mul- equit- re- ers,aspectstiple the use Nationalof and those pave Forestareas. the way Products for exploitation Association, of the Nationalnatural forests, Association at the ofexpenseThe Housing battle of andrecreationallines Redevelopment were drawn. and ecological Proponents Offi- of the bill included the National Association of Home Build- theatedzens'cials, National General Committeethe United RifleContractors Association,onBrotherhood Natural of America Resources, the of CarpentersSierra and theIzaak Club,the American and Trout Walton Joiners, Unlimited, Forest League the WesternInstitute. the of America,Wilderness Governor'sThe opposition the Society, National Conference, included the Audubon Wildlife the the Associ-Society, Citi-Manage- portersment Institute, of the bill the maintained National Wildlife that it was Federation, necessary Friends to combat of the a Earthchronic and national theHeated United housing debate Auto deficiency.ensured. Workers. Arguments Oppo- and counter-arguments were presented on several issues. Sup- 301 nentsopment repliedthat -- not a ittimber was high shortage. interest They rates, urged land consideration prices and labor of wood prices substitutes which had for curtailed housing housing accusing devel- timber tiontothatinterests air theof and timber manufacture water of attempting to pollution Japan of besynthetic to whichcurbed tie up wouldwood inthe order construction substitutesresult to replenish from would industrialmaterials the entail domestic wastes.market. substantial market Opponents Proponents despoilage without suggested of over-lumoering theof the bill thatenvironment argued, the exporta- the in turn,due na- watershedactuallytortedtional forests.the benefit timber capacities. Such conservation interests. a measure Not Theyso, by contendedwould preventingfurther create claimed opponents. compacted a disadvantageous that judiciousConservation soil and developmentbalancecontrolling interests of trade erosion, of argued thefor nationalthusthe that United enhancing the forests greatest States, thewould in-forests' re- CJ theincreases the Forest Rocky in loggingService Mountains, wasresulting already where from marketing the the ecological bill would timber balance occur at a rate in is virgin especiallywhich stands was precarious.approximately of timber Theyalong 50% alsothe in Pacificmaintained excess Coast of that that and CJ thevicewhich billvery to argued waslandsprotect commensurate tothat certain be it lumbered was forest essential with includedareas sound to as allocate unspoiled forestry.six to eightthe Supporters wilderness new million funds acres claimed byfrom developing of timber prime that the cuttingwilderness. others. bill would to Came the Finally, enableForest the counterargument: Service.theproponents Forest Op- Ser- of toponents the economy.deplorable replied housingthat the agencyconditions was which dependent degraded on appropriations many citizens anyway,of the nationThe with report andall unused was presented extremely funds by to theinjurious be Housereturned. Agriculture Committee described the timber bill as one solutionIt was endorsed by Secretary of Agriculture Clifford M. Hardin and Secretary of Housing and necessaryUrban Development housing for George the nation Romney. without Romney a substantial stated thatincrease it would in timoer be difficult, production. if not impossible, to furnish 302 Environmental forces rallied to the counter-attack. Sierra Club Executive Director Micheal Mc- unitsvestingeconomicCloskey of innew nationalaccused aggrandizement. and rehabilitated foreststhe timber would Someindustry housing. help Congressmen fulfill of One masquerading the urban 10-year were Congressman, goal skepticalas a ofsocial the about Rep.1968crusader claimsJohnHousing while Conyers, that Act actually more to Jr., construct intensive (D-Michigan),pursuing 26 lumber itsmillion own har- ternativewaslumber,withdrew not onlybut materialshis the asupport poor inflation to conservation forwood. theof financing bill, arguingmeasure and that otherbut the a poorcosts. chief housing Rep.impediment James measure. H. to Scheuerhousing He advocated development(D-New the York) development was said not the lack billof of al- CJ underminedtendingservation that lobby. prospectivethe bill Eight "...threatened national parks, wilderness, conservation America's open nationalorganizations space forests, and recreationsent scuttled a telegram areas."historicThe to staunch *every multiple-use Representatives member Congressional practicesof Congress of fiveopposition and of con- the bill encountered revealed the influence of an effective con- plicationstionEarththose kit organizationsand outlining Troutfor forestry. Unlimited the - environmental the National -- canvassed Audubon consequences Congressional Society, of the the offices. proposed Sierra Club, logging, the Wilderness the impact Society,on housing Friends and the of im-the It was distributed to members of Congress. The Sierra Club, which in 1968 had Sierra Club workers assembled an informa- tociationrepresentative,sacrificed the Sierra and its Club,the tax-exempt WildernessBrock three Evans, other status Society organizations to bypay becoming -- personal distributed - the involvedvisits Izaak information to betweenWaltonin political to League 25 members lobbying,and of30 America,Congressionaland also urged dispatched the them National offices. to itstelephone Northwest Rifle Asso- or In addition telegraph representatives. Lobbyists supporting the bill, of course, also collected and distributed information. The National For - 303 massest5,000entitled Products media copies "Housing journalists.Association were Goals circulated Urban and and the the lobby- Nationalto Future members groups Course Association such of Congress,for as thethe of NationalNationalHome newspaper Builders Forests," Urban editors publishedLeague, urging and theadoption jointlyeditorial National of writers HR Association 12025. and to Some of a 36-page booklet bablyhadHousing formulated heralded and Redevelopment the a more arrival cogent of aand new argument the and National powerful and aHousing more political cohesive Conference lobby campaign. upon all theendorsed Congressional TheJudging defeat the measure. fromof scenethe the timber disposition bill proof the matter, however, it was apparent that the conservation coalition - one whose *Congressionalsole objective is Quarterly, the preservation "Man's ofControl the nation's of the environment.Environment," (Washington: Aug. , 1970), p.72.

