Re f: (WP)EHE/ICP /CWS/003 AUGUST 1985 (RAS/81!024) ENGLISH ONLY
A CASE STUDY
1 ON J 1 INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT • IN THE
WATER AND SANITATION SECTORS tI • AND INTEGRATION OF PHC
WITH
RURAL WATER SUPPLY
AND
SANITATION
IN
MALAYSIA
i I ~ Prepared under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Development Programme, the World Health Organization and the Ministry of Health of Malaysia
Not for Sale Printed and Distributed by the Regional Office for the Western Pacific Region of the World Health Organization Manila, Philippines 1985 l CONTENTS
SECTION 1 ...... 1
1.1 Purpose ...... 1
SECTION 2 ...... ,...... 1
2. Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia •••.•••••••••••• 1 2.1 Federal Government ...... '" ...... '" ...... 1 2.2 State governments ...... 2
2.3 Sarawak ...... 10 ...... 2 2.4 Overview ...... 4 2.5 The Public Works Department ..••••••••...... •...•...•... 4 2.6 Kuching Water Board ...... " ...... 6 2.7 Sebu Water Board ...••••••••••••.••.•.•.••.•••.....••..• 8 2.8 Medical and Health Department •..•.•••..•.•..•.•.••. a ••• 10 2.9 Rural Health Improvement Scheme (RHIS) ...... 10
SECTION 3 ...... 28
3. Integration of primary health care with rural water supply and sanitation in Lundu District, Sarawak, Malaysia ...... 28 3.1 Purpose of the case study ••..••••••••••.•••.•••.•••••.• 28 3.2 Criteria for the selection of a study area ••••••••••••• 28 3.3 Background ...... 28 3.4 Water and sanitation programme 3.5 Agencies involved in the study 3.6 Existing coverage - water and sanitation, Lundu District 3.7 Data collection ...... 33 3.8 Information compiled ••...••••••..•.••.•..••.••...•••••• 33 3.9 PrograJllllle developiDent ...... 37/38 3.10 Progr8lllllle implementation ...... 45 3.11 Preventive maintenance programme •..••••...... ••••...••. 46 3.12 Objective ...... 46 3.13 FOrlls ...... 47 3.14 Programme development .•••••..••••.••.••••.•..••••.••••. 50 3.15 Training programme - village workers •.•...••••••••...•• 51/52 3.16 Drinking water quality surveillance ••.••••...•.••••..•• 61 3.17 Programme development .•...••.•.•••.•••.•.•••••.•••••••• 61 3.18 Resource needs ...... 74 - ii -
ANNEX 1 - IDWSSD ADVISORY SERVICES PROJECT ICP/BSM/006 (RAS/81/024) TERMS OF REFERENCE - THE CASE STUDY DESCRIBING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATER SECTOR IN MALAYSIA AMI> THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME IN nlE LU!lDU DISTRICT IN THE STATE OF SARAWAK, MALAYSIA •••••••••••••• 75/76
ANNEX 2 - FORMS USED IN TIm ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROGBAKH! - FIRST DIVISION, SARAWAK •••••••••••• 93/94
ANNEX 3-1 - DETAILS OF WATER SYSTEM AT RAMPONG PAMPONG PUEH LUNDU DISTlICT, SARAWAK ••••.•••••••..•••••••••. 101/102
ANNEX 3-2 - DETAILS OF WATER SYSTEM AT KAHPONG LLAOH LUNDU DISTRICT, SARAWAK •••••••••••••••••••••••• 111/112
ANNEX 3-3 - PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE FOlKS ••••••••••••••••••• 121/122
ANNEX 3-4 - TRAIJIING PROGRAMME FOR VILLAGE WORKERS SUPPLY SYSTEtt.S •.•••••••.• a...... 149/150
.ABLE 2-1 - DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY DISTRICT/SEX IN THE FIRST DIVISLON •••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 4
TABLE 2-2 - PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS 1959 - 1981 ••••.••••••••••••••••.••••••...••••. 5
TABLE 2-3 - KUCHING WATER BOARD WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS 1959 - 1983 ...... , ..... • 7
TABLE 2-4 - SIBU WATER BOARD - WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATION 1959 - 1982 ...... '" •...... 9
TABLE 3-1 - EXISTING COVERAGE WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES LUNDU DISTRICT ...... 31/32
TABLE 3-2 - REPAIR/UPGIlADING - EXISTING WATER SYSTEMS •••••• 39/40
TABLE 3-3 - COHMUNITIES WITHOUT WATER SUPPLIES ...... 44
TABLE 3-4 - WA TEll. SCIIl!MES IMPLEMENTED LUNDU DISTRICT - 1984 .•••••••••••.•••..•..•.•.. 46
TABLE 3-5 - PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE FORMS ••••••••••••••••••• 49
TABLE 3-6 - MINIMUM FREQUENCY PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE INSPECTIONS ••••••••••••• 51/52 - iii -
TABLE 3-7 - BASE DATA WATER QUALITY PROGRAMME LUNDU TOWN • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • 62
TABLE 3-8 - FREQUENCY AND SAMPLING PROGRAMME SEMATAN T TABLE 3-9 - FREQUENCY AND SAMPLING PROGRAMME ...... ,. ,...... 73 TABLE 5 DISTRIBUTION OF HEALTH INSPECTORS AND RURAL HEALTH SUPERVISORS IN SARAWAK ...... 16 TABLE r, - WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENTS OF THE MEDICAL DEPARt'MENT ...... 21 TABLE 7 RURAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMME LATRINE PROJECT ...... 23 FIGURE 1 ORGANIZATIONAL CHART - MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES SARAWAI{ ...... • ...... • • .. .. • • ...... • ...... • .. 13 FIGURE 3-1 - INFORMATION ON RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION STATE OF SARAWAK ...... 35/36 FIGURE 3-2 - VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE ..••.•.•••••••••.•.•••••••••.••••••.•• 53/54 FIGURE 3-3 - P.W.D. WATER SYSTEM FOR LUNDU TOWN 63/-94 FIGURE 3-4 - P.W.D. WATER SYSTEM FOR SEMATAN BAZAAR ...... 6-''r/&6 FIGURE 3-6 - WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS ...... 69/70 SECTION 1 1.1 Purpose The Medical and Health Department, Sarawak, and WHO agreed to collaborate in carrying out a case study as part of the UNDP-funded International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (IDWSSD) advisory services project. The purpose of the case study is to document: (a) the development of the water and sanitation sectors in Malaysia, with particular reference to the rural areas of the country; and (b) the implementation of a comprehensive environmental sanitation programme in Lundu District, Sarawak. The detailed terms of reference are included in Annex 1. Case study (a) will be discussed in Section 2 and (b) will be presented in Section 3. SECTION 2 2. Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia 2.1 Federal Government Basically, water is a state subject. While the Federal Government provides technical advice and funding, the responsibility for providing water services rests with either the State Public Works Department or specific water boards. The Government is committed to the provision of safe water to 90% of the population by 1990, the end of the Decade. Basically, the Waterworks Division of the federal Public Works Department provides technical advice and assistance to the state public works departments and to the various designated water boards in providing water services to urban and rural communities. The Ministry of Health provides advice and technical assistance to the state departments of health as they provide water services to the rural areas under the rural environmental sanitation programme, where water services from the Public Works Department or the water boards are not available • The Public Works Department is responsible for providing sewerage services to federal government departments and to federally funded development projects. While municipalities are responsible for providing sewerage services, the Federal Government ha.s provided financial assistance for a number of feasibility studies. The Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Housing and Local Government provide technical advice and assistance to the municipalities. The Ministry of Health sets policies and provides technical advice to the state health departments in the implementation of the rural latrine programme. - 2 - A national drinking water quality surveillance programme has been initiated by the Ministry of Health in collaboration with the Public Works Department. A manual, detailing quality standards, frequency of testing for both urbsn and rural syat... guides the state departments in the implementation of the associated activities. The Department of the Environaent is responsible for the control of air, water and land pollution. A number of acts have been established to control general environmental problems but some have been directed towards controlling specific national industrial discharges. The legislation includes; the Environmental Quality Act 1974, Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979, Environmental quality (Prescribed Premises) Crude Palm Oil Regulations 1977, Environmental Quality (Marine Pollution Coetrol and Prevention) Regulations 1980, Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978, Environmental Quality Prescribed Premises (Raw National Rubber) Regulations, Environmental Quality (Toxic and Hazardous Wastes) Regulations and Motor Vehicles (Control of Smoke and Emission) Rules. 2.2 State governments " Water supplies serving urban areas are funded by the State through loans arranged by the Federal Government. On the other hand, rural water supplies are supported by federal funds, but the rate of subsidization depends on the economic circu.stances of each State. The state medical water systems are funded from the federal allocation to the Ministry of Health budget. The state public works departments are responsible for designing and constructing sewerage services to state buildings, but the designated water boards provide water services to their respective areas. Sewerage services are the responsibility of the respective authorities. The State Department of Medical and Health Services implements latrine programmes under their respective environmental health programmes. The remainder of this report will discuss in detail the implementation of water and sanitation activities in the State of Sarawak. 2.3 Sarawak 2.3.1 General details Borneo is the third largest island in the world and the largest of the many thousands of islands forming the East Indies Archipelago. Sarawak, one of the 13 state. in Malaysia, forma the westerly portion of the ialand. Its north-western coastline borders on the South China Sea. - 3 - To the south and south-east, the State is boarded by the Kalimantan States of Indonesian Borneo. The boundary follows the watershed of the rivers flowing into the South China Sea and those into the Celebes and Java seas. In the extreme north-east, Sarawak adjoins both the sister State of Sabah and the newly independent sovereign State of Brunei Darussalam, which forms a double salient into the northern region. The total land area in the State is 124 450 sq. km. It can be divided into the fairly distinct zones of an alluvial swampy coastal plain, a middle belt of undulating country and mountainous interior where the highest peak, Mount Murud, rises to 2423 metres. Sarawak is a land of many rivers, most of which originate on the border with Indonesian Borneo. They flow swiftly at first through deep gorges forming many dangerous rapids along the way, then more slowly through the middle zone of undulating country before finally meandering through the coastal swamps into the seaS. (b) Climate Sarawak is located between latitude 0 0 50' north and longitude 107 0 and lIS" 50' east. The climate is equatorially modified by the monsoon. The shade temperatures at sea level vary from 70 to 9S"F. Relative humidity ranges from 98% at 6.00 a.m. to 70% at 2.00 p.m. The monsoon influence is most marked in Western Sarawak when rainfall occurs from October to March. On the other hand, rain in Northern Sarawak is more evenly spread throughout the year, but during the periods from September to December and from April to June, the precipitation is heavier. (c) Administration For administrative purpose, the State is divided into seven divisions and 25 administrative districts. (d) Population According to the 1980 census, the population of the States is I 294 753. It is expected to increase to 1.4 million by the end of 1983 - an anticipated growth rate of 3.2%. The distribution, for example, of the people in the First Division is shown in Table 2-1. - 4 - TABLE 2-1. DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY DISTRICT/SEX IN THE FIRST DIVISION Administrative Male Female TOTAL Kuching Municipal Council 36 745 37 484 74 229 Ruching 117 180 114310 231 490 Bau 16 354 16 567 32 921 Serian (Upper Sadong) 33 639 33 372 67 011 Simunjan (Lower Sadong) 18 747 18 529 37 276 Lundu 11 595 10 820 22 410 FIRST DIVISION TOTAL 234 257 231 082 465 339 ======-=~==-... =- 2.4 Overview The Public Works Department appears to have been the first agency to provide vater supplies to the people of Saravak. The first annual report, which the Department issued in 1957, indicates that the total population served vaa 104 000 people. Only four towns, including Ruching, the capital, were provided with fully treated water. In 1958, the water supply ordinance was amended to provide for the formation of municipal water boards. Both the Kuching and Sebu water boards were established in 1959. The Medical Department, Sarawak, became involved in the provision of rural water supplies in 1967. The following paragrapha will describe the responsibilities of each of these agencies. 2.5 The Public Works Department The Public Works Department is responsible for investigating, surveying and designing public water supply and sewerage projects in the State, except for supplies within the areas served by the Ruching and Sebu water boards. The Department is also responsible for providing independent supplies to schools, agriculture stations, police and security installations, etc. In 1959, the Department operated ten public water supplies. Of these, two vere fully treated, tvo were only chlorinated but two vere untreated. By the end of 1980, 40 public water supplies had been designed, constructed and were being operated by PWD, 34 were fully treated while the remaining 6 vere only chlorinated. The annual consumed or billable water used totaled 2 488 000 000 I gallons or a daily average of 6.8 I million gallons. As the estimated population served was 195 600, per capita consumption vas 35 I gallous per day. In addition to theae - 5 - systems, the Department also operated 15 institutional supplies (schools, etc.) on behalf of the other government departments. The total capital investment over the period was approximately 37 million ringgit. A total 220 000 people are provided with water services. Charges are based on consumption. The progress made by the Department since 1959 in providing public water supplies is detailed in Table 2.2. It is worthy to note that the annual investments in the sector were substantially increased from 1970. TABLE 2-2. PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS 1959 - 1981 Water No. of Estimated Al!l!roximate accounted for cal!ital Year towns I!ol!ulation in Jll8ters cost served sUl!l!lied (gallons) (acc-;;;;;tated) 1959 10 31 000 1 159 000 1960 11 32 000 653 000 1962 14 224 500 000 48 800 1 424 000 1965 14 425 900 000 57 900 3 928 000 1966 14 472 800 000 54 500 3 722 000 1968 20 569 800 000 78 900 5 470 000 1970 26 637 700 000 90 000 7 099 000 1972 26 898 000 000 119 000 8 436 000 1974 26 1 275 200 000 148 000 13 073 000 1975 29 1 441 900 000 156 000 12 305 000 1976 32 1 504 100 000 165 900 18 427 000 1977 35 1 796 700 000 171 800 22 075 000 1978 35 1 908 700 000 181 800 23 505 000 1979 40 2 110 700 000 28 196 000 1980 40 2 487 900 000 195 600 37 510 000 1981 ------NOT AVAILABLE ------6 - 2.6 KuchiD& Water Board The Kuching Water Board was originally ••signed the responsibility for the adminiatration, management and supervision of all water aDd saaitation services within an area of 17.3 sq. miles of the capital. This included the responaibility for operating the Mstang Water Works (which waS supplying untreated water) and the 4 mgd treataent plant; which w.e supplying Bater Kitang. The area of responsibility, however, was subsequently increased from 17.3 to 35 sq. miles in 1963 and to 87 sq. miles in 1969. Fluoridation of the water systems began in 1966. In 1966, the Board replaced the untreated water supply serving Matang with a 2 -Sd treatment facility. The plant capacity was subsequently increased to 3.5 mgd in 1977. The system serving Batu Kitang was also improved in 1970 when the plant capacity was