DOCSLIB.ORG

Microfabrics and Deformation Mechanisms of Gorleben Rock Salt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Microfabrics and Deformation Mechanisms of Gorleben Rock Salt Microfabrics and deformation mechanisms of Gorleben rock salt Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaen vorgelegt am Fachbereich Geowissenschaen / Geographie der Johann Wolfgang-Goethe Universität in Frankfurt am Main von Nicolas Thiemeyer aus Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt am Main (2015) (D30) Vom Fachbereich Geowissenschaften / Geographie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe - Universität als Dissertation angenommen Dekan: Prof. Dr. Ulrich Achatz Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Gernold Zulauf Dr. habil. Jörg Hammer Datum der Disputation: 20.5.2016 Dedicated to Tanja Acknowledgements Prof. Gernold Zulauf is sincerely thanked for giving me the opportunity to work in the Gorleben project. I am deeply indebted to his permanent support, critical remarks and his very pleasant nature, which made me feel very comfortable working in his group and the Geoscience department. He was always available for my requests. Most importantly, I am proud and grateful for all his trust in my work over many years. Dr. Jörg Hammer is greatly acknowledged who has finally made this thesis possible with all the support from the BGR and his personal interest and encouragement. It was a pleasure to contribute to such an important subject and to work in a competent team of scientists. Especially his trust in my person and his open-minded attitude for new methods and techniques has significantly increased the meaning of my work and my enthusiasm. His support for my person and for many other scientists is far beyond the normal case. Dr. Jörg Habersetzer essentially influenced my career. His expertise in CT imaging has offered me a new and extremely interesting research direction, which is now a major part in my life. Our shared findings and experiences collected in many hours working at the CT lab have considerably enriched my work. Due to his tremendous support and his pleasant and positive manner my passion for CT imaging has developed. During the entire time we have been working together, I have never felt like an assistant but more like his colleague honored with his confidence and entrusted responsibilities. His personality has inspired me. Maximilian Pusch is kindly acknowledged for his help with all the rock salt samples and his fast and reliable support concerning questions and discussions. His enthusiasm and his skills considerably contributed to this thesis. Michael Mertineit is thanked for critical discussions, many enriching EBSD sessions and important contributions to my work. I would like to thank all the guys from the BGR in Hannover for fruitful discussions, interesting meetings, important tips and valuable talks, especially Dr. Christian Ostertag-Henning, Dr. Michael Schramm, Dr. Otto Schulze and Gerhard Mingerzahn. Dr. Jolien Linckens is thanked for her help with the EBSD measurements, critical discussions and her pleasant nature. She was an awesome neighbor. Mark Peinl has helped me a lot with all questions concerning IT, computers and CT data processing. His Page 4 Acknowledgements friendly and reliable nature has significantly enriched my days in the laboratory. Dr. Thomas Götte has supported me in all questions and techniques regarding fluid inclusions. His valuable remarks on fluid dynamics and his spontaneous participation in the project are kindly acknowledged. Maria Bladt has supported my work in the lab preparing thick and thin sections. I really enjoyed all the experimenting and testing in order to successively improve the preparation techniques for rock salt. Wolfgang Schiller is thanked for his help in all facets of microscopy. Dr. Beverley Tkalcec is deeply thanked for her help concerning English. More importantly, our shared academic way has built a real friendship with her, the most positive and warm-hearted person I know. Stuart, Filip and Thomas, thank you guys for all the non-scientific stuff. My family is thanked for everything. All of you have supported the path I have chosen, and I am eternally grateful to have you. Tanja, I am deeply grateful for all your support, patience and your