304 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 18 The development of a comprehensive national campaign against pollution will inevitably result in : Disagreement on How to Fight Pollution theboundtivestruggles risk program to of become foundering between is necessary, the many nucleus on the butdifferent shoals of the controversy. "HOW" ofinterest internecine groups. The environmentalpower There struggles is virtually ship, and universallikepartisan the anti-poverty politics. agreement that - development of effective instruments for the program - is program, runs a correc- C.4 thetimatedpay government. for at it?" $300 The billion. All,cost ofof The course,cleaning three are upbasic inter-related.pollution sectors in of the Americansociety United involved States Airlines by are thepresident the endOf producers, ofparamount theGeorge century the A.importance Spaterhas been main- to es- the clean-up of the environment is the fundamental question: "Who'll consumers and withdirection.totained like account priorities.that New growingconsumers antipollution Spater public are said preparedpressure thatcompanies producers tofor assume environmental have must been the anticipate addedestablished improvement. costs more andof environmentalregulation existing Much corporationshas by alreadygovernment control beenhaveand andto doneset elect take in officialsthis inup anti- feelbattleventures.pollution that to companiesclean enterprisesA Ralph up the Nader who asenvironment part undertake task of force their atvoluntary reportdiversification the same on clean-up air time pollution programs,they campaigns continue accused often areto many devoting polluteplaced corporate it.at much aMany competitive giantspublic corporate ofrelations disadvantage, entering executives to thethese withand less therefore extensive advocate financial uniform reserves, federal would controls. find such There controls is, however, economically theA possibility pollution discriminatory. controlthat smaller program companies, must take into account other factors besides financial considerations. 305 Political and ideological issues are also at stake. Vital questions of individual and corporate liberties are fronts.toinvolved. national One Thereprominent sovereignties. is also issue the ismatter whether of governmental the basic machinery jurisdiction, for control shouldThe implementation of an antipollution program will generate heated controversies ranging from local municipalities on be incorporated within the on several up theprofitclearlysory, two? system with delineated,In anyappropriate or case,considered and specific punitive the anecessary collectiveinstruments measures, agencies social mustor build responsibility. established.be mostlydeveloped. upon The Should The economic formation extent control incentivesof of federal policy-makingmeasures be largelycommittees compul- is - or a combinationjurisdiction of must be policy-makingationteelikely membership of to theserun into level,contending itselfa traditionalhoping carries factions, that attemptthe the possibility Presidentactive by industrial participation Nixonof increased lobbieshas ofattempted interestpolitical to influence to leverage. provide the for broad groups from the outset would weld a regulatory agencies, and commit-To pave the way for reconcili- representation at a -.IC.3CeN mountingformationcomposite clamorof program government against which air regulatory wouldpollution, encounter agencies. began lessin The1971 debate automobile marketing industry, forNevertheless, pressure fights between interest groups are likely to erupt both on up the legislative line. cars which could run efficiently on lead-free example, in response to a prior to and after the inhavinggasoline. order repressed to promoteThe opposition for their 20 years own in this theeconomic developmentcase was interest. consumer of non-polluting advocate Ralph alternatives Nader,Another to who the accused colossal struggle is the conflict between conservation groups and electric power companies. internal combustion engine, the industry of industryUnder fire has for launched air pollution a counter-attack from fossil infuel public plants relations. and thermal Senator pollution Lee Metcalf from nuclear (D-Montana) installations, 306 accused power the power companies of spending more on advertising their antipollution programs and the need for more power than environmentalistsalongonstructed actually with immediately thedeveloping Federal have Power tothe created keep technology Commission pace critical with necessary national growing and the powerto demands Atomic end shortages.air Energy forand power. thermal Commission,They pollution. insist that claim The new thatpower plants the comapnies, demandsmust be con-of perlyHowbefore be much andelimited, effective should the acomprehensive program problem of itself environmental antipollution must be defined. protection campaign Exactly encompass?can whatbe launched. constitutes In theGovernment Before United a liveable such States agencies a environment?program there will is canan thus alli- be faced with the difficult task of reconciling various vested interests pro- Co) thesinceance environment -peace in many is an mustcases essential march an overlap aspect hand in-of between hand.a healthful Some anti-war environment, groups forces call forand the more ecologyprevention stringent activists. of governmentalwar Someand the leaders preservation pollution argue con- that of e) countriesactiontrolsgovernmental over to the wasindividuals environmental a measures.major andcausative Unitedindustries. crisis agent whichNations Others for would Secretary the agree environmentalendanger thatGeneral actionindividual U crisis. Thantis necessary, and Corporate observed corporate but thatleaders, expressliberties the profit on fearsthrough the system otherof over-re-repressive ofhand, some consequence.vironmentalthecontend environment. that protectionthe most viable a profitable solution business to the problem proposition. of pollution Compliance, is to turn they the conclude, profit motive would in then defense be a ofnatural They urge adoption of governmental incentives such as tax credits which would make en- TEACHER COMMENT NO. 19 The"Ban proliferation DDT!" of bumper stickers bearing this slogan attests to mounting public concern for the : Human Life Endangered by Pesticides ofincludesnotconsequences priorities. so simple, many however.other of indiscriminate complicated Although chemicaluse DDT of ispesticides, thecompounds, main herbicidestarget and of its the resolutionand public fungicides outcry, will requirein the this controversy country.a delicate The balancingactually story is hometrations1969, and whenwould in marshes Secretary be cancelled (with of Agriculture thefor exceptionfour uses Clifford ofof thespecific M. chemical Hardin control made- on of shade adisease widely-publicized trees, carriers).The tobacco first Other significant plants,announcement crops in orgovernmentalwere around that not regis- the step in the limitation of the use of DDT occurred on November 20, CA' ketingorder,cellationaffected. of or the order.evenReaction chemicals longer Since was iflawsduring immediate:the concerning manufacturers the appeal a group the process, regulationsought of manufacturers usage judicial of could pesticides relief continuefiled after allowadministrative exhausting for the up continued to two available appeals years production afteragainst administrative the theand original can-mar- AgricultureStatesRelationshipremedies. within filed Hardin's to two Environmentala statement years announcement and with alternate Health the U.S.came pesticidesissued Court eight a report of bedays Appeals studied. which after thethatrecommended Presidents DDT did not thatCommission constitute DDT be banned anon "imminentPesticides in the United andhaz- their In June, 1970, however, the Department of lawsuitsard," and being should brought therefore against not thebe bannedSecretary from of Agriculture general use. and This the statement, Secretary ofin turn,Health, was Education incorporated and Wel- in 308 Southfarechallengedcedure by Vietnam. environmental for establishingthe Theuse ofDepartment groups.the DDT herbicide Aslimits ofa result the 2,4,5-T,in orInterior, ofon thewhichagricultural HEWin June,was suit, at 1970,commodities. one the point Secretaryprohibited in widespreadAnother of the the use HEW environmentalist of use DDT, developed as a defoliant2,4,5-T, lawsuit andin a pro- betweenimpositionagents14 other governmentwas substances ofalso federal restricted. agencies. restrictions,on the Some more stateshowever, than 500have hasmillion enacted been acres hampered their under own by itslimitations lengthy jurisdiction. appeals on the Usage anduse lackof otherpesticides. of integration chemical The CJ ofcalledhad pesticides actually for research been was passedstill into the the as original ofecological 1970 Federal was effects a provision Insecticide, of pesticides. of the Fungicide Water The Qualitychief and Rodenticide legislative ImprovementDespite afoundation Actbevy Act of of 1947,of bills 1970for which regulation which werebarred introduced to Congress, the only recent law on pesticides which O theof actionscontrolinterstate their products. of commercegovernmentalpesticides, Several of but otherunregistered bodiesthey laws were such passed generally pesticides as the from Department confined 1954and compelled to 1967to of limitations the gradually manufacturersInterior, on extendedand specific encouraging to demonstrate federalpesticides; involvement research. regulating the safety The in ofDepartmentmost DDT, significant establish in 1967. acta permanent was probably 12-member the implementation national commission of a nationwide on pesticides, monitoringBills whichextend program were registration bystill the pending Agriculture requirein 1970 included proposals to forbid the interstate sale or shipment program,powersments withinto which pesticides governmental reimburses intended farmersdepartments solely for losses exportconcerned incurredas well with as from pesticide domestic products control, products, contaminated broaden strengthen the by dairy pesticides;existing indemnity regulatory re- 309 andstrict herbicides. the use of pesticides which defile navigable waterways, and provide for more research on pesticides cides.of thepowerful NationalThere lobbiesare Agricultural also representing pressure Chemicals groups industrial which Association, interests. have opposed has The spearheaded Industry the dissemination Task the ForcefightThe ofmajoragainst for pesticides. DDT, obstacle restrictions under These delaying the include aegis Congressional passage of the bills enumerated above is the presence on pesti- Act.inatedEnvironmentalthe Environmental In the November, scene Action and Defense1969, vitiated and the Fund,Friends theHouse effectiveness Inc., ofGovernment the Earth.National of theTraditionally,Operations Audubon 1947 Federal CommitteeSociety, however, Insecticide, the dressed Izaakthe industrial Fungicide Walton down the Leagueinterests and Pesticides Rodenticide of have America, Reg- dom- Co3 claimedonulation possible Department the conflict-of-interestRegulation and Divisioncalled for charges. had the failed Justice Subcommittee almost Department completely Chairman to conduct to enforce L.H. an investigationFountain the 1947 (D-Northact. of A three Government Carolina) consultants fre. Accountingproductsspite562 of objections them from Office consideredthe study frommarket revealedthe major were HEW infrequent.that regarding out of 750 potential violations dangers, of the that act approval discovered had by been tbl Regulation granted to Divisionpesticides - only 106 were subjected to enforcement action. Efforts to recall hazardous It was also found that many pesticides had been approved de- - thatcedurealways were hadclear, almost been that certain devised expeditious to to cause warn action illegal consumers was adulteration not against always insuch taken food, products. to that cancel warnings hazardousOne on steppesticides products, which labelsmay and reducethat were notthe efficacy of lobbying by pesticide interests is the formation of the no pro- thesizedEnvironmental investigatory Protection and Agency.regulatory This functions is a centralized pertaining governmental to environmental agency protection. which has These assumed functions and 310 syn- had previously been dispersed among several different government agencies, such as the Agriculture De- toingdiversifiedpartment, result the inDepartment morethe functions Department definitive of of Agriculture's the andof other the better Interior agencies policiesintegrated and sometimes onthe governmental pesticides),Department created the of programsa transferHealth,conflict Educationwhich,of authorityinterests in turn, and (asto Welfare. wouldtheis the EPA be Sinceis less likely case regard- the areDDTsusceptible the is organic a chlorinated to phosphatesthe demands hydrocarbon, and of theany carbamates.) onewhich pressure is one Testedgroup. of three during major World categories WarThe II, of DDT pesticidespesticides. was found issue (The revolvesto other be an two ex-around the chemical compound Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane -DDT. IN)C.) tremelyuse. After effective World insecticide War H, DDT which rapidly could acquiredcontrol malaria a reputation and typhoid. as a panaceaAnother for insect substance problems. indirectly related to pesticides, which has become the subject of considerable It was considered safe for human wouldecologicalmercury.rivers. initiate Studies controversyMost civil hadmercury suits revealed of against latepollution isthat eightmercury. lakes results manufacturers and On from rivers July the 14, in whichdumping up1970 to were the20 of statesfederal allegedly chemical were government dumping contaminatedwastes. announcedThe chemical with poisonous that is it then mercury into lakes and compounds.Mercuryabsorbed contaminationby fish and other can animals, also result and fromit may seed move dressings up the foodand otherchain pesticidesto Thethe levelissue which of of human pesticides contain consumption. mercury is extremely complex. Many arguments have been advanced for and against theirChemicalsStates use. (60,000 DDT, in July, forcases example,1969, annually estimated was in the1942; that major 2,000DDT cause hadin 1950). forprevented virtual R.G. 500 eliminationVan million Buskirk, illnessesof inmalaria an articleand within saved published the 25 Unitedmillion in Farm 311 lives in the 25 years it has been used on a worldwide basis. And Dr. G.K. Kohn of the National Agricul- illprotectedformerlytural effects Chemicals malaria-infestedbycaused ongoing Association by the programs. chemical. were reported DDTnow free thatmanufacturers 39.5%from the of ravagesthe contend 1.6 billion of that the thesepeopledisease, benefits who and lived that outweigh anotherin areas any 38.6%which environmental werewere In the 1950's, the federal government launched extensive insect-control ingprograms,mixed."enemy" as much Conservationists usingincluded plant DDT and the toanimal gypsy destroy claimed lifemoth, pests as that theinsect which applications Japanese pests. threatened beetle, of DDT farmDutch were products, elm often disease shadecareless and trees theand andfire poorly humanant. timed, beings. destroy- The Results were DDTfordramatic instance, had impactbeen nearly the on chief doubledagricultural instrument from production. 1947 in a bollto 1968. weevilCrop Similar yields eradication perincreases acre campaign. of occurred corn andVanThe in riceBuskirkargument cotton in the production, stated forUnited DDT that States, without usagewhere is not limited to the control of disease. The chemical has also had a W market,andthesignificant usewithin offarmers DDT 10 abroad. to and in15 underdeveloped yearsother Americansinexpensive, countries would persistent run could short pesticides, not of produce essential the competitive cost foods. of food The products wouldfood problem double if compelled withinis even fiveto more pur- years, If DDT was banned in the U.S. and foods with DDT residues excluded from the U.S. tinctionequallychase higher-pricedin great. some Environmental species pesticides of birds, scientists with including shorter-term have bald linked eagles, potency. DDT peregrine residues falcons, with reproductiveThe brown benefits pelicans thatfailures andDDT Bermudaand has near-ex- provided for man are significant. But the costs of its usage seem to be havepetrels. also DDT been apparently killed by DDT.interferes Such with contamination the egg-laying may mechanism,be passed from causing species thin-shelled to species, eggs. on up the food 312 Fish larva inchain, the tropics,by a process often known escapes as into biological the atmosphere in vapor form wheremagnification. it is distributed DDT usedglobally. in underdeveloped DDT res- countries, especially talcellslevelsidues deaths, fromhave and humanaevencerebral University been victims hemorrhages, found of ofMiami in cancer Arctic Medical liver contained diseases more penguins! In man, studies have shown correlations betweenSchool study revealed. Paul R. Ehrlich, a biologist at and stomach diseases. than twice as much DDT as fat from victims of It has caused tumors in mice. Fat highStanford DDT acciden- University,fataloflead the toto chlorinated aman shortage predicted if ingested hydrocarbonsof the oxygen ordeath absorbed toof breathe.oxygen-generatingon athrough short-term The the major threat from DDT is cumulative;skin. basis.Most Butorganicit is DDT'sthe phosphatesleast sister pesticides and carbamates such as arealdrinoceanic can plankton be from the absorption of DDT could potent highly phatespoisonoussions orand carbamates to death. man. TheThey may danger cause enter isincreasingly intoexacerbated a intense nerve chemical reaction which produces a thrid and by the fact that residues from two relativelynecessity of pesticides be reconciled with the impulses which may result in tremors, convul- lethal compound. harmless phos- damage they trolinsteadcause techniques, to of the persistent environment? such general as the useagents of insects' such as How, then, can medical and agricultural Conservationists have recommended the use of natural enemies,DDT and agricultural techniques . They also suggest rapid development of short-term specific pesticides such as alterna- biological con- blemishestivesulted row in planting, onextensive the outside to usage control of of fruits pesticides.pests. and They vegetables, claiming that their demand advise housewives to be less fastidious concerning for unmarred produce has re- harmless of toxicmore chemicalhighly specific substances pesticides may be- used to Other solutions may be forthcoming from harmless to most life, affecting only certain attract mating male insects into death traps. scientific research. Some possibilities are the 313use species of insects. Non- Juvenile hormones whichsearch disrupt is being insect conducted life cycles, on a chemical substances which which may sterilize accomplish male much insects the are same also functions being developed. of DDT, without Re- theneedsits only toxic and viable longevity.environmental means of compromise. protection. The rapid development of scientific alternativesThe issue of appears pesticide to provide usage generates almost irreconcilable conflicts in priorities between human