increa.ed to 6 agd. Finally, a new treatment plant was co.missioned in 1978 to satisfy the increased water demands of Ruching. The completion of these works has increased the total production capacity to over 17 mgd. (This represents a 400% increa8e in production capacity since the Board was formed in 1959.). Currently, the Board supplies 225 000 people through house connections. The development expenditures since 1959, which are detailed in Table 2-3, clearly indicate the increased emphasis which is being placed on the provision of water supplies in the Ruching are.. Systems are self-supporting and customers are charged on the basis of consumption. - 7 - TABLE 2-3. KUCHING WATER BOARD WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATIONS 1959 - 1983 Area of Estimated Plant Average daily Year supply population capacity-- cl>D ....ption sq. mile served (M.C.D. (M.C.) 1959 17.3 61 000 4 2.177 1961 17.3 62 000 4 2.162 1962 17.3 Not available 4 2.400 1964 35 4 3.175 1965 35 4 3.460 1966 35 6 4.093 1967 35 6 4.345 1968 35 6 4.465 1969 87 6 4.482 1970 87 8 4.924 1971 87 8 5.195 1972 87 8 6.079 1973 87 138 000 8 6.432 1974 87 147 000 8 7.07 1975 87 153 000 8 8.00 1976 87 164 000 8.5 8.23 1977 87 170 000 8.5 8.11 1978 87 177 000 9.0 8.73 1979 87 184 000 14.50 10.47 1980 87 192 000 14.50 11.08 1981 87 203 000 15.00 n.32 1982 87 214 000 16.00 13.28 1983 87 225 000 17.00 14.54 The development expenditure froa 1959 to 1980 were aa follows: Development Plan 1959 - 1965 7.160.i11ion First Malaysia Plan 1966 - 1970 - 5.677 .i1lion Second Malaysia Plan 1971 - 1975 - 12.142 million Third Malaysia Plan 1976 - 1980 - 39.522 .i11ion - 8 - 2.7 Sibu Water Board The Water Board is reaponsible for providing water supplies to the 134 700 population of Sibu Town. It was initially responsible for serving an area of 15 sq. miles, bQ~ in 1972, the area was increased to 176 sq. miles. The Board now intends to extend its area of jurisdiction to 50 sq. miles. While operations began with a 1.5 mgd treatment plant, its production capacity haa gradually increased. An additional 2.0 mgd plant was constructed in 1970 to aus-ent the existing facility, but because of the increasing water demand, tae old plant was replaced by a new 4 mgd facility in 1979 providing a total water production capacity of 6 mgd. Plans are also being made to further increase production by another 6 mgd. The sequence of addition. are detailed in Table 2-4. Approximately 120 000 people are provided treated water through house connections. Supplies are metered and the customers pay charges based on household consuaption. - 9 - TABLE 2-4. SIBU WATER BOARD WATER SUPPLY INSTALLATION 1959 - 1982 Average Capital !!.!!!! daily expenditure capacit) production Of.C.D. for tbe year (M.G. ) 1959 1.5 0.72 189 726 1960 1.5 0.75 104 552 1961 1.5 0.80 290 067 1962 1.5 0.82 549 910 1963 1.5 0.89 320 421 1964 1.5 1.03 167 671 1965 1.5 loll 429 622 1966 1.5 1.20 828 752 1967 1.5 1.26 214 891 1968 1.5 1.31 328 167 1969 1.5 1.46 1 545 336 1970 3.5 1.64 1 075 815 1971 3.5 1.86 378 151 1972 3.5 2.27 211 635 1973 3.5 2.40 240 543 1974 3.5 2.53 309 734 1975 3.5 2.58 468 608 1976 3.5 2.69 2 230 687 1977 3.5 2.79 2 230 687 1978 3.5 2.94 3 922 706 1979 6 3.57 3 909 851 1980 6 4.28 3 402 533 1981 6 4.86 1 055 447 1982 6 5.42 2 471 890 1983 6 6.00 Not yet accounted - 10 - 2.8 Medical and Health Department 2.8.1 General The Medical and Health Department is responsible to the Ministry of Health, Malaysia, for providing medical and health services to the urban and rural areas of Sarawak. It is not a water utility but became involved in the sector in 1967 becauae water supply waB an activity in the Rural Health Improvement Scheme (RBIS). 2.9 Rural Health Improve.ent Scheme (RBIS) 2.9.1 General During the early 1960s, it became very evident to the Medical and Health Department that something had to be done to improve the appalling environmental health conditions in the rural areas. Sanitary facilities were practically nonexistent, water for household use was obtained from polluted streams and rivers and the village environs were strewn with refuse. Helminthic infestation affected 90% of the rural population and other food and water diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, diarrhoea, gastroenteritis and salmonella infections were prevalent. Clearly, a clinical approach to the problem was not enough. A programme on disease prevention had to be developed. The RBIS evolved from this need; it began operations in 1962. Basically, the intent is to provide basic health services at the doorsteps of the rural population in sO far as it is financially possible and is within the current manpower capability of the Depart.ent. Therefore, the health concept, which is being applied at the grassroot level staff located at the Klinik Desa, consists of a hospital assistant, a junior hospital assistant, a jururawat masyarakat and a rural health supervisor. These staff carry out both curative and preventive services in the kamponss in addition to the medical health facilities which are provided in the divisional hospitals, the district health centres, the health sub-centres and the community health centres. Maternal and child health clinics which were initially manSied by the local councils have been taken over by the Medical Department. While the programme encoapasses a wide ranae of health and environmental activities, this report, for reasons of brevity, will generally deal with the provision of water and sanitation services. 2.9.2 Departmental policies (a) General In order to establish the progr... e on a sound base, a number of depart.ental policies were developed in 1960. to guide the implementation of the associated activities. They are still relevant. {b) Medical Deparr.ent Contribution The Medical Department designs facilities, supplies materials free of charge and provides teChnical assistance to the communities during the construction phase. - 11 - (c) Community participation Community participation is an essential requirement. People must be involved in programmes which affect their lives and living habits. \ Accordingly, the villagers are required to actively participate in all I aspects of the programme from the selection and construction of systems to the acceptance of long-term maintenance responsibility for the installation. (d) Health education Clearly, people will only participate in a programme when they are well informed. Therefore, a health education element stresses the need for environmental sanitation. The emphasis is on indicating the benefits of sanitary excreta disposal, stressing the need for practising personal and household hygiene and relating health benefits to a clean environment. (e) Appropriate technology Because financial and technical resources are limited, rural schemes incorporate levels of technology which are appropriate to the financial, technical and community needs and resources. They are simple to design, construct and maintain. Finally, the facilities are ~cially relevant and acceptable to the rural communities. 2.9.3 Departmental strategies (a) GeDeral Past experience has indicated that people will not participate in an environmental health programme if they have an adequate water supply system. Accordingly, a number of strategies are in effect which require the communities to complete specific environmental activities before they become eligible for a water supply project. (b) Environmental activities The villagers are required then to establish a health committee to coordinate environmental activities in the village. In addition, the villagers must: (1) construct a sanitary latrine within the house; (2) locate a latrine pit: (3) construct a refuse pit: (4) pen the pigs; and (5) clean up the village environs. (c) Water supply When the villagers have completed the foregoing environmental activities, they are eligible for a water supply facility. However, they must also agree to: (1) contribute labour for construction; - 12 - (2) provide local materials such as sand and gravel; (3) agree to pay a token amount towards the capital cost of the project (payments are related to the ability to pay and range from $20 - $40 per family); and !I II (4) agree to operate and maintain the installation at their expense. (i.e. The village health co.mittee must ensure that sufficient revenues are collected from the villagers to operate and maintain the facility.). 2.9.4 Organization The RHIS is directed, controlled and implemented within the organizational structure of the Ministry of Health as shown in Figure 1. Basically, the Division of Engineering Services of the Ministry of Health coordinates the programme, establishes policies and provides technical advice to the State. The State Director of Medical and Health Services is responsible for developing and implementing the programme. Baaically, overall programme management is vested in the Medical Headquarters in Kuching. Implementation, however, takes place at the Divisional Level, the District Health Centre and the Klinik Desa. Health inspectors and rural health supervisors implement the RHIS programme at the following departmental levels: (1) The chief health superintendent plus two health inspectors in medical headquarters compile state records and control material requirements. (2) The senior public health inspector coordinates activities at the division level. (3) The health inspectors supervise rural health supervisors at district health offices. (4) The hospital assistant supervises the rural health supervisor at Klinik Desa. - 13 - FIGURE 1. ORGANIZATIONAL CHART MEDICAL AND HEALTH SERVICES SARAWAK Director General of Health Director of Medical Services Public Health Engineer I ~ Deputy Director Deputy Director Medical Services Medical Services (Hospita18) Kuching (Health) Kuchinl! I r Divisional 6 Other-- Medical Divisions T District Distri;1 No. of d 18-tr'1 Health Health health offic Office Office varies with divisions _._ .. - f I 1 ""- Klinik Klinik No. of Klinik Desa Desa Desa'8 varies . , - 14 - 2.9.5 Staffing (a) Medical officers The medical officers at the various levels of the organizational structure are responsible for administering and managing the programme within their particular area of responsibility. (b) Public health engineer The Public Health Engineer, Kuching, provides specislist sdvice to the field ataff in all sreas of environmental sanitation, but particular emphasis is given to water and sanitation activities. (c) Public health inspectors The public health inspectors are basically responsible for implementing the RHIS. As the range of activities are quite broad, they have to be well qualified in the health field to carry out their responsibilities. A few comments, therefore, on their background and • professional training follows. Entrants into the public health inspector' programme must possess a Malaysia Certificate of Education which is obtained after 11 successful years of primary and secondary education. After recruitment, inaervice training is held at the Public Health Institute, Kuala Lumpur. It includes a two-year course in mathematics, science, bacteriology, entomology, food technology, food hygiene, public health administration, health education, environmental technology, project design and construction and law and legal procedures. In addition, the students undergo one year's field training at various especially designed training centres in Malaysia. Having successfully completed the course, the students graduate with a diploma of the Royal Society of Health. Following gradustion, the public health inspectors are employed within the various levels of the health organization where they provide leadership to the rural health supervisors. Because the RHIS programme emphasized the provision of water supplies, it was necessary to complement the design skills of the State Public Health Engineer. He could not handle all the schemes which were required. As the health inspectors possessed the necessary education to design simple water systema, a decision was made in the 1960s to provide them with the necessary skills. That approach is still practised today aa design courses are held annually in Peninsular Malaysia. The course deals with the hydraulics of 8ystems, the selection of pipe materials and sizes end the determination of storage requirements. Related in8truction is given in survey methods, (transit and levels) calculations and records and in developing and drawing system profilea. Estimating technique8 are a180 taught. These lectures are conducted over a two-week pewiod. - 15 - The remalnlng four-week period, which is carried out in three successive stages, is devoted to practical field work. In Phase I, the trainees participate in a well construction programme which includes both driven and jetting methods for approximately one week. Phase II is used for the design and construction of a rural water supply scheme. The students live in the village where they carry out a levelling survey, develop the profile, project the water requirements and design and estimate the schemes. Phase III covers the construction phase of the project. It lasts for approximately two weeks. It is recognized, however, that a specialist's advice and technical backup support must be provided by the State Public Health Engineer. Accordingly, all system designs by health inspectors are verified and certified correct by him. This complement of skills has contributed substantially to the successful implementation of the water supply component of the RHIS. (d) Rural health supervisors The rural health supervisor's primary responsibility is to deliver environmental health services to the rural population. As they are also involved in general health activities, as members of the village health team, they are provided training which is commensurate with their responsibilities. The entrants into the rural health supervisors' programme must possess a minimum of a lower certificate of education. This requires nine years of successful primary and lower secondary education. In addition, they are selected on the basis of their familiarity with rural problems and community habits. It is absolutely vital to the programme that they can effectively deal with the villagers. Following recruitment, trainees are given nine months' inservice training at the Paramedical Training School in Kuching. The curriculum includes subjects on elementary levelling, measuring distances with liner tapes, measuring stream flow with buckets, selecting small streams for water source, locating and constructing sanitary wells, constructing rain water storage tanks, and elementary plumbing processes. In addition, some basic instruction in bacteriology, health education, vector control, maternal disease control and first aid is given. Upon completion of the training, the rural health supervisor is posted to a Klinik Desa where he is assigned to operate in an area consisting of 25 to 30 villages, with a population ranging from 2000 to 5000 people. Some rural health supervisors also operate from the Divisional Medical Office, the District Hospital or dispensaries. At the peripheral level, i.e. the Klinik Desa, the rural health supervisor is supervised and assisted by the hospital Assistant-in- Charge of the Klinik Desa. Members of the village health team participate actively in the RHIS through their health education activities. 