Environmental Impact Assessment for the Establishment of the proposed SAGIT Langhoogte Wind Farm, Western Cape Province
Environmental Scoping Report
FLORA & FAUNA SPECIALIST STUDY
Dr David Hoare (Ph.D., Pr.Sci.Nat.) David Hoare Consulting cc 41 Soetdoring Ave Lynnwood Manor, Pretoria
Date: 7 December 2012
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
I, David Hoare as duly authorised representative of David Hoare Consulting cc, hereby confirm my independence (as well as that of David Hoare Consulting cc) as the flora & fauna specialist for the Environmental Impact Assessment for the Establishment of the Langhoogte Wind Farm and declare that neither I nor David Hoare Consulting cc have any interest, be it business, financial, personal or other, in any proposed activity, application or appeal in respect of which Arcus GIBB was appointed as environmental assessment practitioner in terms of the National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act No. 107 of 1998), other than fair remuneration for work performed in terms of the NEMA, the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2010 and any specific environmental management Act) for the Environmental Impact Assessment for the Establishment of the Langhoogte Wind Farm. I further declare that I am confident in the results of the studies undertaken and conclusions drawn as a result of it. I have disclosed, to the environmental assessment practitioner, in writing, any material information that have or may have the potential to influence the decision of the competent authority or the objectivity of any report, plan or document required in terms of the NEMA, the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2010 and any specific environmental management Act. I have further provided the environmental assessment practitioner with written access to all information at my disposal regarding the application, whether such information is favourable to the applicant or not. I am fully aware of and meet the responsibilities in terms of NEMA, the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations, 2010 and any other specific and relevant legislation (national and provincial), policies, guidelines and best practice.
Signature: ______
Full Name: David Barry Hoare
Date: 7 February 2012 Title / Position: Director Qualification(s): PhD Experience (years/ months): 16 years Registration(s): Pr.Sci.Nat.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This flora and fauna Impact Assessment report provides a synthesis of potential ecological issues associated with development of a proposed wind farm on the site. The approach adopted for this study was to identify any critical biodiversity issues that may lead to the decision that the proposed project cannot take place, i.e. to specifically focus on red flags and/or potential fatal flaws, as well as identify and determine the significance of anticipated impacts on ecology.
The methodology used to assess the potential impacts of the proposed project was to compile lists of plant and animal species of conservation concern from databases, published literature and lists provided by authorities. In addition, natural areas remaining on site were mapped in detail from aerial imagery. Information on the conservation value of habitats in the study area, in combination with the potential occurrence of plant and animal species of conservation concern, was used to derive an ecological sensitivity map of the site.
Large parts of the site were found, from aerial imagery, to no longer be natural, having been converted by cultivation. Only fragments of natural vegetation still remain on site. These fragments fall within a vegetation type classified as Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld, listed as Critically Endangered and protected according to the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act. There is also some Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos in the western parts of the site, classified as Least Threatened, and some Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation in bands within the Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos, which is also classified as Least Threatened. The renosterveld fragments have been identified in detailed biodiversity assessments as having high conservation value. Other features of potential conservation concern identified in regional plans for the site are wetlands and a river corridor (the Botrivier).
There are a small number of animal species of conservation concern that could potentially occur on site. The Water Rat and Yellow-bellied House Snake may possibly occur in habitats on site. Both species are widespread and the site does not constitute important habitat for either species. It is considered highly unlikely that activities on site associated with construction and/or operation of the wind energy facility would have any significant effect on either species. There is a small probability of Lesueur’s Wing-gland Bat occurring on site, but only as stray foraging individuals. The Natal Long-fingered Bat may migrate across the site during seasonal migrations, but will not occur there as a resident population. This latter species is the only one for which there is still some concern related to operation of the wind energy facility.
There are a total of 257 plant species of conservation concern that have been previously recorded in the region. There is, therefore, a very high probability that plant species of concern will occur in remaining vegetation fragments on site.
The sensitivity assessment rated the renosterveld fragments as having high sensitivity and conservation value, but this could be raised to very high if any plant species of conservation concern are found to occur there. They have been classified as “no go” zones for the proposed development.
Potential impacts associated with the proposed development were identified and an impact assessment undertaken. The most significant potential impacts are on natural vegetation and on plant species of conservation concern. Other impacts of potential significance are loss of habitat for fauna of conservation concern, collision of bats with turbine blades, damage to wetlands, establishment and spread of alien invasive plants and change in ecological processes, especially fire.
The report concludes that the proposed wind energy facility is considered acceptable on condition key mitigation measures are applied. The most important issue for the site is the presence of fragments of renosterveld vegetation that should be treated as “no go” areas. Impacts on these areas cannot be mitigated due to the fact that loss of any of these areas would be a loss of irreplaceable resources. There is one turbine (number 36) that occurs close to a small patch of renosterveld vegetation (40m away) and impacts at this site should be carefully controlled. There are also some internal access roads that are close to areas of renosterveld where impacts need to be carefully controlled. For overhead power lines, the Southern power line option S1 route or the Northern option were considered to be favourable, on condition the tower structure are positioned outside of natural vegetation areas. The southern power line options S2 and S3 are not considered to be favourable, especially option S3, due to the extended length within the bed of the Bot River. Unless this route is moved out of the areas within the bed of the Bot River, neither of these routes is considered to be ecologically acceptable.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE PROPOSED LANGHOOGTE WIND FARM, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: ENVIRONMENTAL SCOPING REPORT
CONTENTS
Chapter Description Page
1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Background 7 1.1.1 Scope of Work 7 1.1.2 Approach 7 1.1.3 Limitations 8 1.1.4 Exclusions 8
1.2 Legislative and Policy Context 8 1.2.1 Legislative requirements 8 1.2.2 Permit requirements 10
1.3 Assessment Methodology 11 1.3.1 Fauna of conservation concern 11 1.3.2 Flora of conservation concern 12 1.3.3 Protected trees 12 1.3.4 Habitat sensitivity assessment 12 1.3.5 Assessment of impacts 14
2 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE 19
2.1 Infrastructure 19 2.1.1 Turbines 19 2.1.2 Access roads and underground cables 19 2.1.3 On-site substation 20 2.1.4 Overhead power lines 20
3 DESCRIPTION OF AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 21
3.1 General Study Area 21 3.1.1 Location 21 3.1.2 Geology 22 3.1.3 Topography 22 3.1.4 Land-use / landcover 22 3.1.5 The Cape Floristic Region 23 3.1.6 General vegetation patterns 23 3.1.7 Conservation status of vegetation types 24
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3.1.8 Vegetation patterns on site 25 3.1.9 Conservation priorities in the study area 27 3.1.10 Fauna of conservation concern 31 3.1.11 Flora of conservation concern 33 3.1.12 Protected trees 33 3.1.13 Habitat sensitivity 34
4 IMPACTS AND ISSUES IDENTIFICATION 36
4.1 Potential impacts 36 4.1.1 Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation 36 4.1.2 Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern 36 4.1.3 Loss of habitat for animal species of conservation concern 36 4.1.4 Loss of individuals of protected trees 37 4.1.5 Establishment and spread of declared weeds and alien invader plants 37 4.1.6 Change in ecological processes maintaining vegetation (fire) 37
5 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS 38
5.1 Construction Phase 38 5.1.1 Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation 38 (a) Assessment of impact 38 (b) Potential mitigation measures 42 5.1.2 Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern 42 (a) Assessment of impact 42 (b) Potential mitigation measures 45 5.1.3 Loss of habitat for animal species of conservation concern 45 (a) Assessment of impact 45 (b) Potential mitigation measures 47 5.1.4 Loss of individuals of protected trees 48 (a) Assessment of impact 48
5.2 Operation Phase 48 5.2.1 Establishment and spread of declared weeds and alien invader plants 48 (a) Assessment of impact 48 (b) Potential mitigation measures 48 5.2.2 Change in ecological processes maintaining vegetation (fire) 49 (a) Assessment of impact 49 (b) Potential mitigation measures 49
5.3 Decommissioning Phase 49
5.4 Summary of impacts per phase 50 5.4.1 Construction Phase 50 5.4.2 Operational Phase 51 5.4.3 Decommisioning Phase 52
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5.5 Recommendations for additional specialist studies 52 5.5.1 Wetlands 52 5.5.2 Bats 52 5.5.3 Threatened plants 52
6 CONCLUSION 53
7 REFERENCES 55
8 APPENDICES 57
8.1 Appendix 1: Plant species of conservation importance that have historically been recorded in the grid in which the study area is located. 57
8.2 Appendix 2: Vertebrate species of conservation concern with a geographical distribution that includes the current study area. 64
8.3 Appendix 3: List of protected tree species (National Forests Act). 66
8.4 Appendix 4: Checklist of plant species recorded during previous botanical surveys in the quarter degree grids in which the study area is located. 67
8.5 Appendix 5: Species protected under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004) 112
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TABLES
Table 1: Explanation of sensitivity ratings. Table 2: Decision-making and biodiversity management guidelines for features of conservation concern within the Theewaterskloof Municipality. Table 3: Significance of impacts associated with the construction of wind turbines on site. Table 4: Significance of impacts associated with the construction of internal access roads and trenches for underground cables on site. Table 5: Significance of impacts associated with the construction of the on-site substation. Table 6: Significance of impacts associated with the construction of overhead power lines on site. Table 7: Significance of impacts associated with the operation of wind turbines on site. Table 8: Significance of impacts associated with the operation of internal access roads and trenches for underground cables on site. Table 9: Significance of impacts associated with the operation of the on-site substation. Table 10: Significance of impacts associated with the operation of overhead power lines on site.
FIGURES
Figure 1: Proposed infrastructure for the SAGIT Langhoogte Wind Farm. Figure 2: Proposed overhead power line options for the SAGIT Langhoogte Wind Farm. Figure 3: Location of the proposed Langhoogte Wind Farm. Figure 4: Regional vegetation types of the proposed Langhoogte Wind Farm study area, according to the SANBI vegetation map of South Africa (Mucina & Rutherford 2006). Figure 5: Vegetation remaining on site, as derived from mapping from aerial imagery and field verification of patterns on site. Figure 6: Thicket in steep-sided valleys on site with remnants of renosterveld on adjacent slopes. Figure 7: Conservation priorities of the proposed Langhoogte Wind Farm, as indicated in the Theewaterskloof Municipality's Spatial Development Framework. Figure 8: Sensitive parts of the site of the proposed Langhoogte Wind Farm. Figure 9 Floodplain areas through which the southern overhead power line route options 2 and 3 travel for an extended length Figure 10: Areas of renosterveld associated with the common section of the southern overhead power line route options.
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Plant species of conservation importance that have historically been recorded in the grid in which the study area is located Appendix 2: Vertebrate species of conservation concern with a geographical distribution that includes the current study area. Appendix 3: List of protected tree species (National Forests Act) Appendix 4: Checklist of plant species recorded during previous botanical surveys in the quarter degree grids in which the study area is located. Appendix 5: Species protected under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004)
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ABBREVIATIONS
DEA Department of Environmental Affairs SANBI South African National Biodiversity Institute NSBA National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment STEP Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Programme SKEP Succulent Karoo Ecosystems Programme CBA Critical Biodiversity Area
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1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
GIBB was appointed to undertake an application for environmental authorisation through an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the proposed “Langhoogte Wind Farm Project.” The project involves the establishment of a wind energy facility and associated infrastructure, including wind turbines, sub-stations, power-line linking to the main grid and access roads. The purpose of the EIA is to identify environmental impacts associated with the project.
On 16 August 2011 David Hoare Consulting cc was appointed by Gibb to undertake an ecological assessment of the study area. This report provides details of the results of the EIA phase flora and fauna assessment. The findings of the study are based on a assessment of the study area including site investigations, and expert knowledge of the area gained from previous studies in the area and analysis of aerial imagery.
1.1.1 Scope of Work
The assessment was undertaken in two phases, a Scoping / Red Flag Phase and an Impact Assessment Phase with detailed field assessment only occurring during the second phase. This report contains the results of the Impact Assessment Phase. The main component of the Report is the following:
Impacts identified from the Scoping phase were to be assessed according to standard criteria (nature, extent, duration, magnitude, probability, significance, status as well as the degree to which impacts can be reversed, the degree to which impacts will cause irreplaceable loss of resources and the degree to which impacts can be mitigated).
1.1.2 Approach
Assessing the potential impacts of a proposed development often requires evaluating the conservation value of a site relative to other natural areas and relative to the national importance of the site in terms of biodiversity conservation. A simple approach to evaluating the relative importance of a site includes assessing the following: Is the site unique in terms of natural or biodiversity features? Is the protection of biodiversity features on site of national/provincial importance? Would development of the site lead to contravention of any international, national or provincial legislation, policy, convention or regulation?
Thus, the general approach adopted for this type of study is to identify any critical biodiversity issues that may lead to the decision that the proposed project cannot take place, i.e. to specifically focus on red flags and/or potential fatal flaws. Biodiversity issues are assessed by documenting whether any important biodiversity features occur on site. Rare, threatened, protected and conservation-worthy species and habitats are considered to be the highest priority, the presence of which are most likely to result in significant negative impacts on the ecological environment. The focus on national and provincial priorities and critical biodiversity issues is in line with National legislation protecting environmental and biodiversity resources, including, but not limited to the following which ensure protection of ecological processes, natural systems and natural beauty as well as the preservation of biotic diversity in the natural environment: National Environmental Management Act, 1998 (Act 107 of 1998); and National Environmental Management Biodiversity Act, 2004. (Act 10 0f 2004)
A detailed sensitivity map was produced of the study area, based on the location of sensitive features, as identified above. The sensitivity map was produced from aerial imagery of the study area. The accuracy of the sensitivity map was determined by ground verification during
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a field trip to the study area. All parts of the study area were visited during this field trip. All locations where infrastructure was proposed to be located where is could potentially affect a sensitive feature were visited in the field.
Results from other specialist studies undertaken for this project were also taken into account in evaluating site sensitivity. This included a Bat specialist study (Moir & Marais 2012) and a Wetlands specialist study (Bird & Ollis 2012).
1.1.3 Limitations
Red List species are, by their nature, usually very rare and difficult to locate. Compiling the list of species that could potentially occur in an area is limited by the paucity of collection records, due to the naturally low density of such species, that makes it difficult to predict whether a species may occur in an area or not. The methodology used in this assessment is designed to reduce the risks of omitting any species, but it is always possible that a species that does not occur on a list may be unexpectedly located in an area.
1.1.4 Exclusions
The assessment of avifauna, bats and wetlands are not undertaken here. These are being done in separate specialist studies by other specialists.
1.2 Legislative and Policy Context
Relevant legislation is provided in this section to provide a description of the key legal considerations of importance to the proposed project.
1.2.1 Legislative requirements
National Environmental Management Act, Act No. 107 of 1998 (NEMA)
NEMA requires, inter alia, that: “development must be socially, environmentally, and economically sustainable”; “disturbance of ecosystems and loss of biological diversity are avoided, or, where they cannot be altogether avoided, are minimised and remedied” ; and “a risk-averse and cautious approach is applied, which takes into account the limits of current knowledge about the consequences of decisions and actions”.
NEMA states that “the environment is held in public trust for the people, the beneficial use of environmental resources must serve the public interest and the environment must be protected as the people’s common heritage.”
National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No 10 of 2004)
In terms of the Biodiversity Act, the developer has a responsibility for: The conservation of endangered ecosystems and restriction of activities according to the categorisation of the area (not just by listed activity as specified in the EIA regulations). The promotion of the application of appropriate environmental management tools in order to ensure integrated environmental management of activities thereby ensuring that all development within the area are in line with ecological sustainable development and protection of biodiversity. Limiting further loss of biodiversity and conserve endangered ecosystems.
Chapter 4 of the Act relates to threatened or protected ecosystems or species. According to Section 57 of the Act, "Restricted activities involving listed threatened or protected species": 8 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
(1) A person may not carry out a restricted activity involving a specimen of a listed threatened or protected species without a permit issued in terms of Chapter 7. Such activities include any that are “of a nature that may negatively impact on the survival of a listed threatened or protected species”.
Chapter 5 of the Act relates to species and organisms posing a potential threat to biodiversity. According to Section 75 of the Act, "Control and eradication of listed invasive species": (1) Control and eradication of a listed invasive species must be carried out by means of methods that are appropriate for the species concerned and the environment in which it occurs. (2) Any action taken to control and eradicate a listed invasive species must be executed with caution and in a manner that may cause the least possible harm to biodiversity and damage to the environment. (3) The methods employed to control and eradicate a listed invasive species must also be directed at the offspring, propagating material and re-growth of such invasive species in order to prevent such species from producing offspring, forming seed, regenerating or re- establishing itself in any manner.
Government Notice No. 1002 of 2011: National List of Ecosystems that are Threatened and in need of protection
Published under Section 52(1)(a) of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004). This Act provides for the listing of threatened or protected ecosystems based on national criteria. The list of threatened terrestrial ecosystems supersedes the information regarding terrestrial ecosystem status in the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (2004).
The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Regulations include three lists of activities that require environmental authorisation: • Listing Notice 1: activities that require a basic assessment (R544 of 2010), • Listing Notice 2: activities that require seeping and environmental impact report (EIR) (R545 of 201 0), • Listing Notice 3: activities that require a basic assessment in specific identified geographical areas only (R546 of 2010).
Activity 12 in Listing Notice 3 relates to the clearance of 300m2 of more of vegetation, which will trigger a basic assessment within any critically endangered or endangered ecosystem listed in terms of S52 of the Biodiversity Act. This means any development that Involves loss of natural habitat in a listed critically endangered or endangered ecosystem is likely to require at least a basic assessment in terms of the EIA regulations.
It is important to note that while the original extent of each listed ecosystem has been mapped, a basic assessment report In terms of the EIA regulations is triggered only in remaining natural habitat within each ecosystem and not in portions of the ecosystem where natural habitat has already been irreversibly lost.
GNR 151: Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable and Protected Species List
This notice was published under Section 56(1) of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004) and lists critically endangered, endangered vulnerable and protected species.
GNR 1187: Amendment of Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable and Protected Species List
This notice was published under Section 56(1) of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10 of 2004) and amends the list published in GNR 151.
Western Cape Nature Conservation Laws Amendment Act of 2000 (Act 3 of 2000)
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In terms of Section 26 of this Act, "No person shall without a permit hunt or be in possession of any endangered wild animal or the carcass of any such animal". Schedule 2 of this Act provides a list of Protected Wild Animals.