314 TEACHER COMMENT NO. 20 : Mobilization for Restoring the Environment 's foristmental frontiernew philosophies message heritage President as of the land, fundamental Nixon air and delivered water cause use. beforefor Heabuse Congressdiscounted of the nationalon malice February environment,as Aa 10, significantcall 1970. for total theCiting cause Presidentnational an for expansion- themobilization called envi- in defense of the environment was the theme of the environ- fortsgovernmentofronmental the of social citizens, action,crisis,costs industries ofattributing greater technological citizenand the government probleminvolvement, expansion. instead to Thepreserve and primarily Presidentcomprehensive the environment.to called economic programsfor stricter pressuresTo whichimplement regulation, and coordinated a thesebasic expanded concepts,ignorance the ef- ganizingpollutionbyhe administrative outlined forcontrol, action.a 37-point airaction Summaries pollution program, or Executive control, follow: including Order.solid 23 waste He major divided management, legislative this new proposals parklands effort into and and five14 public new major measures recreation categories: to and be water takenor- turalofdustrial our wastes, national and agricultural which waterways. derive wastes. fromAt present, animalAll three the wastes, mustmost bedifficulteroded controlled soil, of the pesticides in three order to to andbring WATERachieve fertilizers. under completePOLLUTION control restorationare agricul-CONTROL. The three major sources of water pollution are municipal, in- It will be neces- troltersary soil techniques to conservation modify should agricultural methods, also be practices, developed. and to discover exercise Some new programs greater fertilizers care are inalready and the chemical disposal underway. pesticides. Action Naturalhas begun pest to con- 315 of animal wastes, develop bet- phaseControls out the are use being of DDT placed and on supplant wastes fromit with concentrated new pesticides animal which feed-lots. are less Researchinjurious tomust the beenvironment. intensified cooperationwein search must bringof newamong existing means Federal, technological to reduce state andagricultural capabilities municipal pollution governments.to bear while upon maintaining theIn theother four two The yearsproductivity. sources key following to of combatting water In thethe pollution. meantime, water pollution from improperly processed municipal wastes lies in better passage of willhaveplantsthe Clean cost encountered have an Waters amountedestimated Restorationconsiderable to$10 only billion Actabout difficulties ofin one-third 1966,the next infederal fivesellingof the yearsappropriations amounts bonds to provide to authorized. finance for the building theirnecessary Moreover, share municipal municipalof construction sewage facilities treatmentcosts. to Itas- many municipalities 1.4 wasteextantsure treatmentcompliance facilities in plus withall communities,a national projection water-quality of and additional additional standards. needs processing within This theexpenditure, in areasfive-year with basedperiod, special on will needs,a nationwide assure especially secondary survey in of tablishmentbecommunities1971, matched authorizing of by aalong newstate federalEnvironmentalthe and Great municipal expenditures Lakes. Financing funds The of Presidentto $4 reach Authority,billion the proposed necessary to buy a bondsClean $10 billion.fromWaters municipalities HeAct further to be passed called if necessary infor fiscal the toes- - $1 billion per year for the following four years - to bondseffortsinsure on theof the one raising taxable municipality of market.) necessary are notlocal negated funds byto matchthe negligence federal outlays. of a neighboringIn addition community. to providing Poorly designedfunds, it is imperative to coordinate pollution abatement efforts so that the (The EFA could then sell its own sentand inefficientlyrigid system operatedof allocation facilities must mustbe revised be ferreted legislatively out and in corrected. order to allow To achieve special theseemphasis ends, to the be pre-given 316 to areas where the need is greatest and where the greatest improvements in water quality are possible. tenance,uponFederallyFour industriesother and assisted reformsbe operated which treatment are toonly be plantsbycarried state must outcertified conformby the to discharge wastes into municipal sewage systems. operators.Secretary of the Interior under existing authority:prescribed standards of design, operation and main- 2) Municipalities should impose users' fees 3) Abatement projects should 1) largeingbe developed effluent and economical inventories. systematically regional for treatment entire river p.ants. As far as industrial water pollution is 4) Where ever feasible, communities should cooperate in the construction of basins, by meansconcerned, of collecting it is essential data on to pollution develop and strict conduct- standards and entarehaveenforcement, toolevels often vague of been government. becauseto placedbe enforced industries at a competitive equitably, who have disadvantage complied It is therefore necessary to develop a unified program and there is considerable disjunctiveness in jurisdiction voluntarilywith those with who non-mandatory continue to pollute. water quality Existing criteria standards which integrates federal, by differ- pointrequirementsonstate the program: and basic private principle on allefforts industrial of collectiveto abate and water municipal sources. 1) State-federal water quality standards should be ownership of the national waterways. The Presidentpollution; provides for effective nationwide 2) Violation of said criteria should be cause for amended to impose precise effluent enforcement, and rests proposed a seven- qualityandcourt discovery action. standards power. or implementation timetables. 3) The Secretary of the Interior should be afforded more legal 4) Fines of up to $10,000 a day should be imposed on those 5) Immediate injunctive relief should be available where muscle, including subpoena who fail to meet water the waterandenvironment. intrapollution state. constitutes an immediate health 6) The federal pollution control7) programFederal operatingshould include grants ALL to state pollution control hazard or threatens to wreak irreparable damage upon 317 enforcement agencies should be national waterways, both inter trebled (from $10 million then to $30 million in fiscal year 1975), to help them meet the burdens of expanded - ^7-'7" foremanatesand controlling more stringentfrom air motor pollution enforcement vehicles, is not the necessaryas advancedother half to complyas from our stationarycapacities with federally sources.for taming imposed AlthoughAIR water POLLUTIONwater our quality existing CONTROL. Most air pollution is caused by the combustion of pollution, there is a fuels. About half standards. technology greatmustemissioncurrently. deal be remedied.we levels can still- and First, must must provisionsbe - drasticallydo at once. must reducedFurther be made technologicalin thefor nexttesting decade. advancementrepresentative Two must be Although motor vehicle emissions have already been made subject to some federal restrictions, deficiencies in present law samples of actual produc- encouraged con- fueltioncleat thevehicles compositionemissions, discretion for action compliance and of the additives. must manufacturer. also with Besidesbe federal taken Secondly, such emissionsto develop short-term federal standards, alternatives measures restrictions rather to theto than abate mustinternal examining alsoair combustion be engine pollution from motor vehi-imposed to regulate prototype vehicles itself, ketincularFull case vehicles federal powerthe sheer capable supportsource. number of isThe operating to of Presidentbe cars given inon the tonon-leadedcommended thefuture research offsets gasoline the and improvedvoluntary development even prior pollutionefforts to of the of an controlautomobileimposition alternative, measures of the on manufacturers to mar-low-pollution vehi- federal stand- their engines. withardators. on water fuel The pollution,additives. need for toeffective prevent governmentalthe economic exploitation standards and of thoseenforcement who Theis necessary major stationary sources of air pollution are industries, power plants, voluntarily clean up their effluents, furnaces and inciner-here just as it was bystandards their less will conscientious be necessary competitors. to avoid regional A uniform disparities program in airwhich quality integrates 318 standards. Under the Clean Air Act federal, state and community andtablishedjorof 1967, industrial no provisions the standards federal and havemetropolitan governmentwithin been those made areas,has areas. for been controllingwith However, states it establishing air quality control regions around the nation's ma- air pollutionto implement in areas necessary outside measuresthe regionshas toproven delimited.comply difficult with Fed- es-to delineate many of the areas, tolutionToeral develop correct enforcement standards theseabatement shouldpowersdeficiencies, plans. be have nationwide, Regions notthe proven President may, not adequate restricted at their proposed five revisions in the 1967 act: to give sufficientdiscretion, support provideto specificto forstate measures abatementregions. more States programs. stringent should bethan given one year 1) Federal air pol- healthneverthelessfederal3) The hazards, standards, federal should andgovernment but forbe they expedited,certain must should classes not in establish orderbe of less new to strict. nationalestablish facilities which could become major contributors standards2) Designation for facilities of interstate whichcompatible air emit quality pollutants abatement control that regionsplans pose in interstate areas. to air pol- C.) perpollutionlution.comply day. situationswith air quality in the standardsevent of local of implementation non-enforcement. 4) The federal government should have authority to initiate schedules should be punishable by fines of up to 5) As in the case of water pollution, failure to legal action in both inter and intra state $10,000 produced.gradable.Especially This Heading troublesome has resultedthe list are of innew wastes the packaging allocation which materialsare of potentiallylarge areas SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT. As the population which are only partially combustible and increases,re-usable so does but arethe notamount ofat presentprecious of solid being land wastes adequatelyto dispose of such wastes. non-biode- besolidrecycled broadened wastes are provides to bottles, reduce onlypaper the volumea short-termproducts of wastes and solution to automobiles. The use of public funds andto collect the difficulty of disposal by the problem. The goal319 of the federal encouraging constructive re- governmentand dispose ofmust use. A great deal of our space research has been devoted to the development of self-sustaining environ- gramsgreaterofments, time. under inemphasis This which the approach Solid the to beWastesame placed must materials Disposal be on applied recycling mayAct toof be solidof1965 reprocessed materials wastemust be disposaland renewedand the recycled developmenton and earth. expandedto assureResearch of bio-degradabletosurvival meet and developmentthese for a long packaging period pro- needs, with liverappropriatematerials.root his cause car In incentives offor order the proper problem to assureand processing. regulationsof thejimk re-use, automobiles Payment should recycling bybe is researchedwreckers the and lack easier offor and economic disposaljunk submitted cars incentiveof are commonlyto often Congress for less the used thanfor final approval. materials,the owner cost to ofThe de- automobileNewistransporting an increasingYork City should the alone. ratecar include ofto Thetheabandonment. notyard.means only Sometimes of the offsetting In cost 1969, of towing production,forthis example, situation fees may but 50,000is evenofto disposal.apply abandonedbe assessed the The principle presentcars by thewere that situationwrecker. thetowed price awayshould The of an resultin be time,allremedied on land the for byupswing, suchoffering facilities there "bounty" is isa becomingcorresponding payments increasingly as an increase incentive difficultin demandfor proper to comefor disposal. recreational by,PARKS particularly facilities. AND in PUBLIC RECREATION. As population increases and mobility, income heavily popu-andAt leisure the same are Unitednitiesmoneylated for areas.States itself, generations Strong- bemore made positive thanof toAmericans 75,000,000serve federal the tohighest programs acres.come. possible ThisThe will federalland be essentialshould government be to treated assure owns as adequate aone-third public good. In this direction, the President proposed valuable resource and, like recreational opportu- of all the land in the peoplefulladditional funding in urban inpark fiscal areas. and 1971 recreational of the $327 facilities, million with available priority through to be theassigned Land to locations 320 and Water Conservation Fund for easily accessible to An even more important measure,'71t17:r7-717.7.4.-","erArr7"...fn however, is the more effective use of existing federal land within penaltiescations,therecreational heart and forof metropolitan therelocation facilities transfer ofwithin or areas.governmental sale easy orMany existing reach federal agencies, of land their facilities could evenhomes. be ifcould usedthe However, move functionto furnish is bureaucraticto equally the urban economic dwellerswell red - oradvantagetape withbetter - to greatly-needed -wit, inof otherthebudgetary lo- theagencyestreviewing removal through involved allof its federally-ownedsuch present- have artificial precluded use or obstacles, via real the alternative propertiesimplementation the President, utilization. to determine of by such HeExecutive if landalso the re-useproposedproperty Order, couldestablishedlegislation best serve tothe set machinery the up publica program inter-for projects. In addition to calling for Co3 increasedaddition,for relocating the to providesources federal forof installations income the acquisition of the occupying Land of additional and sites Water which parkland.. Conservation could Thebetter Fundeffect be developedshould of these be measures maintained for other would purposes. and possiblybe to In provideofa) throughothersrelocation a three-way with direct of the another conversion proceeds program property andfor from augmentingc) and byother sellingconversion uses, park one andfederalof the recreation original property facilitiessite and to using a recreationalby the proceedssale of facility. surplus to bear Care property: the should costs b) through sale of presently-owned properties and purchase ample,closedbealso transferred be the totaken Defensethe publicto to provide state Department as and part for local optimumof recentlyCamp governments Pendletonuse arranged of existing for availableto recreational make federally-owned more for recreational use,than at a realmilediscounts use.of beachfront The of up remaining to which . property, with surplus property to 100%. For ex- beach within had been landsfromthe camp low-priorityunder was federal sufficient to subsidy high-priority to meet instead military utilization. be purchased needs, and by thelocal stretch governments, of beach inwith question federal was assistance, Finally, the President proposed that portions of idle farm- 321 thus converted to be converted into recreational facilities for people dwelling in rural towns. In addition, long-term contracts soundsuchshould activities coordinatedbe set up as with hunting, programs. private fishing, owners At a hikingfederal of idled and level, farmlandpicnicking. efforts to for provide organizing for reforestation suchORGANIZING an effort and are for FOR underway. public ACTION. use Thefor The protection of the environment requires a full national effort with partmentsactivitiesteeoverseer on the willofwhich Environment environmental be influencenecessary has the programsto been assureenvironment. established ais betterto be Re-assignment thetointegrated serve Council as programa on coordinating of Environmental environmental of federal agency Quality.leadership. responsibilities for various The Cabinet departmental among Commit- de- tovatebility give industry, priorityfor successful to in the particular, processingimplementation will of playapplications of a an crucial environmental for role. patents As such, protectionwhich the could U.S. program help NoPatent curtailmatter resides Office environmentalhow with has well the been organized people. directed abuses. Pri- governmental programs may be, however, the ultimate responsi- industrytrolleadershipMany Council, industries in the isthrough reductionneeded. have which Thealready of pollution. Presidenthe wouldtaken theTheworkexpressed initiative Council with hisindustrial wasto intention cut also pack leaders to toworkon establish pollution, to closely enlist a increased withbutNational greater the Council supportIndustrial organization onof PollutionEnviron-business and andCon- accomplishHeinmental developing hoped Quality, that pollution-control theeffective the new Citizens' organization policies Advisory objectives. for would curbing Committee As make air,an example possiblewater, on Environmental noise muchfor correction, and voluntary waste Quality thepollutionindustrial Chief and fromtheExecutivecooperation Secretary industrial vowed which of sources. Commerce the would swift abatement of all pollution caused by activities of the federal governmentIn summation, itself. the President stressed the need for modifying the traditional concept of conservation 322 toernmentergies include for aat thenew all task levels, need of for cleaningcooperation restoration up the by of environment.industry the environment. and privateVigorous He groups, called federal forand leadership, the determined mobilization active participation ofinvolvement all national by all of en- cit-gov- Itizens *summons Congressional will be our essential energy, Quarterly, if ourthe ingenuityMan'sprogram Control isand to oursucceed.of the conscience Environment, The President in a cause (Washington concluded, as fundamental :1970), "This p.87.astask life is itself."ours together. *