2.9.6 Staff distribution The distribution and the number of health inspectors and rural health supervisors used in the RHIS programme in Rural Sarawak are detailed in Table 5. - 16 - TABLE 5. DIST&IBUTIOM OF HEALTH INSPECTORS AJII) RURAL HEALTH SUPEkVlSORS IN ~ District H. Supt. !!! HI RHS bv. 1le81th 1st Division Kuching Kuching 1 Z 11 (3437 sq. miles) Serian 1 1 9 Bau 1 4 Lundu 1 4 Silalnjan 1 6 Sub-total: 1 1 6 34 2nd Division Sri AIDan 1 2 13 Sri Aman Lubok Alltu 1 4 (4.066 sq. miles) Saribs8 1 7 Ka1aka 1 6 Sub-total: 1 5 30 3rd Division Sibu 1 2 11 Sibu Kanowit 1 5 (4.976 sq. miles) Mukah 1 6 Da1st 3 Sub-Totsl 1 4 25 4th Division Miri 1 1 11 Miri Bintulu 2 9 (15 036 sq. miles) Baram 1 8 Sub-totsl: 1 4 28 - 17 - District H. Supt. SHI HI RHS Env. Health 6th Division Limbang Limbang 1 2 4 (3008 sq. miles) Lawak 2 6 Sub-total: 1 4 10 6th Division Sarikei 1 3 5 Sarikei Meradong 1 3 (2595 sq. miles) Ju1au 1 9 Matu Daro 2 3 Sub-total; 1 6 20 7th Division Kapit I 2 9 Kapit Be1aga 2 (15 032 sq. miles) Song 2 Sub-total: 2 2 13 CHS SMI HI 1 1 1 CHS HS SHT HI TOTAL; 1 2 6 32 161 2.9.7 Project standards (a) General To guide designers and to ensure that consistent standards are applied in the design, construction and maintenance of water systems, supporting manuals have beea developed by the Ministry of Health to guide nationsl activities. - 18 - (b) Desi!p1 manual The manual requires thst systems be designed to serve the projected water requira.ents for 10 years. This allows for reasonable expansion of the ca.aunity at the least cost. To support this approach, population growth rates are detailed for the various states. Water requirements are based on a ~ capita demand of 25 gallons per day. Minimum system pressures are 15 ft. or 35 psi. The manual also includes practical design exaaples for various sized communities under different topographical conditions. Every designer (HI) has a personal copy of the manual (c) Construction manual This manual details construction aethods for jointing PVC and GI pipes, trenching, daa construction, river crossings, transition joints between different materials, cutting and threading galvanized iron pipes, installina house connections and a host of related activities. (d) Operations and maintenance An operations and maintenance aanual requires that scheme. be regularly inspected and maintained. Miniaua frequency is Once per year. Supporting forms for recording costs and work done are also maintained. Typical checklists for the various types of syteas are included in the msnual. This manual is sddressed in greater detail in Section 3. 2.9.8 Prolr...e developaent The RBIS programme is developed as part of the national five-year develop.ent plan. Water and sanitation facilities identified by the rural health supervisors and the villagers at the peripheral level or the district level are selected on the basis of three community related parameters: the incidence of water related diseases, community participation in food and nutrition progr.... s and in other government development programmes. Priority consideration is also given to the more enthusiastic caa.unities. Progr.... s are not developed in isolation however. The Department will not implement a water system if Public Works plans on supplying one to a ca..unity within the following five-yaar period. The planning process requires that district programmes be aaalgaa&ted into divisional suaaaries which are 8ubsequently consolidated into a state programme. This programme is then presented by the State Medical Department to the feaeral authorities for funding. Some State funds are a180 directed to the rural water sector under Minor Rural Projects (KiP). The HRP contribution averages approaimately 5% of t_e yearly allocation to the Department. - 19 - 2.9.9 Water supply (a) General Approximately 436 000 rural people have been provided water supplies under the RHIS. Basically, the various types of water supply systems which have been installed incorporate simple technological principles. They are easy to design, construct and maintain. They also deliver sufficient quantities of water to meet the basic health and hygiene requirements of the community at the least cost. While it is desirable to provide drinking water, which is compatible with international quality standards, it is not always practical. Systems incorporating treatment methods are expensive to construct. Also, because of the remoteness of rural areas and the lack of qualified operators, they are difficult to maintain and to operate. As a result, a basic provision of the RHIS is that all drinking water has to be boiled. (b) House connections Whenever possible, RHIS projects provide for individual house connections. This arrangement is convenient for the user and is also in the interest of public health. for it reduces the possibility of additional contamination. For example, water drawn from standpipes or wells may become infected when it is being carried to the home. Also, water stored in the home in uncovered containers is a potential habitat for mosquitos. (c) Gravity water systems Basically, a dam is contructed across a stream and the water is delivered by gravity to the village. Design is based on a per capita consumption of 25 gallons per person per day. Two taps are installed in each house, one in the kitchen and one in the bathroom. These systems sre generally more expensive on a per ca~ita basis (40 ringgit per person) than other water systems, but they conven1ently provide sufficient quantities of water to the user. In addition, they require little maintenance. They are also flexible as treatment methods can be incorporated at a later date when funds become available. This type of system provides services to communities which range from less than 50 to over 3000 people. They are invariably constructed by villagers, under the technical supervision of the rural health supervisors. While the distance from the source to the community varies from one scheme to the next, it is generally less than one mile; but some schemes have gone five miles into the hills to bring water to the community. PVC pipes are generally used because they are easy to carry and to join, and they are not affected by the acidic waters. Galvanized pipes are used, however, when the lines have to be laid on the surface because of rocky terrain. A total of 62 PC systems constructed under the RHIS serve 2604 households or approximately 18 228 people. I - 20 - (d) Sanitary wells Under ideal conditions, wells are considered appropriate when the community is small and dispersed or when there is no suitable surface water source nearby. Generally, however, the groundwater in Sarawak is high in minerals (such as iron) and organic ..tter and is, therefore, not acceptable to the villagers. When conditions are favourable though, shallow wells, about three metres deep, lined with concrete rings, are equipped with handpumps. It is required that the wells be separated by 10 metres from pit latrines. At the end of 1983, 101 sanitary wells had been constructed which provided water services to 1680 families or 13 800 people. (e) Hydraulic ram This technology is seldom used. It is difficult to find a suitable source for a ram system. In addition, the quantity of water delivered is usually insufficient to meet the water needs of the villagers. Of those installed, most have been abandoned and subsequently replaced by other systems. (f) Mechanical/electrical systems These systems are installed only when these were the only options to providing water to a community. They are avoided because they are expensive to construct and to operate. Mechnical systems require power to operate, and power is expensive. However, the biggest constraint to using these syst~ is the difficulty associated with maintaining and repairing the installations. The logistics of getting technicians to the remote communities, in most instsnces, simply negate this type of system. However, needs and circu.. tances have required the installation of 79 projects which supply 13 800 people. (g) Rainwater catchment tanks Rainwater catchment tanks are only installed when there is no other alternative, i.e. there are no suitable surface or groundwater sources available in the area. Basically, these systems are designed to direct rainwater off roofs into storage tanks. The effectiveness of the system depends on the size of the roof, the gutter arrangement and the frequency and adequacy of the rainfall. Two tanks, with a total capacity of 300 gallons, are provided for each household. The water is only intended for drinking and cooking. Any water required for washing, household sanitation, etc. i8 expected to be obtained from other sources. These systems, however, are expensive. Galvanized tanks, for example, cost $100 each and only have a service life of 5 to 7 years. In an attempt to reduce costs, a rubberized tank costing $150 has been used. It is expected that average annual costs will be reduced due to its expected life of 20 years. Unfortunately, these systems do not provide sufficient storage to cover the longer drought periods. Occasionally then, the people will be without drinking water. - 21 - Usually, these funds are supplied to cover material costs for particular handpumps. In addition, external support from agencies such as WHO and UNICEF are absorbed by the programme activities. (h) Programme implementation Table 6 details the accomplishments of the RBIS programme in respect to water supply installations from 1967 to 1983. At an average per capita cost of MR$28 436 647 people have been served. TABLE 6. WATER SUPPLY DEVELOPMENTS OF THE MEDICAL DEPARTMENT Expenditure ($) , r No. of Total I Population Year expenditure viHalles benefited Vi Hailers ' UNICEF Government provided contri-· for the lear aid Fund bution 1967 2 400 160 965 1 525 727 1968 28 2 670 4 929 44 609 52 208 8 568 1969 68 3 701 25 771 96 907 126 279 18 224 1970 81 10 741 20 899 64 389 96 029 15 012 1971 85 21 241 80 433 55 711 157 385 22 826 1972 101 16 335 28 407 126 183 170 925 29 252 1973 83 18 183 33 862 115 041 167 086 22 357 1974 143 51 883 19 836 499 016 570 735 40 565 1975 172 61 513 11 295 560 571 633 379 41 658 1976 175 61 712 36 405 563 769 661 886 38 70i; 1977 174 74 744 3 378 621 010 699 130 42 847 1978 212 92 511 893 035 698 107 50 479 1979 270 142 215 1 371 641 1 513 857 68 041 1980 232 137 757 1 357 498 1 495 255 43 312 1981 286 162 253 1 970 291 2 132 544 4S 345 1982 239 127 104 1 547 44S 1 674 549 36 253 1983 179 81 522 1 225 257 1 306 779 29 386 TOTAL: 2 530 12 157 758 436 647 - 22 - 2.9.10 Sanitation (a) General As ground conditions are suitable in Sarawak, pour-flush latrines are generally installed by the Medical Department. As they are odour-free and are easy to install, the villages have sccepted the technology. In order to qualify for s water system, however, every household is required to install a facility within the confines of the home. The discharge is directed into a 5 ft. x 5 ft. x 5 ft. soakavay pit. While the villagers are required to supply the labour and materials to construct the faciity, the Department provides, free of charge, a plastic bowl, a 3-inches' diametre plastic discharge pipe, 1/2 bag of cement and one precast concrete slab. Because of the soil conditions, villagers living on the coast are also provided with sheets of corrugated zinc to form a holding tank. (b) Progra.me implementation For purposes of illustration, the accomplishments of the latrine programme from 1966 to 1983 are detailed in Table 7. Approximately 106 809 homes have installed pour-flush latrines. II II - 23 - TABLE 7. RURAL ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMME LATRINE PROJECT Sanitary latrine built Remarks Year -TOTAL 1966 - 1970 3 529 1st Malaysia Plan 1971 1 200 1972 2 707 1973 2 499 1974 3 615 1975 4 836 1971 - 1975 14 857 2nd Malaysia Plan 1976 6 125 1977 8 085 1978 12 686 1979 14 367 1980 10 732 1976 - 1980 51 995 3rd Malaysia Plan 1981 14 710 1982 11 903 1983 9 815 TOTAL; 106 809 - 24 - 2.9.11 Other health activities (a) Health education The health education programme is carried out by the rural health inspector. His intimate knowledge of local customs and habits are absolutely invaluable as he discusses with the villagers sanitation practices, personal and household hygiene and the need to pen animals. These group discussions sre supplemented by "viaual aids" or posters produced by the Health Education Unit of the Ministry. (b) Sullage/Solid wastes disposal Both these activities require the active participation of the communities. Generally, the requirements have been accepted and soakaway pits have been located below the kitchens to lead the sullage waters into the ground. Solid wastes are generally disposed of by burning or by burial. (c) Information systems An information system is essential to monitor, evaluate and record the various activities being implemented. Accordingly, a system was developed for compiling statistics at the various organization levels when the RHIS programm@ began in 1960s. The rural health supervisor submits activity reports to the hospital assistants at the Klinik Desa. All these reports are compiled by stages into district, division and state formats. Monthly summary report of state activities are submitted to the Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur where national statistics are compiled. A list of the various forms used and their frequency of reporting is detailed in Annex 2. 2.9.12 Procra.me review In addition to the physical accomplishments of the programme (e.g. construction of water and sanitation facilities), a number of other tangible results have occurred. (a) The communities have developed a new awareness of the need to practise personal hygiene. Cooking utensils sre cleaned regularly, hands are being washed and bathing habits have increased. (b) The incidence of vater and food borne diseases has been reduced, and the problems of helminthiasis has been brought under control. (c) The burden of carrying water has been removed from the women. The convenient location of wells and household connections has freed them from these tasks, and they can, therefore, devote more time and energy towards caring for their children and homes and looking after family gardens, thereby ..king a positive contribution to living conditions in the villages. - 2S - (d) The establishment of health committees in the villages has created a local focus to environmentsl problems. Communities are being kept clean, and refuse is being disposed of properly. In effect, such organizations provide a sense of community self-reliance and self-help which is being applied to solving other community problems. (e) Finally, the villagers have acquired a sense of accomplishment and pride as they have participated in the planning and construction of their own facilities. They also appreciate the efforts of the Government to provide facilities which reduce the harshness of their rural environment. It is indeed an effective approach to win the hearts and minds of the people. (f) Constraints There are, of course, a number of constraints which reduce the rate at which the benefits of the RHIS programme can be provided. These include; (1) Financial and manpower constraints. There are just not sufficient resources to implement the programme as quickly as we would like. (2) The variety of ethnic groups, with their specific cultural and social habits, complicates and lengthens the plannin& and implementation process. It is indeed a time consuming process to get people to change their living habits. (3) The people prefer clinical to preventive medicine. Drugs provide almost instant relief from their aches and pains. Many people do not yet fully appreciate the relationship between disease and personal hygiene. (4) Lack of dedication of some personnel. Some health workers become frustrated and their enthusiasm wanes because of the need to continuously encourage the people to change their living habits. 