National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998)
Protected trees:
According to this act, the Minister may declare a tree, group of trees, woodland or a species of trees as protected. The prohibitions provide that “no person may cut, damage, disturb, destroy or remove any protected tree, or collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sell, donate or in any other manner acquire or dispose of any protected tree, except under a licence granted by the Minister”.
Forests:
The Act prohibits the destruction of indigenous trees in any natural forest without a licence.
Conservation of Agricultural Resources (Act No. 43 of 1983) as amended in 2001
According to this Act, declared Weeds and Invaders in South Africa are categorised according to one of the following categories: Category 1 plants: are prohibited and must be controlled. Category 2 plants: (commercially used plants) may be grown in demarcated areas providing that there is a permit and that steps are taken to prevent their spread. Category 3 plants: (ornamentally used plants) may no longer be planted; existing plants may remain, as long as all reasonable steps are taken to prevent the spreading thereof, except within the floodline of watercourses and wetlands.
National Water Act, (Act No. 36 of 1998)
Provides for the protection of water resources in South Africa, including protecting aquatic and associated ecosystems and their biological diversity, reducing, and preventing pollution and degradation of water resources. According to the Act, any activities that are contemplated that could affect the wetlands requires authorisation (Section 21 of the National Water Act of 1998). A "watercourse” in terms of the National Water Act (act 36 of 1998) means:
River or spring; A natural channel in which water flows regularly or intermittently; A wetland, lake or dam into which, or from which, water flows; and Any collection of water which the Minister may, by notice in the gazette, declare to be a watercourse, and a reference to a watercourse includes, where relevant, its bed and banks.
National Veld and Forest Fire Act (Act No. 101 of 1998)
This Act provides requirements for veldfire prevention through firebreaks and required measures for fire-fighting. Chapter 4 of the Act places a duty on landowners to prepare and maintain firebreaks. Chapter 5 of the Act places a duty on all landowners to acquire equipment and have available personnel to fight fires.
1.2.2 Permit requirements
Relevant permit requirements pertaining to the development proposals are provided below. Depending on biodiversity patterns on site, some or all of these permit requirements may be triggered.
Threatened and protected species: A person may not carry out a restricted activity involving a specimen of a listed threatened or protected species without a permit issued in terms of Chapter 7 of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No 10 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
10 of 2004). Such activities include any that are “of a nature that may negatively impact on the survival of a listed threatened or protected species”. The list of species is provided in GNR 151: Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable and Protected Species List and amended in GNR 1187: Amendment of Critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable and Protected Species List. Protected trees: According to the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998), “no person may cut, damage, disturb, destroy or remove any protected tree, or collect, remove, transport, export, purchase, sell, donate or in any other manner acquire or dispose of any protected tree, except under a licence granted by the Minister”. Wetlands: any activities that are contemplated that could affect wetlands requires authorisation in terms of Section 21 of the National Water Act of 1998.
1.3 Assessment Methodology
1.3.1 Fauna of conservation concern
Lists of species of conservation concern were compiled from databases, published literature on various groups of animals and lists provided by authorities. The purpose of listing animal species of conservation concern is to provide information on the potential occurrence of species of special concern in the study area that may be affected by the proposed infrastructure. Species appearing on these lists can then be assessed in terms of their habitat requirements in order to determine whether any of them have a likelihood of occurring in habitats that may be affected by the proposed infrastructure or not.
Lists were compiled specifically for any species of conservation concern previously recorded in the area and any other species with potential conservation value. Lists of threatened animal species that have a geographical range that includes the study area were obtained from literature sources (Alexander & Marais 2007, Branch 1988, 2001, du Preez & Carruthers 2009, Friedmann & Daly 2004, Mills & Hes 1997, Monadjem et al. 2010). The likelihood of any of them occurring was evaluated on the basis of habitat preference and habitats available at the proposed site. The three parameters used to assess the probability of occurrence for each species were as follows:
Habitat requirements: most Red Data animals have very specific habitat requirements and the presence of these habitat characteristics within the study area were assessed; Habitat status: in the event that available habitat is considered suitable for these species, the status or ecological condition was assessed. Often, a high level of degradation of a specific habitat type will negate the potential presence of Red Data species (especially wetland-related habitats where water-quality plays a major role); and Habitat linkage: movement between areas used for breeding and feeding purposes forms an essential part of ecological existence of many species. The connectivity of the study area to these surrounding habitats and adequacy of these linkages was assessed for the ecological functioning Red Data species within the study area.
For all threatened animals that occur in the general geographical area of the site, a rating of the likelihood of it occurring on site is given as follows:
LOW: no suitable habitats occur on site / habitats on site do not match habitat description for species; MEDIUM: habitats on site match general habitat description for species (e.g. fynbos), but detailed microhabitat requirements (e.g. mountain fynbos on shallow soils overlying Table Mountain sandstone) are absent on the site or are unknown from the descriptions given in the literature or from the authorities; HIGH: habitats found on site match very strongly the general and microhabitat description for the species (e.g. mountain fynbos on shallow soils overlying Table Mountain sandstone). 11 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
1.3.2 Flora of conservation concern
A list of plant species of conservation concern was compiled specifically for the study area for any species of conservation concern previously recorded in the area and any other species with potential conservation value that could occur there. Historical occurrences of threatened plant species were obtained from the South African National Biodiversity Institute for the quarter degree squares within which the study area is situated. In order to ensure that this list was not affected by poor collection records for the quarter degree grid/s for the site, the lists for all surrounding grids were also checked to see whether any other species could be considered for the current site.
A published list of the Red List species of South African plants (Raimondo et al. 2009) contains a list of all species that are considered to be at risk of extinction. This list is updated regularly to take new information into account, but these are not published in book/paper format. Updated assessments are provided on the SANBI website (http://redlist.sanbi.org/). According to the website of the Red List of Southern African Plants (http://redlist.sanbi.org/), the conservation status of plants indicated on the Red List of South African Plants Online represents the status of the species within South Africa's borders. This means that when a species is not endemic to South Africa, only the portion of the species population occurring within South Africa has been assessed. The global conservation status, which is a result of the assessment of the entire global range of a species, can be found on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species: http://www.iucnredlist.org. The South African assessment is used in this study.
Habitat and distribution information for each species was obtained from published sources and from the Red List database from the South African National Biodiversity Institute (http://redlist.sanbi.org/).
1.3.3 Protected trees
A list of protected trees is provided in the National Forests Act (Act no 84 of 1998). This list is appended to this report (Appendix 3). Distribution maps for each species were obtained from published sources and from distribution maps form the South African National Biodiversity Institute (http://posa.sanbi.org). Any species that had a geographical distribution that includes the site were considered for this study. Habitat information for each species was obtained from literature sources. The probability of a species occurring on site was determined from these habitat requirements compared to the availability of suitable habitat on site.
1.3.4 Habitat sensitivity assessment
The purpose of producing a habitat sensitivity map is to provide information on the location of potentially sensitive biodiversity features in the study area, including areas of natural vegetation, habitats supporting important biodiversity features or high diversity, areas supporting important ecological processes and habitat suitable for any species of conservation concern. This was compiled by taking the following into consideration:
The general status of the vegetation of the study area was derived by compiling a landcover data layer for the study area (sensu Fairbanks et al. 2000) using available satellite imagery and aerial photography. From this it can be seen which areas are transformed versus those that are still in a natural status. Various provincial, regional or national level conservation planning studies have been undertaken in the area, e.g. the National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA), Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Programme (STEP), Succulent Karoo Ecosystems Programme (SKEP) and Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs) maps. The mapped results from these were taken into consideration in compiling the habitat sensitivity map. A comprehensive field assessment was undertaken to verify mapped patterns on the ground. All parts of the site were visited. Particular attention was paid to features mapped as sensitive. 12 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Habitats in which various species of plants or animals occur that may be protected or are considered to have high conservation status are considered to be sensitive.
An explanation of the different sensitivity classes is given in Table 1. Areas containing untransformed natural vegetation of conservation concern, high diversity or habitat complexity, Red List organisms or systems vital to sustaining ecological functions are considered potentially sensitive. In contrast, any transformed area that has no importance for the functioning of ecosystems is considered to potentially have low sensitivity.
Table 1: Explanation of sensitivity ratings. Sensitivity Factors contributing to sensitivity Example of qualifying features VERY HIGH Indigenous natural areas that are highly positive for CBA areas. any of the following: Remaining areas of presence of threatened species (Critically vegetation type listed in Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable) and/or Draft Ecosystem List of habitat critical for the survival of populations of NEM:BA as Critically threatened species. Endangered, High conservation status (low proportion Endangered or remaining intact, highly fragmented, habitat for Vulnerable. species that are at risk). Protected forest patches. Protected habitats (areas protected according to Confirmed presence of national / provincial legislation, e.g. National populations of Forests Act, Draft Ecosystem List of NEM:BA, threatened species. Integrated Coastal Zone Management Act, Mountain Catchment Areas Act, Lake Areas Development Act) And may also be positive for the following: High intrinsic biodiversity value (high species richness and/or turnover, unique ecosystems) High value ecological goods & services (e.g. water supply, erosion control, soil formation, carbon storage, pollination, refugia, food production, raw materials, genetic resources, cultural value) Low ability to respond to disturbance (low resilience, dominant species very old). HIGH Indigenous natural areas that are positive for any of Habitat where a the following: threatened species could High intrinsic biodiversity value (moderate/high potentially occur (habitat species richness and/or turnover). is suitable, but no presence of habitat highly suitable for threatened confirmed records). species (Critically Endangered, Endangered, Confirmed habitat for Vulnerable species). species of lower threat Moderate ability to respond to disturbance status (near threatened, (moderate resilience, dominant species of rare). intermediate age). Habitat containing Moderate conservation status (moderate individuals of extreme proportion remaining intact, moderately age. fragmented, habitat for species that are at risk). Habitat with low ability to Moderate to high value ecological goods & recover from services (e.g. water supply, erosion control, soil disturbance. formation, carbon storage, pollination, refugia, Habitat with exceptionally food production, raw materials, genetic high diversity (richness resources, cultural value). or turnover). And may also be positive for the following: Habitat with unique Protected habitats (areas protected according to species composition and national / provincial legislation, e.g. National narrow distribution. Forests Act, Draft Ecosystem List of NEM:BA, Ecosystem providing 13 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Integrated Coastal Zone Management Act, high value ecosystem Mountain Catchment Areas Act, Lake Areas goods and services. Development Act) MEDIUM- Indigenous natural areas that are positive for one or Corridor areas. HIGH two of the factors listed above, but not a combination Habitat with high of factors. diversity (richness or turnover). Habitat where a species of lower threat status (e.g. (near threatened, rare) could potentially occur (habitat is suitable, but no confirmed records). MEDIUM Other indigenous natural areas in which factors listed above are of no particular concern. May also include natural buffers around ecologically sensitive areas and natural links or corridors in which natural habitat is still ecologically functional. MEDIUM- Degraded, secondary or disturbed indigenous natural LOW vegetation. LOW No natural habitat remaining.
Any natural vegetation within which there are features of conservation concern will be classified into one of the high sensitivity classes (MEDIUM-HIGH, HIGH or VERY HIGH). The difference between these three high classes is based on a combination of factors and can be summarised as follows:
Areas classified into the VERY HIGH class are vital for the survival of species or ecosystems. They are either known sites for threatened species or are ecosystems that have been identified as being remaining areas of vegetation of critical conservation importance. Areas classified into the HIGH class are of high biodiversity value, but do not necessarily contain features that would put them into the VERY HIGH class. For example, a site that is known to contain a population of a threatened species would be in the VERY HIGH class, but a site where a threatened species could potentially occur (habitat is suitable), but it is not known whether it does occur there or not, is classified into the HIGH sensitivity class. The class also includes any areas that are not specifically identified as having high conservation status, but have high local species richness, unique species composition, low resilience or provide very important ecosystem goods and services. Areas classified into the MEDIUM-HIGH sensitivity class are natural vegetation in which there are one or two features that make them of biodiversity value, but not to the extent that they would be classified into one of the other two higher categories.
1.3.5 Assessment of impacts
The following criteria were considered when identifying potential impacts:
Criteria Rating Scales Notes Positive This is an evaluation of the type of effect the construction, operation and management of the Nature Negative proposed development would have on the Neutral affected environment. Site-specific, affects only the development Extent Low footprint
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Criteria Rating Scales Notes Local (limited to the site and its immediate Medium surroundings, including the surrounding towns and settlements within a 10 km radius); High Regional (beyond a 10 km radius) to national
Low 0-3 years 4-8 years (i.e. full duration of construction Duration Medium phase) High More than 9 years to permanent Where the impact affects the environment in Low such a way that natural, cultural and social functions and processes are minimally affected Where the affected environment is altered but natural, cultural and social functions and Medium processes continue albeit in a modified way; and valued, important, sensitive or vulnerable Intensity systems or communities are negatively affected Where natural, cultural or social functions and processes are altered to the extent that the High impact will temporarily or permanently cease; and valued, important, sensitive or vulnerable systems or communities are substantially affected. Impacted natural, cultural or social functions and Low processes will return to their pre-impacted state within the short-term. Impacted natural, cultural or social functions and Reversibility Medium processes will return to their pre-impacted state within the medium to long term. Impacted natural, cultural or social functions and High processes will never return to their pre-impacted state.
Low No irreplaceable resources will be impacted.
Potential for Resources that will be impacted can be impact on Medium replaced, with effort. irreplaceable resources There is no potential for replacing a particular High vulnerable resource that will be impacted. A combination of any of the following Intensity, duration, extent and impact on irreplaceable resources are all rated low Consequence Intensity, duration and extent are rated low but impact on irreplaceable resources is (a combination Low of extent, rated medium to high duration, Intensity is low and up to two of the other intensity and the criteria are rated medium potential for Intensity is medium and all three other impact on criteria are rated low irreplaceable Intensity is medium and one other criteria is resources). rated high, with the remainder being rated Medium low Intensity is low and at least two other criteria are rated medium or higher 15 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Criteria Rating Scales Notes Intensity is rated medium and at least two of the other criteria are rated medium or higher Intensity is high and at least two other criteria are medium or higher Intensity is rated low, but irreplaceability and duration are rated high Intensity and impact on irreplaceable resources are rated high, with any High combination of extent and duration Intensity is rated high, with all of the other criteria being rated medium or higher Very low It is highly unlikely that an impact will occur. It is less than 50 % likely that an impact will Probability (the Low occur. likelihood of the It is between 50 and 70 % certain that the impact Medium impact will occur. occurring) It is more than 75 % certain that the impact will High occur or it is definite that the impact will occur. Low consequence and low/very low probability Low consequence and medium probability Low Low consequence and high probability Medium consequence and very low probability Significance Low consequence and high probability (all impacts Low to medium including Medium consequence and low probability potential High consequence and very low probability cumulative Medium consequence and medium impacts) Medium probability Medium consequence and high probability High consequence and low probability Medium to high High consequence and medium probability
High High consequence and high probability
An explanation of the above-mentioned impact criteria is provided below.
a) Nature
This is an evaluation of the type of effect the construction, operation and management of the development would have on the affected environment. Whether it is positive, negative or neutral is also indicated.
b) Extent or scale
This refers to the spatial scale at which the impact will occur. Extent of the impact is described as: low (site-specific - affecting only the footprint of the development), medium (limited to the site and its immediate surroundings and closest towns) and high (regional and national).
c) Duration
The lifespan of the impact is indicated as low (short-term: 0-5 years, typically impacts that are quickly reversible within the construction phase of the project), medium (medium-term, 6-10 years, reversible over time) and high (long-term, 10-60 years, and continue for the operational life span of the development).
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d) Intensity or severity
This is a relative evaluation within the context of all the activities and the other impacts within the framework of the project. Does the activity destroy the impacted environment, alter its functioning, or render it slightly altered?
e) Reversibility
This considers the ability of the impacted environment to return to its pre-impacted state once the cause of the impact has been removed
f) Impact on irreplaceable resources
This refers to the potential for an environmental resource to be replaced, should it be impacted. A resource could possibly be replaced by natural processes (e.g. by natural colonisation from surrounding areas), through artificial means (e.g. by reseeding disturbed areas or replanting rescued species) or by providing a substitute resource, in certain cases. In natural systems, providing substitute resources is usually not possible, but in social systems substitutes are often possible (e.g. by constructing new social facilities for those that are lost). Should it not be possible to replace a resource, the resource is essentially irreplaceable e.g. red data species that are restricted to a particular site or habitat of very limited extent.
g) Consequence
The consequence of the potential impacts is a summation of above criteria, namely the extent, duration, intensity and impact on irreplaceable resources.
h) Probability of occurrence
The probability of the impact actually occurring, based on professional experience of the specialist with environments of a similar nature to the site and/or with similar projects. Probability is described as low (improbable), medium (distinct possibility), and high (most likely). It is important to distinguish between probability of the impact occurring and probability that the activity causing a potential impact will occur. Probability is defined as the probability of the impact occurring, not as the probability of the activities that may result in the impact. The fact that an activity will occur does not necessarily imply that an impact will occur. For instance, the fact that a road will be built does not necessarily imply that it will impact on a wetland. If the road is properly routed to avoid the wetland, the impact may not occur at all, or the probability of the impact will be low, even though it is certain that the activity will occur.
i) Significance
Impact significance is defined to be a combination of the consequence (as described below) and probability of the impact occurring. The relationship between consequence and probability highlights that the risk (or impact significance) must be evaluated in terms of the seriousness (consequence) of the impact, weighted by the probability of the impact actually occurring. The following analogy provides an illustration of the relationship between consequence and probability. The use of a vehicle may result in an accident (an impact) with multiple fatalities, not only for the driver of the vehicle, but also for passengers and other road users. There are certain mitigation measures (e.g. the use of seatbelts, adhering to speed limits, airbags, anti- lock braking, etc.) that may reduce the consequence or probability or both. The probability of the impact is low enough that millions of vehicle users are prepared to accept the risk of driving a vehicle on a daily basis. Similarly, the consequence of an aircraft crashing is very high, but the risk is low enough that thousands of passengers happily accept this risk to travel by air on a daily basis.
In simple terms, if the consequence and probability of an impact is high, then the impact will have a high significance. The significance defines the level to which the impact will influence the proposed development and/or environment. It determines whether mitigation measures
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need to be identified and implemented and whether the impact is important for decision- making.