love. Page 5 Abstract This thesis presents microstructural investigations of rock salt from the central part of the Gorleben salt dome (Northern Germany). The main emphasis was to characterize the rock salt microfabrics, to identify operating deformation mechanisms in halite and anhydrite and to decipher the macro- and microstructural distribution of hydrocarbons, which have been encountered during the underground exploration of the salt dome. The microfabrics of the Knäuel- and the Streifensalz formation indicate that strain-induced grain boundary migration has been active during deformation of halite. Crystal plastic deformation of halite is further documented by lattice bending, subgrain formation and minor subgrain rotation. Evidence for pressure solution of halite has not been found, but cannot be excluded because of the small grain size, the lack of LPO and the low differential stress (1.1 - 1.3 MPa) as deduced from subgrain-size piezometry. Solution precipitation creep was proven for intercalated anhydrite layers and clusters, which have been deformed in the brittle-ductile regime. Brittle deformation of anhydrite in terms of boudinage and fracturing was counteracted by viscous creep of halite which caused a re-sealing of fractures and a re- establishing of the characteristic sealing capacity of rock salt. Hydrocarbons are mainly located along cross cut 1 West of the Gorleben exploration mine and are heterogeneously distributed in the rock salt. They are incorporated in the rock salt foliation in the form of streaks, dispersed clouds, clusters and isolated patches. On the micro-scale, hydrocarbons are trapped along grain boundaries of halite and/or anhydrite, in micro-capillary tubes of anhydrite and in pore space of the rare rock salt with elevated porosity (< 1.26 vol.-%). Such elevated porosities correlate with elevated hydrocarbon concentrations of several hundred ppm. The overall concentrations of hydrocarbons, however, are very low (< 0.05 wt.-%). Elevated porosity is depicted to be a remnant originating from an early stage of salt uplift when fluid and hydrocarbons have migrated and spread from the Staßfurt-Karbonat (z2SK) into the superjacent Gorleben Hauptsalz. During halokinesis and the strong reworking of the salt body hydrocarbons have been redistributed and dismembered resulting in the isolated present-day occurrences. The distribution of hydrocarbons shows no relation to local variations in the rock salt fabric. The microstructures of hydrocarbon-bearing and hydrocarbon-free Gorleben rock salt are not distinguishable from each other. Likewise, the presence of hydrocarbons should not have influenced the mechanical behavior or the rock salt as indicated by the microfabrics studied and by geomechanical data. The pure amounts of hydrocarbons are too low for any detectable impact on the barrier properties of this part of rock salt. Although hydrocarbons have migrated into the Gorleben Hauptsalz during an early stage of salt uplift when the sealing capacity of rock salt was diminished, the major implication of their isolated distribution patterns is that the Gorleben rock salt was able to regain its sealing capacity during subsequent deformation and re-equilibration. Former migration pathways for fluid and hydrocarbons have been healed and do not exist anymore. The application of X-ray computed tomography (CT) allows the 3D visualization and quantification of Page 6 Abstract anhydrite, pore space and fluid phases located along grain-boundaries or trapped as intracrystalline inclusions. The 3D reconstruction of anhydrite clusters and pore space for the same sample reveals different spatial distribution patterns. This fact implies that anhydrite is not responsible for such elevated pore space in the rock salt studied, which has been largely closed during the polyphase deformation history of the Gorleben salt dome. High-resolution nanoCT scans (≤ 1 µm voxel size) of single intra- and intercrystalline fluid inclusions in rock salt enable a characterization of gaseous, solid and liquid phases inside single fluid inclusions and give exact information on morphology and shape. The 3D reconstruction of grain boundary fluid inclusions allows the amount, volumes, surface areas or diameters of various types to be determined. Non-destructive X-ray