DOCSLIB.ORG

Coming Home: Black Return Migration to the Yazoo -Mississippi Delta. Robert Norman Brown II Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Coming Home: Black Return Migration to the Yazoo -Mississippi Delta. Robert Norman Brown II Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 2001 Coming Home: Black Return Migration to the Yazoo -Mississippi Delta. Robert Norman Brown II Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Brown, Robert Norman II, "Coming Home: Black Return Migration to the Yazoo -Mississippi Delta." (2001). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 266. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/266 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. COMING HOME: BLACK RETURN MIGRATION TO THE YAZOO-MISSISSIPPI DELTA A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Geography and Anthropology by Robert Norman Brown, II A.B., University of Georgia, 1987 M.A., Appalachian State University, 1990 May 2001 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3016529 ____ <g> UMI UMI Microform 3016529 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. I dedicate this work to my wife Kathryn Vaughn Brown. ii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank the faculty and staff of the Department of Geography and Anthropology at Louisiana State University. In particular, I owe an enormous debt to my advisor, Dr. Miles E. Richardson, whose academic guidance and encouragement served me immeasurably. As a scholar, writer, and teacher, his example is unparalleled. I also want to thank Dr. William V. Davidson and the rest of my dissertation committee: Dr. Carville Earle, Dr. Joyce Jackson, Dr. Gaines Foster, and Dr. Steven Hoelscher. Dr. Hoelscher’s comments in the early stages of this project were insightful and inspiring. I want to thank also Dr. John Cromartie of the United States Department of Agriculture, whose expertise in spatial demography and data extraction gave this project invaluable support. I owe thanks also to my friends at Delta State University who offered me material support, release time, and a spirit of collegiality and scholarship. I reserve my deepest thanks for my wife Kathy. Without her assistance as editor, advisor, and software specialist, I would have been lost. Kathy and our sons, Christopher Miles, and Andrew Seward, helped me in this project in ways I cannot express. iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION...........................................................................................................................ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.......................................................................................................iii LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................vi ABSTRACT............................................................................................................................viii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................... 1 2 UNDERSTANDING THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN DIASPORA THROUGH MIGRATION LITERATURE.................................................... 13 Considering Migration Theory .....................................................................13 Historical Geography o f the Great Black Migration.................................27 Theoretical Frameworks of the Great Black Migration ............................ 31 Art and Literature of the Great Black Migration ....................................... 45 The Tide Turns: Black Return Migration to the South..............................61 3 RETURNING TO SOMETHING FAMILIAR: SENSE OF PLACE IN THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA...................................................................................... 76 Physical Geography of the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta................................79 Historical Geography of the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta..............................83 Sense of Place in the Delta .........................................................................120 Conclusion ...................................................................................................126 4 COUNTING RETURN MIGRANTS AND FINDING MEANING IN THEIR STORIES: A DISCUSSION OF METHOD AND THE DATA .. 128 Using PUMS Data to Count Return Migrants .......................................... 128 The Myth Teller.......................................................................................... 141 Matrifocality and Black Return Migration to the Mississippi Delta 145 5 MY HOME IS IN THE DELTA: THE INFORMANTS.............................153 Conclusion ...................................................................................................243 6 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 246 REFERENCE LIST...............................................................................................................255 VITA.......................................................................................................................................264 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES 1. Net Out-Migration from the Thirteen State South, 1910-1960 .................................... 29 2. Black Migration to the South from Selected Regions (In Thousands), 1965-1990.... 61 3. Net African American Migration for Selected SMS As, 1965-70 and 1975-80 ..........69 4. Weighted PUMS Data for Yazoo-Mississippi Delta PUMAS, 1985-1990............. 