2.9.13 Future plans (a) General The RBIS will proceed into the period of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade 1981-1990 without many changes. The programme will continue to strels a balanced approach to the Ministry's aim of improving the environaental health of the rural cOIIIIIIIlnity. In addition, the "tried and true" methods, which have served so well in the past, will continue to be applied in the future. - 26 - (b) Technological chanaes Changes in the levels of applied technology will be required in the coming decade. The more accessible and traditional sources of water such as springs and shallow Iroundvater are becoming Bcarcar so efforts will have to be applied to reach the water sources by ueing more sophisticated electrical and mechanical Byste.S. In addition, as water quality becameB less acceptable, it will probably be nece •• ary to incorporate simple water traat.ent methods into the systems. These approacbes will require an adjust.ent in training ~thods. Health inspectors will require new skills, and the programme will require more engineering input as the projects become more complicated. In addition, capitsl and operating costs will increase and more maintenance problems will have to be resolved. However, there is no other alternative. Water must be supplied to the coamunities as quickly and efficiently as possible. (c) Operation and maintenance To improve the reliability of water systems, village volunteers will be trained in the simple fundamentals of system operation, maintenance and repair. In addition, the existing rural health supervisors' programme will be expanded to include preventive maintenance activities. Increased emphasis will also be placed on the District Health Office providing backup maintenance services to the village workers. (d) Drinking water quality surveillance programme The existing drinking vater quality surveillance programma will be expanded during the period of the Decade so that all the drinking vater being supplied to the people viII be regularly and systematically tested and examined to ensure that acceptable cheaical and biological standards are being ..intained. The active participation of the Public Works Department, the various water boards and the Department of Chemistry will be sought in the application of standards and in the implementation of the progr..... (e) Sanitation It is expected that all rural households in the State vill be provided with pour-flush latrines by 1990. This projection is baaed on the average annual implementation rate achieved in Saravak during the period of the RBIS. (f) Sullale/solid w.. te disposal These activities will continue to be pursued during the planning period. Although specific goals have not been established, concerted efforts will be applied in the construction of the appropriate facilities. - 27 - (g) Health education Further education efforts will be required during the period of the Decade to convince the remaining reticent communities of the need to take part in the RHIS programme. In order to reach all the members of the communities, a cooperative programme will be carried out with the media, the Ministry of Education, various health groups, as well as religious leaders. (h) Cooperative programmes Continued efforts will be made to cooperate with the agencies associated with the implementation of activities, projects or programmes relating to public health. Collaborating with Public Works in the identification of rural water supply projects, associating with the Ministry of Agriculture in the implementation of the Food and Nutrition Programme, and liaising with the Education Department in the matter of preparing posters for environmental health are the types of cooperative activities which will be carried into the period of the Decade. In addition, comprehensive efforts will be applied to convincing the involved agencies of the need for the development of mechanisms to ensure that continuous and cooperative action in the implementation of the related programmes is practiced. 2.9. 14 SUIIIIDIlry The Rural Environmental Improvement Scheme has contributed significantly to the improvement of the quality of life in rural Malaysia. However, it still has a long way to go. Occasionally, some cholera and typhoid cases occur in the country and the reduction of these and other enteric diseases through environmental modification will continue to require the active attention of the public health authorities. Plans are, therefore, being made to decentralize the vertical programmes for malaria, leprosy and tuberculosis fro. the divisional levels to the Klinik Desa. The health teams can then apply the primary health care approach and thereby bring health care services closer to the people most in need. This does not mean that there will be no problems. Some of the communities will continue to resist change and innovation, while others will rigidly adhere to their customary practices. Fortunately, such situations are relatively isolated and they can be corrected through the coordinated efforts of the State medical authorities. - 28 - SECTION 3 3. Integration of primary health care with rural water supply and sanitation in Lundu District, Sarawak, HalaY8ia 3.1 Purpose of the case study The purpose of the case study was to incorporate in Lundu District a comprehensive environmental health programme with the Primary Health Project (PHP) which was being implemented by the Medical Department. The project included the following activitiea: (a) Identifying a water and sanitation programme; (b) Field testing a manual for the preventive maintenance of rural water system; (c) The application of a drinking quality surveillance manual in the routine aS8ess_nt of the safety of the rural water sy.t•• ; and (d) Developing a programme to train village workers in the operation and maintenance of rural wster and sanitation eystems. 3.2 Criteria for the selection of a study area Lundu District was selected so that various approaches could be applied, tested, adjusted and proved in a small administrative unit before being applied to the gradual and systematic establi.hment of division, state and country enviroa.ental programaes. 3.3 Background Lundu District is included in the first division. It has a land area of 722 sq. miles. The population of 22 410 consisting of a number of racial groups - Selako, Bidayuh, Kalay and Chinese, who live in 95 villages. The Chinese generally are located in the major towas, while the other races live in ruTal villages. The two major towns are Lundu and SellUltan. Most of the government offices are located in Lundu Town. Coamunication is a problem in the district and in the first division. The main trunk road connects Sematan, Lundu, Bau and Kuching. A few feeder roads link aa.e villaaes; otherwise, transportation ia by river or by foot. The medical snd health services in the district are: the district hospital at Lundu which is the administrative headquarters for the Medical and Health Services; a ca..unity health centre at Samatan; a sub-health centre at Stoh/Rambungan; and four flying doctor service statione. 7he village health temas who operate frOB the district hospital and frOB the Community Health Centre Seaatan provides mobile health services to the remote villages. - 29/30 - 3.4 Water and sanitation programme The objective of the water and sanitation programme is to aGhieve the goal of the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-1990) by developing programmes for providing safe drinking water and sanitation to all the people by 1990. 3.5 Agencies involved in the study The only agency involved was the Medical Department, Sarawak. Technical assistance was provided by the Ministry of Health, Kuala Lumpur, and WHO/UNDP provided funds, technical advice and coordination. 3.6 Existing coverage - water and sanitation. Lundu District The existing coverage of water and sanitation services in Lundu District as of 28 February 1984 is detailed in Table 3-1. - 31/32 - TABLE 3.1 EXISTING COVERAGE WATER AND SANITATION SERVICES LUNDU DISTRICT No. of No. of No. of No. of houses No. of villa~es Division RHS viI lases houses ~ E'rovided with E'rovided with latrines water system t 1 28 911 5338 818 Pg - 24 PWD - 3 (89.7%) (96.4%) II 1 22 709 4532 538 Pg - 16 PWD - 2 (75.8% (81.8%) III 1 22 ';12 2988 300 Pg - 14 SW 6 RC 1 (55.5%) (95.4%) IV 1 23 1331 8438 948 Pg 8 PWD - 1 SW 4 RC 1 (71. 2%) (60.8) TOTAL: 4 95 3663 21,296 2604 Pg - 62 PWD- 9 SW - 7 RC .- 2 (75.2%) (84.2%) Legend: PG Piped Gravity PWD Public Works Department SW Sballow Wells RC Rainwater Catchment - 33 - 3.7 Data collection 3.7.1 General The first step in the development of the programme was to establish guidelines to direct the rural health supervisors in obtaining information which were relevant to the short- and long-term provision for water and sanitation services to the villages in the district. 3.7.2 Village details The health personnel were required to identify the number of houses in each village, the population of each house and the layout of the village. 3.7.3 Village with existing water systems In order to establish the suitability of the installed water systems, the personnel were required to technically evaluate each project with respect to the following criteria: (a) The reliability of the system in providing suitable quant1t1es of water under varying conditions, such as droughts and rainfall; (b) The suitability and adequacy of the design, with re8pact to the water demand of the community and to the choice of materials; (c) The acceptability of the construction methods; (d) The availability of spare parts, fuel and lubricants; (e) The appropriateness of the technology; (f) The acceptability of the water quality and the potential health hazards to the community; (g) The collection of water charges and the basis for the charges. In addition to the foregoing, the rural health supervisors were required to obtain information on: (a) construction details of the systems; (b) type and number of materials incorporated into schemes such as pipe size, valves and fittings. 3.7.4 Villages without water systems In these cases, the rural health supervisors were required to: (a) establish the adequacy of the existing sources; and (b) if possible, to identify suitable water sources. 3.7.5 Existing sanitation systems The rural health supervisors were required to inspect every latrine to: (a) determine their general hygienic conditions on the basis of a rating system which included smell, foul and the presence of flies and mosquitos; • - 34 - (b) establish the reliability of the system and to check on the presence of water seal; and (c) to determine if the facilities were being used. 3.8 Information compiled 3.B.l General Full details on every existing scheme were incorporated within one form. The information included the village population, the design capacity of the scheme, costs and an equipment list. In addition, as-built drawings of the scheme and specific community maps were developed. Basically, three types were developed at a scale of 1:125 000. These included: (a) a district map locating all the villages; (b) a district map locating all the existing water systems (appropriate legends were developed to identify the different system types); and (c) a district map identifying the type of the system which was to be provided for the underserved areas. The planned implementation year was also identified. Typical examples are included in Annexes 3-1 and 3-2 for a gravity water system serving Kampong Pueh and a well system supplying Kampong Klaoh. In addition, a summary of the water and sanitation programmes in every village was compiled in the form shown in Figure 3-1. STATE or SARA.IIIAK OA1, lIIFOItMATlOti ON RURAl.. WATER SUPPkY AND SANITATION 2 Nec •• Potentiallty of Water Supply 3.1Sur', of Surface' Ground Water Ba.le l~for•• tlon stty' A.veTace t.a>. Surface Potential ;,ourc~ Vlllac e Telok lIelano lIee •• Uty of .ater supply .ater of Well I -----, 01 '--··r·- i 1984 1980 1990 tI,ae of .attT ISOUl"C~5 Melano De th Nature 1 Dutrict 1..undu;fl rs t ; 29 I M'D'."" flo> (0 GPH (II.) 'a) of So, populat10~ 160 No. of houses Dil'ance to villa,e 6210 ft (a) "u*,er of Total populatlon 3 r i60 - --"_._- Hel,ht bet.een source bouses 29 Total c.nauaption (. /day) of .ater and v111a,e:6~.5It (_) "ype Of WaUl' qual it)' IB S/ TS Yl1lace Acrkultural Poteatlal1ty of .ater .UPp}': B.,.I TS (;roWld .ater IT VlllaCe A 8" C Coapatlb111ty of ground .ater aource S I Shallow Moderate. 8/ S TS facil1tie. :51.""'- PK 8R ./ Coapatibiltty of surface L ----' JR 8E Location .R' If S or TS, please atate reasons. Within surface of I ,round .. ater L (Il) , (Il) -i Within the .'ell' ---~---- Increase of water supply to existine boaes (Itate total nos. of houses) centre.!lne (ID/cm) 1 (_,feID) --, ~- ___I ._,__ L .. __ _ -T~t-.~ Tap .ater Tap Water L1mlted Sub M Un- Rt\rers, I JKRfBoard Min. of Wells Total L1alted Others QuaIl ty of well water B S TS SbariDS at .e115(total) Type of p~ps (total) PT P/D [ 29/3 -t , [Jlltep.,ton to bouses .to bouses ------j---- I (total) t Type 01 pu.ps ,total) PT P/D ! r;~o~:_i~: =!=:_ ---=:=.----~...------ . bou.es/bulld1~C5 , ___ .______. i ;e':f/.j __ ~ __ ._._._l ______M ______• ! ~':II.)r------...--.-- . .• ater reserve in ha-es Tanks .1t.h cover Tanks .,lthout ~o wateT tank Total 5!..-rla.ns.... tor 1pcTeulDC fac111tle.s ('o"er , no.of i hou!..!.!.J Water lupply 1984 1985 19% 2000 ----.~ ...... -- L- l-, .. house - lone tera v . . . ---L..-_ - teaporar, Toilets 0'W - lone te-r. , • teaporary L ______.~ ______ ; HlileDlc I Aval- COM tructec1 I_ Jnfonll&t1on on sUEpIl' ot taE ... ter 7 ADall.is 01 W.teT_, Supply/Hypenic raci 11 r ! f'S I 'acilities labh ./ 1 1985 I 1990 12000I Tap .. ater lupplied by JlJ BR - Community Hall :; - Average plo - Petrol/Dies.l "HR - Hydra:.: I: (" ! 3.8.2 As-built drawings/spare parts The as-built drawings and the material lists mentioned in paragraph 3.8.1 were also obtained to support the preventive maintenance programme. Based on the material lists, it was possible to identify the type and the variety of spare parts which were required to be held in the Lundu medical stores to support the anticipated maintenance and repair needs for the various systems. 3.9 Programme development 3.9.1 General - water supply On the basis of the information collected, the following activities were completed. (a) Communities with existing water systems On the basis of the field evaluation and the technical assessment, nine schemes were identified which required renovation or extension. Actually, only one system serving Kampong Telok Milano required renovation. The remainder needed modifications to accommodate the increased water demands of communities which had tapped into the systems after the initial designs. Details of the repairs/upgrading of the various schemes are included in Table 3-2. Total estimated cost is MR92l 240. It i8 expected that the existing personnel resources can implement these schemes by 1985. - 39/40 - TABLE 3-2. REPAIR/UPGRADING - EXISTING WATER SYSTEMS Write-up on the needs for renovating the existing pipe Gravity feed water system, Lundu District Village No. Nallle of vi 11 age Door/pop. Needs/justifications Code No. 1. 01 Telok Melano 29/160 This system was built in 1974. About 80% of the system utilized galvanized iron pipes (GIP) which rusted over the years. Renovation was completed on 24 Hay 1984 at a cost of $S 559.90. PVC pipes were used. 2. 02 Telok Seraban 14/52 Completed on 14 November 1980. Three years later, the stream above the dam dried up. A new source will have to be identified. The existing pipes will be used. 3. 24 Serayan Chinese 34/160 This project was originally designed for 25 Serayan Dayak 73/440 Serayan Chinese and Serayan Dayak. These 23 Keranji 24/136 two villages share the same Source. The pipe line was subsequently extended to kpg. Keranji, but the capacity of the existing dam was too small to serve the additional water demands. Renovation includes enlarging the dam and replacing GIP pipes with PVC. 4. 14 Te_ga Malay 45/287 The four villages shared the same source. 15 Temaga Chinese 22/150 Completed in 1978. Pipe size is only 16 Temaga Dayak 11/67 1 1/2" 0 PVC. Kpg. Paon is sited on a hill and has inadequate pressure. A separate system, with a storage tank, will be constructed to supply Kpg. Paon. - 41/42 - Village No. Name of vi 11 age Door/pop. Costs Needs/justifications Code No. 5. 73 Sekambah 51/330 This system was completed on 2 December 1974. It was designed for 37 doors or a population of 231 people. The small GIP pipes cannot now meet the increased demand brought about by the population growth. The renovation will include larger PVC pipes and a larger intake. 6. 36 Titiakar 7/51 The four villages share the same SOurce. 