323 tractsTEACHER of sparsely COMMENT populated NO. areas 21 within the nation, the average AmericanLand is feeling is becoming the rising an increasinglyeffects precious commodity in America. Although there remain huge : America's Open Space Problem of quartersofurbanCorridor" the congestion.nation's are (Bostoncompressed population The to Washington),reason into occupies burgeoning for this the "Chipitts" problem entire megalopoli expanse is(Chicago-Cleveland-Pittsburgh), the raleven- ofvast the urban mountainsdistribution concentrations and of population;plains or such areas,"San-San" as whereas the other"Northeast one three quarter (California thetury,pectedcoast). year there to2000,There increase was theare an figureapproximately fromaverage 200will of million be 33 reduced 2.3acres to billion 300of to land million 7.acres Whilefor of everywithin landthat American. inratiothe the next itself United 30 Now hardlyyears. States, there Atseems buttheare thebeginningapproximatelycramped, population ofit isthis importantis ex-cen- 11. By tolife-supportnecessaryrather note that than mostto be systemmaintain distributed of the of 50% large the over populationearth tracts wider is of to oxygen-producing maintainareasincrease through willits precarious probably construction be balance. absorbed of new Ecologically, incommunities. existing or each nascent In addition,man consumes it is forest and preserve soil levels if the ecological megalopoli, andcationmore noise acreage and pollution; transportation than hewaste occupies disposal, systems physically. andexpanding tile human ghettos, illnesses decaying of the central city, orbusinessThe "urban congestion districts, neuroses." of failing population communi- in urban areas leads to problems of social disorganization; air, Standing in water occupystark juxtaposition nearly half to the crowded urban areas are the vast stretches of farmland, much of (49%) of the nation's surface. Forests blanket another fourth of the land (26.4%), while 324 it idled, which ,,ZP.1,- cities take up only 8%. The amount of land presently devoted to wilderness areas, national parks, recrea- . -.... .-.... overoftional developing a areasthird (770and better other million balanced preserves acres) land-use of is the101 land.programs. million At present, acres, or national 4.4%. Theseland-use figures Primarypolicies underscore responsibilityreflect the the disjunctive importance for such re-utilization rests with the federal government, which itself owns tohavedescribedinterests maintain to be ofadded aspresent many "anarchy." to different ratiosexisting Aof governmentalgovernment nationalpublic acreage parks, agencies, task recreationalto population.force producing concluded areas Present what and in Senator monuments1967levels that of Henry federalat inleast M.this funding 20Jackson decade million will (D-Washington)alone acres not merely accom-would ;".) Substantialplish the needed funds land have acquisition. been appropriated for land acquisition, but there hasSome been Congressionala considerable actionlag between has already been taken to safeguard areas of land for recreational use. andtatingdividualappropriation Water an land-owners.appeal Conservation and to actual Congress Land Fundobtaining speculatorsfor and appropriation chargedof the haveland it with bydrivenof theadditional the federal upresponsibility the funds.government,costs ofIn of acquiring1964 acquiring due Congress to some disputesnew establishedofparks these with and areas,states recreation the andnecessi-Land in- Bureauitsonfacilities. even Administration informed further - the to $124chairmancut the million fund of backthe - as House topart $154 of Interior themillion, drive and and againstInsular in April, inflation.Affairs 1969, Committee, the Nixon Representative Administration Wayne pared It was to be funded at an annual rate of $200 million for five years. However, in 1968, the John- Five months hence, the Budget noN.modest Aspinallsense" land for (D-Colorado) theacquisition Committee proposalsthat to Congress pass which any would further had notalready authorization have been adequate authorized. bills funds for landin Incensed, fiscal acquisition, 1973 Aspinall even since to declared carry out it "madesome 325 they were not going to be funded anyway. Senator Jackson concurred. Legislation authorizing new parks and recrea- thealliestion Administration areas in Congress. was cancelled. suddenlyPossibly duereversed to the its emergence field, eliminating of the environmental previous cuts andcrisisThis proposing developmentas a major maximal campaign brought funding down issue, for upon the Nixon Administration the wrath of conservationists and their tureFebruarycitedthe LWCF of by the an 10 full Interiorduring address $327 the Department million to current Congress available year. spokesman concerning The under growing asthe thethe LWCF, environmentchiefscarcity determinantwith and priority crisis,cost of to the recreationthebe President givensudden to areaschange acquisitioncalled in inforurban policy. theof areas landsexpendi- In hiswasin servation1970,close proximitywhen and the Management Houseto urban refused, centers. Act. on A acoalition 150-228 of roll-call environmental vote, to conaiderinterest had theThe apparentlyNational growing Forest "out-lobbied"Congressional and Timber timber influence Con- of the conservation forces was made manifest in February 26, centlytalmentsconcerns protection is havethe which highway oftenmeasures had hampered beautification sought have been totheir accelerate developed implementation.campaign lumbering in which Congress, wasA operations pro-environment associated but inadequate within with theits measurefunding mostnational vocal andwhich forests. bureaucratic public has Otherbeen proponent, revived impedi-environmen- re- waysonhighways.Mrs. November by Lyndon authorizing However, B.6, 1969,Johnson, control the which act whenof subsequently authorizedadvertising it passed $15 billboards, indied 1965.million on theThe junkyardsfor vine act pilot soughtdue projects andto insufficientto landscaping beautify to remove thefunds. of billboards nation's areas The adjacent Senatefederal-aid from highways, passedto the high- a bill but the House Public Works Substantial areas of national forests which are still in their natural state have been designated as Committee had not acted on it as of July, 1970. 326 forestsadaitionalpartstablished of andthe acres Nationalall in roadless1964, were Wildernessthe included units System of inthe Preservationencompassed 1968. National New Parks tractsSystem, originally and of land,Wildlifeto 9.1protect including million Refuge them acres all fromSystem primitive of commercial national were areas eligible forest ofexploitation. the lands, national and Es-800,000 for inclusion in whichpreservethe Wilderness it was stretches to act program. on of these wild Some areas,and scenic 140 Congress such rivers areas added in theirwere only naturalidentified, seven. state, but in theIn first 1968, half Congress of a passed the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act, after six years of debate. the bill named eight rivers to be included 10-year period in intended to Asin12authorized the of states 1970,initial were no program,states new actively to rivers selectand involved beyonddesignated other theriversin protection 2727 for originallymore such to of protection,be wildspecified reviewed and scenichad as for long come possible rivers, as under they 11 future assumedwere considering the full financial legislation burden. consideration. At that time, inclusion. The Act also to 00 wasdirectionimplement still a needwas such taken for measures, a withcentral the andfederal introduction 8 had plan directed toof the study National groups Land-Use to investigate Policy ActAlthough of 1970 by by 1970 steps had been taken to acquire park lands and establish wilderness areas, coordinate the efforts of the individual states. A step in this the possibility of so doing. Senator Jackson, there theplanningchairman $50establishment million agencies of the to ofSenatedelineate would land-use Interior be and planningcomposed carry and Insularout agencies, of statewide ecologists, Affairs by hiringland-utilization Committee. industrialists and training The andplans. Act providedThe others. Theirpersonnel primary in purposeland management. would The funds were to be earmarked for for grants-in-aid totaling areasendangeringbe to coordinatespecified the in environment.land the planusage and in Theysuchconduct awould way public asbe to empowered achieve optimum to acquire industrial hearings concerning the plan. Under the 1970 Act, states 327 land, regulate development in certain and recreational benefits without would be required to meet certain minimum standards in land-planning in order to qualify for grants-in-aid. thepunitiveStates ActInterior. would called cutbacks When also for abein heFederal federalcompelled introduced Land assistance to andthe develop NationalWater (probably an Resources acceptableLand-Use highway Planning land-usePolicy funds) Act,Council ofplan up Jackson withinto to 20%. be citedfourheaded To years,aadminister 3- by year theor face Secretaryprojected the general program, ofpopu- landfactorslationeral management, government,increase which wouldof 100 Jacksonall intensify millionpursuing maintained, and pressure single-purpose probably ison the thedoubling lack nation'sobjectives of ofcoordination resources.the such gross as national Oneamonghighway of productdifferentthe building, foremost within agencies dam problems the construction withinnext decadein the national fed- or as urban thegladesofrenewal, Army Transportation, National Corps without of Park regardEngineers, as inwell Florida.for as the theCongress, impactNationalSimilar ofhave instances Park their been Service, projects ofworking internecine the upon Dade at othercross Countygovernmental governmentpurposes Port Authorityconcerning conflicts programs. and concerning the For the future example,Department ofland-use Ever- (.0 tureshishaveagainst address pittedfor acommercial new onhighways the highway environmental againstdevelopment, system. parks, crisis, anddams Presidentcommerce against Nixonunspoiled against announced wilderness. rivers, industry public Only support against a few for daysscenery, large after federal open he had beaches expendi- delivered highways,Congressionalstill many minerals, interest committee groups timber involved meetings.and other who Theresources. must solution provide Controversy to suchthe nation conflicts, is withtherefore asserts essentialsAlthough inevitable Representative such the as atCongressional power,hearings Aspinall, housing, and mood inis appears to have shifted toward environmental protection, there are forrather each thangroup focus to have only the on forebearance the issues which to take affect in the them overview directly. of theHe issuesurged involvedinterested in parties land management, to read the 328 industriestoservationistsPublic their individual Land which Revieware depend situations.divided Commission's on into some Controversy two form factions report of environmental is innot- theits limited entirety,protectionists toexploitation, therather pitched and than the however. justbattle recreationists. the between particular Even the conservationists The sectionsranks protectionists of thewhich con- and apply Nevadasfortheseek the other toenvironment. 200preserve hand, miles believe land north The in in of twoits openingLos natural factions Angeles. these state, recently Waltareas without Disney clashedto the any publicProductions inorganized Mineral for recreational formKing,sought of a to utilization.wilderness developuse, with a valleyRecreationists,adequate$35 million in theprotection resortSierra on spokecautionstothere it would earlyin Disney'sto safeguarddestroyin 1969. behalf, the Protectionists, the ecology claimingvalley's of ecosystem. thatthe led area.visitors by the Disney The wouldSierra California enterprisers comeClub, anyway,contended chapter countered and of thatthe that that Nationalthe careful itresort had ecology-mindedWildlife takenand the extensive Federationaccess devel- roadspre- buildingannouncedopment parks was by therefore in then urban Secretary areas.in the Thebest of the Nixonlong-term Interior message interestWalter to J.Congressof Hickel the area. callingindicated for thatThe$6.3 urbanAdministration's in federal areas aid would intended sudden have forprior-initiative in land acquisition revived a plan which had previously been utilized.inity New in the York Indications recreational City, Washington, are, land-acquisition however, D.C., that and campaign.national San Francisco. consciousness Preliminary studiesof man's haveAmericans inter-relationship been made have fora great withparks deal his projects environ-at stake in the determination of how its remaining lands are to be andeloquentment Social is increasing, expression Council of and to the the future United delicate governmental Nations: balance between actions man are aptand to nature reflect in thishis finaltrend. speech Adlai toStevenson the Economic gave 329 "We travel together, passengers on a little space- andcare,andship, peace; soil; dependentthe allwork,preserved committed on itsfrom vulnerable for anninilation our safety resources only to its by security the and I will say, the love we give our of air *Congressional Quarterly, Man's Control fragile craft. of the Environment,"* (Washington: 1970), P. 39. TEACHER COMMENT NO. 22 Pollution does not honor national boundaries. "For the task of saving the environment, nothing less : International Pressures orvolvingisthan thesmall, a firstnew all advanced time stepliving intoward creatures,its or historydeveloping. world all that order vegetable mankind will do," life, faces United the not entire Nationsmerely system a Secretary threat, in which but General anwe actual live, U andThant world-wide all declared. nations crisis large "This in- It is a crisis which concerns literally everyone, and involves, directly nologicalbalancepartor indirectly, radically between and demographic, almostfrom the life-sustainingthe everything." hitherto which sacred its Thesystems inhabitants Secretarypaths