137 5. Household Structure of Black Return Migration, Household 1 ................................... 147 6. Household Structure of Black Return Migration, Household 2 ................................... 148 7. Household Structure of Black Return Migration, Household 3 ................................... 149 8. Household Structure of Black Return Migration, Household 4 ................................... 150 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF FIGURES 1. Dance floor at Po’ Monkey's Lounge .................................................................................. 4 2. Robert Johnson.................................................................................................................. 48 3. “Ihey Were Very Poof....................................................................................................... 57 4. “And the Migrants Kept Coming’.......................................................................................57 5. The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta............................................................................................77 6. Mississippi Delta Landscape........................................................................................... 80 7. The Bouge Phalia River, Bolivar County, Mississippi..................................................88
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta Levee Board and Staff Wish the Citizens Of
    \ Yazoo-Mississippi Delta Levee Board • HAPPY HOLIDAYS • President Sykes Sturdivant Receives Volunteer Service Award The Yazoo-Mississippi Delta Levee Board President Sykes Sturdivant was the recipient of Volunteer Yazoo-Mississippi Northwest Mississippi’s President’s Volunteer Service Award. The award, established by the President’s Delta Levee Board Council on Service and Civic Participation, was given to 25 outstanding volunteers from eight counties. The official publication of the Yazoo-Mississippi Delta Levee District WINTER 2010 Vol. 4, Number 1 Sturdivant has served as Levee Board president for and Staff 14 years. He is a long-time member of the West Tallahatchie Habitat for Humanity and serves on the FEMA Map Modernization Program Emmett Till Memorial Commission. wish the citizens Arrives in the Mississippi Delta of our region In fiscal year 2003, the Federal used by FEMA in their map moderniza- Dabney, a gray fox squirrel, lives in a tree behind Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) tion project are accurate to only 5.0 feet. the Levee Board Building and has become the ________Copywriter ________Copy Editor a safe and festive began a multiyear map modernization The Upper Yazoo Project is a federally . official Levee Board pet. project of Flood Insurance Rate Maps funded project which began actual con- (FIRM) under the National Flood struction near Yazoo City in 1976 and holiday season! Insurance program with a total cost of has progressed upstream to just south of $1.6 billion as appropriated by Congress. Mississippi Highway 32 in Tallahatchie Artist ________Art Dir These new maps are referred to as County. The project is designed to .
    [Show full text]
  • The Civil War Differences Between the North and South Geography of The
    Differences Between the North and The Civil War South Geography of the North Geography of the South • Climate – frozen winters; hot/humid summers • Climate – mild winters; long, hot, humid summers • Natural features: • Natural features: − coastline: bays and harbors – fishermen, − coastline: swamps and shipbuilding (i.e. Boston) marshes (rice & sugarcane, − inland: rocky soil – farming hard; turned fishing) to trade and crafts (timber for − inland: indigo, tobacco, & shipbuilding) corn − Towns follow rivers inland! Economy of the North Economy of the South • MORE Cities & Factories • Agriculture: Plantations and Slaves • Industrial Revolution: Introduction of the Machine − White Southerners made − products were made cheaper and faster living off the land − shift from skilled crafts people to less skilled − Cotton Kingdom – Eli laborers Whitney − Economy BOOST!!! •cotton made slavery more important •cotton spread west, so slavery increases 1 Transportation of the North Transportation of the South • National Road – better roads; inexpensive way • WATER! Southern rivers made water travel to deliver products easy and cheap (i.e. Mississippi) • Ships & Canals – river travels fast; steamboat • Southern town sprang up along waterways (i.e. Erie Canal) • Railroad – steam-powered machine (fastest transportation and travels across land ) Society of the North – industrial, urban Society of the South – life agrarian, rural life • Maine to Iowa • Black Northerners − free but not equal (i.e. segregation) • Maryland to Florida & west to Texas − worked
    [Show full text]
  • “America” on Nineteenth-Century Stages; Or, Jonathan in England and Jonathan at Home