37 Perundang 18/107 It was completed on 28.4.1979. The only 38 Sedemak 17/85 village with a water problem is 39 Rukan 43/257 Kpg. Titiakar, where the houses are generally sited on a hill. A separate system with a storage tank will serve Kpg. Titiakar. 7. 53 Rajo 26/148 Initially, this project, which, on 27.6.77, 54 Pand_ 11/71 was meant for Kpg. Bajo. However, it vas extended to Kpg. Pandan on 26 January 1979. In view of this additional population, it is proposed to install a separate line to Kpg. Pandam. 8. 46 Pasir Ulu 48/280 Completed on 28 June 1979. The renovation will increase the pipe size from 2" to 3" PVC to provide sufficient supply. 9. 47 Riawak 66/496 This project was completed on 5 August 1973. The population then was ouly 265 with 44 doors. The main line was 2" aud 1 1/2" G.I.P. which is not able to supply sufficient water. It is proposed to increase the diametre to to 3" and 2 1/2" using PVC pipe. - 43 - (b) Communities without water supplies A total of 16 communities were identified which did not have a suitable water supply system. When possible, the rural health supervisors' staff identified suitable sources and developed cost estimates for those schemes which could be undertaken by the Medical Depart.ent. However, in four cases, the Department did not have the technical resources to design the facilities, so these were assigned td the Public Works Department. This complement of skills and the allocation of schemes in accordance with available resources will expedite the provision of water supplies to the rural population. A list of these schemes and their costs are identified in Table 3-3. Total estimated cost is MR805 530. - 44 - TABLE 3-3. COMMUNITIES WITHOUT WATER SUPPLIES TYJ2e of Villa&e Doorl~l2· SI8tem ~encI £2.!l !!!!. Sebat Rilir 119/23 PG MOR 10 150 1984 Rason I 136/22 PG MOH 24 000 1984 Simpong Bokah 109/21 PG HOR 51 500 1984 Puga 230/24 PG HOR 98 000 1984 Pasir Tengah 285/50 PG HOR 57 600 1984 Bokah 336/64 PG HOR 85 000 1984 Sketi 51/302 Pipe PWD 60400 Under Study Semumin 25/175 Pipe PWD 35 000 Under Study Rayu 37/189 PG HOR 51 120 1987 Stung gang Dayak 28/187 Pipe PWD 37 400 1986 Ge1am Batu 6/29 RC HOR 1 200 1986 Gerunggang 37/180 RC MOR 7 400 1986 Sebandi Hilir 29/144 SW HOR 3 920 1986 Sebandi Hu1u 32/203 SW HOR 3 920 1986 Se1ampit 143/919 Mechanical PWD 275 000 Under PulllP (MP) Study Klaoh 21/139 SW HOR 3 920 1986 805 530 Pipe - 3) PWD - 4 407 800 TOTAL 409/2467 PG - 1) HOR - 6 397 773 SW - 3) MP -1) RC - 2) TOTAL 805 530 Notes: MOB - Medical Department PG - Pipe gravity FWD - Public Works Depart.ent SW - Sanitary Well RC - Rain Catchment - 45 - 3.9.2 Sanitation The survey revealed that in most cases the latrines were adequately maintained and were being used, but that 859 homes did not have latrines. Estimated cost is approximately HRl7 000. 3.9.3 Resource requirements The following additional resources will be required to implement the programme. (.) Toyota Land Cruiser MR34 000 (b) 10 h.p. portable drilling 12 000 machine MR 46 000 3.9.4 Cost summary Programme costs to provide full coverage of water and sanitation services to the population of Lundu will be in the order of: (a) Renovate existing water system 921 240 (b) Construct new facilities 805 530 (c) Sanitation 17 000 (d) Additional resources 46 000 I 789 770 3.10 Programme implementation Based on the developed programme, seven water projects were approved for implementation in 1984. Table 3-4 details the schemes, their costs and their status as of 31 December 1984. These projects will raise the coverage rate for water supplies from 84 to 89.4%. The remaining Health Department schemes will be completed before 1987. With regard to sanitation, based on an implementation capacity of 160 latrines per RHA per year, full coverage will be achieved by 1986. - 46 - TABLE 3-4 WATER SCHEMES IMPLEMENTED LUNDU DISTRICT - 1984 No. Name of village Door/pop. Cost Remarks l. Telok Melano 27/148 8 623 Renovation Completed. 2. Sebat Hilir 23/119 8 238 Extension. Completed. 3. Rasan I 22/136 15 993 New. Completed. 4. Simpang Bokah 21/109 35 630 New. Under construction. S. Pugu 24/230 43 131 New. Completed. 6. Pasir Tangah 50/285 36 211 New. Completed. 7. Bokah 64/336 44 998 New. Under construction. TOTAL: 231/ 1363 192 824 3.11 Preventive maintenance programme 3.11.1 Ceneral The Ministry of Health, in cooperation with WHO, developed a preventive maintenance manual in order to improve the reliability of the installed systems. Basically, it provides for the cooperation of the villagers and the health staff. The villagers are expected to carry out routine maintenance tasks, and the health staff are required to provide training and technical backup support to the village workers. The manual includes a number of forms which are to be maintained by the villages and the health staff in order to record over the long-term, the work done and the associated costs of maintenance and repair. It was decided that the manus 1 should be field-tested in Lundu District before it is established as the national standard. A follow-up evaluation of the effectiveness of the manual will be carried out in December 1985. 3.12 Objective The objective of the evaluation was to comment on: (a) the recommended three-tier organization structure and the related responsibilities; (b) the utility of the various forms and their USe in managing and controlling the programme; - 47 - (c) the scheduling methods and the need to incorporate programme revisions due to seasonal problems such as drought, excessive rainfall, community participation and technical competence; (d) methods necessary to determine and control levels of spare parts; (e) the ability and the willingness of the community to participate in the programme; (f) the adequacy of the technical skills of the health staff and the community to adequately maintain, operate, and repair the installations; and (g) the sufficiency of the recommended tool list to maintain the facilities. 3.13 Forms 3. 13. I General A brief discussion of the 14 forms will indicate the type of management information which will be gathered. Table 3-5 lists the forms and indicates the personnel required to maintain each record. Copies are also included in Annex 3-3. (a) PMI - compiles details on the particular schemes whether it be PG, RC or a well. (b) PM2 will include a detailed listing of the repairs carried out. It will also indicate the person who carried out the work. (c) PM3 will be used to record the cumulative repair costs expended on a scheme during its service life. (d) Instruction cards PM-4 are in effect detailed checklists which indicate the type and frequency of inspection (daily, weekly, monthly, semi-annually and annually) for the different components of a PG, a mechanical system, a sanitary well and rainwater catchment systems. (e) PM5 is a repair request. It is formatted so that the responsible villager can indicate on the postcard size form the type of problem which is affecting the system. Upon receipt of the form at the District Office, the rural health supervisor can select the appropriate tools and parts before travelling to the village to carry out the repair. (f) PM6 is used to record both the issue and the return date of the preventive maintenance inspection booklets for the various schemes. The information collected can be used to control the programme and to establish the inspection period which can, if necessary, be applied to revise the PH schedules. (g) PM7 is a summary of repair requests received. The health inspector can determine the response time of the rural health supervisor to satisfy the complaint. The number of requests might also indicate the need for more frequent inspections or it may indicate a requirement for initiating a redesign or a replacement of a particular component. - 48 - (h) PM8 and PM9 are used to record by district and division the total maintenance costs. The costs are also expressed in ter.s of the population served. (i) PMIO and PMII are used for recording the dry weather flow rate of the source in a PG scheme and for the maximum depth to water in a well. (j) PMl2 is used to control the holdings of spsre parts. The intention is to issue a number of parts to each worker which can be used as necessary to effect repairs. The balance of spares plus used parts must equal the number issued. - 49 - TABLE 3-5. PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE FORMS No. Title Description User 1 PM-I Construction details of surface scheme RHS/HI 2 PM-IA Construction details of sanitary well RHS 3 PM-IB Contruction details of rainwater co llec t ion tank RHS 4 PM-2 Recording repairs VHW/RHS 5 PM-3 Recording cost of repairs VHW/RHS 6 PM-4 Instructions card for PG, SW and RC VHW/RHS/HI 7 PM-5 Information/requests for repairs VHW 8 PM-6 Inspection record request RHS/HI 9 PM-7 Recording of requests for repairs RHS/HI 10 PM-8 Annual return from the District Office to the Divisional Office HI 11 PM-9 Annual return from the Divisional Office to the Medical Headquarters to Ministry of Health HS/CHS 12 PM-IO Flow measurement of surface water in the village VHW/RHS 13 PM-ll Well operating date - to record well water level VHW/RHS 14 PM-12 Record of spare parts used for all types of water systems RHS/HI Notes: RHS Rural Health Supervisor HI Health Inspector VHW - Village Health Worker HS Health Superintendent (Base at Divisional Medical Office) CHS - Chief Health Superintendent (Base at Medical Headquarters) - 50 - 3.14 Programme development 3.14.1 General The preventive maintenance programme was developed in three stages: (a) Stage 1 provided sufficient time to train the health inspectors and the rural health supervisors in the application of the PH manual and the use of the associated forms. (b) Stage II included the development of preventive maintenance schedules for each of the sub-districts; and (c) Stage III provided for training village workers in the application of the preventive maintenance techniques. Stage I The Division of Engineering Services of the Ministry of Health supplied the services of a senior health inspector for two weeks to train , , the district staff in the application of the manual. Stage II Based on the estimated time to inspect each scheme and their relative location to one another, the rural health supervisor in each sub-district grouped schemes together to establish common work packages. Stage III Training of village workers is discussed in paragraph 3.11.5. The minimum frequency of inspection, which is detailed in Table 3-6 for the various types of systems, was incorporated into the schedules. - 51/52 - TABLE 3-6. MINIMUM FREQUENCY PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE INSPECTIONS Rural Health Village Health Tr~e of SUfervisor Worker (VHW) RHS) ----- I. Pipe gravity Twice a year Monthly/semi-annually/ (PG annually 2. Sanitary Well Quarterly Daily/weekly/monthly/ (~) annually 3. Rain Catchment Quarterly Monthly/semi-annually/ (RC) anually These work packages and the frequency periods were subsequently integrated into annual preventive maintenance schedules for each of the four sub-districts. These schedules are shown in Figure 3-2. It is expected that the RHS staff will gradually reduce their involvement in the PM programme as the village workers become self-reliant. However, it is also recognized there will always be need to provide some support as repair problems are bound to occur which the village workers will not be able to handle. 3.15 Training programme - village workers 3.15.1 General It was also recognized that there was a need to train village workers in the inspection and repair of the installed systems and in the application of the preventive maintenance methodology. Accordingly, s curriculum was developed for training villagers in administering, maintaining, and operating piped gravity, sanitary wells and rainwater systems which were developed by the health staff. Training will not be given for schemes provided by the Public Works Department. 3.15.2 Administration To ensure that consistent administration standards will be applied, each worker will be provided with a copy of the preventive maintenance manual and detailed instruction will be given; (a) in the utilization of the forms and their relationship to the management of the system; - 53/54 - FIGURE 3-2. VILLAGE WATER SYSTEMS PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE Rural health Work Code Village supervisor package Bahar Ibrah im (1) 7 Sebat Malay 8 Sebat Dayak 5 Sebat Hilir 18 Sebako 19 Judin 20 Semapu Bah (2) 14 Temaga Malay 16 Temaga Dayak 15 Temaga Chinese 17 Paon 21 Perigi 22 Selarat (3) 25 Serayan Dayak 24 Serayan Chines 23 Keranji Bahar I (4) 6 Seru Dayak 9 Seru Malay 4 Pueh 3 Sg. Merah (5) 26 Sebiris 27 Tebaro 28 Jampari Bahar Ibrah (6) 13 Pugu 2 Teluk Serabang 1 Teluk Melano - 55/56 - Rural health Work Code Village supervisor Main Intei (1) 33 Bagak 34 Sembawang 35 Sebigo Main Intei ( 2) 36 Titiakar 37 Perundang 38 Sedemak 39 Rukam 46 Pasir Ulu Main Intei (3) 40 Sedaieng Baru 41 Tanjam 42 Opek Main Intei (4) 43 Jangkar 44 Jantan 45 Buang/Manera Main Intei (5) 47 Biawak Main rntei (6) 50 Kendaie Eric Tan Geok Soon (1) 52 Siar 54 Pandan 53 Bajo 55 Blungei Kecil 56 Blungei Besar (2) 51 Sebuloh 58 K. Bandang 59 Chupin 60 Teluk Nibong - 57/58 - Rural health Work Code Village supervisor package Eric Tan Ge Soon (3) 61 Sg. Kuali 62 Sg. Limo 63 Sellingok 68 5g. Langgir 66 Kangka (4) 69 5g. China/ Sompak 70 Stoh 71 Rambungan 57 Bengang Kitang Madon (1) 73 Skambal 74 Tebuan 75 Sebemban Kitang Madon (2) 81 Klaoh 82 Temelan Kitang Madon (3) 87 Senibong 88 Perian Kitang Madon (4) 93 Rasau II Kitang Madon (5) 94 Stom Muda/ Stungkor Kitang Madon (6) 95 Stungkor Lama PG Piped gravity SW Sanitary well RC Rain catchment - 59 - (b) in the identification. purchase and control of fittings and spare parts; (c) in the development and organization of community projects. 3.15.3 Maintaining/operating systems This curriculum will be directed towards involving workers in operating and maintaining the respective systems. Subjects will include: (1) isolating and detecting faults in the system; (2) methods for effecting various repairs. 3.15.4 Curriculum The detailed curriculum. the personnel involved and the supplies required are detailed in Annex 3-4. 3.15.5 Selecting participants Participants will be selected by the villagers. but to be eligible. a candidate must be: (a) a member of the village health committee; (b) able to read and write simple Bahasa Malaysia; (c) willing to undertake a training course and; (d) agreeable to work on a voluntary basis. 3.15.6 baplementation (a) A total of 75 villages will be involved in the programme. System type and numbers include: Pipe gravity 67 villages Sanitary well 6 villages Rain catchment 2 villages (b) The training will be done in groups. The first group will consist of 12 trainees from pipe gravity villages. They will commence training from 26 to 30 Noveaber 1984. The sanitary well and rain catchment groups will be trained during Pebruary 1985. (c) Evaluation will be carried out six months after the training sessions for the first and second groups. Follow-up training session8 will depend on the results of the evaluation. 3.15.7 TrainiDi methodolOll The methodology applied will include: (a) clas.room instruction in the design. operation and maintenance of the systems and the application of the preventive maintenance manual; - 60 - (b) practical demonstration and visual aide presentation of the system components, their function, and use. Instruction will also be given on the various tools required to maintain the water system; (c) field visits to illustrate, on a practical basis, the application of the checklists in the inspection of schemes. Demonstrations will also be held on peparing the different forms. 