of of the putnational General earth upon and sovereignty."it... stated the demands, that necessity " We industrial, face now a rapidlyimpels agricultural, increasingnations tech- to "de-im- If we fail to meet that challenge, it could ducedzationbecome aof resolutionan the unthinkable environmental calling disaster for protection the for formation our campaign. children." of a World Senator * Environmental Warren G. Magnuson InstituteThere to(D-Washington) is serve mounting the function domestic has intro-U Thantpressure for the United States to actively promote the internationali- nationaluponwithdescribed. globalthe sovereignty. formation environmental of The any United suchproblems," institute, Nations Magnuson plannedof course, astated. Conferencewould ** be A precisely majoron Human issue the Environment samewhich concept would in beU Stockholm, Thantbrought alluded to bear to- "I want the United States to take the leadership in establishing an international authority to deal Earth.Sweden, for June, 1970. An internationallyIt was formed based by environmental David R. Brower group of headquarteredBerkeley, California, in San Francisco after Brower's is Friends activist of thephilosophies re- 331 '-..275,rmrommog,r73,r1 fitvationsuited and tax-exempt inVoters. his ouster Brower organization. from also Sierra heads The Club's the Friends John executive Muir of the Institute directorship, Earth and for theEnvironmental and League its subsidiary, of Conservation Studies, the whichLeague Voters, is ofa non-pro- Conser-however, aggressiverestoreisdo a not registered holdand and encouragetax- noncompromising Congressional exempt rational status, lobby use owingin (its)of organization the to activities." theirecosphere." active whose *** involvement Brower objective said is inthe "to politics. organization promote The legislation Friends would ofbe to the"extremely preserve, Earth ** *Congressional**Ibid. Quarterly,*Congressional op. cit. Quarterly, Man's Control of the Environment, (Washington: 1970), p.67. , p. 68 332 SELECTED RESOURCES SELECTED RESOURCES onlysearch as supplementaryfor those teaching entries. aids whichThe slides, are most the appropriatetwo case studies, for your some students cassetteManyThis and compilation of tapes,teaching these selections of resources are mentioned material is throughout by no means the exhaustive.Learning Activities while others are listed It is intended to "start" your and some filmsstyle. organizationsand filmstrips are are noted intregal for partsyour convenienceof specific Learning and consideration. Activities. Suggested books, Contents films, cassettes, and C;..) OtherApplegateMobile Sources: Home Case Case Study Study A. Books S-24S-15S-5 D.E.C.B. Casseqes EnvironmentalFilms Organizations 35 mm Slides S-35S-26S-33S-32 F. Publication of an Animal Protection Society S-3 S-37 ;;+;:11;+ r 774r77.77k7 21.7. n - . _ . windAlA MOBILE is blowing HOME from PARK East NortheastINC. VS. BREVARD to North and COUNTY from North FLORIDA to West CASE Northwest. STUDY"The Thetestimony principal demonstrates problem there is no problem with odor on the Plaintiff's property when the Homenuisanceevenoccurs Parkfrom when and Inc.these therefore the vs. winddirections. Brevard shouldis from County. be Southeast enjoined. to " South and South to Southwest and does not occur all the time It does occur with such frequency as to constitute both a private and a public . . . Brevard County Circuit Court opinion from A1A Mobile CI)C:Co3 INTRODUCTION In 1968, Brevard County submitted an application to the State Board of Health to construct the dwellingstionplantSouth neared would Beaches at the thebe Sewercounty constructedAlA Mobile Treatmentchanged atHome least the Plant. Park.location 400 feet of from the plantthe nearest and in humanfact built habitation. it only 50 As feet the from time occupied for construc- The application was granted with the written stipulation that the badsewer odor, plant and wouldbright belights built which farther were away creating from theira nuisance dwellings to them than and it actually theAfter ownersThe was.the owners plant of the wasand park completed,occupants took the of the the occupants mobile home of the park mobile said home that they park were began led to to complain believe thatof noise, the actual case to court. S- 5 THE PLAINTIFF'S ARGUMENTS They were mis-led by the County officials from the very beginning as to the location of the plant. threeMr.economicThe Ray yearsplant Pratt, andwasdamage a hesuch retired testified to a the nuisance building owners that the that contractorof odor thepeople park.eminating wereof Paynesville, moving from the out parkOhio, of the had had park been been and very living therefore obnoxious in the it was park since causing for Mr.wouldeighteenabout and gag three Mrs. years.and months Paul have They Burrell to after walkwere the testified downhaving plant to began somethatthe beachthey guestsoperating; had and over lived sit and untilfor at thatdinner thehe couldsometimespark one forget night fivehis the andbreath months odor by back.wasthe a yeartime so bad, fordinner CA31 fromwasfeet.At the one served, time and theone-halfboth plant the foodtowas two built,and feet the the making dessert ground it had necessary water the levelodor for ofon the sewage.the plaintiff Plaintiff'sBecause to connectof property the polishing to was the county'sabout ponds six constructed by the defendant, the ground water level is now NoiseThisThesewerage largefromcreated line.lightsthe both plant at physical the was plant also and caused cited emotional as several creating distress occupants a disturbance for ofthese the people.toMobile the occupants Home park of theto loose park. sleep. ficial,Witnesses an industrialist, for the Plaintiff and werea commercial all responsible building citizens contractor. including: a former mayor, a bank of- S-6 THE ARGUMENTS FOR THE DEFENSE The citizens of Brevard County have almost $1, 000, 000 invested in the facility. The facility is commonIndianTherebadly Harbour neededis to one find city andBeach, such inserves facilitiesFlorida, Indialantic six to invery eight which and near milesMelbourne such dwelling which a facility Beach. placesincludes is andlocated a portionthe odorsnext of door arethe objectionabletownsto city of hall. Satellite only Beach,to It is very aRalphthe ofMasters mostHealth H. sensitive Baker,Degree and Rehabilitative Jr.in nostrils. Sanitary Engineering Services, and from who MIT) holds testified both a B. that S. itdegree had been in Civil found Engineering that eighty and , head of the Waste Water Division of the State Board of Health (now Division CO immunitybeTheper immune cent defense of is all from "theraised odor kingbeing thecomplaints can defense sued do nosince of arewrong"). sovereign itpsychological is acting immunity in the in publicnature. which interest basically (one means interpretation that the state of sovereign should lathes,werelargeThe being plaintiff amountwhich violated means waitedof money he inexcusable too should which long haveto was filedelay filedexpended a claim in a forwardingcomplaint againston the plant.thebefore a claim.County. the completion of the plant and the In law this is known as the defense of If the plaintiff thought his rights AfterSUMMARY reviewing OF theTHE history COURT'S of the OPINION case, the court found that: When the County applied to the State Board of Health for a permit to build the South Beaches Sewer wasLatermanTreatment only habitation. the 50 County feet Plant, from decided they occupied stated to change dwellings. that the the plant plant would site and, be withoutlocated advisingat least 400 the feetState, from chose the a nearest site which hu- betotheMr. thenone. treatment A. effect E. The O'Neal, the evidenceplant, treatment whose and shows general plantfirm and wouldhad supervision the the haveCourt responsibility on findsof A1A construction, to Mobile the for contrary. the Home testified lift stations,Park that because he the gave pressure he feltno considerationthere lines would and badlyThenuisance problemcitizensneeded. and ofAlso,thereforeof Brevardodor there does should County are occur other be have withenjoined. areas almostsuch of frequency the $1,000,000 state where as to invested constitute such plants in this both are facility a locatedprivate and andnext the a facility topublic dwel- is agreeanTheling engineer wouldplaces.plaintiff rid and is the to these plaintiff'sselect two a registeredengineers property areengineer,of theto presentobjectionable at the to County'sthe Courtodors expense withineminating 90 and days, from the aCountythe plan defendant's which is to selectboth andfacility. the majority opinion of the three will prevail. If these two engineers cannot agree, then they shall agree upon a third sanitary engineer S- 8 oneBecause and one-half of the polishingto two feet. ponds constructed by the defendant, the ground water level is now from Therefore, the County should be required to bear the expense of theFinaloccasioned extra judgment work by and the will materials,change be entered in theif any, afterground in the connecting water Court level. receives the plaintiff's the engineering sewerage report. to the County's line Volie A. Williams, Jr. REFERENCE POINTS Civil18thCircuit JudicialAction Judge No. Circuit 52281 CA, Laches: Judge Volie Williams, Jr. said that the defense of laches simply means sleeping on your rights O Sovereign Immunity: versiestentionwhen one torest prevailhas and a glorifyduty would to any speak.be totechnical chloroform He quoted defense thethe elementofferedlate Justice toof defeatright Glen and it.Terrell: "justice "To on whichpermit such such contro- a con- andoncitizenJustice the dispose plea inTerrell: the of of manner nonliability property "If a stateshown becomes ofagency tothe have State nothing can been fordeliberately moresuit,done then herethan trespassthe andthe constitutional tinklingthen on be and ofrelieved empty destroy guaranty from words. the makingof property Suchthe right restitutiona holding of to the own would raiseeternally administrative jeopardize boardsthe property above right the law of theand citizens. clothe them with an air of magalomania that S- 9 Nuisance: assailants.Americanon the individual democracy" and is protect a distinct him departure in his personal from otherproperty democracies rights against the State and all in that we place the emphasis other Florida Statutes 823. 05 Whoever shall erect, establish,Places declaredcontinue, a ornuisance; maintain, may be abated and enjoined own or lease any building, . . prostitution,orbecomebooth, shall tent bemanifestly frequentedor assignation, place whichinjurious by the lewdnesstends classto theto ofannoy ormorals persons place the or orcommunity mentionedmanners building of wherein the Ch. people 856. 02, or injure the health of the community, or games of chance are engaged in as described in Ch. 823. 01, or any house or place of asturesviolationmaintaining provided and ofcontents inlaw Ch.a nuisance,or 64. anyare 11 declaredplace and and Ch.where the a 64. nuisance.building, any 15. law errection,ofAll the such state places place, is violated, tent shall be or persons shall be abated or enjoinedor booth and the furniture, fix- deemed guilty of QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER DISCUSSION 2.1. WhichvideUnder a publicside what do service?conditions you think shouldwas right the ingovernment this case? Why?disregard the wishes of an individual in order to pro- 4.3. DoinWhatchological nature? you do think you in thinkthat nature"? the of StateMr. Baker's should betestimony immune that from "eighty being persued? cent Why of allor whyodor not?complaints are psy- Do you think that the complaints in this case might be "psychological" 6.5. beforeDoWhy you hedid agreesought the plaintiff with court the waitaction? Court's until decision?the plant wasWhy completed or why not? and all of the money had been invested in it Did this help or hurt his case? S -11 -And the fact that the withtoplaintiffs' recessedcomplete Brevard attorney hisCounty case isJudge expectedofficials Jan. Richard6, Muldrew the trial, and the statuepumpstheposed odors of makes the and tanks itnoises very are fromprobable ex- the and motors would Sewer Plant day.beginningTitusville their was defensealmostThe filled that fifth-floor to courtroom in structurespractice,roundingcreate residents." should sct itsback 300 a problems matterShanklin of with said general sun the capacity all day Thursday feet from the trailer park', ka On Bad Site, southandthe Friday ofAlA Melbourne Mobilewith residentsThe Beach.Home Parkof residents, m o s t l y couldthefeet.boundary park "smell Wednesday line odor insteadShanklin associated night of and 50testified he visited chargingretirees, are the suing $3 million the county, sewer fromwith raw sewage and noises and awayBrevardCourtafter if twoodor mobile days and homeofnoise Atestimony circuit frompark who thecourtTold from nearby said trial residents wasSouth recessed Brevard Friday until they will move of a South Jan. 6 engineer,be plantshut down.is a nuisanceRichard and should Shanklin, an testified Thursday overruleddecisionAppealsmachinery." Judge Williams'The Fourth Dist'ict Court of earlierblowers this year Beaches Sewer Plant are not eliminated.Numerous residents complained of noise and it was his opinion that savage constructedBeaches Sewer Plant to be allowing the South at its present Nlobilepartment,thesmell Bureau problems Home said of ParkSanitarythe Friday, plant south Engineering, wasand of MelbournebuiltRalph too Baker, Stateclose Rea( Healthdirector'o theDe- AlAofh. sewage awaypropertytootreatment close from line. to unitsthe the boundaryThe trailerwere units, placed park's line, which sit 59 feet caseorderedlocation. of the Williams mobileThe hometo hear ruling, park. the in effect. heingfromthey"are close wouldthetipo standpoint enoughine. create from to problemsthe considerof park," their 1970.couldcomefull operationThe of mo,t F.ncedrasticThe the sewer fall of plant has been in he theto Wee Brevard non-jury trialout- Suanklin said.S 12 2:krhButplant such and (unityAlia.an a II officials eisewhcre .. uproot the a col,rt sniirre "01111£ IS said. not INDIAN RIVER