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by D-Scholarship@Pitt PLAYING “AMERICA” ON NINETEENTH-CENTURY STAGES; OR, JONATHAN IN ENGLAND AND JONATHAN AT HOME by Maura L. Jortner BA, Franciscan University, 1993 MA, Xavier University, 1998 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2005 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH ARTS AND SCIENCES This dissertation was presented by It was defended on December 6, 2005 and approved by Heather Nathans, Ph.D., University of Maryland Kathleen George, Ph.D., Theatre Arts Attilio Favorini, Ph.D., Theatre Arts Dissertation Advisor: Bruce McConachie, Ph.D., Theatre Arts ii Copyright © by Maura L. Jortner 2005 iii PLAYING “AMERICA” ON NINETEENTH-CENTURY STAGES; OR, JONATHAN IN ENGLAND AND JONATHAN AT HOME Maura L. Jortner, PhD University of Pittsburgh, 2005 This dissertation, prepared towards the completion of a Ph.D. in Theatre and Performance Studies at the University of Pittsburgh, examines “Yankee Theatre” in America and London through a post-colonial lens from 1787 to 1855. Actors under consideration include: Charles Mathews, James Hackett, George Hill, Danforth Marble and Joshua Silsbee. These actors were selected due to their status as iconic performers in “Yankee Theatre.” The Post-Revolutionary period in America was filled with questions of national identity. Much of American culture came directly from England. American citizens read English books, studied English texts in school, and watched English theatre. They were inundated with English culture and unsure of what their own civilization might look like.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Birthplace of America's Music Tour Tunica, Clarksdale, Cleveland
    Birthplace of America’s Music Tour Tunica, Clarksdale, Cleveland, Indianola, Greenwood, Meridian, Hattiesburg Mississippi is widely considered the Birthplace of America’s Music, the one place where visitors can trace the blues, rock ‘n’ roll and country to their roots. This tour follows Highway 61, the “blues highway,” through the Mississippi Delta where the blues originated, and then visits Meridian, home of the father of country music, Jimmie Rogers. There, you’ll tour his namesake museum and the new Mississippi Arts & Entertainment Experience. This tour also visits the interactive GRAMMY Museum® Mississippi, the B.B. King Museum and much more. Thursday, March 15 Southaven to Oxford, MS You'll find "South of the Ordinary" – otherwise known as DeSoto County – in a lovely corner of Northwest Mississippi, just minutes from Memphis, Tennessee. Arrival and Transportation Instructions from Memphis International Airport: Once you have gathered your baggage, please exit the baggage claim area. Look for a friendly face holding a sign imprinted with your name and Visit Desoto County. You will be transported to the Courtyard by Marriott in Southaven, Mississippi. For those of you arriving on Wednesday, March 14, you will receive an additional email with arrival instructions. Your Visit Mississippi escort for this FAM is Paula Travis, and your Visit DeSoto County host is Kim Terrell. Paula’s cell 601-573-6295 Kim’s cell 901-870-3578 Hospitality Suite at Courtyard by Marriott 7225 Sleepy Hollow Drive, Southaven, MS 38671 662-996-1480 3:45pm Meet in lobby with luggage to board bus 4:00 pm Depart Southaven for Tunica 4:30 pm Arrive Tunica Nearby casino gaming attractions only add to the excitement in Tunica, where the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Galac Recent Dev Cushing.Indd
    Recent developments in canine Cushing’s syndrome Nieuwe ontwikkelingen met betrekking tot het syndroom van Cushing bij de hond (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Novejša dognanja o Cushingovem sindromu pri psu (z izvlečkom v slovenščini) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof.dr. J.C. Stoof, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op dinsdag 22 juni 2010 des middags te 12.45 uur door Sara Galac geboren op 16 januari 1968 te Slovenj Gradec, Slovenië Promotor: Prof.dr. J. Rothuizen Co-promotoren: Dr. H.S. Kooistra Dr.ir. J.A. Mol The studies described in this thesis were conducted at and financially supported by the Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands Publication of this thesis was made possible by generous support of: AUV Dierenartsencoöperatie Boehringer Ingelheim B.V. Dechra Veterinary Products Eurovet Animal Health J.E. Jurriaanse stichting Novartis Animal Health Royal Canin Virbac Ontwerp en grafische begeleiding: Kees van Veenendaal, Haarlem Omslagillustratie: Ruby de Goede, Heemstede Druk: Drukkerij de Bij, Amsterdam CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG Galac, Sara Recent developments in canine Cushing`s syndrome Sara Galac, Utrecht Universiteit Utrecht, Faculteit Diergeneeskunde Thesis Universiteit Utrecht. – With ref. – With summary in Dutch and Slovene. ISBN 978-90-393-5347-9 Subject headings: hypercortisolism,
    [Show full text]
  • Cultural Resources Overview
    United States Department of Agriculture Cultural Resources Overview F.orest Service National Forests in Mississippi Jackson, mMississippi CULTURAL RESOURCES OVERVIEW FOR THE NATIONAL FORESTS IN MISSISSIPPI Compiled by Mark F. DeLeon Forest Archaeologist LAND MANAGEMENT PLANNING NATIONAL FORESTS IN MISSISSIPPI USDA Forest Service 100 West Capitol Street, Suite 1141 Jackson, Mississippi 39269 September 1983 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Figures and Tables ............................................... iv Acknowledgements .......................................................... v INTRODUCTION ........................................................... 1 Cultural Resources Cultural Resource Values Cultural Resource Management Federal Leadership for the Preservation of Cultural Resources The Development of Historic Preservation in the United States Laws and Regulations Affecting Archaeological Resources GEOGRAPHIC SETTING ................................................ 11 Forest Description and Environment PREHISTORIC OUTLINE ............................................... 17 Paleo Indian Stage Archaic Stage Poverty Point Period Woodland Stage Mississippian Stage HISTORICAL OUTLINE ................................................ 28 FOREST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ............................. 35 Timber Practices Land Exchange Program Forest Engineering Program Special Uses Recreation KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES ON THE FOREST........... 41 Bienville National Forest Delta National Forest DeSoto National Forest ii KNOWN CULTURAL RESOURCES ON THE