3.15.8 Programme schedule (a) The training programme, including travel time, will be held over five days. (b) The programme schedule will consist of: Arrival of trainees and registration A.M. Introduction - Purpose of the training Water, sanitation and health Water supply projects - PG/SW/WT Formats used in preventive maintenance programme Duties of the village worker - Checklist P.M.. Demonstrations Viewing health films, slides and discussions A.M. Field visit to specific villages (PG/SW/RC)and to practise using preventive maintenance forms P.M. Review and discuss observations in the field Day 4 A.M. Role of the village worker in relation to other sanitary projects in the village, latrine construction, refuse disposal, sullage water disposal, compound cleaning and drainage Evaluation of the ability of the villagers to use the checklist and the various forms P.M. Demonstration and practice as on Day 1 (PM) Closing cere-onies, including presentation of cert ificates Trainees return to their respective villages - 61 - 3.15.9 Summary The estimated amount of expenditure to hold one training session for 12 trainees will be $3445. However, if the training is conducted in Lundu Hospital, the cost will be less because subsistence and lodging allowance will not be paid to one health inspector and the four rural health supervisors. The cost for conducting subsequent training courses will be reduced as it is not necessary to repurchase the demonstration sets. The expenditure for the training sessions will be borne under the WHO funds kept at the Medical Headquarters, Kuching. 3.16 Drinking water quality surveillance 3.16.1 General The objective of the drinking water quality surveillance programme i. to regularly monitor the safety of the water supplies being supplied to the urban and rural communities. The programme will replace the ad hoc approaches which were used in the past. The Department of Public WOr~will continue to monitor the quality of produced water in order to evaluate the treatment processes. The biochemist from the Division of Engineering Services. Kinistry of Health provided advice to the Lundu District health team in the development of the programme. 3.17 Programme development 3.17.1 Data collection The first step in the process is to obtain details of each system. Typical information obtained includes: (a) as-built drawings of the systems serving the urban and the rural areas; (b) the population served; (c) details on excreta disposal systems; (d) type, location and capacity of the source; (e) water quality - bacteriological and chemical; (f) type and capacity of treatment plant (if applicable). 3.17.2 Urban system details For purposes of illustration. the details listed in Table 3-7 were obtained for the urban suppliea serving Lundu Town and Semantan Town: - 62 - TABLE 3-7 BASE DATA WATER QUALITY PROGRAMME Lundu Semantan ~ Town As-built drawings Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5 Population served 5000 2000 Excreta disposal Septic tanks Septic tanks Source Protected stream River Raw water quality - MPN 100/100 ml 18/100 ml Treatment Disinfection conventional Plant capacity 170 000 gallons/day 3.17.3 Sampling points (a) Urban On the basis of the population, the environmental conditions, and the treatment given, sampling points were selected. These are identified in Figures 3-3 and 3-4. (b) Rural Gravity systems in general will be sampled at the end point of the distribution and samples from the wells will be taken from the outlet of the handpump. - 63/64 - FIGURE 3-3. P.W.D. WATEJI. !!'lSTEM FOR LUNDU TO!ilI ~ERNMENT .s£.C(A'JDARY .scHOOL 1 ®LUNOtJ HOSPITAL SAMPLING POINTS: CD - DAM ® - CHLORINA7OR ® - HasPITAL @) - LUNDI./ BAZAAR ® - F.::RRY pOINT -"""co::::::..:::- PIPE t..INE ® FERRY POINT (NOr 70 SCALE) - 65/66 - FIGURE 3-4. P.W.D. WATER SYSTEM FOR SEMATAN BAZA.U @eoV'T ,Q£$TMXASE 4-" ¢ .otJ.lVERY AC MAINS HlfiH /..EVE/.. TANI< ,sAMPLING POINToS: (7) - WEIR ®-fl~ HIGH t.£V£J.. TANI< o - SHDNDPRY SC/fOOt.. o - NIGH t..EVEt.. TANI< ® - .sEM~rAN BAZAAR ® - GOVERNMENT ReS?" HOUSE ~"tJ AC MAINS PIPE ~/NE - 67/68 - 3.17.4 Frequency of sampling (a> Urban Drinking water quality programmes in Malaysia are evaluated on the basis of the five parameter groups which are illustrated in Figure 3-5. To ensure that the systems were adequately monitored, the frequencies identified for the various sampling points are shown in Tables 3-8 and 3-9 for Lundu and Semantan Town respectively. Because of their remoteness, rural water systems will be tested once a year. 3.17.5 Analysis A millipour filter kit is located at Semantan. It will be used to examine the bacteriological quality of the water systems in the surrounding rural area. The remaining samples for both urban and rural schemes will be analyzed at the Lundu Hospital. All samples for chemical examination will be tested at the health laboratory in Kuching. - 69/70 - FIGURE 3-6. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS Parameters Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Coliform E. coli Turnmty Colour pH Residual Cl2 Total dissolved solids Carbon choloform extract BOD COil Detergent (HBAS) Ammonia (N) Ni trate (N) Flouride Iron Manganese Aluminium Alkalinity (CaCo3) Hardness (CaCo3) Chloride Mercury Cadmium Selenium Arsenic Lead* Chromium Cr6+ Silver Copper* Magnesium - 71/72 - Parameters Group I Group II Group III Group IV Group V Zinc* Sodium Sulphate Phosphate Hydrogen sulphide Oil Phenol Chloroform Biocide Radionucleides - 73 - TABLE 3-8. FREQUENCY AND SAMPLING PROGRAMME Lundu Town Station 1 2 3 4 5 Pat"ameter Group I Weekly (W) W W W W II Monthly (M) M III Yearly (y) Y IV When nece.sary TABLE 3-9. FREQUENCY AND SAMPLING PROGRAMME Semltan Town Station 1 2 3 4 5 Parameter Group I Weekly (W) W W W W II Monthly (M) M III Yearly (y) Y IV When necessary - 74 - 3.18 Resource needs 3.18.1 The following items will be required to implement the programme: (a) Field testing kit (chemical/bacteriological): 2 sets each 660 MR1 300 (b) Chemical nutrients for field testing kit: 2 sets each 200 400 - 75/76 - ANNEX 1 IDWSSD ADVISORY SERVICES PROJECT ICP/SSK/OO6 (RAS/81/024) TERMS OF REFERENCE THE CASE STUDY DESCRIBING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WATER SECTOR IN MALAYSIA AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL PROGRAMME IN THE LUNDU DISTRICT IN THE STATE OF SARAWAK, MALAYSIA - 77 - ANNEX 1 SECTION 1 1. Purpose The purpose of this case study is to document: (a) the development of the water and sanitation sector in Malaysia with particular reference to the rural areas of the country; and (b) the implementation of a comprehensive environmental sanitation programme in the Lundu District of Sarawak. SECTION 2 2. Background It describes the situation which prompted the Ministry of Health to supplement the efforts of the Public Works Department by establishing the rural environmental sanitation programmes. It includes the details of collaboration which were established between the Government and external agencies, a8 applicable. 2.1 Government policies To discuss the specific policies which the Government enunciated to control and guide the provision of water and sanitation services to the nation with specific reference to: (a) the agencies involved and their specific responsibilities in the urban and rural sectors (including government acts or legislation which direct sector development); (b) the levels of service to be supplied; (c) the division of financial and administrative responsibilities between: (i) the national and state governments, (ii) the community and (iii) external assistance (including donations by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs»; - 78 - Annex I (d) describe the current financial appropriations to the sec.tors and outline the Government's commitments to full coverage of water and sanitation by 1990; (e) detail sanitary legislation relating to environmental hygiene, with specific reference to the fields of water supply and water pollution control. 2.2 Agencies involved Describe the national responsibilities assigned to the Public Works Department and the Ministry of Health with respect to urban and rural water supply and sanitation. Identify the management controls for each agency with respect to the: (a) organizational structure; (b) design criteria and standards; (c) operation and maintenance practices, including workshops and other technical facilities; (d) financing methods; (e) tariff rates; (f) human resource development and staffing; (g) community education and participation; (h) inter-agency coordination. 2.3 Methodology Describe the agency policies which were developed and applied by the Ministry of Health and Public Works Department in the State of Sarawak to give effect to Government policy and analyse the current situation with respect to: 2.3.1 Organization Describe by way of organization charts and explanatory notes the organization of the water sector in Malaysia at the state level. Describe in detail the organization of the health sector in the State, with particular reference to the aanagement and control of the rural environmental sector. 2.3.2 Technology selection Trace the stated application of technology in the attainment of designated service levels. Detail per capita flows and other design criteria and standards related to the varying levels of technology. - 79 - Annex I 2.3.3 Planning and programming Describe the procedures associated with the development of the state water and sanitation programmes, including identification of priorities and project selection. 2.3.4 Manpower development and training Identify the development of the manpower reSources since the programmes were initiated and indicate the long-term plans for acquiring and training personnel in the associated career fields of administration, financial and technical and discuss the training programmes developed for community workers. Identify the training needs required to attain the water and sanitation goals identified by the Government. Discuss the staffing criteria applied by the Minister of Health in assigning health inspectors and rural health assistants to the rural environmental sanitation programme and describe their training and job responsibilities. 2.3.5 Community involvement Describe community responsibility with respect to planning and programming, organization, project management, the associated activities of financing (capital and operating and maintenance costs) and technical responsibility. Also discuss the techniques used to develop and encourage community participation and education. 2.3.6 Operation and maintenance practices Outline the operating and maintenance levels, which have been established, to ensure operational reliability and describe the controls in effect to monitor operations, with respect to preventive maintenance programmes and spare parts. 2.3.7 Financing methods Describe the financing methods in effect for recovering capital costs and for supporting unit operations and maintenance. 2.3.8 Water quality standards and drinking water quality surveillanc~ programme Identify the national standards which are being applied to the control of drinking water supplies and the discharge of industrial and domestic wastes. Describe the national water quality surveillance programme and procedures for remedial action. - 80 - Annex 1 2.3.9 Health education Describe the development of health education in Malaysia, with respect to organization, staffing and techniques applied. What specific methods have been employed to encourage communities to participate actively in the environmental sector. 2.3.10 Data/information systems and health statistics Describe the system in effect for collecting, collating and reporting on information and data relating to environmental health such as water and sanitation coverage, planning, programming, project implementation. evaluation, etc. Also, based on epidemiological data and health conditions tabulate at ten-year intervals (since 1960) the indices of identified water related diseases in the State together with statistics of general morbidity and mortality. 2.4 Water and sanitation coverage In order to indicate the gradual development of the water and sanitation sectors identify by five-year intervals (from 1960) the coverage achieved in the State for each sector for both the rural and urban populations. Based on current programmes, identify the planned coverage for water and sanitation for 1990 - the year of the International Drinking Water and Sanitation Decade. SECTION 3 3. General The purpose of this collaboration is to develop in cooperation with the primary health care approach a distinct environmental programme in the Lundu district in Sarawak, Malaysia. Basically, this district was selected so that the various approaches could be applied, tested, adjusted and proved in the smallest administrative unit before being applied to the gradual and systematic establishment of division, state and country environmental programmes. Basically, the study encompasses the following activities: (a) the development of a comprehensive water and sanitation plan; (b) the application of a prevention maintenance manual in the maintenance of rural water systems; - 81 - Annex 1 (c) the application of a drinking water quality surveillance manual in the routine assessment of the safety of urban and rural water systems; (d) the development of a programme to train village workers in the operation and maintenance of rural water and sanitation systems; (e) a training programme relating to the construction of ferro-cement water tanks; and (f) identify the role to be assigned to the rural health assistants in the primary health care approach. 3.1 Programme planning 3.1.1 Water programme (a) Develop the water sector programme for the unserved villages in the district in the following sequence: (i) by desk study (and, if necessary, by field survey), identify the existing villages, their population and the number of houses; (ii) identify the types of water supply systems serving each village; (iii) locate the villages on a map of suitable scale, and by legend, indicate the type of acceptable water system installed; (iv) identify those villages without a suitable system and select the type of system for each village based on the kind of facilities serving the adjacent communities; (v) estimate the cost of each scheme and determine the programme costs; (vi) prepare a water supply programme for the unserved communities by distributing the programme costs, year by year, in accordance with the current financial allocations. Give first priority to coastal villages and those communities which experience endemic intestinal diseases. (b) Carry out a field survey of all the villages in the district and evaluate the suitability of the existing water systems with respect to: (i) the reliability of the system in providing suitable quantities of water under varying conditions such as droughts and rainfall; if possible, metre the water consumption of a village; l /1 - 82 - Annex 1 (ii) the suitability and adequacy of the design, with respect to the water demands of the community and the choice of materials; (iii) the acceptability of the contruction methods; (v) the svailability of spare parts and fuels and lubricants; (v) the appropriateness of the technology; (vi) the acceptability of the water quality and the potential health hazards to the supply; identify sources which are marginally acceptable such as those containing iron and manganese and those which are odourous and turbid due to the presence of organic matter and suspended material; (vii) the collection of water charges and the basis for the ~ , charges; (viii) estimate the maintenance and repair costs required to improve the standard and the reliability of the various .yatems; (ix) prepare a water programme and detail the total costs required to rehabilitate the water systems; and (x) distribute the repair costs, year by year, in order to develop a realistic implementable programme. 