CO34.1 VAR1..1.11"2-T5-IIIMMINM1111111=011111111111 a:0 MA Trailer Park gz Sewer Plant O IL=7/ 1/ II 1/ 0000= /COOL / So. Melbourne Beach =7 / S- 13 ATLANTIC OCEAN THE(Slide APPLEGATE 8 CASE STUDY The house- West sits thereapproach serenely to Applegate awaiting house) the next * wave to come near and splash against the barrier eyesorethehouseimprovised environment kinda", some from close call junk to it. the Hascars water, she no didn't sensitivity you?". toThe the year beauty is 1972 of the and ocean? everyone Mrs. is Lynneseemingly Applegate conscious has ofa and yet we find one person apparently building a junk pile in her own front yard.. "An Tourists and other curious passers-by holler out indignantly, "You built the upsandhome,story the thatto achannel tell,port normally a was story depth, developed flowed that which began from byis in vital thethe 1960 U.S. northto whenthe Army to port. thethe Corps south.Abeach few of Thewasyears Engineers jettybig later, and was andinbeautiful needed1963, a jetty the to constructed keepproperty the sandowners to keep from at back fillingthe beachthe . Miles north of the Applegate k7AC...) TheCorpsbegan movement toof noticeEngineers of thatHurricane werethey didn'tquoted Gladys have by in the toOctober walkBrevard as of far 1968Sentinel-Star to theserved ocean to as bringas "investigating they to oncepublicYears did attention the went problem." by the and dilemna no one of offered a plan to keep chunks of the beach from washing out into the ocean. (Slide 9). The U.S. Army untiltheoffice Applegate the by ocean Mrs. home. waters Applegate Waves started brought crept breaking to little within against comfort. four the feet She house. of was her advised home. thatAn appealCivilThe Defense to seasons the local couldn't of Civilhurricanes do Defense anything only accelerated the erosion of the beach. The jetty at the Port, while flowedserving down its intended the coast function, and fed the was hungry, the sole pounding cause of surf the waserosion building of beach up on properties. the shore northSand ofwhich the jetty.normally S-15 while(Slide hundreds 10). At ofthe feet urging of ocean of Mrs. front Applegate, land to the every south level were of swallowed government whole became by the aware of her vanishing prop- ocean, never to return Roaddirectionlogerty. jetty Aand Brevard backed ofBridge the current.upCounty Department, with CommissionersurplusCommissioner George concrete Hamilton, Kingin debris 1968, consulted inand George front County withof King, the Engineer,the Applegate Jr. Superintendent Earl home Melvin, as of an theand effort County got tothe change Districtapproval the 3 , endorsed a plan to install a palmetto gencywasof Williambegun. measure Carlton while ofa morethe Beaches permanent and solutionShore Division to the erosion of the Florida was being State devised.The Department U.S. Army of CorpsConservation. of Engineers, Work who first constructed(Slide the11) portThis jettyconstruction which caused project the was problem, approved by State and County officials as an emer- pipesCanaveralbegan from to talkthe Harbor northof plans entrance. side to over construct Once to the the asouth plant1.8 million side is operational, in dollaran attempt "sand sand to wouldtransfer recreate be plant" whatpumped wason throughthe once north a unatural nside d e ofr fl-owg the r o Pu on rtd . wouldbeWhen complete thisonly plan hope in twowas to maintainyears.devised, But thein what the existing fall of ofthe shoreline, 1968, property they not already held rebuild out lost hope it. to thatthe ocean?theThe " sandpossibility The transfer " sand of transferplant" re-building would plant" the beach property was often discussed by city, county, state, and beachwerecostfederal first toproperty restoreofficials discussed. owners. 150 who feetThe devised "Give of plan beach up hada planany was one claimusing estimated particular offederal ownership to requirement moneybe 1.5 to million to the "match that beaches dollars made funds" in itin frontunreasonable earlywith of local1969 your andwhen homes in statethe these andview monies. plansthe of The privatepublic funds property." will be The available owners to were rebuild given them." hard "We choices: cannot relinquish spend public ownership, money foror gothe to improvement the wallet with of S- 16 veryother thought beach owners of giving for up a do-it-yourselfany claim to it project, was totally or sit absurd. back andWhile watch other the property wavesFor Mrs. rollowners Applegate, in. fought andthe ideaothers, who years ago paid premium prices for land now submerged, the breakfeetin court from waves Mrs. her andApplegatedoor! deter erosion, directed it herwas efforts evident to that fighting the ocean back wasdirectly determined againstOnly theto 11 have pounding days its after usual surf cement gulp only of wasfour sand poured between and around the palmetto log pilings in an effort to temporarilyeven if it had withheld; to go under this delay concrete halted to getthe it!finalization of plans for the longByOn awaited late October 1969 "sand and 17, transferearly1969, 1970, President plant." the ground Nixon in ordered front of funds the Applegate for planned home federal began construction to develop projectshuge cracks. be C. 3 city,(Slide county, 12) The and situation, state officials, always butserious, the answer was now was desperate! always the Mrs. same, Applegate 'We can't attempted legally spend to get taxhelp money from whiletoline" solve the to a movethreeproblem levelsbeach of of onesand government private to the landowner."front bureaucracy of her home. Taking churned (Slide the andsituation 13) dragged into through herThe own drag-linethe hands motions she filling ofhired planning operation a "drag- an was only a temporary solution in an effort to buy precious time gatebuildingregulatingeffective and sites,her attack theneighbors wherever dredging on the on erosion needed.and the land shore, problem Environmentalists fill the operations, law at some meant popularfuture certaingenerally time. methods surrender Statebelieved that legislators, to real-estate thisthe willa victory, meanwhileof developers the butocean, for , passed usedMrs.Apple-as use to lawsof create a drag-line, and/or bulldozer, to rebuild their lost land was now deemed illegal.The state legislators were made aware of the special erosion problems of Brevard County and in a S-17 law, passed July 2, 1970, made Brevard County an "erosion prevention district, " allowing the county to theatheir assessreferendum required 1/4 .16share millsone-half asking of the for the totalmillionerosion county $2 million dollarscontrol. property theproject ownersfirst cost, year. to the taxThe Brevard themselves increased County taxan extraburden Commission, 1/2 on mill the which inowner May would of of a 1971, $20,000 raise held ($160,000 can be levied without a referendum) Anxious to raise inbudgetCorpshome motion. for wasof EngineersbeachesInstead to be only ofremained delayeda $7.50 quick per a constructionstart mere year, on $75, yetthe 000; when erosionof the this it proposed came project,was farto afrom"sanddelays vote, the transfer theat required all answer levels plant" $500,000was resulted: for NO. further Theto the set feasibilityEirevard U.S. the projectArmy County study; byallocate aCongress severe their "northeaster" required matching that funds. thestorm state in andDecember county governmentsof 1971. Cape have Canaveral on hand City Whileone millionManager, funding dollars Bertproblems beforeFrancis, enlarged, they es- the beachfront continued to shrink at an even faster rate, assisted Citycouldtimated Attorney, take. the damage Dick atScott, around looked $250, into 000, possible the value grounds of the for beach such lost a suit to andthe ocean.Theconcluded Cape Canaveral that the city City could Council not at a regular meeting(1) discussed One way awas number a possible of "drastic" lawsuit actions against they the Corps of Engineers and Port Canaveral. The (actioncanthatwin dogovernment against nofor wrong. mandamus) a semi-government agencies One canbut are suea cash "immune to getagencysettlement an from injunction such islawsuits," asnear the to to U.S.stop impossible. an anideaArmy action, carried Corps or over oneof Engineers. canfrom sue the to English Theforce basic an that action principle the KING is (2) City Councilman, Rogers Graefe, pavingsuggested the way the cityfor possible might look federal into orthe state possibility funds. of getting the beach area declared a "disaster area" S-18 disaster:public and the public officials has ignored for such a long time the followingA series "disaster which area" : -led indeed! to the real It was unlikely the area would now be declared a disaster; however, the 3.2.1. Delaying BuildingDelaying, the a for portrebuilding lack that of disrupted funds,of thede.-lisionsnatural beachfrontthe the flowsand natural made transfer until flowas to the whoofplant, moneysand own designed J is the raised land to and,:.restore this y.. isa"Disaster" disasterimmediately everyone is a wordmade moves usuallyavailable. to attributedhelp and even to some money, sudden, ;that 24commodity hour tragedy scarcely striking around in 4. Losing the three beautifulpalmetto-lot palms to the and ocean cement and beingbarricade. replaced by al - usual circumstances,;: warning. During C.) thehowever State (Slidesof Florida 14 andleft Mrs.15). By Applegate outlawing only the one private other use line of ofdrag-lines defense; andherNo bulldozerschoice help wasis immediately to building rebuild athe sturdyavailable sand, barri- for Mrs. Lynne Applegate and her home thatIdangles near the water, CO thebuyeffective.cade junk needed against cars To time, thearethe poundingadded logwhile and andgovernments cement surf. suddenly The barricade, county bickeredthe public hadweighty over istried shocked. who, discards before how The with wereand Applegate statewhen piled. approval, to It restorehouse was ugly, butis,aonews.story,,again herisubmerged their but barricadeit was intended was in- to land. Now (Slides isthreatenedenough16 violating and to 17). theyet city A Applegatehimself. complaintdumping The propertyordinances was city made council to seeweto city ofthiscan Cape officials actdaring outselves,"Canaveral new by andebris, apartmentdebates said yetCity overfar Manager,house enough what owner action:to fromBert. whose theFrancis, take,. ocean propprty.is as to pear rUlf we And,sheadding that,the not be city must first determine whether the State or even the Army Corps of Engineers S-19 has. jurisdiction. It was . r; intohaveindetermined, an the authorityarea ocean. defined some onSince allofas thewithin mattersthe new high the fromdebris water jurisdiction the lay mark "high on hasproperty ofwater themoved Statemark" technically several of (that Florida hundrededge belonging Department of the feet surfto in the 12ofat city. highNaturalyears. and tide) that Resources,some and mark, debris50 feettechni- who was out mentcally, ofnow Natural runs through Resources the middleexplains of the the status Applegate of Mrs. house. Applegate's situationA letteras of February,from Mr. W.T1972: Carlton, Chief of Bureau of Beaches and Shores, State of Florida Depart- February 10, 1972 DearMrs.Cape18 Washington L.H.Mrs. Canaveral, Applegate:Applegate Avenue Florida 32920 theAsyourmeasuresYou statedservices willproperty recall to youofprotect on aour inprofessional several ourrecent your telephone occasions beachtelephone engineer front conservation, since conservation property. to Iadvise talked you Ouryou torelating shouldyou. staffhow hasto have bestemergency inspected secured protect mustadviceadvise.everytoyour take property. nowpossible andthisSince insist withoutemergency you wayAlso, that apparently andState youyou action.would makeapproval,should elected haveWe a fullhave would beenas reportto requiredcontacted proceedin have a to position uscooperated by withoutusregarding Florida to to secure give proper withStatutes, this you you activity.technical some inwe permission nowWeproperty are request of thehelped that opinion you to give takethat you someimmediate temporary of the steps material protection. to clear placed the However, in area front ofwe your must S-20 of all debris withdisintegratesuch this as requestold cars,or bewill tires, washed make wood, itonto necessary and adjacent other for materialproperty. us to take which Your action willfailure as eventually provided to comply tection.Youengineer.situation,in Florida are Againfurther consideration SuchStatutes. you advised action are advised atthat should this after time to be aseek givenmaycomplete the well to assistance some prevent"clean-up" kind yourof of a ofpermanent professionalhaving the present to pro-take cars,Pleaseemergency etc., advise as actionrequested immediately in the above. future. your agreement to remove all loose debris, old Sincerely, which caused the erosion problem - everyone agrees on that point. The areaThe of issuedisagreement remains unresolved.lies in ef- The federal government used "public funds" to construct the port W.Bureau T. Carlton, of Beaches Chief and Shores leavingfederalfortssponse to governmentthecorrect by remaininggovernment the problem.is burdenwilling officials, "We fallingonly yet can'tto upon publicpay use one-halfthe publicfunds community werethefunds cost used toand to improve to restorestate destroy that privatewhat years they property"ago themselves welcomed is a destroyed commonthis federal re- (in effect) private property. The herengineer,"port property project. from further damage by government caused erosion, and afterIn his building letter to the Mrs. bairicade, Applegate, she Mr. Carlton .urged her to "seek. the assistance of. a professionalimplying that she, a private citizen pay to build a barricade to protect what remains of finishmust also rebuilding be content what to was claim lost only and that calling property it "public contained beach." within the barricade once the governments totallyBrevardgineer" ineffective. is County no guarantee. engineers Mrs. InApplegate's 1968,were consulted. before own the engineering, Evenlog jetty Mr. was Carlton while constructed unsightly approved in to thefront beThere project, sure, of the is has alsoyetApplegate been that the morebarrierquestion home, effec- was of designing a workable barrier. Even consulting a "professional en- outrage.metaltive. The beverage danger cans from left broken on the glass beach and each slivers year of by metal the same is no public greater that thanWhat targets the is tons Mrs.more of Applegate outrageous,glass bottles for however, theirand is that the State of Florida, through Mr. Carlton's office is Coit,DC.r1 determined$500a waiver to $1,000. from to enforce the State's a law Department (Slide 18) "statute of Natural # 161.052," Resources. which Maximum prohibits penaltyBecause construction is she a misdeameanor has on faileda beach to without yield fine toof directives from state officials insisting that she remove the junk car(Slide breakwater, 19). Mrs. Lynne Applegate now faces a possible civil suit by Inthe late state's April, attorneys Mrs. Applegate office received court notice to remove her makeshift barriers (Slide 20) . Mrs. Applegate, she could make any one of the following claims : WhenCLAIM the 1. case appears in court, a number of key issues will need to be resolved. bepurchased,The defined state ashas notthat no where edgejurisdiction ofit thehappens surf because at to high fall, the tide each"high when year water the inching mark"property closer. should was In defense of CLAIM 2. The state statute under which she is to be penalized (prohibits "con- S-22 struction" on a beach . . . etc.) is not applicable because CLAIM 3. mandamus)governmentsupportingTheshe didfederal no "constructing."evidence governmentandto force seek bringaction cash has counter-suitre-imbursement to damaged rebuild her against property for finesthe federal(actionand and with other for would you use to present your case? If you were the prosecuting attorney for the state, or Federal governments, what arguments ments.penalties likely to be imposed by the state and for local govern- C.4: any one, or all three of the hypothetical defense If Ifyou you were were the the owner defense of theattorney, Applegate what home collection and property, of undisputed what wouldfacts might you have help done,you substantiate or what claims? C.JCrt would* All you slides do foundnow? on page S-35. OTHER SOURCES A. 1.Books and Pamphlets General MomentYork,AmericaDevastationenvironment, 1969, inthe the $1.Raped, of Sun, primarily 25.a Continent. byby Robert Gene for "Marine. privateRienow profit.Avonand Leona Books Train Division Rienow. of the Hearst Corporation, New The whole sad story of how human folly has despoiled the American Subtitled: "The Engineering Mentality and the Ballantine Books, New York, Cn pilationThe1967, Environmental $ of essays prepared Handbook, for the ed. first by Garrettnational De environmental Bell. teach-in. . 