CT imaging is presented as very useful tool to characterize the structural inventory of rock salt. This non-destructive technique offers new perspectives for microstructural studies and for a wide range of research in structural geology, in general. Page 7 Kurzfassung Die vorliegende Arbeit präsentiert mikrostrukturelle Untersuchungen an Steinsalz aus dem Zentralteil des Salzstockes Gorleben (Norddeutschland). Ein Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit bestand darin, die Steinsalz-Mikrogefüge zu charakterisieren, aktive Deformationsmechanismen in Halit und Anhydrit zu identifizieren und die makro- und mikroskopische Verteilung von Kohlenwasserstoffen zu entschlüsseln, die während der Unter-Tage-Erkundung des Salzstockes angetroffen worden sind. Die Mikrogefüge der Knäuel- und Streifensalz-Formation bezeugen, dass Strain-induzierte Grenzflächenwanderung während der Deformation im Halit aktiv gewesen ist. Kristallplastische Deformation von Halit ist zudem anhand von Gitterverbiegung, Subkornbildung und schwacher Subkornrotation dokumentiert. Evidenz für Drucklösung ist im Halit nicht festgestellt worden, kann jedoch aufgrund der geringen Korngröße, dem Fehlen einer kristallographischen Vorzugsorientierung
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Deformation of Intrasalt Competent Layers in Different Modes of Salt Tectonics Mark G
    Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2019-49 Manuscript under review for journal Solid Earth Discussion started: 25 March 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. Deformation of intrasalt competent layers in different modes of salt tectonics Mark G. Rowan1, Janos L. Urai2, J. Carl Fiduk3, Peter A. Kukla4 1Rowan Consulting, Inc., Boulder, CO 80302, USA 5 2Institute for Structural Geology, Tectonics and Geomechanics, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany 3Fiduk Consulting LLC, Houston, TX 77063, USA 4Geological Institute, Energy and Mineral Resources, RWTH Aachen University, 52056 Aachen, Germany Correspondence to: Mark G. Rowan ([email protected]) 10 Abstract. Layered evaporite sequences (LES) comprise interbedded weak layers (halite and, commonly, bittern salts) and strong layers (anhydrite and usually non-evaporite rocks such as carbonates and siliciclastics). This results in a strong rheological stratification, with a range of effective viscosity up to a factor of 105. We focus here on the deformation of competent intrasalt beds in different modes of salt tectonics using a combination of conceptual, numerical and analog models, and seismic data. In bedding-paralell extension, boudinage of the strong layers forms ruptured stringers, within a 15 halite matrix, that become increasingly isolated with increasing strain. In bedding-parallel shortening, competent layers tend to maintain coherency while forming harmonic, disharmonic, and polyharmonic folds, with the rheological stratification leading to buckling and fold growth by bedding-parallel shear. In differential loading, extension and the resultant stringers dominate beneath suprasalt depocenters while folded competent beds characterize salt pillows. Finally, in tall passive diapirs, stringers generated by intrasalt extension are rotated to near vertical in tectonic melanges during upward flow of salt.
    [Show full text]
  • This Article Was Published in an Elsevier Journal. the Attached Copy
    This article was published in an Elsevier journal. The attached copy is furnished to the author for non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the author’s institution, sharing with colleagues and providing to institution administration. Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. In most cases authors are permitted to post their version of the article (e.g. in Word or Tex form) to their personal website or institutional repository. Authors requiring further information regarding Elsevier’s archiving and manuscript policies are encouraged to visit: http://www.elsevier.com/copyright Author's personal copy Progress in Nuclear Energy 49 (2007) 365e374 www.elsevier.com/locate/pnucene Review Permanent underground repositories for radioactive waste Norbert T. Rempe* 1403 N. Country Club Circle, Carlsbad, NM 88220, USA Abstract Solid radioactive waste first entered a deep geologic