3.1.2 Sanitation programme (a) Develop the sanitation programme for the district in the following sequence: (i) by field survey, determine for each village the number of households without reliable excreta disposal facilities; (ii) identify the type. of systems which are suitable and appropriate; (iii) estimate the cost of providing the systems for each village; (iv) determine the total programme costs; and (v) distribute the coats, year by year, in accordance with the existing implementation capacity. (b) During the field survey, inspect the existing excreta disposal systems and: (i) deteraine their general hygienic condition on the basis of a rating system which includes smell, foul and the presence of flies and mosquitos; - 83 - Annex 1 (ii) establish the reliability of the system. For pit latrines, determine if a vent pipe is provided and whether mosquito screens have been installed. For pour-flush units, check on the presence of a water seal; and (iii) determine by inspection and by interview if the facilities are being used. 3.2 Preventive maintenance Develop and implement for the district all the administrative and technical procedures detailed in the Ministry of Health's Preventive Maintenance Manual - Village Water Supplies. After the initial six-month testing period, comment on: (a) the recommended three-tier organization structure and the related responsibilities; (b) the utility of the various forms and their use in managing and controlling the programmes; (c) the scheduling methods and the need to incorporate programme revisions due to seasonal problems such as drought, excessive rainfall, community participation and technical competence; (d) methods necessary to determine and control levels of spare parts; (e) the ability and the willingness of the community to participate in the programme; (f) the adequacy of the technical skills of the health staff and the community to adequately maintain, operate and repair the installations; and (g) the sufficiency of the recommended tool list to maintain the facilities. 3.3 Drinking water quality Surveillance programme Develop a drinking water quality surveillance programme for the district in accordance with the following sequence of activities: (a) For comparative purposes, prepare two sampling/testing schedules for chemical and bacteriological testing of rural and urban water supplies: one based on the practical utilization of the available resourceS (financial, manpower and capacity of the Department of Chemistry), and the second, as required by the frequency of sampling indicated in the manual. Identify the additional resources required to implement a comprehensive district programme. (b) Liaise with the Public Works Department and establish a sampling programme for analysing the suitability of the water being produced; - 84 - Annex I (c) For remote rural systems, test the water supply in site for faecal and chemical contamination using the portable kits (membrane filter) and, when possible and practical, obtain laboratory confirmation of the field results. Comment on the utility of the kits with respect to: (i) ease or difficulty of carrying out the tests; (ii) basic suitability of the kits for accessing the quality of water supplies by considering transportation, ease of handling, calibration or temperature control, etc.; (iii) accuracy of results obtained in relation to laboratory results of composite sample; (d) Discuss the effectiveness of the reporting methods, including follow-up snd remedial action. (e) Comment on the degree of cooperation effected between the /1 involved agencies. 3.4 Training programme Establish a training programme for educating village workers within the framework of the village network in the administrative and technical aspects of managing a water supply system. In addition, develop curriculum and specific training modules for the: (a) operation and maintenance of both gravity systems and well installations. Provide for practical demonstrations in the inspection and repair of systems and their components. (b) administrative aspects associated with keeping operating records and controlling spare parts; (c) techniques for gauging stream flows and measuring groundwater levels; (d) sanitary surveillance of the water shed and the water system, including water sampling and testing; and (e) liaise with the primary health care staff and, as necessary, prepare material dealing with basic hygienic practices and the relationship between excreta disposal, water supply and the various waterborae di~.aes. 3.5 Progress report The Ministry of Health will prepare periodic progress reporta, relating completion of project activities to the implementation schedule included in these terms of reference. The reports shall be prepared: (a) at the end of first six months, and (b) at the end of nine months. - 85/86 - Annex 1 3.6 Final report The Ministry of Health will submit a final report within 12 months of the start of the project. The report may, however, be submitted progressively in accordance with the rate of implementation of the various independent activities identified as items I through V on the implementation schedule. 4. Input of WHO 4.1 Construction of ferro-cement tanks Water tanks WHO will provide consultant services to train health staff in the construction of ferro-cement tanks. 4.2 Role of the rural health assistant WHO will provide consultant services to assist the health staff in identifying the role which the rural health assistants will be expected to undertake in the application of the primary health care approach. In this regard, academic and practical training and on-the-job experience will be analysed with regard to the requirements, and specific training recommendations will be made for integrating this level of staff into the planned health team activities. 5. Inputs of Ministry of Health The Ministry of Health will also; (a) provide the necessary and feasible support facilities and services to enable the project staff to accomplish the initial and periodic information gathering, as well as implement the specific activities, as agreed to by the Government and supported by appropriate internal resources; (b) provide the necessary national experts to function as counterparts to the international personnel on the project; (c) provide facilities for the organization of periodic workshops/group training activities, the relevant miscellaneous incidental expenses being provided for. - 87/88 - Annex I IDWSSD ADVISORY SERVICES PROJECT MALAYSIA, STATE OF SARAWAK Implementation Schedule Activity Description M 0 NTH S No. !1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1. Development of water and sanitation sectors II. Programme planning water progr..-e I I Data gathering '--~"-'-1 I Scheme identification Programme development :-+I ! Sanitation programme I i Data gathering I I Programme development -r- Preparing the composite report I HI. Preventive maintenance progr8D1De , . , , i Data gathering t..-- .....-----.:..-.-.~ .... --! Preparing forms i ~ , ! Developing schedules ; I Implementing the programme ; , I .-+-+--t--; Evaluating the programme , I ! and preparing the report ,I - 89/90 - !pRell: 1 H 0 • T H S Act ivit}' Description No. I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 141 IV. Drinking water Quality surveillance Data gathering Developing schedules Training in the use of the membrane filter Sampling and testing I Evaluating Finalizing the programme and preparing the report V. Training programae Data gathering Preparing tbe lectures Developing the curriculum Implementing the programme ~ VI. Ferro-cement traiai!!l progr_ Identifying the ..teriala Obtain the materials - I- Implementing the programme Constructing the tanks - 91/92 - Annex 1 ESTIMA'l'ED COS'l'S FOR THE STATE OF SARAWAK. MALAYSIA 1983 - 1984 (1) Travel/subsistence (a) Initial field survey 288 man days each 25/day US$ 7 200 (3 daya/village x 96 villages) (b) Water quality testing 40 days each 25/day 1 000 (c) Construction of 8 men/5 days 1 000 ferro-cement tanks (2) Materials (a) Ferro-cement tanks (4) 1 000 (b) Spare parts - water systems 1 000 (3) Workshops (2) - village workers 800 US$12 000 _a_== ••_= __ - 93/94 - ANNEX 2 FORKS USED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROGRAMME FIRST DIVISION, SARAWAK - 95/96 - ANNEX 2 FORMATS USED IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION FIRST DIVISION, SARAWAK 1. Month Iy No. Title of formats Users Remarks 1.1 KAS/PIN/l/82 (a) Rural health superviaors This report consists of nine Monthly progress report (RHSs) pages describing the act~v~t~es carried out by the RHS during (b) Health inspector the month. The same fo~t will in charge of district be used for the district, and (HI) the divisional consolidated report prepared by the HI and (c) Divisional health the HS, respectively. superintendent (HS) 1.2 KAS/I/79 & (a) HI To record the present stock of KAS/2/79 PVC pipes for water supply Stock return on (b) HS construction in the district PVC pipes and division. 1.3 LA. 1/83 (a) HI To record the monthly Monthly report on the production, distribution and production and (b) HS installation of water tanks in distribution of the villages. water ta.nks 1.4 Agreement form for the (a) RHS To be prepared by the IRS and installation of water signed by the householder. tanks Four copies to be prepared and distributed, one copy each to the recipient, HI, HS and medical HQ. The number of agreement signed must correspond to format TA 1/83 sbove. - 97/98 - Annex a No. Title of formats Users Remark. 1. 5 Format 4/83 (a) RHS To record the monthly health Health education education activities carried out activities (b) HI by the RHS/HI. (d HS 1.6 PG gravity proposal (a) HI. This format details the proposed form pipe gravity, mechanical pump (b) HS or hydraulic ram water system to be supplied to the village. 2. Quarterly 2.1 H.387 - Rural water (a) HI Quarterly return on the details supplies of water supply projects (b) HS completed. 2.2 Quarterly returns on (a) HI Quarterly return on the details latrine project of latrines (pour-flush) (b) HS completed. 3. Annually 3.1 RHIS achievement (a) HI To he used to analyse the cumulative coverage of the (b) HS environ.ental sanitation programme. The analysis may be made semi-annually or annually. 3.2 RHS other activities (a) HI To summarize the annual performance of the RHS in other (b) HS related activities. 4.1 Monthly record of (a) RHS To register the number of latrine completed latrine completed by tbe RHS in for the year (b) HI each village by month. (c) HS - 99/100 - Annex 2 No. Title of formats Users Remarks 4.2 Monthly record of water (a) RHS To register the type of water supply construction supply cBmpleted and the (b) HI number of water storage tanks installed in the villages during (c) HS the month. 4.3 Water storage tanks (a) RHS To register the numbr;:t '. ~~::':..!'" installation tanks installed in a p£r~L~ULdT (b) HI village. (d HS 4.4 Progress record of (a) RHS To record the progress of water supply projects constructing a pipe gravity (b) HI feed, sanitary well, mechanical pump and hydraulic rem system (d HS only. 4.5 Rural health supervisor (a) RHS To register the profile of operational area villages under the RHS (b) HI operational area/district division. Details include (b) HS names of the families in the village. and popUlation per family i. also recorded. - 101/102 - ANNEX 3-1 DETAILS OF WATER SYSTEM AT KAKPONG PAMPOIfG PUKR LUNDU DISTRICT, SARAWAK PH-I FORM RESP 2/77 - ElIVlRDllMENTAL!WIITATIOll , IIIJRAL OOKIIIllIITY WATERSUPPLY PROGRAII STATE OF SARAlI~ PENINSULAR MALAYSIA REPORT FOR COMlIIllIITY WATER SUPPLY PROJECTS 1. _ of Puoh 4. Pro"ect Mu.ber 14/82 2. Muki. 6 Diatriet Firat Luodu Diatrict 5. Date of ProDo.at 23.6.1981 3. Genera 1 Inform.auon 3.1 No. of bouses bUlldiaga wlthln~r~jectarea 2~L2 6. Date of A~~rov.l 7. ).1982 3.2 Ptlp~l.tionreceivina water from the Dro;ect 347 7. Date of CCDmaDcnent 1.10.1982 3.3 De.ian 'Population for proiect de.ian 521 8. Date of co.pletion 12.11.1982 9. lafora.tion on vater .1 Source 0 vater Mouat_to atre_ 9.4 Pipe Uo. LenKth Dl_ter in. 8upply .yatem 9.2 Type of vater treat.ent (if any) lIil Coauection8 Main pipe line 280 311 4ie. 9.3 c.j)8chy of d•• if Branch i e lulle 100 121 2-1 2 di •• 9.5 Tv" of veter 8uoply nlt_ uled: R:ravitv/feed/aotor clriven Dump)electric draulic ra. 2" db. 9.6 lnfona.ltion on if aID:) "il 10. Returns on 10.1 Expea~btureof Hillietrv of Healtb IS 255.00 ll~General 11.1 No. of pour-flush latrine(W.C. Expenditure 10.2 i!xpeDditure b~ K.apoua populatioo 3 64).00 Sanitation before project 48 i 10.3 Ez~diture fro. other 80urces 11.2 No~of pour-flush latriDe~.C. I-' - o 10.4 Total ex nditure 18 900.00 installed - W 'Der 10.S Coat capita 36.30 12. No. of wells 12.1 Sanitary wells Nil "I-' 13. Other Comments before proj- 12.2 Wells Nil o ect i.plemen- ... tation i 1~.eo-euto by PRE/SB!.l II (Sou. ) REALTH INSPECTOR DISTRICT SHrill & HO* DISTRICT HEALTH OFFICER PREIS8!.I II ( SAN. )* DY.DIR.HED. & HLTH. SERVICES (HEALTH) I -- ~ ------I ..., i '" *Delete Where not applicable. I I - W W X X f f I I '" '" o o --- V< V< o o PIPE PIPE PIPE PIPE PIPIE PIPIE PIPE PIPE $;# $;# PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC PVC VALVE VALVE PVC PVC tJ tJ ¢ ¢ D D ¢ ¢ " " GATE GATE / r r / 2:i' 2:i' :2" :2" .3 .3 t> LEGENOS: LEGENOS: _.-._._------' _.-._._------' - ~ ~ ~ ~ --- '"", '"", .•. .•. --- ...... ~-- .. .. 29 29 ------_. ------_. -----.------.- - 107 - Annex 3-1 LIST OF HOUSEHOLDS AND POPULATION KPG PUEH, LUNDU DISTRICT House No. Head of family Population 1. Simdu ak Tuntun 6 2. Malong ak Agai 7 3. Josup ak Mungini 7 4. Hasena ak Lini 6 5. Abu ak Tongki 8 6. Bawang ak Maja 5 7. Hina ak Ka1un 6 8. Paujan ak Bunchong 11 9. Nasa ak Assien 3 10. Midai ak Nibam 4 11. Nilos ak Nixium 11 12. Ka1eng ak Unded 8 13. Baringu ak Sandong 8 14. Uniloi ak Nikso1 4 15. Nyamtor ak Pamaram 12 16. Uriut ak Yon 8 17. Teleng ak Nyumbai 10 18. Mahaya ak Tuntun 5 19. Bewa ak Tola 6 20. Nayat ak Likon 6 21. Majus ak Timbun 1 22. Bikun ak Turat 7 23. Bikol ak Turat 6 24. Banyau ak Turat 5 25. Eron ak Suut 5 26. Betty ak Turat 1 27. Engan ak Muik 2 28. Engku ak Muik 4 29. Jeseli ak Seidom 6 30. Fod ak Engku 4 31. Saidon ak Lamit 7 32. Juki ak Kimai 2 33. Lepar ak Suie 2 34. Lenang ak Unlen 5 35. Sija ak Isah 6 36. Isah 4 37. Luren ak Lamit 9 38. Evan ak Suit 6 39. Samat ak Hamil 8 40. Piee ak Buku 7 41. Akep ak Lekev 7 - 108 - II Annex 3-1 ii" " House No. Head of family Population 42. Akam ak Helat 9 43. Tang 5 44. Luin 6 45. Benet ak Lewi 13 46. Jema ak Nyunti 4 47. Ahow 5 48. Nidai ak Tangkoi 5 49. Tangkoi ak Ahuo 2 50. Mahadi ak Decho 11 51. Muber ak Ajai 8 52. Chengki ak Pemaran 4 53. Kansang ak Butuk 4 54. Mariam ak Sarip 5 55. Sharon ak Jerali 6 " 56. Saini ak San tun 6 TOTAL: 347 ====-= - 109 - Annex 3-1 INVENTORY FOR PIPE GRAVITY SYSTEM KPG. PUEH, LUNDU DISTRICT No. Description Manufacturer/agent ---Model (1) Strainer 3" dia. 1 inno RHIS store Class D ( 2) Gate valves 3" dia. 4 innos Kiong Seng 2-1/2" dia. 1 inno Kiong Seng 21t dia. 1 inno Kiong Seng 1-1/2" dia. 4 innos Kiong Seng 1" dia. 1 inno Kiong Seng (3) Piees 3" dia. PVC 280 lengths Kim Lung All pipes of 2-1/2" dia. Class Da PVC 272 lengths Kim Lung 2" dia. PVC 166 lengths Kim Lung 1-1/2" dia. PVC 70 lengths Kim Lung 1" dia. PVC 62 lengths Kim Lung 3/4" dia. PVC 38 lengths Kim Lung 1/2" die. PVC 136 lengths (4) Fittings Tee PVC 3" x 3" 1 inno Kiong Seng 3" x 2-1/2" 1 inno Kiong Seng 3" x 1-1/2" 3 innos Kiang Seng 3" x 3/4" 2 innos Kiomg Seng 311 x 1/2" 9 innos Kiang Seng 2-1/2 x 1/2" 9 inno8 Kiang Seng 1-1/2" x 3/4" 1 inno Kiong Seng 1-1/2" x 1/2" 6 innos Kiong Seng 1" x 1/2" 2 innos Kiong Seng 3/4" x 1/2" 7 ionas Kiong Seng - 110 - Annex 3-1 . No. Description Manufacturer/Agent Model Nipples GlP 3" 8 innos Kiong Seng 2-1/2" 2 innos Kiang Seng 2" 2 inno. Kiang Seng 1-1/2" 8 innoa Kiong Seng I" 2 innos Kiong Seng 3/4" 1 inno Kiong Seng Coupling GlP 3" 8 inno8 Kiang Seng 2-1/2" 2 inno8 Kiang Seng 2" 2 innos Kiong Seng 1-1/2" 8 innos Kiang Seng 1" 2 inno. Kiang Seng 3/4" 1 inno Kiong Seng Valve socket PVC 3" 8 innos Kiang Seng 2-1/2" 2 innoa Kiang Seng 2" 2 innos Kiong Seng 1-1/2" 8 innos Kiang Seng 1" 2 innos Kiang Seng 3/4" 1 inno Kiong Seng Elbow PVC 1/2" 108 innos Kiong Seng Faucet socket PVC 1/2" 69 innoa Kiang Seng Auto air release 3/4" dia. 1 inno JKlt 5. Tap. 1/2" 69 inno. Kiang seng - 111/112 - ANNEX 3-2 DETAILS OF WATER SYSTEM AT KAMPONG LLAOH LUIIDU DISTRICT. SARAWAK ENVIRONMENTALSANITATION AND RURAL COMMUNITYWAr!R SUPPLY PROGRAMME STAn or SARAwAK UPORT FOR. COHMUlun WATER SUPPLY' PROJECTS RANCA.NGA.MlE.NISllIAII Al.A)f SBULILlMG DAN 8EKALA AIR l1A.SYARAlCAtWAR MNDAll HEGERI SARAWAlMALAYSIA UTAII OATA AS,S PEKBliWJi TELAGA DAII LOG TELAGA ~ .. -~~---.; 1. MItHE 0' KAMPOftG: Ktaob PIlQJECT NO., 6.t COST OF .UH.SET 1N- ' $280.00 WELL LOG CLUSIVE OF CYL. SPARES ~ r DEPTH 'GRAPHLOG , : 'l. MUKtH. AND DISTRICT: Luodll OATE OF OOIIMENCEHENT, 6.2 CCST OF CASING $256.00 'W.T.M. 