The following were also considered in making the assessments:
Degree of confidence in predictions
The degree of confidence (low, medium or high) that there is in the predictions made for each impact, based on the available information and the level of knowledge and expertise. Degree of confidence is not taken into account in the determination of consequence or probability.
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2 DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED INFRASTRUCTURE
This section provides an overview of the proposed infrastructure. It describes the location of infrastructure, including turbines, access roads, underground cables, overhead power lines and the on-site sub-station.
2.1 Infrastructure
2.1.1 Turbines
A total of 45 turbines are proposed for the site (see Figure 1). These are scattered throughout the site, except in the western parts where the landscape is steeply sloping.
2.1.2 Access roads and underground cables
Where possible, existing roads on site have been used. However, new roads are required to provide access to the turbines and these are required to be substantial enough to carry the vehicles that will be used for construction of the turbines. Underground cables linking turbines to the on-site substation will be located underneath or adjacent to the access roads.
1: Proposed infrastructure for the SAGIT Langhoogte Wind Farm.
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2.1.3 On-site substation
A single on-site substation will be constructed. This will be positioned in the south-central part of the site (see figure 2).
2.1.4 Overhead power lines
Four overhead power line options have been proposed (see figure 2). The northern route runs from the on-site substation westwards and then around the northern side of Bot River. The three southern options run from the on-site sub-station south-westwards to the southern side of Bot River. Each of these three southern options is progressively further south.
Figure 2: Proposed overhead power line options for the SAGIT Langhoogte Wind Farm.
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3 DESCRIPTION OF AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT
This section provides an overview of the general study area in terms of those elements of the environment around which the specialist study is centred. It describes the location of the site as well as environmental characteristics of the site, including geology, topography, land- use/landcover and general vegetation patterns. These are all components that affect the available habitat for flora and fauna species of concern that may occur in the general study area and provide the context in which potential occurrence of flora and fauna species of concern is assessed.
3.1 General Study Area
3.1.1 Location
The study site is located just to the north of the N2 national road along the section between Caledon and Botrivier. In a regional context, this is approximately 65 km east of the Cape Town International Airport. The site straddles farm portions to either side of the N2 national road. These are located within the quarter degree grids 3419AA and 3419AB. The farm portions include the following, which are shown in Figure 3:
Figure 3: Location of the proposed SAGIT Langhoogte Wind Farm.
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The Remainder and Portion 1 of the Farm 791; Portion 1 of the Farm 348 (Schulpads Gat); the Remainder and Portion 2 of Farm 350 (Keissies Kraal); the Remainder of Farm 351; the Remainder and Portions 1 and 2 of the Farm 362 (Langhoogte); The Remainder and Portion 2 of the Farm 357 (Langhoogte); Farm 354; Farm 355 (Bruinklip); Farm 356; Portion 11 of the Farm 259 (Rietfontein); Farm 749; and Portions 6 and 12 of the Farm 426.
3.1.2 Geology
The main geological types in the study area are as follows:
Bidouw Subgroup of the Bokkeveld Group, consisting of shale, siltstone and arenite; Ceres Subgroup of the Bokkeveld Group, consisting of shale and arenite; and Nardouw Subgroup of the Table Mountain Group, consisting of arenite, shale and tillite.
Bokkeveld shales, the most dominant rock-type on site, are less resistant to weathering than the dominant sandstones of the Cape region and tend to form rounded hills in undulating country. They typically underlie valleys and lower mountain slopes.
Soils derived from Cape Supergroup rocks tend to be course-grained, rocky and shallow, whereas soils derived from Bokkeveld shales tend to be clay-rich and more fertile. The geology and soil-type may affect the distribution of some fauna species, especially small mammals that rely on substrate properties to locate suitable habitats.
3.1.3 Topography
The study site is within an area of low, undulating hills, which rise towards the east. There is a small corner of the Houhoekberge that occurs within the western part of the site. The topography is much steeper in this part. Slopes on site vary from moderately sloping to steeply sloping. The topography drops off into various valleys on site that contain small streams or rivers. The main one is the Botrivier, in the western part of the site. Small tributaries of the Botrivier drain the western parts of the site and small tributaries of the Swartrivier drain the eastern parts of the site.
The elevation on site ranges from 60 m in the Botrivier to 306 m at the top of the ridge in the north-east and up 780 m at the top of the ridge of the Houhoekberge that occurs in the western part of the site.
3.1.4 Land-use / landcover
Most of the study site consists of cultivated lands. There are some significant patches of remaining vegetation on slopes overlooking steeper valleys in places as well as in the mountains to the west of the Botrivier. Other natural vegetation consists primarily of drainage lines between cultivated fields and small patches scattered throughout the site. Secondary fynbos appears to have developed on some of the fields on site, otherwise most of the site appears to consist of active cultivation.
The high degree of cultivation of the site means that there is little natural vegetation remaining which could support indigenous flora and fauna. Some animal species of conservation concern, especially birds, may make use of cultivated fields for foraging, but this is generally the exception for most other animal species. 22 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
3.1.5 The Cape Floristic Region
The study area occurs within the Cape Floristic Region, which is recognised as one of the principal centres of diversity and endemism in Africa (van Wyk & Smith 2001). Moreover, it is one of the earth’s 25 hotspots, i.e. geographical areas that contain the world’s greatest plant and animal diversity while also being subjected to high levels of pressure from development and/or degradation (Mittermeier et al. 2000). The Cape Floristic region is also the only hotspot that encompasses an entire Floristic Kingdom. This region has the greatest extratropical concentration of plant species in the world, with 9000 plant species, 6210 of which are endemics (Cowling & Pierce 2000). Diversity and endemism are high at the generic and familial level as well, with five of South Africa’s 12 endemic plant families.
The characteristic and most widespread vegetation of the Cape Floristic Region (CFR) is fynbos, consisting of hard-leaved, evergreen, fire-prone shrubs. Other vegetation types occurring in the CFR are Renosterveld, Succulent Karoo, Subtropical Thicket and Afromontane forest, although only Fynbos and Renosterveld are considered to be the main vegetation types in the CFR. Fynbos is associated with the nutrient poor soils of the Cape fold Belt mountains. It is very species rich, with over 75% of the CFR species associated with it, including all the endemic families and most of the endemic genera (van Wyk & Smith 2001). The vegetation type is characterized by a preponderance of Restionaceae, Ericaceae and Proteaceae and a paucity of annuals and grasses. Fynbos is rich in geophytes, notably from the families Liliaceae, Iridaceae and Orchidaceae, and is thought to harbour the richest geophyte flora in the world (Cowling & Richardson 1995). Many different types of Fynbos vegetation are recognised: a total of 78 fynbos and 38 renosterveld vegetation types have been mapped in the recently compiled vegetation map of South Africa (Mucina, Rutherford & Powrie 2005) of a total of 435 vegetation types of the whole country (more than a quarter of the total).
The Fynbos Biome and the CFR are largely concurrent and also match the boundaries of the two main vegetation types found in the Fynbos Biome, fynbos and renosterveld.
Permanent and complete transformation of habitat has affected 33% of the CFR hotspot, which includes the Oyster Bay site. Less than 20% of the total area covered by the CFR hotspot can be considered close to the pristine state in the sense that it is entirely free of alien plants and subjected to appropriate fire and grazing regimes (Cowling & Pierce 2000). The study area is within this hotspot area near its eastern end (see Figure 3) and, although the hotspot contains a wide variety of vegetation types, the study area contains a number of vegetation types that are typical of the areas of concern within the hotspot.
3.1.6 General vegetation patterns
Vegetation types have been described for the country (Mucina & Rutherford 2006) and published as a wall map (Mucina et al. 2005). This published description of the vegetation indicates the theoretical extent of vegetation types in the absence of any transforming factors. Most of the site occurs within a regional vegetation type classified as Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld, classified as Critically Endangered (Mucina et al. 2005, Mucina & Rutherford 2006). There is also some Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos in the western parts of the site, classified as Least Threatened in Mucina and Rutherford (2006), but listed as Critically Endangered according to the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, and some Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation in bands within the Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos, which is classified as Least Threatened. South of the site are some patches of Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld, classified as Critically Endangered. These areas are potentially affected by overhead power lines only. The power lines may also affect areas of Cape Lowlands Freshwater Wetlands, also classified as Least Threatened. The locations of these vegetation types are illustrated in Figure 4. Proposed overhead power lines are also indicated.
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The vegetation-type descriptions provide an indication that remaining vegetation on site (not transformed by human activities) consists primarily of fynbos and renosterveld. There are, however, also strips of thicket along drainage lines in the areas of steeper topography and wetland vegetation within the remaining drainage lines that have not been mapped as separate units in the national vegetation map. Despite high levels of transformation on site, there are a number of different habitat types that may provide suitable habitat for a variety of flora and fauna species.
3.1.7 Conservation status of vegetation types
The vegetation types of South Africa have been categorised according to their conservation status which is, in turn, assessed according to degree of transformation and rates of conservation. The status of a habitat or vegetation type is based on how much of its original area still remains intact relative to various thresholds. The first National assessment of vegetation types was undertaken as a scientific study (Driver et al. 2005), which was then incorporated into the description of vegetation types of South Africa (Mucina & Rutherford 2006).
The National List of Ecosystems that are Threatened and in need of protection (GN1002 of 2011), published under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (Act No. 10, 2004), lists national vegetation types that are afforded protected on the basis of rates of transformation. The thresholds for listing in this legislation are higher than in the scientific literature, which means there are fewer ecosystems listed in the National Ecosystem List versus in the scientific literature.
Figure 4: Regional vegetation types of the proposed Langhoogte Wind Farm study area, according to the SANBI vegetation map of South Africa (Mucina & Rutherford 2006).Figure
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The current conservation status of the vegetation types found in the study area is as follows:
Vegetation Type Conservation status Driver et al. 2005; Mucina National Ecosystem List et al., 2006 (NEMBA) Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld Critically Endangered Critically Endangered Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos Least Threatened Critically Endangered Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation Least Threatened Not listed Rûens Silcrete Renosterveld Critically Endangered Critically Endangered Cape Lowlands Freshwater Wetlands Least Threatened Not listed
It can be seen that all terrestrial vegetation on site, with the exception of Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation, is of high conservation concern. Any patches of indigenous natural vegetation on site must therefore be considered to be especially sensitive and to have high conservation value.
3.1.8 Vegetation patterns on site
All remaining fragments of vegetation on site were mapped from aerial imagery and the presence and identity of these were verified in the field. A map showing remaining fragments
Figure 5: Vegetation remaining on site, as derived from mapping from aerial imagery and field verification of patterns on site.
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of vegetation is shown in Figure 5. It can be seen from this map that there is very little natural vegetation remaining on site. There is a contiguous extent of fynbos in the western part of the site within the mountain area. This fynbos vegetation is largely intact and in relatively good condition. It has been affected very little by human activities in the landscape.
Patches of renosterveld and thicket occur in the central to north-western parts of the site with some scattered fragments in other parts of the site. These two types of vegetation occur as a mosaic, with thicket in the steep-sided valleys in fire-protected areas and renosterveld on the upper slopes (see Figure 6). Renosterveld has been largely lost from the landscape due to extensive cultivation. Remaining patches are partially degraded, especially at the contact with cultivated lands, due to edge effects and continued disturbance. Small patches are therefore largely degraded, whereas larger patches contain more intact vegetation.
There is a linear extent of riparian vegetation in the western part of the site associated with the Bot River. This runs from north to south through the site. The vegetation within the riparian area is heavily invaded by alien shrubs and floodplain areas have also been cultivated. However, there are extensive marshy areas within the river bed in places and the channel is intact.
There is wetland vegetation in some of the valley bottoms in various parts of the study area, mostly where the valley bottom topography is gently sloping. Steeper valleys are filled with thicket vegetation. The pattern is that thicket occurs mostly in the upper reaches of the valleys and wetland vegetation in middle and lower reaches. Only the larger valley bottoms still contain relatively intact wetland marsh vegetation. Smaller valleys have either been cultivated or are eroded to the extent that natural plant communities have been largely lost. Invasion by
Figure 6: Thicket in steep-sided valleys on site with remnants of renosterveld on adjacent slopes.
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alien woody plants has caused loss of vegetation in some areas.
3.1.9 Conservation priorities in the study area
There have been a number of regional conservation assessments produced within the Western Cape Province, including the following: Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Programme (STEP) Succulent Karoo Ecosystems Programme (SKEP) National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment (NSBA) Critical Biodiversity Areas (CBAs) maps
These studies identify patterns and processes that are important for maintaining biodiversity in the region. Many of these studies have been done using coarse scale satellite imagery that does not provide spatial or spectral accuracy at the scale of the present study. They are, however, useful for understanding broad issues and patterns within the area. The exception is the CBA maps, which have been produced for some District Municipalities of the Western Cape Province, including the OverbergDistrict Municipality, which includes the current study area. According to this map, all remaining patches of natural vegetation on site are classified as Critical Biodiversity Areas. In addition, the mountain area associated primarily with Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos is classified as a Protected Area and also as a Mountain Catchment Area (the Hottentot’s Holland Mountain Catchment Area).
There are also various fine-scale plans for the Theewaterskloof Municipality that were compiled for the Municipality to provide relevant biodiversity information for the ongoing
Figure 7: Conservation priorities of the proposed Langhoogte Wind Farm, as indicated in the Theewaterskloof Municipality's Spatial Development Framework.
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development of the Theewaterskloof Municipality's Spatial Development Framework. These plans identify the following features of potential conservation concern within the study area (see Figure 7):
Critically Endangered Ecosystem (Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld is mapped as occurring on site – however, according to the Theewaterskloof Municipality's Spatial Development Framework, apparently none remains on site) Renosterveld Priority Clusters (central parts of site – see Figure 6, although the amount of untransformed vegetation on site is of a much smaller distribution than that shown for Renosterveld Priority Clusters) Wetlands (not mapped in the Theewaterskloof Municipality's Spatial Development Framework but are assessed in die wetlands study) River corridors (Botrivier is mapped as a “main tributary”, other streams are mapped as “minor streams”).
It must be emphasized that this is a general plan and does not reflect the actual vegetation patterns on site, as identified from the field study for this assessment. The Map for the Theewaterskloof Municipality's Spatial Development Framework does, however, provide an indication of which features have high conservation importance and provides guidelines for management. Decision-making and biodiversity management guidelines for these features are as summarised in Table 2, below.
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Table 2: Decision-making and biodiversity management guidelines for features of conservation concern within the Theewaterskloof Municipality. Feature Decision-making guidelines Biodiversity management guidelines Critically Prevent further loss of natural habitat. Promote connectivity of Endangered Appropriate land uses include activities natural habitat within Ecosystems that do not result in further loss of habitat threatened ecosystems or disturbance to ecosystem functioning in such as renosterveld, and these systems. between threatened Appropriate land uses may include, for ecosystems, for example example, passive recreation and tourism between renosterveld and (hiking trails, bird watching), research and fynbos. environmental education. Prioritise alien vegetation Least Threatened No development in wetland ecosystems clearance and habitat Ecosystems (This requires a delineation/top of bank rehabilitation in threatened determination to be undertaken by a ecosystems and in areas specialist ecologist, the Department of important for maintaining Water Affairs and Forestry or CapeNature ecological processes. to determine the agreed upon boundary of Ensure that ecological the ecosystem). processes such as periodic Provide for a minimum 30 meter ecological fires or pollination are buffer adjacent to wetlands (Decisions maintained (consult with regarding buffer width should include CapeNature). rating the aquatic ecosystem, plus an Adopt nature-friendly assessment of the impacts to the farming practices such as ecosystem of the existing and proposed biological pest control, adjacent land use. It should incorporate an maintaining strips of understanding of the condition of the indigenous vegetation aquatic ecosystem and existing and between fields, and proposed buffer, as well as the role of the reducing the use of system in the broader ecological and fertilisers and pesticides human landscape). near indigenous vegetation A Surface Water Management Plan should or wetlands. inform decisions regarding activities Promote sustainable land outside of aquatic ecosystems that directly uses that are compatible impact their functioning. with maintaining ecosystem functioning. Renosterveld No loss of natural habitat should be Promote connectivity of priority clusters allowed in the priority clusters. Notify habitat within renosterveld CapeNature's Land Use Advisory Unit as well as between fynbos (021 866 8000 or and renosterveld (for [email protected]) when example, some pollinators applications for non-conservation land use breed in fynbos but feed are submitted for authorisation or and disperse pollen [thus approval. Decisions should be based on a supporting plant botanical assessment that has been reproduction] in reviewed by CapeNature. renosterveld). Every attempt should be made to retain Prioritise alien vegetation connectivity and minimise further clearance and habitat fragmentation of the remaining natural rehabilitation in renosterveld habitat. and areas important for maintaining ecological processes. Ensure that ecological processes such as periodic fires or pollination are maintained (in consultation with CapeNature). Wetlands No development in wetland ecosystems Polluted run-off into
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(This requires a delineation/top of bank wetlands must be avoided, determination to be undertaken by a as per the National Water specialist ecologist, the Department of Act. Wetlands are sensitive Water Affairs and Forestry or CapeNature to water quality degradation, to determine the agreed upon boundary of including that caused by the ecosystem). fertiliser run-off from lawns Provide for a minimum 30 meter ecological and agricultural areas or buffer adjacent to wetlands (Decisions metals from roads. regarding buffer width should include Avoid extreme increases rating the aquatic ecosystem, plus an and decreases of water assessment of the impacts to the quantities in wetlands. ecosystem of the existing and proposed Increased stormwater adjacent land use. It should incorporate an volumes from paved areas understanding of the condition of the can cause erosion or aquatic ecosystem and existing and unnatural changes in water proposed buffer, as well as the role of the levels. This can destroy the system in the broader ecological and habitat of specially adapted human landscape). wetland vegetation species, A Surface Water Management Plan should as well as species such as inform decisions regarding activities wading birds, frogs or outside of aquatic ecosystems that directly dragonflies. impact their functioning. Protect habitat/natural Notify CapeNature's Land Use Advisory vegetation around wetlands. Unit ((021 866 8000 or Many wildlife species [email protected]) when depend on water as well as applications for non-conservation land use land for different parts of on silcrete outcrops, or that affect their life cycles. wetlands, are submitted for authorisation Avoid activities that impact or approval. Decisions should be based on on the surface and sub- a specialist assessment that has been surface flow of water reviewed by CapeNature. Where loss of between rivers and natural habitat is inevitable, rare or floodplains. The movement endangered plant species should be of water between these transplanted to a suitable site. The ecosystems is an important Department of Environmental Affairs and ecological process. Development Planning should identify appropriate development offsets together with CapeNature. River corridors No infilling, excavation, drainage, As per Decision-making hardened surfaces (including buildings and Guidelines asphalt) or intensive agriculture within a river, or within at least 30 meters of the delineated riparian boundary. Delineation of the riparian boundary should be undertaken by a specialist ecologist according to “A practical field procedure for identification and delineation of wetlands and riparian areas (DWAF 2003).” Appropriate land-uses are activities that do not result in further loss of habitat or disturbance to ecosystem functioning in these systems. Appropriate land-uses allow the basic structure and ecological functioning of river ecosystems to be sustained and protected from degradation. Appropriate land-uses do not increase the potential for flooding and damage to property. 30 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
All development in or of water resources require an authorisation from DWAF per sections 21 and 22 of the National Water Act (NWA 36 of 1998). The Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (43 of 1983) further restricts activities within rivers. Where possible, riparian areas should be rehabilitated, for example through the Working for Wetlands programme, with the emphasis on re-connecting habitat, re- establishing basic flows and prioritising the clearing of invasive plants to help restore the natural functioning of these systems. A Surface Water Management Plan should inform decisions regarding activities outside of aquatic ecosystems that directly impact their functioning. Silcrete patches Avoid trampling and any other disturbance in these areas. Due to the high concentration of endemic and succulent species, and the shallow soils and clays on steep concave slopes, silcrete patches are highly sensitive to trampling and erosion. Consider fencing off these areas to prevent access by stock.