    [Show full text]
  • V O L . X I V . M a S O N , M I C H I G a N , T H U K S D a Y
    • • < NO. VOL. XIV. MASON, MICHIGAN, THUKSDAY. JANUAKY 10, 1889. Oo to Stroud & Co.'fl for furniture. Fine After January.7th, 1889, Pratt & Child Circuit Court rroeeediugs. SAVE MONEY! assgrtraent and low prices. * will sell groceries for cash only. Come and The circuit court for Ingham county published ovory Thursday see what cash will do. Produce the same hj The democratic state convention for convened at the court house. Mason, on Our plan of makinj; it an inducenaent for as cash. * WUITMQBE & CO., nominating a justice of the supreme court Monday last, Judge Erastus Peck presid• subscribers to the Democrat to pay in The following oSicers of the Baptist and two regent to the university, will be ing. Below we give ii synopsis ot the advance, thereby saving 25 cents from the Sunday school, for the ensuing year, were held at Grand Rapids, Feb. 28. business thus far transacted : PX3ICBS : regular subscription price, has proven so elected on Sunday last: Year, $1.50 ; Six monlha, 75 conta : Three A. 0. DuBois assisted in the rendition ol The People vs. .John Bishop—larceny. satisfactory that ive have decided to con• Superintendent—A.J. Uall. monthi.40 centa. Assistant Superintendent—J. W, Clark. Trial by jury and pronounced not guilty. tinue it. Queen Esther at WilllauiHton, last Friday Secretary and Truaauror—Ivittio Kendricks. The People vs. Jo.seph Washington, Al• It is because we need the money, and be• evening', and Selah H. Worden assisted Organist—H. B. Longyear, Asaistant Organist—Minnie Stanton. Our advortlsluK rates are JlOO per column per un- exander Talbot and Robert Wauhington, both Friday and Saturday evenings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Perceptions of Race and Identity in Birmingham
    SIT Graduate Institute/SIT Study Abroad SIT Digital Collections Capstone Collection SIT Graduate Institute Spring 5-25-2014 The eP rceptions of Race and Identity in Birmingham: Does 50 Years Forward Equal Progress? Lisa Murray SIT Graduate Institute Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones Part of the Political History Commons, Race, Ethnicity and Post-Colonial Studies Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Murray, Lisa, "The eP rceptions of Race and Identity in Birmingham: Does 50 Years Forward Equal Progress?" (2014). Capstone Collection. 2658. https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/capstones/2658 This Thesis (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by the SIT Graduate Institute at SIT Digital Collections. It has been accepted for inclusion in Capstone Collection by an authorized administrator of SIT Digital Collections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Perceptions of Race and Identity in Birmingham: Does 50 Years Forward Equal Progress? Lisa Jane Murray PIM 72 A Capstone Paper submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Arts in Conflict Transformation and Peacebuilding at SIT Graduate Institute in Brattleboro, Vermont, USA. May 25, 2014 Advisor: John Ungerleider I hereby grant permission for World Learning to publish my capstone on its websites and in any of its digital/electronic collections, and to reproduce and transmit my CAPSTONE ELECTRONICALLY. I understand that World Learning’s websites and digital collections are publicly available via the Internet. I agree that World Learning is NOT responsible for any unauthorized use of my capstone by any third party who might access it on the Internet or otherwise.
    [Show full text]
  • Archives - Search
    Current Auctions Navigation All Archives - Search Category: ALL Archive: BIDDING CLOSED! Over 150 Silver Age Comic Books by DC, Marvel, Gold Key, Dell, More! North (167 records) Lima, OH - WEDNESDAY, November 25th, 2020 Begins closing at 6:30pm at 2 items per minute Item Description Price ITEM Description 500 1966 DC Batman #183 Aug. "Holy Emergency" 10.00 501 1966 DC Batman #186 Nov. "The Jokers Original Robberies" 13.00 502 1966 DC Batman #188 Dec. "The Ten Best Dressed Corpses in Gotham City" 7.50 503 1966 DC Batman #190 Mar. "The Penguin and his Weapon-Umbrella Army against Batman and Robin" 10.00 504 1967 DC Batman #192 June. "The Crystal Ball that Betrayed Batman" 4.50 505 1967 DC Batman #195 Sept. "The Spark-Spangled See-Through Man" 4.50 506 1967 DC Batman #197 Dec. "Catwoman sets her Claws for Batman" 37.00 507 1967 DC Batman #193 Aug. 80pg Giant G37 "6 Suspense Filled Thrillers" 8.00 508 1967 DC Batman #198 Feb. 80pg Giant G43 "Remember? This is the Moment that Changed My Life!" 8.50 509 1967 Marvel Comics Group Fantastic Four #69 Dec. "By Ben Betrayed!" 6.50 510 1967 Marvel Comics Group Fantastic Four #66 Dec. "What Lurks Behind the Beehive?" 41.50 511 1967 Marvel Comics Group The Mighty Thor #143 Aug. "Balder the Brave!" 6.50 512 1967 Marvel Comics Group The Mighty Thor #144 Sept. "This Battleground Earth!" 5.50 513 1967 Marvel Comics Group The Mighty Thor #146 Nov. "...If the Thunder Be Gone!" 5.50 514 1969 Marvel Comics Group The Mighty Thor #166 July.