95. A report on the deteriorating quality of the American environment. Ballantine Books, 1970. A com- theEnvironmentalNewThe Center Voter'sYork, for 1970, Guide Urban Action $1. to Studies, 95. Environmental Projects University for Clubs Politics, of and Miami, Organizations. ed. by Coral Garret Gables, De Bell. Florida 33124. Available free of charge from Ballantine Books, $withCommunityEcotactics: Constance The Action Stellings, Sierra for Club.Environmental Pocket Handbook Books95. DivisionQuality, for Environment byof Simonthe Citizens Activists,and Schuster, Advisory ed. Newby Committee John York, G. 1970,Mitchell on En- 20402,vironmental $ Quality. Available from U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. . 60. S- 24 tendentonPresident's the American of Documents, Council Environment--Our on GovernmentRecreation and Printing Natural Office, Beauty. paper From Sea Natural Heritage. (Washington D. C.: 1968) Superin-$2. 50. to Shining Sea, A Report AInsularStewart, National Affairs, George Policy U. Ripley.for S. the Senate, Environment. July 11, 1968.A Special Report to Not so Rich as You Think.20510. ) (Request from Committee Chairman, U. S. (Boston: 1968) Houghton Mifflin, $5. 00. the Committee on Interior and Representatives,velopmentEnvironmentalSenate,90th Congress, Washington, of the Quality. Washington,2ndCommittee D. Session. C.Hearings on D. Science C.before andthe Astronautics,Subcommittee on (Request from Committee Chairman, address U. S. House of 20515. ) U. S. House of Representatives, Science, Research, and De- Cri andbeforeJointCommittee Astronautics, House-Senate the Committee Chairman. House. Colloquim of ) Interior To andDiscuss Insular A National Affairs, U. 90th Congress, 2nd Session, July 17, 1968. Policy For the Environment. HearingS. Senate, and Committee on Science (Request from either nautics,NationalManagingcessesment to U. ofAcademy the theAssessmentS. Committee HouseEnvironment. of ofSciences, andRepresentatives. on Choice. ScienceReport Ad Hoc of-and the Panel Astronautics, Subcommittee on on 1969. ) Govern: lent Printing (PreparedOffice, $ .for 75. Committee on Science and Astro- Technology Assessment. Technology: Pro-U. S. House of Representatives, 1968. Science, Research, and Develop- QualityU.President's S. Dept.of Our Scienceof Environment. Health, Advisory Education, Committee, and Environmental (Washington, D. C.: 1965) Government Printing Welfare, Task Force on Environmental Health Pollution Panel. (Washington, D. C.: 1967) Restoring the Office, $1. 25. and GovernmentRelated Problems. Printing A Office,Strategy $ .for 60. a Livable S- 25 Environment. bookletEnvironmentalSouthNationalEnvironmental isFlorida, anAcademies excellent Impactparticularly Problems of semi-technical ofScience the inas Big South theyand Cypress Engineering,relate Florida.discussion Swamp to the A report of the EnvironmentalEvergladesWashington, Jetport,study ofjetport. Group theUnited majorD. C. States environmental Department problems of the of Dated March 1970, this of the followingTheFlorida32304Interior, Environmental and 33130. twoSeptember U. offices: S. Geological Destruction1969. Survey, of South Room Florida, 730, U. S. Geological Survey, 903 West Tennessee This is the "Leopold Report" and is available from Federal Building, 51ed. SW by William1 Avenue, Ross Miami, McCluney. St. , Tallahassee, Fla. either of the B. 1.Environmental Organizations National Groups Washington,ofThisand organizations a is number published D. employ C.in annuallythe conservationstaff bypeople the National to field, lend guidance Wildlife Most of the organizations listed below provide 20036. you should consult the "Conservation Directory. " toFederation, local groups. 1412 For 16th more Street, complete N. W. listing informational and publication services , Washington,1250The Conservation Connecticut D. C. Avenue, Foundation N. W. The Foundation seeks to further knowledge about the 20036 interaction between man and L lemsmentmentnature of urbanthrough policies. growth, research; such it asalso river seeks basin to haveplanning, this knowledge It serves as a clearing house on information about significant S-26 highway design, and regional develop- applied to the practical prob- new LosConsumerandlegislationP. has0.Altos, Box an Alliance,extensiveCaliforniaand 1242 governmental Inc.audio-visual-publications 94022 programs, help for better conservation program. education in our schools, movementicalP.Environmental strength0. Box and 740 on may a Defense nationwide form Fund,the nucleusbasis. Inc. for an effective The Alliance is a new group organized to unite consumer purchasing It will give financial support to population-environment resurgence of consumer sovereignty. power and polit- polluters.environment,mentalStony Brook, quality, EDF N.fromstarted does Y. state notlitigation andlobby federal isto Congress,stop agencies construction but supporting has initiatedof the unsound Florida lawsuits barge against canal enemies of theEDF, a national coalition of scientists, lawyers, citizens for protection of environ- 11790 programs to big industrial on Oklawaha New30FriendsRiver East York, by 42ndof U.S. theNew Street ArmyEarth York (F.Corps 10017 0. E. of ) Engineers. Glenview,1326Theenvironmental Izaak Waukegan Illinois Walton quality Road 60025 League and ofprotection. America F. 0. E. is not a tax-free organization, so it can and does lobby vigorously to achieve sources and development and protection of outdoor recreation opportunities. This membership organization promotes conservation of renewable natural re- S-27 Local chapters Magazineandton, divisions D. C. monthly can furnish and maintains speakers a Conservationand literature. Office 20005. The League publishes the Izaak Walterat 719 13th Street, N. W. , Washing- NewKeep99 ParkYork, America Avenue New Beautiful, York 10016 Inc. This is a national, nonprofit, public service organization Leaguepublishesand917 for 15th theof helpful ConservationStreet, enhancement N.brochures W. Voters of ruraland newsletters and urban scenic and on litter prevention. man-made beauty. The organization for the prevention of litter LeaguewillWashington, raise of moneyWomen D. C. and Voters recruit of thevolunteers United States for candidates working This is the political arm of F. 0. E. A strictly non-partisan 20005 to protect the environment. organization, the League ment.moteWashington,1730 political " Members M Street, D. responsibility C. haveN. W. been throughactive in informed the pollution and activefight all participation of This membership organization, with local and State Leagues, 20036 over the country, including clean is dedicated "to pro-citizens in govern- New1130Nationalwater, 5thYork, saving AudubonAvenue N. San Y. SocietyFrancisco Bay, and Hawaii's Diamond Head. 10028 natural environment has been a leader in blocking the Everglades jetport and This membership organization dedicated to the conservation of wildlife and the S-28 in the fight NationalNOTES.against DDT.Wildlife Federation It publishes two bi-monthlies, AUDUBON magazine and AUDUBON FIELD $1.vationWashington, 141250 aof copy.16th natural D.Street, C. resources. N. W. The Federation seeks to stimulate citizen and governmental action for the conser- 20036 It publishes THE CONSERVATION DIRECTORY annually at preserves.Washington,1522The Nature K Street, it forD.Conservancy N.C.future W. public use. This membership organization with local chapters buys up land vital to nature and 20005 CJC.11 planningNew515Planned Madison York, information Parenthood-World N. Avenue Y. and services. Population Through its affiliates and over 500 clin4f.ts, this organization provides family- 10022 papers,Washington,ofPopulation1775 the andpopulation Massachusetts bibliographies ReferenceD. C. explosion Avenue,Bureau concerning in N. the W. U.S. demography, and worldwide. economic, PRB regularly and social publishes ramifications bulletins, ofThis is the best information center or clearing house for data concerning the effects 20036 growth. S- 29 speakersstudySanSierra1050 Francisco, and ClubMills to protection interestedTower California of parties. the 94104 nation's scenic resources. A nation-wide organization with local chapters, the Sierra Club It provides films, manuals, exhibits, is devoted to the Washington,729The 15thWilderness Street, D. C. N.Society W. Its primary goal is thc; protection of wild lands and the acquisition of additional wil- 20005 Los330oppositiondernessZero SecondAltos, Population or toprimitiveCalifornia Street oil exploration Growth, areas 94022 Inc.by in the the federal Alaskan government. Arctic. It has been an important influence of 2. Statemarily and in Local population Groups limitation legislation. An international organization which exercises educational and political efforts pri- Mr.BrevardFloridaJacksonville,U.S. Howard Army State County VanCrrps Board Florida Fossan of of Engineers Health Rockledge, Florida S- 30 Mr.GameInformationTallahassee, James and T. Freshwater Education Floyd, Florida Chief FishDivision Commission ASPIRE,Mr.South AllenA. Highway W.A CruickshankSociety Wren, AlA, toPresident PreserveMelbourne Indian Beach, River Florida Ecology Mr.Titusville,ConservationRockledge,Indian Jerome River FloridaCarroll FloridaAudubon Officer MerrittSociety Island National Wildlife Refuge Mrs.Mr.Florida !Carl Archie Defenders F. EichhornCarr, Vice ofof thethe President EnvironmentEnvironment and Indian River Audubon Society Tallahassee,DorianConservationGainesville,P. 0. Box Building, 12063 FloridaFlorida70's 319 32601S. Monroe C. Films GarbageFor All to Enjoy 10N.in20 W.Nationalmin. Parks. , Washington,, D. C. color. $10. Conservation Foundation, 1250 ConnecticutSatirical approach Ave. to uncontrolled development20036. , Green City space23Division,pressions min. as cities 320of endless Aurora grow. garbage.Avenue, N.King Screen Productions, Education , color, $15.$125 (sale). A sequence of picture and sound im- CivicStuart action Finley to Productions.preserve green space and , Seattle, Washington 98109. open AMan Matter and Hisof Time Resources fices,2728 min. 330 W. 42nd Street, New York, N. Y. , b/w, $8. Contemporary, McGraw Hill, Film Rental Of- 10036. Megalopolis: Cradle of the Future for22Washington,ration. careful min. planning. D. C. , Conservationb/w,color, $9.Foundation, $10. Dynamics 1250 of urbanizationConnecticut Avenue, and emphasis N. W. 20036. EncyclopaediaHistorical Britannicaapproach toEducational environmental Corp. deterio- on need , OurNo Turning Changing Back Environ- is1710 a politicalmin. problem. ,, b/w, $4. 50 (rental). Shows that the control of technology The Poisoned Airment ment50Encyclopaedia min. has created Britannica new pressures Educational and problems Corporation. for the modern city. , b/w,color, $275 $8. (sale). Man's increasing power to control his environ- Effectively treats scientific-technical ations.aspects of air pollution as well as economic and political consider- Carousel Films, 600 Grand Avenue, Ridgefield, N. J. S-3207657 Progress, Pork-Barreland Pheasant Feathers wanting27 min. to build cross-Florida Barge Canal and the conservatioists , b1 w, $12. 50. Fight between Army Corps of Engineers Room to Breathe N.theEducational26in Y. proposed Oklawahamin. Delaware Enterprises, River Area. Water Inc.Contemporary. Gap , 30 National Rockerfeller Recreational Plaza, New area. York, NBC 10020., color, $14. 40 (rental). Examines controversy surrounding WhatThe AreTwenty-fourth We Doing and Tomorrow Inc.Twogroups22 min. parts, to cope 30 min.with each,community $11 (rental). environment, problems. ACI35 Films, West 45th Street,, New York, N. Y.b/w, $160 (sale). Shows the potential power of neighborhood Field Service, Indiana Uni- 10036. Crisis of Environ-mentto Our Series World? versity,thecordings,Filmstrips, generation A-V and Center,color, teacher'sof public $97. Bloomington, text50issues. (sale). placing IndianaA stresspackage 47401. of theof fiverole filmstrips,of values in re- The New York Times, Book and D. Cassette Tapes The following tapes may be requested from the Center for Environmental Education, Monroe Educational Division. turedCenter,The by Big The 705 Snow Center Avocado Job for Avenue,Cassette Studies,Cocoa, Florida Inc. , 8110 32922. Webb Avemze, N. Hollywood, California 91605. Analysis(27 min. of) the false assurances of environmental improvement. These tapes were prepared and manufac- Dangers of Pollution (46Experts min. )probe the hazards of water, soil, and air pollution. S- 33 EcologicalThe Death Politics of Our Cities Dr.(29Frank (26Robert min. min. Lloyd ) Rienow) Wright talks predicts about the ruin of U. S. cities,environmental April 22, 1956. crisis & cures. NuclearNo Place Power: to Flee Life or Death? (46ExpertsDr.(28 min.Robert min. )discuss ) Reinow the prospredicts & horrors cons of nuclear power plants in the U.S. of an overpopulated society. ShoulderOff -Shore to Shoulder Oil Drilling Frightening(23Interior(52 min. min. Secretary) )look at overpopulation,Hickel explores its the present,dangers its offuture off-shore & its control.drilling. TheSuing Transportation For a Clean MessEnvironment A survey(44(27Joseph min.) of L. the Sax hazards discusses of U. his S. model law mass transit. for environmental legal action. TheUrban World Slurb as a Wastebasket (29Famous(28Prophets min. min. )Americans ) and men ofdiscuss action comment our effluent society. on the U. S. environment. S-34 The 20 35mm slides cannot be reproduced. They are as follows:

1. Littering fines 2. Littering fines 3. Sewer treatment plant 4. Raw sewage outfall 5. Garbage dump 6. Discarded objects 7. Trash/scenic beauty 8. West side of Applegate house 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. South side of Applegate house 15. North side of Applegate house 16. Junk car barricade 17. 18. 19. 20.

365 The EleventhHour The few remaining mammals ofthe sea the whales, dolphins, porpoise, seals, walrus,polar bear, sea lions, manatees and otters have been granted a temporary 4Sf'n,r,741141111011r. stay of execution. Your help is needed xs' to bring them out zx): of danger.

On December 1, thanks toyour support, we won a victory for the animats over the best efforts of theNational Rifle Association, the National WildlifeFederation and the other "sports-hunting" groups, the furriersand their pawns, the seal-kill bureaucrats of the Department of Commerce. The bill they endorse in the guise of"scientific management" a patent effort to quell publicfuror, while permitting the senseless slaughterto continuewas sent to the floor of the House of Representatives fora vote. Happily, due to the zealous work of Rep. David Pryor (D-Ark.), our Washington counsel and volunteers, the vote was delayed, and the bill remanded to Committee for action in February or March. The details of these you demand for the people of the sea. True protection is maneuvers are given on the next page. that given in the Harris-Pryor Ocean MammalProtection bills (please note their new numbers: S. 2579and H.R. NOW IS THE TIME for more letters (an original and 10569). These are the only honest billson this issue be- copies if you like), spelling out in detail the protection fore the Congress. Write to:

SENATE S. 2579 HOUSE H.R. 10569

The Hon. Warren G. Magnuson The Hon. Edward A. Garmatz Robert L. Leggett (D-Calif.) Chairman Chairman Alton Lennon (D-N. C.) Committee on Commerce Committee on Merchant Marine and Speedy 0. Long (D-La.) Senate Office Building Fisheries Washington, D.C. 20510 Paul N. McCloskey (R-Calif.) House Office Building Jack H. McDonald (R-Mich.) and Washington, D. C. 20515 The Hon. Ernest F. Hollings William S. Mailliard (R-Calif.) Chairman and Thomas M. Pelfy (R-Wash.) Sub-Committee on Oceans and The Hon. John D. Dingell Paul G. Rogers (D-Fla.) Atmosphere Chairman Philip E. Ruppe (R-Mich.) Senate Office Building Sub-Committee on Fisheries and Robert 0. Tiernan (D-R. I.) Washington, D.C. 20510 Wildlife Conservation and and House Office Building Members of Sub-Committee: Washington, D. C. 20515 Your own Representative (address Senate Office Building and Washington, D. C. 20510) Members of Sub-Committee: IMarlow W. Cook (R-Ky.) (address House Office Building Robert P. Griffin (R-Mich.) Washington, D.C. 20515) Philip A. Hart (D-Mich.) Glenn M. Anderson (D-Calif.) Mark 0. Hatfield (R-Ore.) Mario Biaggi (D-N. Y.) Daniel K. Inouye (D-Hawaii) Eligio de la Garza (D-Tex.) Russell B. Long (D-La.) Thomas N. Downing (D-Va.) John 0. Pastore (D-R. I.) Edwin B. Forsythe (R-N. J.) William B. Spong, Jr. (D-Va.) George A. Goodling (R-Pa.) Ted Stevens (R-Alaska) Joseph E. Karth (D-Minn.) and Hastings Keith (R-Mass.) Your two Senators Peter N. Kyros (D-Maine) and Washington Evening Star, whose eloquent editorial Friendvs. on this subject were instrumental in bringing the situatioi Foe to the attention of Congress and the public. The highes On December I, 1971, Congressman Edward Garmatz praise, however, must go to Rep. David Pryor wholei (D-Baltimore, Md.), Chairman, Committeeon Merchant the hospital bed of his very ill wife and spent the entin Marine and Fisheries, rejected the Harris-Pryor Ocean day and most of the evening successfully organizingsuppor Mammal Protection Act. Instead, he reported out of Com- for delaying the vote on the bill until Februaryor Marti mittee a bill that Congressman John Dingell (D-Detroit, of this year, at which time amendmentscan be offered. Mich.), Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation Sub-Commit- tee Chairman, had been drafting for several months: Rep. It is essential that you write to your Congressman,a Glenn Anderson's (D-Calif.) Marine Mammal "Protec- well as to Members of the House listed on Page I,as soot tion" Act (H.R. 10420). This bill, however, is not one as possible to vote against any crippling amendments tc that will provide protection to sea mammals, but rather the Harris-Pryor Bill (H.R. 10569) suchas would al one that will "manage" them on an "optimum sustained low tuna fishermen an exemption to continue thekilling yield basis to insure the continuing availability of those of hundreds of thousands of dolphins and porpoisesearl year in their huge "purse-seine" nets. Ask instead that the products which move ininterstate commerce." Rather than stopping the killing, this bill, as written, would per- following principles of the Harris-Pryor Bill remain intact petuate and legalize it through a permit system. It is an 1.Provide a moratorium of at least ten yearson the attempt to appease public sentiment, while continuing killing of ocean mammals by U. S. citizens, except fo and in some casesincreasing the killing. treaty obligations and nonWasteful native hunting. The weakness of the Anderson bill is demonstrated by 2.Provide a total ban on the import into the U. S. o the fact that it has been endorsed by the fur industry, the all ocean mammal products (including of course the bab' firearms and hunting lobby, the U.S. Department of Com- harp seals killed by the hundreds of thousands in Canadiar merce, and other private groups which have a vested inter- waters), thus removing the economic incentive for othe est in continuing the killing, "management," and hunting countries to kill them. of ocean mammals. The bill has the co-sponsorship of 3.Require or strongly encourage the Secretary of Scat( only nine other Congressmen, and it has not been endorsed to negotiate treaties with other countries to protect ocear by any major newspapers of which we are aware. mammals. The Harris-Pryor Bill, on the other hand, is co-spon- 4.Provide a determination by Congress to end the sored by 26 members of the Senate and over 90 members Pribilof seal kill, but in such a way as not to breakoui of the House. It has been endorsed by all major news- treaty obligations or encourage the resumption of pelagic papers in the Washington, D.C. area (The Post, Evening sealing (killing on the high seas). Star, Daily News), as well as many others nationwide in- 5. Give the responsibility for enforcing the regulation: cluding the New York Times and the Louisville (Ky.) protecting ocean mammals to the Secretary of Interior Courier-Journal. rather than the Secretary of Commerce. Congressmen and Senators report that they have re- 6.Refrain from the use of all language referring tc ceived literally tens of thousands of letters in support of "management" on an "optimum sustained yield basis" ark the Harris-Pryor Bill, with many stating that the flood of other such kill-for-profit phrases that protect the profiteers. mail has been "unprecedented." We are particularly dis- not the animals. appointed at the actions of Mr. Dingell and Mr. Garmatz, especially since Mr. Garmatz stated at the hearings that In the Senate, the issue has been transferred from Sen- in his 25 years in Congress, he had never seen such public ator Hart's Committee to Senator Ernest Hollings' (D- interest in an issue. S. C.) Oceans and Atmosphere Sub-Committee of the Commerce Committee. While promising to hold earl) The method by which the Anderson bill was brought hearings, Senator Hollings has not, to date, scheduled up for a vote before the House was a patent effort to get them. Please write the Senator to quickly schedule hear- rid of the issue so that the slaughter can go on. On Decem- ings and to report out of his Committee the Harris-Pryor ber 1, at 8 p.m., before most Congressmen had had a Bill (S. 2579). Ask your friends, particularly any you chance to see much less studythe final bill and Com- have in South Carolina, to do the same. This is especially mittee report, it was brought up for vote under a "suspen- important, since the Fouke Fur Company, the world's sion" of parliamentary procedure (usually reserved for major processor of seal pelts,is located in Greenville. noncontroversial bills), under which very limited debate S. C., and will be putting as much pressure on Senator is allowed and no amendments may be offered. Hollings as it can bring to bear. We are confident that Fortunately, this tactic was defeated by our dedicated Senator Hollings will not bow to the vested interest groups Washington counsel and volunteers who worked tirelessly, if we give him the backing he needs to stand up to them. distributing information and letters to every member of Your letters have already done much to force Congress Congress the day before and the day of the vote. We are to act on this issue. Please, now that we are in the ELEV- also grateful to Tile New York Times, Washington Post, ENTH HOUR, don't let up the pressure. Thank you. 3 67 This Is The Season Not For Torture!

For Love! Rodeo has been added to the diversified interests of the R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. It has announceda $105,000 Winston Rodeo Championship awardsprogram. The Rodeo Cowboys Association calls it "the biggest single ANIMALSrLOVING boost ever given professional rodeo." R/4 Reynolds deserves a big boost, too, for its outstanding NOT contribution to animal brutality. So "boost" rightout of WEARING your home and off your shopping list all of these products: Camel, Winston, Salem, Dora!, Vantage and Tempo ciga- rettes, various pipe tobaccos, Chun King Chinese Foods, and all other R. J. Reynolds products.

Use your pen like a hot-rod and let Reynolds know 0) that its sales will be punctured becauseyou don't believe in the torture of animals for profit and pleasure. Write:

f Mr. Alex Galloway, President P. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company 401 West Main Street Winston Salem, N.C. 27101 WEAR YOUR HEART ON YOUR SLEEVE.

Our love patch is sky blue, bordered in life-red . The perfect tribute to all your "valentines."

Drawing contributed by LEE ZAMEK

0 1,1I ,1 ,i1 ,,1 1i1 1i1 1,1 1,11 1 1i1 1,1 1,1 , 1 1 1i1 1,1 , 1 1 ,111,1,1 1,1 1i1 1,1 ,i11 11 11,1 ,i1 1i1 1,1 ,,1, 11 1 1i1 1,1,11 1 Miss Alice Herrington, Chairman Committee for Humane Legislation, Inc. 11 West 60 StreetNew York, N. Y. 10023

For the sole purpose of obtaining animal protection, pleaseaccept my donation of $_____ payable to CHL. Please send me: (number)

Cloth heart patches ($1.00 each) Copies of this February CHL bulletin (10 for $1.00)

A set of glossy posters concerning the pending legislationto protect animals ($1 per set) from which I can have thousands of copies made byany printer at about $12 a thousand. Please he sure your name and addressappear on the other side of this coupon. 368 li t t ti It t t t t1 1i t 1 11 i t t t itt t t 11 t t 11 t The Meat You Eat Is Seared with Pain

A challenge to the constitutionality of the Federallive- stock slaughter act of1958has been made by a friend of animals, New York City attorney Henry Mark Holzer.

The lawcontains two contradictorydefinitionsof 142. ":7-fg "humane" slaughter. The first requires that the animal be a rendered unconscious before being hung bya leg and cut. The second definition declares ritual slaughter, the shack- ling,hoisting and cutting of a conscious animalas "humane." Mr. Holzer, in filing his complaint in the Fed- eral District Court, charges that the existence ofthe second definition is in violation of the first amendment'sguar- antee of separation of church and state. , ,tr

ft; Of the150million calves, lambs, steer and other livestock killed in the United States annually, about20mil- lion are kosher killed. The meat is sold to all Americans, and in metropolitan areas, all meat supplied is fromthe torturous slaughter of conscious animals. Your letter of support for the bill, H.R.10487,should be addressed to: Our Washington counsel, Bernard Fensterwald, has The Hon. Graham Purcell, Chairman drafted a bill requiring that all livestock be spared this Livestock and Grains Sub-Committee of the unnecessary pain and requires that packers who sell in Agriculture Committee commerce render the animals unconscious by modern House of Representatives methods. The sponsor of the bill is Kenneth Gray (D411.). Washigton, D.C.20515

Committee for Humane Legislation, Inc. 11 West 60th Street New York, N. Y. 10023

February, 1972

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