3.1.10 Fauna of conservation concern
There are a number of animal species of conservation concern that have a geographical distribution that includes the study area. These are listed in Appendix 2. Based on habitat requirements, there are a number of species that were considered at the Scoping stage to have a moderate to high possibility of occurring on site or making use of habitats available on site. These are the following:
Water Rat (Near Threatened) Lesueur’s Wing-gland Bat (Near Threatened) Natal Long-fingered Bat (Near Threatened) Montane Marsh Frog (Near Threatened) Cape Mountain Toad (Vulnerable) Dwarf Crag Lizard (Vulnerable) Yellow-bellied House Snake (Near Threatened).
Following field evaluation of habitats on site, these species are re-evaluated here to determine whether any of these species are likely to occur there or not.
The Water Rat is found over a good deal of Africa, from Sierra Leone in West Africa to central Kenya in East Africa and from most countries south of this. It is found in most of the moist parts of South Africa. It occurs in reedbeds and among semi-aquatic grasses and is dependent on open water. It is terrestrial and semi-aquatic. If it occurred on site, it would probably be limited to areas close to the Bot River system where open water occurs, or to farm dams where natural vegetation occurs around the fringe. It was not seen on site, but there is a possibility that it occurs there.
31 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Lesueur’s Wing-gland Bat is endemic to South Africa and Lesotho. It occurs widely in Lesotho and the Drakensberg and is present in the Cedarberg with scattered records bettwen these two areas. It roosts in rock crevices, usually near water and appears to be associated with broken terrain at higher altitudes with suitable rock crevices and water in the form of dams, rivers or marshes. If it occurred on site, it would be found in the western part of the site associated with the Houhoekberge. It is unknown what distances individuals cover while foraging. Due to the lack of suitable rock crevices on site, the site is not likely to constitute important habitat for this species, but there is a small possibility that individuals could be affected while foraging.
The Natal Long-fingered Bat occurs widely in South Africa, but with more records from the southern and eastern parts than from the arid west. It is cave-dependent and hence the availability of suitable roosts determines its presence in an area. The species congregates in huge numbers and is known from the De Hoop guano cave. The species migrates up to 150 km between summer breeding caves and winter hibernacula. It is unlikely that the species occurs on site, but it is probable that it occurs in the Overberg, Hottentot’s Holland and Cape Point areas and that it could migrate across the site, in which case it could be affected by operation of the proposed project.
The Montane Marsh Frog is confined to small streams, marshy areas and seepage zones in mountain fynbos at altitudes of 200 to 1800 m. It only occurs in a small part of the Western Cape, including the Kogelberg, Hottentots Holland Mountains, Groenlandberge and Houhoekberge. If it occurred on site, it would be found in the western part of the site associated with the Houhoekberge. These areas will not be affected by the proposed project.
Rose’s / Cape Mountain Toad is restricted to undisturbed montane fynbos, usually being confined to high mountain areas. It only occurs in a small part of the Western Cape, including the Kogelberg, Hottentots Holland Mountains, Groenlandberge and Houhoekberge. If it occurred on site, it would be found in the western part of the site associated with the Houhoekberge. These areas will not be affected by the proposed project.
The Dwarf Crag Lizard is a rock specialist and requires rock crevices for shelter. It is found in areas of the south-western Cape that have frequent mists and fog and is only found in the Hottentot’s Holland Mountains. It has been recorded in the grid in which the site is located, but only in the mountain areas. If it occurred on site, it would be found in the western part of the site associated with the Houhoekberge. These areas will not be affected by the proposed project.
The Yellow-bellied House Snake is found in termite mounds and under stones in fynbos scrub, arid savannah and grassland. It is endemic to South Africa, but is found widely distributed in the more mesic southern and eastern parts of the country. It is a secretive and nocturnal snake that is considered to be rare. In the Western Cape, it has mostly only been recorded in mountainous areas. It is considered possible that it occurs on site within areas of natural vegetation. It would not occur in cultivated fields or other transformed areas, which is where all of the infrastructure is proposed to be located.
In summary, the Montane Marsh Frog, Rose’s Mountain Toad and the Dwarf Crag Lizard will not occur on site. It is considered that there is a small probability of the Water Rat and Yellow- bellied House Snake occurring in habitats on site. Both species are widespread and the site does not constitute important habitat for either species. It is considered highly unlikely that activities on site associated with construction and/or operation of the wind energy facility would have any significant effect on either species. There is also only a small probability of Lesueur’s Wing-gland Bat occurring on site and then it would only be as stray foraging individuals. The Natal Long-fingered Bat may migrate across the site during seasonal migrations, but will not occur there as a resident population. This latter species is the only one for which there is still some concern related to operation of the wind energy facility.
32 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
3.1.11 Flora of conservation concern
There are a large number of plant species of conservation concern that have been previously recorded in the grids in which the study area is located. These are listed in Appendix 1. This includes 34 species listed as Critically Endangered, three of which are possibly Extinct, 92 species listed as Endangered, 95 species listed as Vulnerable, 4 species listed in an unspecified threat category, 60 species listed as Near Threatened, 2 species listed as Critically Rare, and 8 species listed as Declining. This is an exceptionally high number of threatened species, even by Fynbos Biome standards, and is an indication of the potentially high conservation importance and sensitivity of all remaining natural habitat on site and in the surrounding area. There is a high probability that some of these species occur on site or that they are dependent on natural habitats on site remaining intact. These species are most likely to occur within untransformed natural vegetation. Transformed areas are unlikely to harbour populations of threatened plant species.
On condition natural vegetation on site is not disturbed by the proposed development, these species are unlikely to be affected by the proposed development of a wind farm on site. If, however, any infrastructure is proposed to occur within untransformed natural vegetation, a comprehensive botanical specialist survey undertaken by someone with local knowledge of the flora of these areas would be required in order to establish which species occur on site and their exact locality and population status.
3.1.12 Protected trees
Tree species protected under the National Forest Act are listed in Appendix 4. Those that have a geographical distribution that includes the study area are the following: Curtisia dentata; Ocotea bullata; Pittosporum viridiflorum; Podocarpus elongatus; Podocarpus latifolius; and Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme (white milkwood).
Curtisia dentata occurs in evergreen coastal or montane forest from the coast to 1800 m. Based on habitat preferences, this species could occur on or near the site, but it is considered unlikely. If this species occurs in the study area, the most likely places would be in woodland patches on the slopes of the Houhoekberge. No individuals were found on site within or near to the proposed development footprint.
Ocotea bullata occurs in montane forest. Based on habitat preferences, this species could occur on or near the site, but it is considered unlikely. If this species occurs in the study area, the most likely places would be in woodland patches on the slopes of the Houhoekberge. No individuals were found on site within or near to the proposed development footprint.
Pittosporum viridiflorum occurs along forest margins, in bush-clumps and in bushveld, often in rocky outcrops. Based on habitat preferences, this species could occur on or near the site. If this species occurs in the study area, the most likely places would be in woodland patches. No individuals were found on site within or near to the proposed development footprint.
Podocarpus elongatus occurs in fynbos, mainly on sandstone slopes along streams. It is found only in the Western Cape Province from Bokkeveld Mountains to Swellendam. Based on habitat preferences, this species could occur on or near the site. If this species occurs in the study area, the most likely places would be in woodland patches on the slopes of the Houhoekberge. No individuals were found on site within or near to the proposed development footprint.
Podocarpus latifolius is found in coastal and Afromontane forest. Based on habitat preferences, this species could occur on or near the site. If this species occurs in the study area, the most likely places would be in woodland patches. No individuals were found on site within or near to the proposed development footprint. 33 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme usually only occurs in coastal areas, in dune thicket and forest, but may also occur on termitaria in bushveld. Based on habitat preferences, this species could occur on or near the site. If this species occurs in the study area, the most likely places would be in the thicket in the drainage lines or in woodland patches. No individuals were found on site within or near to the proposed development footprint.
Except for some scrubby thicket, in which Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme could potentially occur, there is no habitat on site in the path of the proposed development in which protected trees could potentially occur. No individuals of any protected trees were seen on site. It is therefore considered unlikely that any protected trees will be affected by construction of the proposed wind energy facility.
3.1.13 Habitat sensitivity
The sensitivity assessment identifies those parts of the study area that have high conservation value or that may be sensitive to disturbance. Areas containing untransformed natural vegetation, high diversity or habitat complexity, Red List organisms or systems vital to sustaining ecological functions are considered sensitive. In contrast, any transformed area that has no importance for the functioning of ecosystems is considered to have low sensitivity. The sensitivity classification for the site is as follows (also see Figure 8):
VERY HIGH: All remaining areas of renosterveld on site. These fall within a Critically Endangered vegetation type, Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld. The Theewaterskloof Municipality's Spatial Development Framework also highlights these areas as being within a Renosterveld Priority Cluster. There are a high number of threatened, near threatened
Figure 8: Sensitive parts of the site of the proposed SAGIT Langhoogte Wind Farm.
34 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
or critically rare plant or animal species that could occur on site, most of which are likely to occur within these remaining patches, if they occur on site. Some parts of these areas are wetlands or thicket vegetation. HIGH: (1) Mountain fynbos in the western part of the site that falls within Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos. There are a high number of threatened, near threatened or critically rare plant or animal species that could occur on site, some of which are likely to occur within these areas. Ridges and mountains are important refugia for flora and fauna and act as mountain catchment areas. (2) Thicket in drainage lines fall within the Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld vegetation type, but is characterised by the presence of more widespread species and there is a lower probability of this vegetation containing threatened species than the surrounding renosterveld vegetation. (3) Wetlands are important for hydrological processes, provide habitat for various species and represent high value ecosystem goods and services. The integrity of wetlands affects downstream areas that include sensitive estuarine ecosystems. MEDIUM-LOW: Degraded and/or secondary vegetation on site. Secondary vegetation is found in previously cultivated areas. Degraded areas consist of natural vegetation that has been degraded due to heavy utilization impacts and/or dense alien invasion. LOW: Areas where no natural vegetation occurs. This includes cultivated lands, areas of buildings, roads and bare ground.
35 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
4 IMPACTS AND ISSUES IDENTIFICATION
The objective of this section of the report is to identify all the significant impacts that may arise as a result of the proposed development during construction, operation and decommissioning.
4.1 Potential impacts
4.1.1 Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation
Construction of infrastructure could lead to direct loss of vegetation. This will lead to localised or more extensive reduction in the overall extent of the vegetation type. There are factors that may aggravate this potential impact. For example, where this vegetation has already been stressed due to degradation and transformation at a regional level, the loss may lead to increased vulnerability (susceptibility to future damage) of the habitat and a change in the conservation status (current conservation situation).
There are only fragments of renosterveld remaining on site. This falls within a Critically Endangered vegetation type, Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld. The Theewaterskloof Municipality's Spatial Development Framework also highlights these areas as being within a Renosterveld Priority Cluster. Remaining patches of renosterveld on site therefore have very high conservation value.
There are also areas of natural wetland vegetation that still remain on site. These are biologically important habitats that support unique species composition and may also harbour some species of concern.
4.1.2 Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Plant species are especially vulnerable to infrastructure development due to the fact that they cannot move out of the path of the construction activities, but are also affected by overall loss of habitat. Species include those classified as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened and critically rare. For any other species a loss of individuals or localised populations is unlikely to lead to a change in the conservation status of the species. However, in the case of listed plant species, loss of a population or individuals could lead to a direct change in the conservation status of the species, possibly extinction. This may arise if the proposed infrastructure is located where it will impact on such individuals or populations.
There are a very high number of plant species of conservation concern that have been recorded from the grids in which the site is located. There is, therefore, a high likelihood of populations of these occurring on site in remaining natural habitats. Habitats of concern are any remaining patches of natural vegetation, as described in “Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation”.
4.1.3 Loss of habitat for animal species of conservation concern
Threatened animal species are affected primarily by the overall loss of habitat, since direct construction impacts can often be avoided due to movement of individuals from the path of construction. Construction of pylons, access roads, transmission lines and other infrastructure associated with the wind farm will lead to direct loss of habitat.
There are some small patches of natural habitat remaining on site. This vegetation potentially provides habitat for a small number of near threatened species, including the Water Rat (Near Threatened) and Yellow-bellied House Snake (Near Threatened). It is considered that there is a small probability of the Water Rat and Yellow-bellied House Snake occurring in habitats on 36 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
site. Both species are widespread and the site does not constitute important habitat for either species. It is considered highly unlikely that activities on site associated with construction and/or operation of the wind energy facility would have any significant effect on either species.
4.1.4 Loss of individuals of protected trees
A number of species have a geographic distribution that includes the study area appear on this list, including the following: Curtisia dentata, Ocotea bullata, Pittosporum viridiflorum, Podocarpus elongatus, Podocarpus latifolius and Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme. They all occur primarily in forest or woodland habitat or in drainage lines. Based on the field assessment of available habitat, Sideroxylon inerme is considered to be unlikely to occur on site, although it is possible. No individuals occur within the proposed footprint of infrastructure. The remaining species will not occur on site and were not seen on site. It is therefore considered that this impact will not occur.
4.1.5 Establishment and spread of declared weeds and alien invader plants
Major factors contributing to invasion by alien invader plants includes high disturbance and negative grazing practices. Exotic species are often more prominent near infrastructural disturbances than further away. Invasion and spread of alien trees can have a multitude of ecological impacts, including loss or degradation of natural habitat, change in wetland function, increased soil erosion, modification of soil properties, increased fire frequency and intensity and others.
Field assessments and interpretation of aerial imagery indicates that there are significant areas associated with the banks and adjacent slopes of the Botrivier and lower slopes of the Houhoekberge that are invaded by alien trees. There is therefore a high probability that these would spread into areas where they are not controlled. Alien trees also occur in small pockets throughout the study area.
4.1.6 Change in ecological processes maintaining vegetation (fire)
During construction there is a higher risk of veld fires around construction sites. During operation, various factors may lead to an increase in the natural fire regime within the vegetation surrounding the infrastructure. Renosterveld does not experience high frequencies of natural fires. Fire can, however, be important for maintaining vegetation mosaics. It is important that the fire frequency is not significantly elevated or that uniform burns do not reduce ecosystem diversity otherwise it may lead to negative impacts on species and ecosystems. The development proposal restricts most new infrastructure to areas where there is currently no natural vegetation. There is therefore a low probability that the management regime of natural patches of vegetation on site will change.
37 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
5 ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS
The following section provides a detailed assessment of the potential impacts identified in the sections above. Impacts are assessed impacts according to Construction, Operations, Decomisioning phases of the project and, where applicable, for each component of infrastructure, i.e., turbines, internal access roads and underground cables (combined), the on-site-substation and internal access roads. Mitigation measures are proposed for reducing impacts and an assessment is provided for each impact following application of mitigation measures.
5.1 Construction Phase
5.1.1 Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation
(a) Assessment of impact
Turbines
Turbine number 36 is close to areas of natural vegetation. The turbine will not affect natural vegetation, but laydown areas may affect the edge of areas of renosterveld and/or thicket. None of the other turbines are anywhere close to any patches of natural vegetation.
Loss or fragmentation of remaining patches of natural vegetation would be a negative impact that may have regional consequences. The duration of an impact is likely to be permanent and the intensity high. Due to the existing classification of this vegetation as Critically Endangered, there is no potential for replacing this resource. The consequence is therefore high. Due to the fact that no turbines are within areas of renosterveld, the probability of the impact occurring is considered to be low. Mitigation measures will ensure that this probability is reduced even further.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation due to construction activities: turbines Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation
Without Negative High High High High High High Low Medium High Mitigation Mitigation Description: Ensure, during detailed design that roads are removed from natural vegetation. Before construction, demarcate the exent of the construction footprint and ensure that construction impacts are contained within this area. For turbine 36 specifically, all works should be well removed from the neighbouring renosterveld. With Negative Low High High High High High Low – Low to High Mitigation Very low medium Cumulative Impact: Unknown
While the consequence of the impact is high, mainly due to the conservation value of the renosterveld, the probability of the impact can be migiated to a very low probability if strict construction mitigation is implemented. This would have to be a priority for any ECO operating on the project.
38 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Internal Roads
Internal roads are planned in close proximity to natural vegetation at turbines 36 and 27. In their current position, these roads will likely impact on the edges of natural vegetation during construction, but the exact positioning of roads should be shifted at the detailed design stage. Further impacts can be avoided through the correct preventative measures during site establishment, namely the physical demarcation of these areas as no-go zones..