repository in 1959. Liquid radioactive waste has been injected into confined underground reservoirs since 1963. Solid wastes containing chemically toxic constituents with infinite half lives have been isolated underground since 1972. Performance to date of these and other repositories has not caused any of their owners and operators to transfer or contemplate transferring the waste confined in them to presumably safer locations. Natural and engineered analogues offer sound evidence that deep geologic isolation is effective, safe, and compatible with responsible environmental stewardship. Underground isolation of dangerous, including radioactive, wastes is therefore increasingly being used as a safe and reliable method of final disposal. Ó 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • MAKING Artisan CHEESE
    MAKING artisan CHEESE 50 FINE CHEESES THAT YOU CAN MAKE IN YOUR OWN KITCHEN TIM SMITH BEVERLY MASSACHUSETTS Q U A R R Y B O O K S To my patient wife Sharon, my joyful daughter Raya, and all of the friends and family who gave me support and encouragement throughout this project. A special thanks goes out to my photographer, Allan Penn—a man who possesses a keen eye and a wicked sense of humor. CONTENTS Introduction PART 1 HOW TRADITION INFLUENCES MODERN CHEESE CHAPTER ONE A Brief History of Cheese Making Ancient Origins The Middle Ages Colonization The Industrial Revolution The Rebirth of Artisan Cheese CHAPTER TWO Cheese-Making Basics Composition of Milk Types of Animal Milk and Their Influence on Cheese How Grazing, Season, and Geography Affect Milk Forms of Milk Cultures and Rennet: The Other Pieces of the Puzzle Molds and External Bacteria Other Ingredients Salt Ripening PART 2 MAKING CHEESE CHAPTER THREE Basic Cheese Making: Getting Started A Few Words on Sanitation Techniques for Making Fresh, Soft Cheeses Basic Cheese Recipes Paneer Fresh Chèvre Quark Yogurt Yogurt Cheese Cream Cheese Lemon Cheese Mascarpone Crème Fraîche Cottage Cheese CHAPTER FOUR Intermediate Cheese Making Ingredients Starter Cultures: Mother Cultures and Direct-Set Cultures Equipment Intermediate Cheese-Making Techniques Intermediate Cheese Recipes Monterey Jack Cotswold Cantal Halloumi Pyrenees Feta Caerphilly Cheddar Cloth-Banded Cheddar Washed-Curd Cheeses Colby Gouda Edam Leiden Cabra al Vino Cooked Cheeses Emmental Gruyère Parmesan Romano Bra Pasta Filata
    [Show full text]
  • Realization of the German Repository Concept - Current Status and Future Prospects
    WM'99 CONFERENCE, FEBRUARY 28 - MARCH 4, 1999 REALIZATION OF THE GERMAN REPOSITORY CONCEPT - CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS - Peter W. Brennecke/Helmut Röthemeyer/Bruno R. Thomauske Bundesamt für Strahlenschutz (BfS) Salzgitter, Germany ABSTRACT Since the early sixties, the radioactive waste disposal policy in the Federal Republic of Germany has been based on the decision that all types of radioactive waste are to be disposed of in deep geological formations. According to the 1979 German radioactive waste management and disposal concept the Gorleben salt dome is investigated to decide upon its suitability to host a repository for all types of radioactive waste. In addition, the licensing procedure for the Konrad repository project has practically been finished, i.e. a decision could be taken. Since German unification on October 03, 1990, the Morsleben repository has to be considered, too. From January 1994 through September 1998 short-lived low and intermediate level radioactive waste with alpha emitter concentrations up to 4,0 · 108 Bq/m3 was disposed of in this facility. On September 27, 1998, federal elections took place in Germany. As a result, a coalition of the Social Democrats and the Greens has come into power. Based on the coalition agreement of October 20, 1998, nuclear energy is intended to be phased out in Germany. Thus, the new radioactive waste management policy comprises important disposal-related alterations and changes. INTRODUCTION The status and future prospects of the Morsleben repository as well as the Konrad and Gorleben repository projects are strongly influenced by technical, legal and political aspects. At present, due to the decrease of radioactive waste amounts to be emplaced in a repository, there is no time pressure for the disposal of wastes.