'SOIL TYPE ,REKARlItS: 1970 I I I-~ 3. SEUAL 1«,. AND LOCATION OF WELL, DATE OP OOKPLETIOtf: 6.3 COST OF WELL POINT * - 3 sand/clay 1 : Veil 110. I ~ro I : .------~-" I I ~.110. OF HOUSES SUYED, BY WELL, 2 110. OF ACTOALDAYS 6.~ COST OF G.I./PVC PIPE $ 31.00 600ft rock I 'I MO. OF POP. SERVED BY WEUI 35 snNt. 1 week ! S. COSTlWCTION! 5.1 HAND PUMP 6.S COST OF STEEL ROD * - 9 ----: DATA (INDICATE I COST OF CONCRETE APRON TYPE, 5.2 TOTAL DEPTH 0' WELL 6.0 •• 6.6 AND DRAINAGE OUTLET $228.00 12 DUG WELL AUGUUD OTHER CCST. Nipple i 1.70 na.IVEN) S.3 WATER.STRUCK AT 0.6 m. 6.7 (SPEClFY) G.1. socket 1. SO 15 I ~ ~ 5.~TYPE OF CASING LENGTHOF cASING 6 lB. Valve locket'S 1.80 t8 i 6. ~ concrete 0- I-' 5. 5 \J!NGTB 0' G. 1. PIn PVC pipe 5 '". 6.8 SUB-roTAL $800.00 21 " TOTAL COST 0' HOUSE S. 6 \J!\lGTB OF STEI!L ROIl a. 6.9 CO_CTION (1' ANY) - 24 NO. • _. ! - -...., 5.7 SIZE OF APRON 2.4 a. x. 2.4 la. 6.10 TOTAL COST OF WELL '856.00 27 LENGTH OF DRAlllAGE OUTLET 1.8 a. 1. LAlli-LAth 6.11 MIN. OF IlEALTH $800.00 30 CATITAlf COI!lTllIBUTION l 6.12 KAMPONGCONTRIBUTION $ - 11 (Patrick IC.itay) (Seier Ealey) (Dr Zulkifli J.) 6.ll UNICEF CONT.16~TlvN S 56.00 36 ogava. Xe810atan Inepektor Ke.inetao Pegavai keethatan (ICQ) -, 6.t4 OTHER SOURCES s 38 10-11-8~- 10-11-84 10-11-84 Tanth Tarikh 1'ankh ~ - 11.';/ll6 - Annex 3-2 'I ~.~ '.\ !, i [!] ...... !: @J ~ ~ ~ C ~ "l ~ EI ~ t; ~ ~ ~ ~ It' ~::) 0) ... I!l c.n~ ® 0 ~" lID ~[§~ ~@ ::;) I!I- - ~ ~ Q z 13[3 ...... -:. ;:) _VEL~ ..J m\ S lEI -.;.~ :r:- ~ ~ ~ r\ ®~ ~ ~ -/ ~ X ~ ~ ~ I/) \!)- ~ [3 :s::0- ~ ~i. I U. ~ EJ 0 r a. I~ 4.: I ~ ... Annex 3-2 UST OF HOUSEHOLDS AND POPULATION, KPG. LLAOH, LUNDU House no. Name of head of family Population in the family 1. Nuha 6 2. Su L~ 5 3. Chula 3 4. Layang 4 5. Chagat 5 6 Isa 7 7. Bong Kiang 4 8. Tk. Nuai 7 9. Apat 8 10. Bujang 11 11. Kiliu 9 12. Bantin 5 13. Kihoh 10 14. ~~i 4 15. Mansing 6 16. Piri 3 17. Kayun 9 18. Ti~b 8 19. Lajun 11 20. Sikun 6 21. D~ 8 TOTAL: 139 :=zt_= - ll8 - Annex 3-2 INVENTORY FOR SANITARY WELL PROJECT - KPG. KLAOH, LUNDU No. Description Quantity Manufacturer Model Sanitary Concrete well ring 7 RHIS Store well No. 1 3' dia x 3' Concrete cover 1 RHIS Store Concrete apron 8' x 8' 1 RHIS Store Handpump 1 Taiwan RAGO PVC pipe 1-1/2" dia. 16 ft Kim Lung Foot valve 1 Kion Seng Valve socket 1-1/2" PVC 1 Kim Lung Nipple 1-1/2" GIP 1 Kion Seng Socket 1-1/2" GIP 1 Kion Seng Sanitary Concrete well ring 7 RHIS Store well No. 2 3' dia. x 3' Concrete cover 1 RHIS Store Concrete apron 8' x 8' 1 RHS Lundu Concrete pump stand 2 RHS Lundu PVC pipe 1-1/2" dia. PVC 50 ft Kim Lung Handpump 2 Taiwan RAGO Foot valve 1-1/2" 2 Kion Seng Valve socket 1-1/2" PVC 2 Kim Lung Nipple 1-1/2" GIP 2 Kion Seng Socket 1-1/2" GIP 2 Kion Seng Sanitary Concrete well ring 4 RHlS Store well No. J 3' dia. x 3' Wire cover 1 Concrete pump stand 1 RHS Lundu PVC pipe 1-1/2" 20 ft Kim Lung Foot valve 1-1/2" 1 Kion Seng Concrete apron 6' x 8' 1 RHS Lundu HallClpump 1 Taiwan RAGO Nipple 1-1/2" GIP 1 Kion Seng Socket 1-1/2" GIP 1 Kion Seng Valve socket 1-1/2" PVC 1 Kim Lung - 119/120- No. Description Quantity Manufacturer Model Sanitary Concrete well ring 4 RHIS Store well No. 4 3' dia. x 3' Wire cover 1 Concrete apron 7' x 7' 1 RHS Lundu Concrete pump stand 1 RHS Lundu PVC pipe 1-1/2" dia. 50 ft Kim Lung Foot valve 1-1/2" 1 Kion Seng Nip.p1e 1-1/2" GIP 1 Kion Seng Socket 1-1/Z" GIP 1 Kion Seng Valve socket 1-1/2" PVC 1 Kim Lung Handpump 1 Taiwan RAGO - 121/122 - ANNEX 3-3 PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE FORMS PH-I FORM RESP 2/77 ENVIRONMENTALSANITATION 6 RURAL COMHUNITYWATER SUPPLY PROGRAM STATE OF P!lIINSULAIt JlALAYSIA UPOU POll COMHUNITYWATER SUPPLY PROJECTS I. _ of Ka 4. Proiec.t Nuaber 2. Mukim 6 Di.tTict 5. Date of Proposal 3. General Infor.ation 3.1 10. of bouse. build" 8 within oroieet area 6. Date of Aporoval 3.2 PonuiatioD receiviaR water froa. the Dro;ect 7. Date of Coaaencement 3.3 Desi.an population for projec.t cle.ian . 8. Date of let ion 9. Inforaation on water 9.1 SOurce of •• ter 9.4 Pipe Uee Le .... th Diameter (in. .upply aylte. 9.2 Type of vater treataent hf n? J ConDectiona Ma1Q pipe 1 iae 9.3 ~.cit 0 "a if. Br ac~DiD. i .. 9.S ll""e of •• ter .UDDlv note. uo.'" ar .. ity/f_/wJtor HEALTH INSPECTOR DISTRICT SHIlM 6 110" DISTRICT HEALTH OFFICER PRE/SKI. III (SAN.)" DY.DIR.IIED. 6 HLTH. SERVICES (HEALTH) i ~ '"I J W *Delete ~re Dot applicable. PM-1A !NYlBOMUTAL SUltATIOM PKOClWIMK AIID RUlIAL "ATEa SUPPLY STAT! OF ~~==~~~~~ WELLCONSTRUCTION DETAILS ANDWELL LOG ICAKPONG: PROJECT !6.1 LIST OF MATERIALS USED I WELL LOG HE' 110. Qty. Description Un.. Total I De~th Cost Cost i Ii .. Ft. Description/Remark DISTIlICT: DATE OF COMPLETION. I 16.2 I I I, 1 I I ! 1 i LOCAUON OF \!ELLS: I DATi. OF CO_tIC_iff> \ 6.3 I, , i ! I ,ERV WELL DAYS ACTUAL SPSNT. I, 6.4 I 5.1 SURFACE/HAND/MOTORDRIVEN/ELECTRIC PUMP: I 6.5 5.2 TOTAL DEPTH OF WELL ••••••• FT. : 6.6 , 5.3 WATi.R STRUCK AT •••••••••• fT. 6.1 I I : 5.4 TYPE OF CASING: LENGTH OF CASING FT •• IN ,6.8 ~ '-.' N I . ! 5.5 LENGTHOF G.l. PIPE ... PT ..• PVC •.• " 6.9 HoUle connec:tl.on8 '" I \5.6 LENGTH OF STEEL ROD ••••• FT 6.10 Total coot ! 5.7 stZE OF APRON ••••••• PT.x •••••• FT 6.11 Kampong c~ntro LENGTH OF DRAINAGE OUTLET L 6.12 UNICEF r--- 6.13 Other contr. ! 6.14 HaH contr. I PHO Rea 1 th utepector Health Officer ~ Date ~te Date - 129/130 - AI!!!! 3-3 (PM-3) DIVISION OF ~IN&KRIMG SlRVICBS MIinSTty OF IIEALTH II!CORD OF *IN'BIWWB/RI'UR OOSTS Description Location/MEP No . Inv. No . I Ugit Total ClIIIIllative No. , Date Description of !tem - coat -coat c.t - 131/132 - Aao,8x 3-3 (PM-4) PREVENTIVCE MAINTENANCE INSTRUCTIONS CARD Kampong Di8trict Model No. Descriptioll Status Status: R - Runaill8 N - NOlI""rUIIlling (PM-S MINISTRYOF HEALTH REQUESTFOR REPAIRS HiDhtry of Health PM-5 KAIfPOlfG MEP NO. Date received: Date completed: CJ LOWPRESSURE CJ NO WATER To: 0 SPAltE PARTS CJ PUMPIS NOISY IlEMAllKS: CJ ~COLOUR TASTE ..,.... CJ PART BROKEN .., ...... , ~ . 125 - r 116 - ~ ! - 135/136 - Annex 3-3 (PH-6) MINISTRY OF HEALTH PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE INSPECTION RECORD REGISTER OF VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES District State P.M. Book Received b~ PHO/HI --Date Returned to HI Date - 137/138 - Annex 3-3 (PM-7) MINISTRY OF HEALTH RECORD OF MAINTENANCE/REPAIR REQUESTS VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY I>;lte Date No. Scheme Desc ri I!t ion of reguest received c0iBj>1eted - 139/140 - Annex 3-3 (PM-B) MINISTRY OF HEALTH SUMMARY OF ANNUAL DISTRICT MAINTENANCE/REPAIR COSTS FOR VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES YEAR District State Scheme Total cost Population Cost served per caeita - 141/142 - Annel< 3-3 (PM-9) MINISTRY OF HEALTH SUMMARY OF ANNUAL STATE MAINTENANCE/REPAIR COSTS FOR VILLAGE WATER SUPPLY SCHEMES YEAR District Total coat Population Cost served per capita - 143/144 - Annex 3-3 (PM-IO) MINISTRY OF HEALTH Flow Measurements of Surface Water at Kampong Particulars of measuring device Date Head Flow - 145/146 - Annex 3-3 (PH-ll) MINISTRY OF HEALTH WELL OPERATING DATA at Kampong Well No. Pump gallons/minute at TDH of Static level level Drawdown Date Puml!inll Sl!ecific cal!acitx Discharie -- ft. It. It. GPM71t. I (PH-IZ) MINISTRY OF HEALTH RECORDOF SPARE PARTS USED VILLAGBWATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS 1tam\>Oll3 Dhtrict Seare earts ueed Comeonent Rockina Pump 0..'. ~ ~ ~ ~ -- deacri2tion handle 0 .... gasket body head body 1 Well KEP 2 I 1 -,:.-. Well KEP , 1 1 1 .. '" Well KEP 10 1 1 1 Well KEP 1, 1 1 1 , r w I w I I I - 149/150 - ANNEX 3-4 TRAINING PROGBAKKE FOR VILLAGE WORKERS SUPPLY SYSTEMS - 151- 1. Piped gravity system 1.1 Introduction (a) Present the theory of gravity flow systems by relating the project profile to system design. (b) Discuss construction methods. (c) Identify fittings and their function, e.g. gate valves, air release valves, wash out and strainers. (d) Discuss the theory of concrete mixing; water cement ratios and proportions of cement, sand and gravel, curing time, function of reinforcing bars, etc. (e) Identify sources of pollution - animal and human, and the consequences of economic development such as farming and timber cutting, on water quality. (f) Identify sources of leaks which result from poor connections, excessive pressure or soil erosion. Discuss location of leaks and means of identification and repair in transmission and distribution lines, dams, taps, air release valves. (g) Discuss effects which leaks have on system operation - low pressure, insufficient water, breeding areas for mosquitos, infiltration problems, etc. (h) Maintenance schedule - Explain to the village workers the monthly, semi-annual and annual activities to be carried out by them. To explain the use of Forms PM-2, PM-3, PM-4, PM-5 and PM-IO. 2. Demonstration (a) To identify the various fittings and their use (both GPI and PVC) - tee, elbow, socket, reducer, gate valve, end plug, faucet socket. (b) To demonstrate and practise mixing cement making pipe connections by cold and hot joints installing gate valves and taps repairing and replacing leaking taps use of tools (c) To determine the development of maintenance schedules and the application of the checklist for gravity systeas. - 152 - Annex 3-4 3. Field visit (a) To visit a village supplied by a gravity feed water systea. (b) To practice using tbe various forms. 4. SanittrY well 4.1 Introduction (a) To discuss the theory and the principles of design and operation of a well. (b) To discuss various parts of the pumps. (c) To present the principles of mixing concrete. (d) To discuss source protection - siting of wells in relation to latrine and other possible sources of pollution. (e) To present common faults of pumps; their probable causes and applied reaedies. (f) To discuss the development of maintenance schedule: the application of the checklist Appendix 3-7; and the use of various forms - PK-3. PM-4. Pm-5 and PM-II. 4.2 Demonatration (a) To display the pumps and its various parts. (b) To practice dismantelling and re-assembling of various pumps. (Type of pumps - Gibson Pump and Rega). 4.3 Field visit (a) Visit a village provided with sanitary well (handpump) and discuss ita location and probably .ources of pollution. (b) Practise using foras PM-2, PM-3. PM-4, PM-5 and PM-II. 5. Rainwater tank 5.1 Introduction (a) To discuss the theory, tbe design and installation of the water tank (metal tank and spirolite tanks) and tbe relationship between roof· size and storage provided. - 153 - Annex 3-4 (b) To describe the various components and their fuctions - gutter, downpipe, strainer, tap, pipe connections, gutter hooks. (c) To discuss source protection. (d) To describe the breeding habits of mosquitos. (e) To identify the common faults (leakage, mosquito breeding). (f) To describe the maintenance schedule as detailed in checklist PM-4 (Water Catchment>. (g) To discuss the use of forms PM-3, PM-4 and PM-5. 5.3 Field visit (a) To visit a village with water tanks. (b) To practise using formats PM-3, PM-4 and PM-5. (c) To train the workers in the development of inspection schedules and in the application of specific checklists. 6. Personnel The health personnel involved in the training programme include: (a) The Divisional Medical Officer of the First Division will serve as a resource and advisory person to the formulation of training guidelines. (b) The Medical Officer of Health, Lundu (Ministry of Health), will serve ss a resource and advisory person to the district health staff and provide training facilities and vehicles. 6.3 Acting Divisional Health Superintendent The Acting Divisional Health Superintendent will be responsible for: (a) planning, coordinating and supervising of health staff and trainees during the training programme; (b) implementing the training guidelines; (c) developing the training programme, the curriculum and the syllabus; (d) preparing the lecture notes; and (e) giving lectures and arranging for demonstrations and field. visits. - 154 - Annex 3-4 6.4 Health Inspector-1n-Charge, Lundu District The Health Inspector-in-Charge, Lundu District will be required to: (a) obtain teaching aids, e.g. fittings, pump, pipe, etc., for the practical session_; (b) prepare training stationeries; (c) arrange for the training centre, food, accommodation and transport; (d) assist in giving lectures and practical sessions; (e) translate all PM formats to Bahaaa Malaysia; and (f) assist in other as.ignments as required. 6.5 Rural Health Supervisors: The Rural Health Supervisors will: " 7. Training centres (a> Training and accommodation will be conducted at: (i) Rlinik De .. S... tan (ii) Lundu District Hospital 8. Equip!ent (a) Transport The following traneport will be provided: Land cruiser - 3 (1 fro. DNO! Office, I from Lundu Hospital and 1 from KD S... tan). Long boat 1 from Lundu Hospital. - 155 - Annex 3-4 (b) Teaching aids Particulars Quantity Remarks (l) Blackboard 1 inno Lundu Hospital (2) White chalk 1 box Lundu Hospital (3) Dusters 1 inno Lundu Hospital (4) Slide projector 1 inno Health Education Unit (5) Overhead projector 1 inno Health Educstion Unit (6) Film projector 1 inno Health Education Unit (7) Health films To be decided Health Education Unit (c) Stationary Particulars QuantitI Remarks (1) File cover 15 inno8 Lundu Hospital (2) File strings 15 inno8 Lundu Hospital (3) Pencil 15 innos Lundu Hospital (4) Fullscap paper 1 ream Lundu Hospital 9. Materials for demonstrations 9.1 Piped gravitI For the purpose of demonstration I 1" diameter pipe will be used. Particulars PVC GIP Miscellaneous (a) Socket 3 3 (b) Reducing socket 3 3 (c) Tee 3 3 (d) Nipple 3 (e) Faucet socket 3 3 ( f) Cap 3 3 (g) End plug 3 3 (h) Reducing tee 1" x 1/2" 3 3 (i) Valve socket 3 (j) Elbow 3 3 (k) Union 3 (1) Gate valve 3 (m) Brass tap 3 (n) Brainer 3" 0 1 (0) Auto air release 3/4" 0 3 (p) PVC pipe I" 0 1 (q) PVC pipe 1/2" 0 1 ( r) Glue (1 kg. tin) 1 - 156 - Annex 3-4 Particulars PVC GIP Miscellaneous (s) Joining compound 1 (t) Cement 3 bags (u) Sand 6 bags (v) Gravel 9 bags 4.8.2 Water storage tanks The following will be provided from the RHIS Workshop, Kuching; (a) Metal tank 1 inno (b) Spirolite tank 1 inno (d Gutter 2 innos (d) Down pipe 2 innos (e) Strainer 2 innos (f) Gutter hook 2 innos (g) Tin bar 10 innos (h) Sulphuric acid 1 pint (1) Soldering rod 2 innos (j) Kerosene Stove 1 inno (k) Kerosene 1 gallon (1) Sulphuric Acid 1 pint 9.3 Sanitary well The following materials will be supplied from the DMOI Office, Kuching: ( a) Gibson pump 1 inno (b) 1 3/4" o Foot valve 1 inno (d 1 1/4" o PVC V socket 1 inno (d) 1 3/4" o PVC pipe 1 length 10. Tools The following will be supplied from the District Hospital, Lundu: - (a) RHS tools 1 set (b) B low lamp 2 innoB 1 - 157 - Annex 3-4 11. Budget (a) Each trainee will be paid the following allowance during the training: (i) Transport allowance $20.00 x 2 ~ $ 240.00 (ii) -----Per diem $13.00 x 12 x 5 = $ 780.00 (b) Petrol for 3 vehicles and 1 outboard engine = $ 300.00 (c) Stationery = $ 50.00 (d) Parchase of materiala for demonstrations: (i) Pipe gravity = $ 150.00 (ii) Water ator... tank = DMOI Stock (iii) Sanitary well = llHGI Stock (e) Allowances for health personnel: 4 Rural Health Supervisors - 4 x 5 x U6.00 ~ S 720.00 I Health Inspector - I x 5 x $44.00 D $ 220.00 1 Health Superintendent - I x 5 x $53.00 = S 265.00 3 Drivers - 3 x 5 x $36.00 = $ 540.00 I Projectionist - I x 5 x $36.00 = $ 180.00 TOTAL: $3 445.00 ,