Loss or fragmentation of remaining patches of natural vegetation would be a negative impact that may have regional consequences. The duration of an impact is likely to be permanent and the intensity high. Due to the existing classification of this vegetation as Critically Endangered, there is no potential for replacing this resource. The consequence is therefore high, but with the approatie mitigation, specifically construction vehicle controls preventing damage to these areas, this significance would be considerd medium. With this mitigation implemented, it is not considered necessary that turbines 36 and 27 move.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation due to construction activities: internal roads Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation near turbines 36 ans 27
Without Negative High High High High High High High High High Mitigation Mitigation Description: Ensure, during detailed design that roads are removed from natural vegetation. Before construction, demarcate the exent of the construction footprint and ensure that construction impacts are contained within this area and do not affect areas of natural renosterveld. With Negative Low High High High High High Low Medium High Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
Again the probability of the above occurring is dependant on the degree to which mitigation in detailed design, construction and rehabilitation is executed. The consequence of losing rensoterveld is high and hence the rating matrix above forces a medium significance. However if mitigation is applied such that the vegetation is not disturbed, the impact significance could be considered lower.
Powerlines and sub-station
The on-site substation is not close to areas of natural vegetation. The substation will not affect natural vegetation. This potential impact is therefore not assessed further for this infrastructure component.
All four overhead power line options could potentially affect areas of terrestrial natural vegetation, depending on the exact location of tower structures. The northern route is most likely to affect areas of fynbos, whereas all three southern options could affect areas of renosterveld if not appropriately mitigated.
All overhead power line options cross a number of drainage lines in which wetland vegetation occurs and also the Bot river, mostly perpendicularly crossing channels. However, option S2 and especially option S3 run within the floodplain and bed of the Bot river in places (as indicated in blue in Figure 9).
39 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Option N (the Northern Option): Loss or fragmentation of remaining patches of natural vegetation would be a negative impact that may have local consequences. The duration of an impact is likely to be medium-term and the intensity medium. Due to the small potential impact due to placement of tower structures and the likelihood of local recolonisation by fynbos species, there is medium potential for replacing this resource. The consequence is therefore medium. The probability is high that vegetation will be affected. The significance is scored as MEDIUM. The confidence in this assessment is high.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation due to construction activities: OHP (N) Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation
Without Negative Low Medium Medium Medium High Medium High Medium High Mitigation Mitigation Description: See text. With Negative Low Medium Medium Medium High Medium Low Low to High Mitigation Medium Cumulative Impact: Unknown
Figure 9: Floodplain areas through which the southern overhead power line route options 2 and 3 travel for an extended length.
40 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Option S1, 2, 3: Loss or fragmentation of remaining patches of natural vegetation would be a negative impact that may have regional consequences. The common section of the southern route crosses a drainage line supporting renosterveld (see Figure 10 a). This route would likely involve some impact on this vegetation. The duration of an impact is likely to be permanent and the intensity high. Due to the existing classification of renosterveld vegetation as Critically Endangered, there is no potential for replacing this resource. The consequence is therefore high. The probability is high that vegetation will be affected. The significance is scored as HIGH. The confidence in this assessment is high. Opportunity exists to bypass the majority of this area (Figure 10b) with a minor realignment of the line, in which case the intensity, consequence, and significance of the impacts associated with route S1 would be LOW.
A B
Fig 10: A) Proposed southern powerline route crossing renosterveld (bordered red). B) presents a proposed alternative route (blue line) which would be associated with a reduced impact.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation due to construction activities: OHP (S1) Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation
Without Negative High High High High High High High High High Mitigation Mitigation Description: Route realignment as discussed above, as well as measures listed in text below. With Negative Low Low Low High High Low Low Low High Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation due to construction activities: OHP (S2, S3) Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation
Without Negative High High High High High High High High High Mitigation Mitigation Description: In the case of route S2 and S3, little mitigation is possible without significant changes to the routes. The 41 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
pre and post mitigation impacts are therefore similar. With Negative High High High High High High High High High Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
(b) Potential mitigation measures Measures that may assist in avoiding impacts on natural vegetation are as follows:
Construction impacts must be contained within the footprint of the infrastructure and/or the servitude of the power line. For turbine 36 specifically, all works should be well removed from the neighbouring renosterveld. Ensure that unnecessary impacts on natural vegetation do not occur, e.g. driving around in the veld. Before construction, demarcate the servitude of infrastructure and ensure that construction impacts are contained within this area. If necessary, to ensure that this measure is adhered to, these areas should be fenced or, alternatively, that nearby “no go” areas are fenced appropriately to ensure no access. Use existing access roads as far as possible. Locate construction camps away from sensitive areas. For the common section of the southern three overhead power line options, tower structures must not be placed within renosterveld vegetation (as indicated in red in Figure 10). A minimum distance of 10 m should be maintained between the construction impacts of the tower structure and the edge of the renosterveld vegetation. This mitigation does not appear to be possible for remaining sections of S2 and S3, unless the route is shifted out of the valley in which it is located. Construction impacts must be contained within the footprint of the tower structures and/or the servitude of the power line. Ensure that unnecessary impacts on natural vegetation do not occur, e.g. driving around in the veld. Use existing access roads as far as possible. Locate construction camps away from sensitive areas.
5.1.2 Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
(a) Assessment of impact
Turbines
Turbine number 36 is approximatley 40 m from an area supporting natural renosterveld and thicket vegetation in which threatened plant species could potentially occur. The turbine will not affect natural vegetation, but laydown areas may affect the edge of areas of renosterveld and/or thicket if not appropriately designed and constructed. None of the other turbines are anywhere close to any patches of natural vegetation.
Loss of populations of plant species of conservation concern would be a negative impact that may have regional consequences. The duration of an impact is likely to be permanent and the intensity high. Due to the existing classification of plant species in various threat categories, there is very little potential for replacing this resource. The consequence is therefore high. The probability is scored as low and the significance is scored as Medium. The confidence in this assessment is low and requires a specialist botanical study to determine whether any threatened plant species occur within these patches of vegetation or not. With the implementation of strict design, site establishment, and construction criteria, the impact on the vegetated area could be reduced.
42 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern due to construction activities: turbines Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Without Negative High High High High High High Low Medium High Mitigation Mitigation Description: All design for site site establishment in turbine 36 to be sensitive to the neighbouring renosterveld. Before construction, demarcate the exent of the construction footprint and ensure that construction impacts are contained within this area. For turbine 36 specifically, all works should be well removed from the neighbouring renosterveld. Renosterveld to be physically demarcated as a no-go area. With Negative Low High High High High High Very low Low to High Mitigation medium Cumulative Impact: Unknown
Internal Roads
As mentioned above, internal roads planned in close proximity to natural vegetation at turbines 36 (renosterbos) and 27 (thicket). In their current position, these roads will likely impact on the edges of natural vegetation during construction, but the exact positioning of roads should be shifted at the detailed design stage. Further impacts can be avoided through the correct preventative measures during site establishment, namely the physical demarcation of these areas as no-go zones.
Loss of populations of plant species of conservation concern would be a negative impact that may have regional consequences. The duration of an impact is likely to be permanent and the intensity high. Due to the existing classification of plant species in various threat categories, there is very little potential for replacing this resource. The consequence is therefore high. The probability is scored as highly likely and the significance is scored as HIGH. The confidence in this assessment is low and requires a specialist botanical study to determine whether any threatened plant species occur within these patches of vegetation or not.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern due to construction activities: internal access roads Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Without Negative High High High High High High Medium Medium High Mitigation to high Mitigation Description: See text. With Negative Low High High High High High Low Medium High Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
Again the rating matrix above forces a medium significance however if mitigation is applied such that the vegetation is not disturbed, the impact significance could be considered lower.
43 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Powerlines and sub-station
The on-site substation is not close to areas of natural vegetation in which threatened plant species could potentially occur. The substation will not affect threatened plant species. This potential impact is therefore not assessed further for this infrastructure component.
All four overhead power line options could potentially affect areas of natural vegetation in which threatened plant species could potentially occur. The northern route is most likely to affect areas of fynbos, whereas all three southern options are likely to affect areas of renosterveld if not appropriately mitigated.. Without mitigation the southern routes are therefore more likely to affect populations of threatened plant species.
Option N: Loss of populations of plant species of conservation concern would be a negative impact that may have regional consequences. The duration of an impact is likely to be permanent and the intensity high. Due to the existing classification of plant species in various threat categories, there is very little potential for replacing this resource. The consequence is therefore high. The probability is scored as highly likely and the significance is scored as HIGH. The confidence in this assessment is low and requires a specialist botanical study to determine whether any threatened plant species occur within these patches of vegetation or not.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern due to construction activities: OHP (N1) Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Without Negative High High High High High High High High Low Mitigation Mitigation Description: See text. With Negative Low High High High High High Low Medium Low Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
Option S1, 2, 3: Loss of populations of plant species of conservation concern would be a negative impact that may have regional consequences. The duration of an impact is likely to be permanent and the intensity high. Due to the existing classification of plant species in various threat categories, there is very little potential for replacing this resource. The consequence is therefore high. The probability is scored as highly likely with the current alignment, however as discussed in the section above, this could be mitigated with adopting a minor realignment for the common section nfo the souther route. The significance is scored as HIGH before mitigation. The confidence in this assessment is low and requires a specialist botanical study to determine whether any threatened plant species occur within these patches of vegetation or not.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern due to construction activities: OHP (S1) Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Without Negative High High High High High High High High Low Mitigation Mitigation Description: Route realignment as discussed above, as well as measures listed in text below. 44 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
With Negative Low High High High High High Low Medium Low Mitigation - Low Cumulative Impact: Unknown
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern due to construction activities: OHP (S2, S3) Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Without Negative High High High High High High High High Low Mitigation Mitigation Description: In the case of route S2 and S3, little mitigation is possible without significant changes to the routes. The pre and post mitigation impacts are therefore similar. With Negative High High High High High High High High Low Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
(b) Potential mitigation measures If any infrastructure is proposed to be located within or very close to natural vegetation then the following should be undertaken:
The route realignment of S1 should be made. If, after detailed design, areas of natural vegetation will be affected, undertake a detailed threatened plant species specialist assessment. This should take place during an appropriate season and may require a number of site visits at different times of the year to cover the flowering period or emergence of potentially affected species. If any threatened plant species are found to occur within 50 m of the infrastructure then alternative siting of the infrastructure should take place or that component of the infrastructure should be omitted from the facility. For the common section of the southern three overhead power line options, tower structures must not be placed within renosterveld vegetation (as indicated in red in Figure 10). A minimum distance of 10 m should be maintained between the construction impacts of the tower structure and the edge of the renosterveld vegetation. This mitigation does not appear to be possible for remaining sections of S2 and S3, unless the route is shifted out of the valley in which it is located. For all areas where the overhead power line is within natural areas, undertake a detailed threatened plant species specialist assessment. This should take place during an appropriate season and may require a number of site visits at different times of the year to cover the flowering period or emergence of potentially affected species. If any threatened plant species are found to occur within 50 m of the infrastructure then alternative siting of the infrastructure should take place or that component of the infrastructure should be omitted from the facility.
5.1.3 Loss of habitat for animal species of conservation concern
(a) Assessment of impact
Turbines
Turbine number 36 is close to areas of natural renosterbos and thicket vegetation in which animal species of conservation concern could potentially occur, although the probability of them occurring there is considered to be low.
Loss or habitat for animal species of conservation concern would be a negative impact that may have site-specific consequences. If any infrastructure or activities affects individuals of
45 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
animal species of conservation concern, the duration of an impact is likely to be long-term and the intensity low. Due to the near threatened status of the affected species and the small amount of habitat potentially affected, there is potential for replacing this resource. The potential for impact on irreplaceable resources is therefore low. The consequence is therefore low. The probability is low. and the significance is scored as LOW. The confidence in this assessment is medium.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of habitat for animal species of conservation concern due to construction activities: turbines Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Without Negative Low High Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Mitigation Mitigation Description: See text. With Negative Low High Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
Internal Roads
Internal access roads that affect areas of natural renosterbos and thicket vegetation in which animal species of conservation concern could potentially occur are as follows: at turbine number 36, at turbine number 27. These roads may affect the edge of areas of renosterveld and/or thicket, although the probability of animal species of conservation concern occurring there is considered to be low.
Loss or habitat for animal species of conservation concern would be a negative impact that may have site-specific consequences. If any infrastructure or activities affects individuals of animal species of conservation concern, the duration of an impact is likely to be long-term and the intensity low. Due to the near threatened status of the affected species and the small amount of habitat potentially affected, there is potential for replacing this resource. The potential for impact on irreplaceable resources is therefore low. The consequence is therefore low. The probability is low. and the significance is scored as LOW. The confidence in this assessment is medium.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of habitat for animal species of conservation concern due to construction activities: internal access roads Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Without Negative Low High Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Mitigation Mitigation Description: See text. With Negative Low High Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
46 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Sub-station and Powerlines
The on-site substation is not close to areas of natural vegetation in which animal species of conservation concern could potentially occur. The substation will not affect populations of animal species of conservation concern. This potential impact is therefore not assessed further for this infrastructure component.
All power line options are partially located within areas of natural vegetation in which animal species of conservation concern could potentially occur, although the probability of them occurring there is considered to be low. The assessment is the same for all powerline alternatives.
Loss or habitat for animal species of conservation concern would be a negative impact that may have site-specific consequences. If any infrastructure or activities affects individuals of animal species of conservation concern, the duration of an impact is likely to be long-term and the intensity low. Due to the near threatened status of the affected species and the small amount of habitat potentially affected, there is potential for replacing this resource. The potential for impact on irreplaceable resources is therefore low. The consequence is therefore low. The probability is low. and the significance is scored as LOW. The confidence in this assessment is medium.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Loss/fragmentation of habitat for animal species of conservation concern due to construction activities: OHP Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Without Negative Low High Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Mitigation Mitigation Description: See text. With Negative Low High Low Low Low Low Low Low Medium Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
(b) Potential mitigation measures No mitigation measures are required.
47 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
5.1.4 Loss of individuals of protected trees
(a) Assessment of impact No protected trees were found within the footprint of proposed infrastructure or in any other parts of the study area where activities associated with the project will take place. Loss of protected trees will therefore not take place. This potential impact is therefore not assessed further.
5.2 Operation Phase
5.2.1 Establishment and spread of declared weeds and alien invader plants
(a) Assessment of impact
All Components
The existence of infrastructure represents a disturbance in the landscape that could advance consitions in which declared weeds and alien invader plants could potentially be favoured.
Invasion by alien invasive species would be a negative impact that may have local consequences. The duration of an impact is likely to be long-term and the intensity high. It could lead to loss of resources for which there is no potential for replacement. The consequence is therefore high. The probability is low due to the fact that existing land management practices will continue during operation of the wind energy facility. The significance would then be scored as MEDIUM. The confidence in this assessment is high.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Establishment and spread of declared weeds and alien invader plants due to operation activities: all infrastructure components Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Without Negative Low High High Low High High Low Medium High Mitigation Mitigation Description: See text. With Negative Low High Low Low Low Medium Very low Low High Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
(b) Potential mitigation measures
Existing concentrations of alien plants within the zone of control of the wind energy facility on site should be eradicated. Areas disturbed due to construction activities should be rehabilitated as quickly as possible. Soil stockpiles should not be translocated from areas with alien plants into the site and within the site alien plants on stockpiles must be controlled so as to avoid the development of a soil seed bank of alien plants within the stock-piled soil. Any alien plants must be immediately controlled to avoid establishment of a soil seed bank. An ongoing monitoring programme should be implemented to detect and quantify any aliens that may become established and provide information for the management of aliens. This should form part of an alien management programme.
48 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
5.2.2 Change in ecological processes maintaining vegetation (fire)
(a) Assessment of impact
All Components
Change in fire regime would be a negative impact that may have local consequences. The duration of an impact is likely to be long-term and the intensity medium. The impacts are reversible over the long-term, but the resources that will be affected are irreplaceable. The consequence is therefore high. The probability is low that an impact will occur. The significance would then be scored as MEDIUM. The confidence in this assessment is medium.
Impact
Extent
Nature
Intensity
Duration
Impact on on Impact
Probability
Resources
Confidence
Significance
Irreversibility
Irreplaceable Consequence Impact 1: Change in ecological processes maintaining vegetation (fire) due to operation activities: all infrastructure components Impact Description: Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern
Without Negative Low High Medium Low High High Low Medium Medium Mitigation Mitigation Description: See text. With Negative Low High Low Low Low Medium Very low Low Medium Mitigation Cumulative Impact: Unknown
(b) Potential mitigation measures
An ecological management plan is required for natural areas in proximity to proposed infrastructure. This must include a fire management plan and fire control measures.
5.3 Decommissioning Phase
The activities to be undertaken during the decommissioning phase will be insignificant relative to the construction phase, and hence no significant impacts on ecology are anticipated. It is expected that internal access roads will remain in place and the bases of turbines will be left in place. Overhead powerlines and the internal substation will probably be left in place or the overhead powerlines will be removed. The only likely disturbances will be in turbine laydown areas, when turbines are deconstructed, and in the servitude of the powerline, when cabling and tower structures are removed. These activities are most likely to result in short-term disturbances to natural habitats that will quickly recover.
49 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
5.4 Summary of impacts per phase
5.4.1 Construction Phase
This is summarised for each activity separately during construction.
The following table provides a summary of the significance of impacts associated with the construction of turbines on site.
Table 3: Significance of impacts associated with construction of wind turbines on site Impact Significance Before After mitigation mitigation Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation MEDIUM LOW to MEDIUM Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of MEDIUM LOW to conservation concern MEDIUM Loss of habitat for animal species of conservation LOW LOW concern Loss of individuals of protected trees n/a n/a
The following table provides a summary of the significance of impacts associated with the construction of internal access roads and trenches for underground cables on site.
Table 4: significance of impacts associated with the construction of internal access roads and trenches for underground cables on site Impact Significance Before After mitigation mitigation Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation HIGH MEDIUM Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of MEDIUM to MEDIUM conservation concern HIGH Loss of habitat for animal species of conservation concern LOW LOW Loss of individuals of protected trees n/a n/a
The following table provides a summary of the significance of impacts associated with the construction of overhead power lines on site.
Table 5: significance of impacts associated with the construction of the on-site substation. Impact Significance Before After mitigation mitigation Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation n/a n/a Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of n/a n/a conservation concern Loss of habitat for animal species of conservation concern n/a n/a Loss of individuals of protected trees n/a n/a
Table 6: significance of impacts associated with the construction of overhead power lines on site. Impact Option Significance Before After mitigation mitigation 50 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation N MEDIUM LOW to MEDIUM S1 HIGH LOW S2 HIGH HIGH S3 HIGH HIGH Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant N HIGH MEDIUM species of conservation concern S1 HIGH LOW to MEDIUM S2 HIGH HIGH S3 HIGH HIGH Loss of habitat for animal species of conservation all LOW LOW concern Loss of individuals of protected trees all n/a n/a *on condition no areas of renosterveld are affected (north-east section of route).