    [Show full text]
  • Modeling of Salt Tectonics
    MOX–Report No. 96 – dicembre 2006 Modeling of Salt Tectonics P. Massimi, A. Quarteroni, F. Saleri, G. Scrofani MOX, Dipartimento di Matematica “F. Brioschi” Politecnico di Milano, Via Bonardi 9 - 20133 Milano (Italy) [email protected] http://mox.polimi.it Modeling of Salt Tectonics P. Massimi a A. Quarteroni a;b F. Saleri a G. Scrofani a aMOX - Modeling and Scienti¯c Computing, Dipartimento di Matematica \F. Brioschi" Politecnico di Milano, via Bonardi 9, 20133 Milano, Italy b CMCS (Chair of Modeling and and Scienti¯c Computing) { IACS EPFL , CH{1015 Lausanne, Switzerland Abstract In this work a general framework for the simulation of sedimentary basins in pres- ence of salt structures is addressed. Sediments and evaporites are modeled as non{ Newtonian fluids and the thermal e®ects induced by the presence of salt are taken into account. The computational strategy is based on a Lagrangian methodology with intensive grid adaptivity, together with a kinematic modeling of faults and dif- ferent kinds of boundary conditions representing sedimentation, erosion, basement evolution, lithospheric compression and extension. The proposed methodology is applied to simple test cases as well as to a realistic geological reconstruction of industrial interest. Key words: Salt tectonics, diapirism, non{Newtonian fluids, ¯nite elements, adaptive modeling, multi{physics. Introduction In the past few years salt tectonics has become increasingly important in petroleum exploration industry because of the role it plays in hydrocarbon gen- eration and accumulation [47]. In fact the high mobility and low permeability of salt can promote trap and seal formation and the temperature anomalies induced by its high thermal conductivity can retard maturation of subsalt source rocks and accelerates that of supra salt rocks.
    [Show full text]
  • Active Surface Salt Structures of the Western Kuqa Fold-Thrust Belt, Northwestern China
    Active surface salt structures of the western Kuqa fold-thrust belt, northwestern China Jianghai Li1, A. Alexander G. Webb2,*, Xiang Mao1, Ingrid Eckhoff2, Cindy Colón2, Kexin Zhang2, Honghao Wang1, An Li2, and Dian He2,† 1The Key Laboratory of Orogenic Belts and Crustal Evolution, Ministry of Education, School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China 2Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA ABSTRACT fold-thrust belt display a variety of erosion- dynamics of salt motion. Although geo scientists tectonics interactions, with nuances refl ect- have interpreted thousands of salt sheets in The western Kuqa fold-thrust belt of Xin- ing the low viscosity and high erodibility of more than 35 basins worldwide (Hudec and jiang Province, China, hosts a series of surface salt, including stream defl ections, potential Jackson, 2006, 2007), subaerial preservation of salt structures. Here we present preliminary tectonic aneurysm development, and even halite salt structures is rare (Talbot and Pohjola, analysis of the geometry, kinematics, and sur- an upper-crustal test site for channel fl ow– 2009; Barnhart and Lohman, 2012). A fraction face processes of three of these structures: the focused denudation models. of these subaerial salt structures occur in active Quele open-toed salt thrust sheet, Tuzima- settings, where boundary conditions of ongoing zha salt wall, and Awate salt fountain. The INTRODUCTION deformation can be geodetically characterized. fi rst two are line-sourced, the third appears The Kuqa fold-thrust belt of Xinjiang Prov- to be point-sourced, and all are active. The Among common solid Earth materials, salt is ince, northwestern China, offers a new prospect ~35-km-long, 200-m-thick Quele open-toed distinguished by uncommonly low density, low for subaerial investigation of a range of active salt thrust sheet features internal folding, viscosity, near incompressibility, high solubil- salt structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Geophysical Methods to Detect Tunnelling at a Geological Repository Site Applicability in Safeguards
    #2008207/ APRIL 2021 Geophysical methods to detect tunnelling at a geological repository site Applicability in safeguards Heikkinen Eero (AFRY) Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority Report #2008207 Nuclear Waste and Material Regulation Heikkinen Eero (AFRY) April 6, 2021 Contents ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 PREFAFE ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................ 5 1.1 Nuclear safeguards to geological disposal ........................................................................................................ 5 1.2 Monitoring for long term nuclear safety ........................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Active geophysical surveys .................................................................................................................................. 10 1.4 Olkiluoto spent nuclear fuel repository .......................................................................................................... 13 2 Possibilities to detect an undeclared activity .......................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Salt Tectonics: Some Aspects of Deformation Mechanics