    [Show full text]
  • Understand the Past, See the Future, & Make an Impact
    Mississippi Delta 2012 Mississippi State University Understand the past, see the future, & make an impact... TABLE OF CONTENTS Emergency Contacts & Rules and Reminders............................................................ 1 List of Groups - Breakfast/Clean Up Teams & Service Teams.................................. 2 Alternative Spring Break Map....................................................................................3 Sunday Itinerary.......................................................................................................... 4 North Greenwood Baptist Church...............................................................................5 Mississippians Engaged in Greener Agriculture (MEGA)......................................... 6 LEAD Center - Sunflower County Freedom Project.................................................. 7 The Help......................................................................................................................8 Monday Itinerary.........................................................................................................9 Dr. Luther Brown - Delta Heritage Tour.....................................................................10 Chinese Mission School..............................................................................................11 Dockery Farms.............................................................................................................12 Fannie Lou Hamer.......................................................................................................14
    [Show full text]
  • Private Schools for Blacks in Early Twentieth Century Richmond, Virginia
    W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2016 Private Schools for Blacks in Early Twentieth Century Richmond, Virginia Sharron Smith College of William and Mary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Smith, Sharron, "Private Schools for Blacks in Early Twentieth Century Richmond, Virginia" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1477068460. http://doi.org/10.21220/S2D30T This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Private Schools for Blacks in Early Twentieth Century Richmond, Virginia Sharron Renee Smith Richmond, Virginia Master of Liberal Arts, University of Richmond, 2004 Bachelor of Arts, Mary Baldwin College, 1989 A Thesis presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of History The College of William and Mary August, 2016 © Copyright by Sharron R. Smith ABSTRACT The Virginia State Constitution of 1869 mandated that public school education be open to both black and white students on a segregated basis. In the city of Richmond, Virginia the public school system indeed offered separate school houses for blacks and whites, but public schools for blacks were conducted in small, overcrowded, poorly equipped and unclean facilities. At the beginning of the twentieth century, public schools for black students in the city of Richmond did not change and would not for many decades.
    [Show full text]
  • Totalitarian Dynamics, Colonial History, and Modernity: the US South After the Civil War
    ADVERTIMENT. Lʼaccés als continguts dʼaquesta tesi doctoral i la seva utilització ha de respectar els drets de la persona autora. Pot ser utilitzada per a consulta o estudi personal, així com en activitats o materials dʼinvestigació i docència en els termes establerts a lʼart. 32 del Text Refós de la Llei de Propietat Intel·lectual (RDL 1/1996). Per altres utilitzacions es requereix lʼautorització prèvia i expressa de la persona autora. En qualsevol cas, en la utilització dels seus continguts caldrà indicar de forma clara el nom i cognoms de la persona autora i el títol de la tesi doctoral. No sʼautoritza la seva reproducció o altres formes dʼexplotació efectuades amb finalitats de lucre ni la seva comunicació pública des dʼun lloc aliè al servei TDX. Tampoc sʼautoritza la presentació del seu contingut en una finestra o marc aliè a TDX (framing). Aquesta reserva de drets afecta tant als continguts de la tesi com als seus resums i índexs. ADVERTENCIA. El acceso a los contenidos de esta tesis doctoral y su utilización debe respetar los derechos de la persona autora. Puede ser utilizada para consulta o estudio personal, así como en actividades o materiales de investigación y docencia en los términos establecidos en el art. 32 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual (RDL 1/1996). Para otros usos se requiere la autorización previa y expresa de la persona autora. En cualquier caso, en la utilización de sus contenidos se deberá indicar de forma clara el nombre y apellidos de la persona autora y el título de la tesis doctoral.
    [Show full text]