The following table provides a summary of the significance of impacts associated with the construction of the substation on site.
5.4.2 Operational Phase
This is summarised for each activity separately during operation.
The following table provides a summary of the significance of impacts associated with the operation of turbines on site.
Table 7: Significance of impacts associated with operation of wind turbines on site Impact Significance Before After mitigation mitigation Establishment and spread of declared weeds and alien MEDIUM LOW invader plants Change in ecological processes maintaining vegetation MEDIUM LOW (fire)
The following table provides a summary of the significance of impacts associated with the operation of internal access roads and trenches for underground cables on site.
Table 8: significance of impacts associated with the operation of internal access roads and trenches for underground cables on site Impact Significance Before After mitigation mitigation Establishment and spread of declared weeds and alien MEDIUM LOW invader plants Change in ecological processes maintaining vegetation MEDIUM LOW (fire)
The following table provides a summary of the significance of impacts associated with the operation of overhead power lines on site.
Table 9: significance of impacts associated with the operation of the on-site substation. Impact Significance Before After mitigation mitigation Establishment and spread of declared weeds and alien MEDIUM LOW invader plants Change in ecological processes maintaining vegetation MEDIUM LOW (fire) 51 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Table 10: significance of impacts associated with the operation of overhead power lines on site. Impact Option Significance Before After mitigation mitigation Establishment and spread of declared weeds and all MEDIUM LOW alien invader plants Change in ecological processes maintaining all MEDIUM LOW vegetation (fire)
The following table provides a summary of the significance of impacts associated with the operation of the substation on site.
No other signgificant operational impacts are anticipated.
5.4.3 Decommisioning Phase
No impacts were considered to be significant for the decommissioning phase of the project.
5.5 Recommendations for additional specialist studies
5.5.1 Wetlands
Wetlands have been assessed in a separate specialist study (Bird & Ollis 2012). This study covers all aspects of wetlands that would be considered important for the ecological functioning of these areas and no further assessment is required in this ecological report. The recommendations of that report should be adhered to.
5.5.2 Bats
A specialist survey for bats has been undertaken in a separate specialist study (Moir & Marais 2012). This study covers all aspects of bat ecology that overlap with the general ecology study and no further assessment is required in this ecological report. The recommendations of that report should be adhered to.
5.5.3 Threatened plants
During the detailed design stage of this project, any remaining areas of natural vegetation that will be directly affected by proposed infrastructure, a botanical specialist survey is required to determine whether plant species of concern occur within the footprint of such infrastructure or not. This would only be necessary during the detailed design stage if, for some reason, any areas of indigenous natural vegetation will be impacted upon. This is not a recommendation that further botanical work is required for the EIA. It is recommended that, if such a study is required, a botanical specialist with local knowledge of the threatened flora undertakes the study.
52 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
6 CONCLUSION
There are only patches of natural vegetation remaining on site, but this vegetation has high conservation value. Most of the site occurs within a Critically Endangered vegetation type, Western Rûens Shale Renosterveld. The Theewaterskloof Municipality's Spatial Development Framework also highlights these areas as being within a Renosterveld Priority Cluster and the site is within the Fynbos Biome. In addition, there are a very high number of plant species of conservation concern that occur in the grids in which the site is located, many of which could potentially occur on site. If any of these species occur on site then they would be found within remaining patches of natural vegetation. Remaining patches of natural vegetation on site therefore have very high conservation value, especially areas of renosterveld. Impacts on these areas are not possible to effectively mitigate and these areas should therefore be treated as “no go” areas.
There are additional factors that affect the local assessment of sensitivity, for example, the presence of wetlands and/or riparian areas and habitat suitable for animal species of conservation concern. Other issues associated with development of the site may include changes to ecological processes, for example, changes in fire regimes, invasion by alien invasive species and disruption of migration routes for fauna. To some degree, these issues can be mitigated, managed or avoided.
Proposed infrastructure is largely located outside of areas of natural vegetation and therefore affects very little habitat classified as sensitive. Potential impacts associated with the proposed project are as follows: Loss/fragmentation of natural vegetation Loss/fragmentation of populations of plant species of conservation concern Loss of habitat for animal species of conservation concern Loss of individuals of protected trees Establishment and spread of declared weeds and alien invader plants Change in ecological processes maintaining vegetation (fire)
Turbine number 36 is close to areas of natural vegetation, but does not directly affect such areas of vegetation. This turbine may therefore have impacts on natural vegetation and on populations of plants species of conservation concern and may result in changes to ecological processes important for maintenance of vegetation. If the proposed mitigation measures are put in place, then the impacts will be mitigated against, and hence it is not necessary to move the turbine to an alternative location. No other turbines affect areas of natural vegetation.
Small sections of internal access roads / trenches are close to areas of natural vegetation. These may therefore have impacts on natural vegetation and on populations of plants species of conservation concern and may result in changes to ecological processes important for maintenance of vegetation. If the proposed mitigation measures are put in place, then the impacts will be mitigated against, and hence it is not necessary to move the internal access roads to an alternative location. Other roads / trenches do not affect areas of natural vegetation. Main access routes are along existing roads.
The on-site substation is not within an area of natural vegetation. There are no impacts of concern related to this infrastructure component.
The different overhead power line options have different potential impacts. In all cases, the features that will be impacted upon will be natural vegetation, populations of plants species of conservation concern and on wetlands. The South 1 option is preferred, but only on condition tower structures are placed outside areas of renosterveld along the north-eastern section that is common to all three southern route options (as indicated in red in Figure 10). The Northern option is also favourable, on condition mitigation measures are applied, but is still likely to have a greater impact on populations of plants species of conservation concern. Option S2 is a possibility, but has a portion that is within
53 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
the edge of the bed of the Bot River, which is unacceptable. Option S3 has a lengthy stretch, approximately 1.7 km, within the bed of the Bot River (indicated in blue in Figure 9), the potential impact of which is considered to be ecologically unacceptable.
In conclusion, the proposed wind energy facility is considered acceptable on condition key mitigation measures are applied, including the following: Control potential impacts associated with turbine number 36, Control impacts associated with internal access roads on natural renosterveld vegetation, For overhead power lines, select Southern power line option S1 route or the Northern option, but keep the tower structure outside of natural vegetation indicated in Figure 10, for option S1. Southern power line options S2 and S3 are not considered to be favourable, especially option S3, due to the extended length within the bed of the Bot River. Unless this route is moved out of the areas shown in Figure 9, neither of these routes are considered to be ecologically acceptable.
54 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
7 REFERENCES
ALEXANDER, G. & MARAIS, J. 2007. A guide to the reptiles of southern Africa. Struik, Cape Town. BAERWALD, E. F., D’AMOOUR, G. H., KLUG, B. J. BARCLAY, R. M. R. 2008. Barotrauma is a significant cause of bat fatalities at wind turbines. Current Biology 18: 695–696. BIRD, M. & OLLIS, D. 2012. Environmental Impact Assessment for the Establishment of the Langhoogte Wind Farm, Western Cape Province: Environmental Impact Report, Freshwater Ecosystems. BRANCH, W.R. (1988) South African Red Data Book—Reptiles and Amphibians. South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 151. CONSTANZA, R., D’ARGE, R., DE GROOT, R, FARBER, S., GRASSO, M., HANNON, B., LIMBURG, K., NAEEM, S., O’NEILL, R.V., PARUELO, J., RASKIN, R.G., SUTTON, P. and VAN DEN BELT, M. 1997. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 387: 253–260. DENT, M.C., LYNCH, S.D. & SCHULZE, R.E. 1989. Mapping mean annual and other rainfall statistics in southern Africa. Department of Agricultural Engineering, University of Natal. ACRU Report No. 27. Massachusetts: Clark University. DRIVER, A., MAZE, K., ROUGET, M., LOMBARD, A.T., NEL, J., TURPIE, J.K., COWLING, R.M., DESMET, P., GOODMAN, P., HARRIS, J., JONAS, Z., REYERS, B., SINK, K and STRAUSS, T. 2005. National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment 2004: priorities for biodiversity conservation in South Africa. Strelitzia 17. South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. DU PREEZ, L. & CARRUTHERS, V. 2009. A complete guide to the frogs of southern Africa. Random House Struik, Cape Town. DWAF, 2005. A practical field procedure for identification and delineation of wetland and riparian areas. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Pretoria. FAIRBANKS, D.H.K., THOMPSON, M.W., VINK, D.E., NEWBY, T.S., VAN DEN BERG, H.M & EVERARD, D.A. 2000. The South African Land-Cover Characteristics Database: a synopsis of the landscape. S.Afr.J.Science 96: 69-82. FORMAN, R.T.T. & ALEXANDER, L.E. 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 207-231. FRIEDMANN, Y. & DALY, B. (eds.) 2004. The Red Data Book of the Mammals of South Africa: A Conservation Assessment: CBSG Southern Africa, Conservation Breeding Specialist Group (SSC/IUCN), Endangered Wildlife Trust, South Africa. GERMISHUIZEN, G., MEYER, N.L., STEENKAMP, Y and KEITH, M. (eds.) (2006). A checklist of South African plants. Southern African Botanical Diversity Network Report No. 41, SABONET, Pretoria. IUCN (2001). IUCN Red Data List categories and criteria: Version 3.1. IUCN Species Survival Commission: Gland, Switzerland. MACVICAR, C. N., SCOTNEY, D. M. SKINNER, T. E. NIEHAUS, H. S. & LOUBSER, J. H., 1974. A classification of land (climate, terrain form, soil) primarily for rainfed agriculture. S. Afr. J. Agric. Extension, 3(3): 1-4. MARAIS, J. 2004. A complete guide to the snakes of southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. MAREE, K.S. & VROMANS, D.C. 2010. The Biodiversity Sector Plan for the Saldanha Bay, Bergrivier, Cederberg and Matzikama Municipalities: Supporting land-use planning and decision-making in Critical Biodiversity Areas and Ecological Support Areas. Produced by CapeNature as part of the C.A.P.E. Fine-scale Biodiversity Planning Project. Kirstenbosch. MILLS, G. & HES, L. 1997. The complete book of southern African mammals. Struik Publishers, Cape Town. MINTER, L.R., BURGER, M., HARRISON, J.A., BRAACK, H.H., BISHOP, P.J. and KLOEPFER, D. (eds.) 2004. Atlas and Red Data Book of the Frogs of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. SI/MAB Series #9. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC.
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MITTERMEIER, R.A., GIL, P.R., HOFFMANN, M., PILGRIM, J., BROOKS, T., MITTERMEIER, C.G., LAMOREUX, J. & FONSECA, G.A.B. DA (eds.) Hotspots revisited. CEMEX, pp.218–229. ISBN 968-6397-77-9 MOIR, M. & MARAIS, W. 2012. Bat (Chiroptera) Sensitivity Assessment for the Establishment of the Langhoogte Wind Farm, Western Cape Province. MONADJEM, A., TAYLOR, P.J., COTTERILL, E.P.D. & SCHOEMAN, M.C. 2010. Bats of southern and central Africa. Wits University Press, Johannesburg. MUCINA, L. AND RUTHERFORD, M.C. (editors) 2006. Vegetation map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland: an illustrated guide. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. MUCINA, L., RUTHERFORD, M.C. AND POWRIE, I.W. (editors) 2005. Vegetation map of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland, 1:1 000 000 SCALE SHEET MAPS South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. PASSMORE, N.I. & CARRUTHERS, V.C. (1995) South African Frogs; a complete guide. Southern Book Publishers and Witwatersrand University Press. Johannesburg. REBELO, A.G., BOUCHER, C., HELME, N., MUCINA, L. & RUTHERFORD, M.C. 2006. Fynbos Biome. in Mucina, L. and Rutherford, M.C. (eds.) 2006. The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria. SAUNDERS, D.A., HOBBS, R.J. & MARGULES, C.R. (1991). Biological consequences of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation biology 5: 19-30 TOLLEY, K. & BURGER, M. 2007. Chameleons of southern Africa. Struik Publishers, Cape Town.
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8 APPENDICES
8.1 Appendix 1: Plant species of conservation importance that have historically been recorded in the grid in which the study area is located.
*IUCN (3.1) Categories: VU = Vulnerable EN = Endangered CR = Critically Endangered NT = Near Threatened
Table A: Threatened, Near Threatened and Declining plant species that have been previously recorded in the study area FAMILY Species Global IUCN (3.1) category* RUTACEAE Agathosma orbicularis CR ASTERACEAE Arctotheca forbesiana CR ASTERACEAE Arctotis angustifolia CR FABACEAE Aspalathus subulata CR ROSACEAE Cliffortia apiculata CR PROTEACEAE Diastella proteoides CR ERICACEAE Erica cabernetea CR ERICACEAE Erica capillaris var. capillaris CR ERICACEAE Erica extrusa CR ERICACEAE Erica jasminiflora CR ERICACEAE Erica perplexa CR ERICACEAE Erica propendens CR ERICACEAE Erica rhodopis CR ERICACEAE Erica ribisaria CR ERICACEAE Erica ustulescens CR ERICACEAE Erica viridimontana subsp. viridimontana CR ASTERACEAE Euryops lasiocladus CR ASTERACEAE Felicia nigrescens CR SCROPHULARIACEAE Freylinia longiflora CR PROTEACEAE Leucadendron cryptocephalum CR PROTEACEAE Leucadendron elimense subsp. salteri CR PROTEACEAE Leucadendron elimense subsp. vyeboomense CR PROTEACEAE Leucadendron globosum CR PROTEACEAE Leucadendron lanigerum var. laevigatum CR IRIDACEAE Moraea atropunctata CR IRIDACEAE Moraea longiaristata CR GERANIACEAE Pelargonium caledonicum CR PROTEACEAE Protea caespitosa CR PROTEACEAE Serruria aemula CR PROTEACEAE Sorocephalus palustris CR IRIDACEAE Watsonia humilis CR
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MOLLUGINACEAE Adenogramma rigida CR PE ERICACEAE Erica sacciflora CR PE ERICACEAE Erica viscaria subsp. gallorum CR PE RUTACEAE Acmadenia candida EN MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Acrodon parvifolius EN MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Acrodon subulatus EN AGAPANTHACEAE Agapanthus africanus subsp. walshii EN RUBIACEAE Anthospermum ericifolium EN IRIDACEAE Aristea biflora EN IRIDACEAE Aristea teretifolia EN FABACEAE Aspalathus attenuata EN FABACEAE Aspalathus rosea EN FABACEAE Aspalathus smithii EN IRIDACEAE Babiana montana EN IRIDACEAE Babiana purpurea EN ROSACEAE Cliffortia marginata EN ASTERACEAE Cullumia selago EN AMARYLLIDACEAE Cyrtanthus leucanthus EN ORCHIDACEAE Disa brachyceras EN MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Drosanthemum flavum EN MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Drosanthemum lavisii EN BORAGINACEAE Echiostachys ecklonianus EN BORAGINACEAE Echiostachys spicatus EN ERICACEAE Erica brachysepala EN ERICACEAE Erica caledonica EN ERICACEAE Erica erina EN ERICACEAE Erica filiformis var. filiformis EN ERICACEAE Erica foliacea subsp. foliacea EN ERICACEAE Erica patens EN ERICACEAE Erica patersonii EN ERICACEAE Erica paucifolia subsp. ciliata EN ERICACEAE Erica paucifolia subsp. paucifolia EN ERICACEAE Erica paucifolia subsp. squarrosa EN ERICACEAE Erica venustiflora subsp. venustiflora EN IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza setacea EN IRIDACEAE Gladiolus acuminatus EN THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia humilis EN IRIDACEAE Ixia patens var. patens EN IRIDACEAE Klattia stokoei EN MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Lampranthus leptaleon EN MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Lampranthus scaber EN PROTEACEAE Leucadendron daphnoides EN PROTEACEAE Leucospermum conocarpodendron subsp. conocarpodendron EN PROTEACEAE Leucospermum cordatum EN PROTEACEAE Leucospermum grandiflorum EN 58 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