    Downloaded from http://sp.lyellcollection.org/ by guest on September 30, 2021 Salt tectonics: some aspects of deformation mechanics IAN DAVISON, IAN ALSOP & DEREK BLUNDELL Department of Geology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, TW20 OEX, UK This volume is dedicated to studies of the defor- Deformation mechanisms mation of evaporite rocks in pillows and diapirs, and the surrounding sedimentary overburden rocks Burliga, Davison et al., Sans et al., Smith and and sediments. Salt diapirs have become the focus Talbot & Alavi provide new insights into the in- of attention in the last forty years, because of their ternal deformation patterns in salt from mesoscopic observations in deformed bodies. Shear zones are strategic importance in controlling hydrocarbon commonly developed parallel to bedding in potassic reserves, and their unique physical properties enable storage of hydrocarbons and toxic waste. horizons (Sans et al.), where the salt becomes Their economic importance is unique on the Earth's gneissose with X:Z axial ratios of crystals reaching commonly around 4:1 in Zechstein salt (Smith), surface, as evaporites in the Middle East are and Red Sea diapirs (Davison et al., Fig. 1). responsible for trapping up to 60% of its hydro- carbon reserves (Edgell). Relatively undeformed halite layers are carried laterally (Smith) and upwards as rafts between Salt also produces some of the most complex and beautiful deformation features on the Earth's shear zones into diapirs (Bnrliga), and undeformed surface, although few of these surface exposures halite rafts are often transported in a highly-sheared have been examined in detail. The first section of sylvinite matrix (Sans et al.).
    [Show full text]
  • Underground Waste Disposal Authors: Kemal Yildizdag & Prof
    Underground waste disposal Authors: Kemal Yildizdag & Prof. Dr. habil. Heinz Konietzky (TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Geotechnical Institute) 1 Introduction to underground waste disposal ........................................................ 2 1.1 Radioactivity and radioactive waste types ..................................................... 2 1.2 Management, disposal and storage of radioactive wastes ............................ 5 2 Worldwide laws/regulations, applications and repositories .................................. 9 2.1 Repository design, multi-barrier concept & FEPs .......................................... 9 2.2 Host rocks for disposal and storage of radioactive wastes .......................... 13 2.3 Recent disposal and repository operations in Germany and worldwide ...... 18 3 Geotechnical aspects ........................................................................................ 21 3.1 Geotechnical terms and definitions concerning undergr. waste disposals ... 21 3.2 Geotechnical computations, experiments and measurements concerning underground waste disposals ............................................................................... 23 4 References ........................................................................................................ 32 5 Appendix ........................................................................................................... 37 Editor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Heinz Konietzky Layout: Angela Griebsch, Gunther Lüttschwager TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institut für Geotechnik,
    [Show full text]
  • Download Preprint
    1 This manuscript is a preprint and has been submitted to Petroleum Geoscience. 2 This manuscript has not yet undergone peer-review and subsequent versions of the manuscript may 3 have different content. We welcome feedback and invite you to contact any of the authors directly to 4 comment on the manuscript. 5 Intrasalt Structure and Strain Partitioning in Layered Evaporites: 6 Implications for Drilling Through Messinian Salt in the Eastern 7 Mediterranean 8 Sian L. Evans* and C. A-L. Jackson 9 Basins Research Group (BRG) 10 Department of Earth Science and Engineering 11 Imperial College London 12 Prince Consort Road 13 London, SW7 2BP 14 *[email protected] 15 16 Abstract 17 We use 3D seismic reflection data from the Levant margin, offshore Lebanon to investigate the 18 structural evolution of the Messinian evaporite sequence, and how intrasalt strain varies within a thick 19 salt sheet during early-stage salt tectonics. Intra-Messinian reflectivity reveals lithological 20 heterogeneity within the otherwise halite-dominated sequence. This leads to rheological 21 heterogeneity, with the different mechanical properties of the various units controlling strain 22 accommodation within the deforming salt sheet. We assess the distribution and orientation of 23 structures, and show how intrasalt strain varies both laterally and vertically along the margin. We 24 argue that units appearing weakly strained in seismic data, may in fact accommodate considerable 25 sub-seismic or cryptic strain. We also argue that the intrasalt stress state varies through time and 26 space in response to the gravitational forces driving deformation. We conclude that efficient drilling 27 through thick, heterogeneous salt requires a holistic understanding of the mechanical and kinematic 28 development of the salt and its overburden.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Climate Change on Far-Field and Biosphere Processes for a HLW
    Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH Impact of climate change on far-fi eld and biosphere processes for a HLW-repository in rock salt GRS - 241 Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) mbH Impact of climate change on far-fi eld and bisophere processes for a HLW-repository in rock salt Ulrich Noseck Christine Fahrenholz Eckhard Fein Judith Flügge Gerhard Pröhl Anke Schneider März 2009 Remark: This report, with the German title „Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen zum Nachweis der Langzeitsicherheit von Endlagern (Kurztitel WiGru5)“, was prepared under the contract No. 02 E 9954 with the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi). The work was conducted by the Ge- sellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktor- sicherheit (GRS) mbH. The authors are responsible for the content of this report. GRS - 241 ISBN 978-3-939355-15-1 Keywords: biosphere, climate, climate change, glacial, hydrogeology, interglacial, permafrost, radioactive waste, safety assessment, transport Preface The assessment of the long-term safety of a repository for radioactive or hazardous waste requires a comprehensive system understanding and capable and qualified numerical tools. All relevant processes which contribute to mobilisation and release of contaminants from the repository, transport through the host rock and adjacent rock formations as well as exposition in the biosphere have to be implemented in the programme package. The objective of the project “Scientific basis for the assessment of the long-term safety of repositories”, identification number 02 E 9954, was to follow national and international developments in this area, to evaluate research projects, which contribute to knowledge, model approaches and data, and to perform specific investigations to improve the methodologies of the long-term safety assessment.
    [Show full text]
  • Updating the Hydrogeologic Framework for the Northern Portion of the Gulf Coast Aquifer
    Final Report Updating the Hydrogeologic Framework for the Northern Portion of the Gulf Coast Aquifer Prepared by Steven C. Young, Ph.D., P.E., P.G. Tom Ewing, Ph.D., P.G Scott Hamlin, Ph.D., P.G. Ernie Baker, P.G. Daniel Lupton Prepared for: Texas Water Development Board P.O. Box 13231, Capitol Station Austin, Texas 78711-3231 June 2012 Texas Water Development Board Final Report Updating the Hydrogeologic Framework for the Northern Portion of the Gulf Coast Aquifer Steven C. Young, Ph.D., P.E., P.G. Daniel Lupton INTERA Incorporated Tom Ewing, Ph.D., P.G. Frontera Exploration Consultants Scot Hamlin, Ph.D., P.G Ernie Baker, P.G. June 2012 This page is intentionally blank. ii Final Report – Updating the Hydrogeologic Framework for the Northern Portion of the Gulf Coast Aquifer Table of Contents Executive Summary ..................................................................................................................... xiii 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.1 Approach for Defining Stratigraphy ......................................................................... 1-2 1.2 Approach for Defining Lithology and Generating Sand Maps ................................ 1-3 2.0 Gulf Coast Aquifer Geologic Setting ................................................................................. 2-1 2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 2-1
    [Show full text]