PROTEACEAE Leucospermum heterophyllum EN FABACEAE Liparia bonaespei EN CAMPANULACEAE Merciera azurea EN CAMPANULACEAE Merciera brevifolia EN ASTERACEAE Metalasia plicata EN PROTEACEAE Mimetes argenteus EN PROTEACEAE Mimetes capitulatus EN PROTEACEAE Mimetes splendidus EN IRIDACEAE Moraea barnardiella EN IRIDACEAE Moraea comptonii EN IRIDACEAE Moraea debilis EN IRIDACEAE Moraea elegans EN POLYGALACEAE Muraltia caledonensis EN APIACEAE Notobubon pungens EN PROTEACEAE Paranomus adiantifolius EN THYMELAEACEAE Passerina paludosa EN GERANIACEAE Pelargonium ellaphieae EN GERANIACEAE Pelargonium fergusoniae EN RHAMNACEAE Phylica amoena EN RHAMNACEAE Phylica anomala EN RHAMNACEAE Phylica diosmoides EN RHAMNACEAE Phylica laevis EN RHAMNACEAE Phylica linifolia EN FABACEAE Podalyria argentea EN PROTEACEAE Protea angustata EN PROTEACEAE Protea lacticolor EN PROTEACEAE Protea stokoei EN FABACEAE Psoralea fascicularis EN ASTERACEAE Pteronia scabra EN ASTERACEAE Pteronia tenuifolia EN ORCHIDACEAE Pterygodium inversum EN SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago pinea EN PROTEACEAE Serruria altiscapa EN PROTEACEAE Serruria brownii EN PROTEACEAE Serruria fucifolia EN PROTEACEAE Serruria heterophylla EN PROTEACEAE Serruria meisneriana EN PROTEACEAE Serruria zeyheri EN PROTEACEAE Sorocephalus alopecurus EN PROTEACEAE Sorocephalus clavigerus EN PROTEACEAE Sorocephalus tenuifolius EN PROTEACEAE Spatalla argentea EN PROTEACEAE Spatalla prolifera EN PROTEACEAE Spatalla propinqua EN PENAEACEAE Stylapterus barbatus EN 59 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
PENAEACEAE Stylapterus fruticulosus EN IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis elongata EN IRIDACEAE Watsonia distans EN FABACEAE Xiphotheca lanceolata EN FABACEAE Xiphotheca reflexa EN ORCHIDACEAE Acrolophia ustulata VU RUTACEAE Adenandra multiflora VU RUTACEAE Agathosma abrupta VU ASPHODELACEAE Aloe brevifolia var. brevifolia VU FABACEAE Amphithalea bodkinii VU FABACEAE Amphithalea bowiei VU ASTERACEAE Anaxeton hirsutum VU IRIDACEAE Aristea cantharophila VU FABACEAE Aspalathus araneosa VU FABACEAE Aspalathus lebeckioides VU FABACEAE Aspalathus millefolia VU FABACEAE Aspalathus oblongifolia VU FABACEAE Aspalathus recurva VU FABACEAE Aspalathus steudeliana VU ASTERACEAE Berkheya angusta VU RESTIONACEAE Calopsis sparsa VU APIACEAE Centella caespitosa VU ROSACEAE Cliffortia monophylla VU ROSACEAE Cliffortia tenuis VU FABACEAE Cyclopia burtonii VU PROTEACEAE Diastella divaricata subsp. montana VU RUTACEAE Diosma passerinoides VU ORCHIDACEAE Disa atrorubens VU ORCHIDACEAE Disa longicornu VU ORCHIDACEAE Disa longifolia VU MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Drosanthemum hispifolium VU POACEAE Ehrharta setacea subsp. uniflora VU PENAEACEAE Endonema retzioides VU ERICACEAE Erica amphigena VU ERICACEAE Erica capitata VU ERICACEAE Erica niveniana VU ERICACEAE Erica pilosiflora subsp. pilosiflora VU ERICACEAE Erica pilulifera VU ERICACEAE Erica purgatoriensis VU ERICACEAE Erica squarrosa VU ERICACEAE Erica viscaria subsp. pendula VU ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum capense subsp. stoloniferum VU RUTACEAE Euchaetis schlechteri VU SCROPHULARIACEAE Freylinia helmei VU IRIDACEAE Gladiolus abbreviatus VU 60 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
IRIDACEAE Gladiolus trichonemifolius VU IRIDACEAE Gladiolus vaginatus VU PENAEACEAE Glischrocolla formosa VU THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia chrysophylla VU IRIDACEAE Hesperantha fibrosa VU RESTIONACEAE Hypodiscus alternans VU IRIDACEAE Klattia flava VU HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia peersii VU THYMELAEACEAE Lachnaea grandiflora VU THYMELAEACEAE Lachnaea uniflora VU MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Lampranthus filicaulis VU PROTEACEAE Leucadendron linifolium VU PROTEACEAE Leucadendron platyspermum VU PROTEACEAE Leucospermum prostratum VU FABACEAE Liparia splendens subsp. splendens VU CAMPANULACEAE Merciera tenuifolia VU ASTERACEAE Metalasia bodkinii VU ASTERACEAE Metalasia seriphiifolia VU ASTERACEAE Metalasia tenuifolia VU IRIDACEAE Moraea cooperi VU IRIDACEAE Moraea versicolor VU POLYGALACEAE Muraltia chamaepitys VU POLYGALACEAE Muraltia macropetala VU POLYGALACEAE Muraltia tenuifolia VU IRIDACEAE Nivenia concinna VU PROTEACEAE Orothamnus zeyheri VU FABACEAE Otholobium rotundifolium VU PROTEACEAE Paranomus abrotanifolius VU PROTEACEAE Paranomus bolusii VU GERANIACEAE Pelargonium petroselinifolium VU RHAMNACEAE Phylica brevifolia VU FABACEAE Podalyria cordata VU ASTERACEAE Polyarrhena reflexa subsp. brachyphylla VU POLYGALACEAE Polygala pottebergensis VU PROTEACEAE Protea aspera VU PROTEACEAE Protea longifolia VU PROTEACEAE Protea restionifolia VU RESTIONACEAE Restio nuwebergensis VU RESTIONACEAE Restio scaber VU IRIDACEAE Romulea monticola VU SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago diffusa VU PROTEACEAE Serruria collina VU PROTEACEAE Serruria flagellifolia VU PROTEACEAE Serruria glomerata VU PROTEACEAE Serruria inconspicua VU 61 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
IRIDACEAE Sparaxis fragrans VU PROTEACEAE Spatalla thyrsiflora VU PENAEACEAE Stylapterus micranthus VU ASTERACEAE Thaminophyllum mundii VU BRUNIACEAE Thamnea massoniana VU RESTIONACEAE Thamnochortus dumosus VU IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis caledonensis VU ASTERACEAE Ursinia caledonica VU RESTIONACEAE Willdenowia purpurea VU FABACEAE Xiphotheca fruticosa VU RESTIONACEAE Askidiosperma rugosum Threatened POLYGALACEAE Muraltia aspalathoides Threatened ASTERACEAE Osteospermum hispidum. var. hispidum Threatened RESTIONACEAE Restio verrucosus Threatened FABACEAE Amphithalea stokoei NT FABACEAE Amphithalea tomentosa NT FABACEAE Aspalathus batodes subsp. spinulifolia NT FABACEAE Aspalathus intervallaris NT ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus stipulaceus NT PROTEACEAE Aulax pallasia NT PROTEACEAE Aulax umbellata NT IRIDACEAE Babiana stricta NT IRIDACEAE Bobartia longicyma subsp. longicyma NT ASTERACEAE Cotula pusilla NT PROTEACEAE Diastella thymelaeoides subsp. thymelaeoides NT ORCHIDACEAE Disa flexuosa NT ORCHIDACEAE Disperis cucullata NT IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza foliosa NT IRIDACEAE Gladiolus subcaeruleus NT IRIDACEAE Gladiolus teretifolius NT THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia penicillata NT IRIDACEAE Ixia trinervata NT IRIDACEAE Klattia partita NT HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia contaminata NT THYMELAEACEAE Lachnaea densiflora NT THYMELAEACEAE Lachnaea laxa NT PROTEACEAE Leucadendron strobilinum NT PROTEACEAE Leucadendron teretifolium NT PROTEACEAE Leucadendron tinctum NT PROTEACEAE Leucospermum bolusii NT PROTEACEAE Leucospermum conocarpodendron subsp. viridum NT PROTEACEAE Leucospermum cordifolium NT PROTEACEAE Leucospermum gracile NT PROTEACEAE Leucospermum truncatulum NT PROTEACEAE Leucospermum vestitum NT 62 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
FABACEAE Lotononis prostrata NT CAMPANULACEAE Merciera leptoloba NT ASTERACEAE Osteospermum aciphyllum NT OXALIDACEAE Oxalis duriuscula NT PROTEACEAE Paranomus sceptrum-gustavianus NT PROTEACEAE Paranomus spathulatus NT HYPOXIDACEAE Pauridia minuta NT RHAMNACEAE Phylica nigrita NT PROTEACEAE Protea compacta NT PROTEACEAE Protea coronata NT PROTEACEAE Protea grandiceps NT PROTEACEAE Protea lepidocarpodendron NT PROTEACEAE Protea lorea NT PROTEACEAE Protea obtusifolia NT PROTEACEAE Protea recondita NT PROTEACEAE Protea scabra NT FABACEAE Psoralea asarina NT ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium carneum NT GENTIANACEAE Sebaea scabra NT PROTEACEAE Serruria adscendens NT PROTEACEAE Serruria elongata NT PROTEACEAE Serruria fasciflora NT PROTEACEAE Serruria rubricaulis NT PROTEACEAE Spatalla barbigera NT PROTEACEAE Spatalla curvifolia NT PROTEACEAE Spatalla longifolia NT PROTEACEAE Spatalla racemosa NT IRIDACEAE Watsonia aletroides NT IRIDACEAE Watsonia rogersii NT ERICACEAE Erica leucotrachela subsp. monicae Critically Rare ASTERACEAE Metalasia humilis Critically Rare RUTACEAE Agathosma betulina Declining RUTACEAE Agathosma crenulata Declining IRIDACEAE Babiana patula Declining ORCHIDACEAE Disa satyrioides Declining IRIDACEAE Freesia caryophyllacea Declining IRIDACEAE Ixia dubia Declining IRIDACEAE Lapeirousia corymbosa Declining IRIDACEAE Witsenia maura Declining
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8.2 Appendix 2: Vertebrate species of conservation concern with a geographical distribution that includes the current study area. (included are species previously listed, but currently considered to be Least Concern)
* Status: VU = Vulnerable EN = Endangered CR = Critically Endangered NT = Near Threatened LC = Least Concern
MAMMALS (excluding bats) Common Order/ Family Taxon Habitat1 Status2 Likelihood of name occurrence ARTIODACTYLA / PERISSODACTYLA Black Diceros bicornis Wide variety of habitats. CR NONE, only rhinoceros bicornis occurs in game reserves Bontebok Damaliscus Used to inhabit renosterveld. VU NONE, only pygargus Now only in reserves. occurs in game pygargus reserves CARNIVORA Honey badger Carnivora / Mellivora Wide variety of habitats. LC, HIGH, previously Mustelidae capensis Probably only in natural (was NT) recorded in habitats. neighbouring grids INSECTIVORA Fynbos golden Insectivora / Amblysomus Lowland fynbos and Knysna NT LOW, recorded in mole Chrysochloridae corriae forest, also in urban areas. neighbouring grid, Prefers sandy soils with deep substrate litter layer. properties on site not suitable for this species. RODENTIA White-tailed Rodentia / Mystromus Highveld and montane EN LOW, previously rat albicaudatus grassland, fynbos, requires recorded in sandy soils with good cover neighbouring grid, but substrate properties on site not considered to be suitable for this species Water rat Rodentia / Muridae Dasymus Semi-aquatic, occurring in NT MEDIUM, site just capensis various wetland types within distribution range, recorded in neighbouring grid to south. 1Distribution according to Friedmann & Daly 2004. 2Status according to IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.3. (www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 03 October 2011.
AMPHIBIANS Common Species Habitat Status2 Likelihood of occurrence name Micro frog Microbatrachella Found in undisturbed seasonal vleis in acid CR LOW, found in qds just to capensis fynbos. Highly threatened by alteration of south (3419AD and hydrological cycle and direct habitat 3419AC), but is a coastal transformation. Very sensitive to disturbance of species occurring below 80 habitat. m a.s.l. and within 10 km of the coast. Cape Xenopus gilli Found in seepages in flat areas where fynbos EN LOW, found in qds just to platanna occurs on acid sands. Endemic to certain south (3419AD and blackwater sponges and lakelets in low-lying 3419AC), but is a coastal wetlands in coastal fynbos. Highly threatened by species occurring below 140 alteration of hydrological cycle and direct habitat m a.s.l. and within 10 km of transformation. the coast. Western Bufo pantherinus Mostly associated with sandy coastal lowlands. EN LOW, previously found in Leopard Pans, vleis and dams with relatively deep water in qds just to south (3419AD),
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Toad fynbos and thickets, in and around the Cape but substrate properties on Peninsula and Cape Flats. site not considered to be suitable for this species Cape rain Breviceps Inhabits gently sloping well drained ground, VU LOW, found in qds directly frog gibbosus where it burrows. Foothills of mountains and low west of study area (3418BB), isolated hills. Threatened by direct habitat but site is outside known destruction, such as intensive ploughing, but can distribution range. However, be found in disturbed areas and is adaptable and substrate and habitat fairly resilient to disturbance. Most localities properties on site are where species is found have fine-grained, heavy suitable for this species substrates derived from shales or granites. Cape / Capensibufo Undisturbed montane fynbos. Inhabits seepage VU HIGH, occurs in 3419AA and Rose’s rosei zones and shallow pools in fynbos on mountains neighbouring grids. Could mountain above 500m a.s.l. Breeds in small shallow occur in Houhoekberge part toad temporary pools, usually dominated by restios. of site. Cape caco Cacosternum Occurs in flat, low-lying areas, in Renosterveld or VU LOW, Occurs west of capense cultivated lands formerly covered by this 3419AA in the adjacent grid, vegetation. Heavy, poorly drained clay and loamy Substrate and habitat soils. Spends most of the year buried properties on site are underground, emerging in the wet winter to breed suitable for this species, but in shallow pools. it has not previously been recorded this far east. Montane Poyntonia Marshy areas, shallow seepage zones and NT MEDIUM, previously marsh frog paludicola shallow streams along rock outcrops in Mountain recorded in qds to west of Fynbos. Found from 200 - 1800 m. Known from site, but atlas data two main populations, the Hottentot’s considered to be incomplete. Holland/Kogelberg mountain complex and the Could occur in Kleinrivierberge. Site is between these two Houhoekberge part of site systems. 2Status and distribution according to du Preez & Carruthers 2009.
REPTILES Common Species Habitat3 Status Likelihood of occurrence name Geometric Psammobates Inhabits coastal Renosterveld in south-western EN4 LOW, found in qds west tortoise geometricus Cape. Threatened by habitat destruction. and north-west of study area (3418BB). Site is outside known distribution. Dwarf Crag Hemicordylus Hottentot’s Holland Mountains. Rocky areas with VU MEDIUM, recorded in grid, Lizard nebulosus crevices. but probably only occurs at higher elevation in Houhoekberge Yellowbellied Lamprophis Old termitaria and under stones, underground. NT4 MEDIUM, previously house snake fuscus Found throughout more mesic parts of South recorded in neighbouring Africa (Cape, east coast, Highveld). Appears to grid (occurs in the grid to favour rocky habitats. Most likely to occur in the north adjacent to mountain fynbos in study area, although 3419AA) secondary grassland may also be suitable habitat. Hawequa flat Afroedura Narrow cracks in sandstone boulders in shady NT4 LOW, occurs in grids gecko hawequensis conditions in the mountains of the south-western directly north of 3419AA Cape. Mesic montane fynbos. and AB. Site is outside known distribution. 4Status according to IUCN 2010. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2010.3. (www.iucnredlist.org). Downloaded on 03 October 2011.
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8.3 Appendix 3: List of protected tree species (National Forests Act). Those with a distribution that includes the study area are highlighted
Acacia erioloba Acacia haematoxylon Adansonia digitata Afzelia quanzensis Balanites subsp. maughamii Barringtonia racemosa Boscia albitrunca Brachystegia spiciformis Breonadia salicina Bruguiera gymnhorrhiza Cassipourea swaziensis Catha edulis Ceriops tagal Cleistanthus schlectheri var. schlechteri Colubrina nicholsonii Combretum imberbe Curtisia dentata Elaedendron transvaalensis Erythrophysa transvaalensis Euclea pseudebenus Ficus trichopoda Leucadendron argenteum Lumnitzera racemosa var. racemosa Lydenburgia abottii Lydenburgia cassinoides Mimusops caffra Newtonia hildebrandtii var. hildebrandtii Ocotea bullata Ozoroa namaquensis Philenoptera violacea (Lonchocarpus capassa) Pittosporum viridiflorum Podocarpus elongatus Podocarpus falcatus Podocarpus henkelii Podocarpus latifolius Protea comptonii Protea curvata Prunus africana Pterocarpus angolensis Rhizophora mucronata Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra Securidaca longependunculata Sideroxylon inerme subsp. inerme Tephrosia pondoensis Warburgia salutaris Widdringtonia cedarbergensis Widdringtonia schwarzii
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8.4 Appendix 4: Checklist of plant species recorded during previous botanical surveys in the quarter degree grids in which the study area is located.
FAMILY SPECIES AGAPANTHACEAE Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffmanns. subsp. walshii (L.Bolus) Zonn. & G.D.Duncan AIZOACEAE Acrosanthes teretifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. AIZOACEAE Galenia filiformis (Thunb.) N.E.Br. AMARYLLIDACEAE Crossyne guttata (L.) D. & U.Müll.-Doblies AMARYLLIDACEAE Cyrtanthus leucanthus Schltr. AMARYLLIDACEAE Cyrtanthus ventricosus Willd. AMARYLLIDACEAE Gethyllis villosa (Thunb.) Thunb. AMARYLLIDACEAE Haemanthus montanus Baker AMARYLLIDACEAE Haemanthus sanguineus Jacq. AMARYLLIDACEAE Hessea monticola Snijman AMARYLLIDACEAE Nerine humilis (Jacq.) Herb. AMARYLLIDACEAE Nerine pudica Hook.f. AMARYLLIDACEAE Nerine sarniensis (L.) Herb. AMARYLLIDACEAE Strumaria spiralis L'Hér. ANACARDIACEAE Heeria argentea (Thunb.) Meisn. ANACARDIACEAE Searsia cuneifolia (L.f.) F.A.Barkley ANACARDIACEAE Searsia pallens (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Moffett ANACARDIACEAE Searsia rehmanniana (Engl.) Moffett var. glabrata (Sond.) Moffett ANACARDIACEAE Searsia rosmarinifolia (Vahl) F.A.Barkley ANACARDIACEAE Searsia scytophylla (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Moffett var. scytophylla ANACARDIACEAE Searsia tomentosa (L.) F.A.Barkley ANEMIACEAE Mohria caffrorum (L.) Desv. ANTHERICACEAE Chlorophytum undulatum (Jacq.) Oberm. APIACEAE Anginon difforme (L.) B.L.Burtt APIACEAE Annesorhiza nuda (Aiton) B.L.Burtt APIACEAE Arctopus echinatus L. APIACEAE Bupleurum mundii Cham. & Schltdl. APIACEAE Centella caespitosa Adamson APIACEAE Centella debilis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Drude APIACEAE Centella difformis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Adamson APIACEAE Centella eriantha (Rich.) Drude var. eriantha APIACEAE Centella flexuosa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Drude APIACEAE Centella glabrata L. var. glabrata APIACEAE Centella macrocarpa (Rich.) Adamson var. macrocarpa APIACEAE Centella triloba (Thunb.) Drude APIACEAE Chamarea capensis (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh. APIACEAE Glia prolifera (Burm.f.) B.L.Burtt APIACEAE Hermas capitata L.f. APIACEAE Hermas ciliata L.f. APIACEAE Hermas intermedia C.Norman APIACEAE Hermas quinquedentata L.f.
67 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
APIACEAE Itasina filifolia (Thunb.) Raf. APIACEAE Lichtensteinia trifida Cham. & Schltdl. var. trifida APIACEAE Nanobubon capillaceum (Thunb.) Magee APIACEAE Nanobubon strictum (Spreng.) Magee APIACEAE Notobubon galbanum (L.) Magee APIACEAE Notobubon pungens (Sond.) Magee APIACEAE Notobubon sonderi (M.Hiroe) Magee APOCYNACEAE Aspidoglossum heterophyllum E.Mey. APOCYNACEAE Microloma sagittatum (L.) R.Br. APOCYNACEAE Microloma tenuifolium (L.) K.Schum. APOCYNACEAE Oncinema lineare (L.f.) Bullock APOCYNACEAE Raphionacme galpinii Schltr. APOCYNACEAE Schizoglossum aschersonianum Schltr. var. aschersonianum APOCYNACEAE Secamone alpini Schult. APOCYNACEAE Xysmalobium gomphocarpoides (E.Mey.) D.Dietr. var. parvilobum Bruyns APONOGETONACEAE Aponogeton distachyos L.f. ARACEAE Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng. ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus capensis L. var. capensis ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus lignosus Burm.f. ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus rubicundus P.J.Bergius ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus scandens Thunb. ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus stipulaceus Lam. ASPHODELACEAE Aloe brevifolia Mill. var. brevifolia ASPHODELACEAE Aloe brevifolia Mill. var. depressa (Haw.) Baker ASPHODELACEAE Aloe perfoliata L. ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine abyssinica A.Rich. ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine annua (L.) Willd. ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine asphodeloides (L.) Spreng. ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine favosa (Thunb.) Schult. & Schult.f ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine frutescens (L.) Willd. ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine lagopus (Thunb.) N.E.Br. ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine longifolia Schinz ASPHODELACEAE Bulbinella barkeriae P.L.Perry ASPHODELACEAE Bulbinella nutans (Thunb.) T.Durand & Schinz subsp. nutans ASPHODELACEAE Bulbinella nutans (Thunb.) T.Durand & Schinz subsp. turfosicola (P.L.Perry) P.L.Perry ASPHODELACEAE Bulbinella trinervis (Baker) P.L.Perry ASPHODELACEAE Bulbinella triquetra (L.f.) Kunth ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia tabularis Marloth ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia uvaria (L.) Oken ASPHODELACEAE Trachyandra esterhuysenae Oberm. ASPHODELACEAE Trachyandra hirsuta (Thunb.) Kunth ASPHODELACEAE Trachyandra hirsutiflora (Adamson) Oberm. ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium aethiopicum (Burm.f.) Bech. ASPLENIACEAE Asplenium cordatum (Thunb.) Sw. ASTERACEAE Anaxeton asperum (Thunb.) DC. subsp. asperum ASTERACEAE Anaxeton asperum (Thunb.) DC. subsp. pauciflorum Lundgren
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ASTERACEAE Anaxeton ellipticum Lundgren ASTERACEAE Anaxeton hirsutum (Thunb.) Less. ASTERACEAE Anaxeton virgatum DC. ASTERACEAE Arctotheca calendula (L.) Levyns ASTERACEAE Arctotheca forbesiana (DC.) K.Lewin ASTERACEAE Arctotis acaulis L. ASTERACEAE Arctotis angustifolia L. ASTERACEAE Arctotis semipapposa (DC.) Beauverd ASTERACEAE Artemisia afra Jacq. ex Willd. var. afra ASTERACEAE Athanasia crithmifolia (L.) L. subsp. crithmifolia ASTERACEAE Athanasia crithmifolia (L.) L. subsp. palmatifida (DC.) Källersjö ASTERACEAE Athanasia juncea (DC.) D.Dietr. ASTERACEAE Athanasia microcephala (DC.) D.Dietr. ASTERACEAE Athanasia trifurcata (L.) L. ASTERACEAE Athrixia capensis Ker Gawl. ASTERACEAE Athrixia heterophylla (Thunb.) Less. subsp. heterophylla ASTERACEAE Atrichantha gemmifera (Bolus) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt ASTERACEAE Berkheya angusta Schltr. ASTERACEAE Berkheya barbata (L.f.) Hutch. ASTERACEAE Berkheya herbacea (L.f.) Druce ASTERACEAE Brachylaena neriifolia (L.) R.Br. ASTERACEAE Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl. subsp. monilifera ASTERACEAE Chrysanthemoides monilifera (L.) Norl. subsp. pisifera (L.) Norl. ASTERACEAE Chrysocoma ciliata L. ASTERACEAE Chrysocoma coma-aurea L. ASTERACEAE Cichorium intybus L. subsp. intybus ASTERACEAE Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist ASTERACEAE Conyza scabrida DC. ASTERACEAE Corymbium africanum L. subsp. africanum ASTERACEAE Corymbium africanum L. subsp. scabridum (P.J.Bergius) Weitz var. gramineum (Burm.f.) Weitz ASTERACEAE Corymbium africanum L. subsp. scabridum (P.J.Bergius) Weitz var. scabridum ASTERACEAE Corymbium congestum E.Mey. ex DC. ASTERACEAE Corymbium cymosum E.Mey. ex DC. ASTERACEAE Corymbium glabrum L. var. glabrum ASTERACEAE Corymbium glabrum L. var. rogersii (Markötter) Weitz ASTERACEAE Corymbium laxum Compton subsp. bolusii Weitz ASTERACEAE Corymbium villosum L.f. ASTERACEAE Cotula ceniifolia DC. ASTERACEAE Cotula pusilla Thunb. ASTERACEAE Cullumia ciliaris (L.) R.Br. subsp. ciliaris ASTERACEAE Cullumia selago Roessler ASTERACEAE Cullumia setosa (L.) R.Br. var. setosa ASTERACEAE Cymbopappus adenosolen (Harv.) B.Nord. ASTERACEAE Dicerothamnus rhinocerotis (L.f.) Koekemoer ASTERACEAE Dimorphotheca acutifolia Hutch. ASTERACEAE Dimorphotheca cuneata (Thunb.) Less.
69 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
ASTERACEAE Dimorphotheca montana Norl. ASTERACEAE Dimorphotheca nudicaulis (L.) DC. var. nudicaulis ASTERACEAE Disparago anomala Schltr. ex Levyns ASTERACEAE Disparago ericoides (P.J.Bergius) Gaertn. ASTERACEAE Disparago laxifolia DC. ASTERACEAE Edmondia pinifolia (Lam.) Hilliard ASTERACEAE Edmondia sesamoides (L.) Hilliard ASTERACEAE Elytropappus gnaphaloides (L.) Levyns ASTERACEAE Elytropappus longifolius (DC.) Levyns ASTERACEAE Elytropappus scaber (L.f.) Druce ASTERACEAE Eriocephalus africanus L. var. paniculatus (Cass.) M.A.N.Müll.,P.P.J.Herman & Kolberg ASTERACEAE Eriocephalus racemosus L. var. racemosus ASTERACEAE Eriocephalus tenuifolius DC. ASTERACEAE Euryops abrotanifolius (L.) DC. ASTERACEAE Euryops lasiocladus (DC.) B.Nord. ASTERACEAE Euryops longipes DC. var. longipes ASTERACEAE Euryops pinnatipartitus (DC.) B.Nord. ASTERACEAE Euryops rupestris Schltr. var. rupestris ASTERACEAE Euryops subcarnosus DC. subsp. subcarnosus ASTERACEAE Felicia aethiopica (Burm.f.) Bolus & Wolley-Dod ex Adamson & T.M.Salter subsp. aethiopica ASTERACEAE Felicia bergeriana (Spreng.) O.Hoffm. ASTERACEAE Felicia canaliculata Grau ASTERACEAE Felicia nigrescens Grau ASTERACEAE Felicia zeyheri (Less.) Nees subsp. linifolia (Harv.) Grau ASTERACEAE Gazania maritima Levyns ASTERACEAE Gazania serrata DC. ASTERACEAE Gerbera crocea (L.) Kuntze ASTERACEAE Gerbera linnaei Cass. ASTERACEAE Gerbera tomentosa DC. ASTERACEAE Gnaphalium pauciflorum DC. ASTERACEAE Gymnostephium ciliare (DC.) Harv. ASTERACEAE Haplocarpha lanata (Thunb.) Less. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum capense Hilliard ASTERACEAE Helichrysum cymosum (L.) D.Don subsp. cymosum ASTERACEAE Helichrysum dasyanthum (Willd.) Sweet ASTERACEAE Helichrysum diffusum DC. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum felinum Less. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum foetidum (L.) Moench var. foetidum ASTERACEAE Helichrysum helianthemifolium (L.) D.Don ASTERACEAE Helichrysum indicum (L.) Grierson ASTERACEAE Helichrysum litorale Bolus ASTERACEAE Helichrysum marifolium DC. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum miconiifolium DC. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less. var. nudifolium ASTERACEAE Helichrysum pandurifolium Schrank ASTERACEAE Helichrysum patulum (L.) D.Don 70 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
ASTERACEAE Helichrysum revolutum (Thunb.) Less. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum rosum (P.J.Bergius) Less. var. rosum ASTERACEAE Helichrysum rugulosum Less. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum sphaeroideum Moeser ASTERACEAE Helichrysum spiralepis Hilliard & B.L.Burtt ASTERACEAE Helichrysum teretifolium (L.) D.Don ASTERACEAE Helichrysum zeyheri Less. ASTERACEAE Heterolepis aliena (L.f.) Druce ASTERACEAE Heterolepis peduncularis DC. ASTERACEAE Hippia bolusae Hutch. ASTERACEAE Hippia frutescens (L.) L. ASTERACEAE Hippia pilosa (P.J.Bergius) Druce ASTERACEAE Hymenolepis parviflora (L.) DC. ASTERACEAE Hypochaeris radicata L. ASTERACEAE Inuloides tomentosa (L.f.) B.Nord. ASTERACEAE Lachnospermum umbellatum (L.f.) Pillans ASTERACEAE Lasiospermum bipinnatum (Thunb.) Druce ASTERACEAE Macledium spinosum (L.) S.Ortíz ASTERACEAE Mairia coriacea Bolus ASTERACEAE Mairia crenata (Thunb.) Nees ASTERACEAE Metalasia acuta P.O.Karis ASTERACEAE Metalasia bodkinii L.Bolus ASTERACEAE Metalasia brevifolia (Lam.) Levyns ASTERACEAE Metalasia cephalotes (Thunb.) Less. ASTERACEAE Metalasia compacta Zeyh. ex Sch.Bip. ASTERACEAE Metalasia cymbifolia Harv. ASTERACEAE Metalasia densa (Lam.) P.O.Karis ASTERACEAE Metalasia dregeana DC. ASTERACEAE Metalasia erubescens DC. ASTERACEAE Metalasia humilis P.O.Karis ASTERACEAE Metalasia inversa P.O.Karis ASTERACEAE Metalasia lichtensteinii Less. ASTERACEAE Metalasia muricata (L.) D.Don ASTERACEAE Metalasia plicata P.O.Karis ASTERACEAE Metalasia quinqueflora DC. ASTERACEAE Metalasia seriphiifolia DC. ASTERACEAE Metalasia tenuifolia DC. ASTERACEAE Nephrotheca ilicifolia (L.) B.Nord. & Källersjö ASTERACEAE Nidorella auriculata DC. ASTERACEAE Oedera capensis (L.) Druce ASTERACEAE Oedera genistifolia (L.) Anderb. & K.Bremer ASTERACEAE Oedera imbricata Lam. ASTERACEAE Oedera squarrosa (L.) Anderb. & K.Bremer ASTERACEAE Oldenburgia intermedia Bond ASTERACEAE Oligocarpus calendulaceus (L.f.) Less. ASTERACEAE Osmitopsis afra (L.) K.Bremer
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ASTERACEAE Osmitopsis asteriscoides (P.J.Bergius) Less. ASTERACEAE Osmitopsis parvifolia (DC.) Hofmeyr ASTERACEAE Osmitopsis pinnatifida (DC.) K.Bremer subsp. angustifolia (DC.) K.Bremer ASTERACEAE Osteospermum aciphyllum DC. ASTERACEAE Osteospermum ciliatum P.J.Bergius ASTERACEAE Osteospermum hispidum Harv. var. hispidum ASTERACEAE Osteospermum hispidum Harv. var. viride Norl. ASTERACEAE Osteospermum imbricatum L. subsp. imbricatum ASTERACEAE Osteospermum junceum P.J.Bergius ASTERACEAE Osteospermum polygaloides L. var. latifolium Norl. ASTERACEAE Osteospermum rotundifolium (DC.) Norl. ASTERACEAE Osteospermum spinosum L. var. spinosum ASTERACEAE Osteospermum spinosum L. var. spinosum ASTERACEAE Othonna digitata L. ASTERACEAE Othonna multicaulis Harv. ASTERACEAE Othonna quinquedentata Thunb. ASTERACEAE Othonna quinqueradiata DC. ASTERACEAE Perdicium capense L. ASTERACEAE Phaenocoma prolifera (L.) D.Don ASTERACEAE Picris echioides L. ASTERACEAE Polyarrhena reflexa (L.) Cass. subsp. brachyphylla (Sond. ex Harv.) Grau ASTERACEAE Polyarrhena reflexa (L.) Cass. subsp. reflexa ASTERACEAE Printzia polifolia (L.) Hutch. ASTERACEAE Pseudognaphalium undulatum (L.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt ASTERACEAE Pteronia camphorata (L.) L. var. longifolia Harv. ASTERACEAE Pteronia hirsuta L.f. ASTERACEAE Pteronia scabra Harv. ASTERACEAE Pteronia tenuifolia DC. ASTERACEAE Relhania pungens L'Hér. subsp. pungens ASTERACEAE Rhynchopsidium sessiliflorum (L.f.) DC. ASTERACEAE Senecio angustifolius (Thunb.) Willd. ASTERACEAE Senecio burchellii DC. ASTERACEAE Senecio coleophyllus Turcz. ASTERACEAE Senecio cordifolius L.f. ASTERACEAE Senecio crispus Thunb. ASTERACEAE Senecio elegans L. ASTERACEAE Senecio erosus L.f. ASTERACEAE Senecio erubescens Aiton var. erubescens ASTERACEAE Senecio grandiflorus P.J.Bergius ASTERACEAE Senecio hastatus L. ASTERACEAE Senecio juniperinus L.f. var. juniperinus ASTERACEAE Senecio lineatus (L.f.) DC. ASTERACEAE Senecio oxyriifolius DC. subsp. oxyriifolius ASTERACEAE Senecio paniculatus P.J.Bergius ASTERACEAE Senecio pinifolius (L.) Lam. ASTERACEAE Senecio pinnulatus Thunb.
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ASTERACEAE Senecio pubigerus L. ASTERACEAE Senecio rigidus L. ASTERACEAE Senecio rosmarinifolius L.f. ASTERACEAE Senecio scapiflorus (L'Hér.) C.A.Sm. ASTERACEAE Senecio speciosus Willd. ASTERACEAE Senecio triqueter DC. ASTERACEAE Senecio umbellatus L. ASTERACEAE Seriphium cinereum L. ASTERACEAE Seriphium incanum (Thunb.) Pers. ASTERACEAE Seriphium plumosum L. ASTERACEAE Stoebe aethiopica L. ASTERACEAE Stoebe capitata P.J.Bergius ASTERACEAE Stoebe cyathuloides Schltr. ASTERACEAE Stoebe fusca (L.) Thunb. ASTERACEAE Stoebe prostrata L. ASTERACEAE Stoebe spiralis Less. ASTERACEAE Syncarpha canescens (L.) B.Nord. subsp. canescens ASTERACEAE Syncarpha gnaphaloides (L.) DC. ASTERACEAE Syncarpha mucronata (P.J.Bergius) B.Nord. ASTERACEAE Syncarpha paniculata (L.) B.Nord. ASTERACEAE Syncarpha speciosissima (L.) B.Nord. subsp. angustifolia (DC.) B.Nord. ASTERACEAE Syncarpha speciosissima (L.) B.Nord. subsp. speciosissima ASTERACEAE Syncarpha variegata (P.J.Bergius) B.Nord. ASTERACEAE Syncarpha vestita (L.) B.Nord. ASTERACEAE Syncarpha zeyheri (Sond.) B.Nord. ASTERACEAE Tagetes minuta L. ASTERACEAE Thaminophyllum multiflorum Harv. ASTERACEAE Thaminophyllum mundii Harv. ASTERACEAE Trichogyne ambigua (L.) Druce ASTERACEAE Trichogyne repens (L.) Anderb. ASTERACEAE Ursinia anthemoides (L.) Poir. subsp. anthemoides ASTERACEAE Ursinia caledonica (E.Phillips) Prassler ASTERACEAE Ursinia dentata (L.) Poir. ASTERACEAE Ursinia discolor (Less.) N.E.Br. ASTERACEAE Ursinia eckloniana (Sond.) N.E.Br. ASTERACEAE Ursinia nana DC. subsp. nana ASTERACEAE Ursinia nudicaulis (Thunb.) N.E.Br. ASTERACEAE Ursinia paleacea (L.) Moench ASTERACEAE Ursinia pinnata (Thunb.) Prassler ASTERACEAE Ursinia quinquepartita (DC.) N.E.Br. ASTERACEAE Ursinia scariosa (Aiton) Poir. subsp. subhirsuta (DC.) Prassler ASTERACEAE Ursinia serrata (L.f.) Poir. ASTERACEAE Vellereophyton dealbatum (Thunb.) Hilliard & B.L.Burtt ASTERACEAE Zyrphelis foliosa (Harv.) Kuntze ASTERACEAE Zyrphelis lasiocarpa (DC.) Kuntze ASTERACEAE Zyrphelis microcephala (Less.) Nees
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BALANOPHORACEAE Mystropetalon thomii Harv. BARTRAMIACEAE Bartramia aristaria Müll.Hal. BARTRAMIACEAE Breutelia microdonta (Mitt.) Broth. BARTRAMIACEAE Breutelia substricta (Schimp.) Magill BLECHNACEAE Blechnum capense Burm.f. BLECHNACEAE Blechnum tabulare (Thunb.) Kuhn BORAGINACEAE Echiostachys ecklonianus (H.Buek) Levyns BORAGINACEAE Echiostachys spicatus (Burm.f.) Levyns BORAGINACEAE Lobostemon argenteus (P.J.Bergius) H.Buek BORAGINACEAE Lobostemon curvifolius H.Buek BORAGINACEAE Lobostemon echioides Lehm. BORAGINACEAE Lobostemon fruticosus (L.) H.Buek BORAGINACEAE Myosotis arvensis (L.) Hill BRASSICACEAE Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. BRASSICACEAE Heliophila diffusa (Thunb.) DC. var. diffusa BRASSICACEAE Heliophila diffusa (Thunb.) DC. var. flacca (Sond.) Marais BRASSICACEAE Heliophila juncea (P.J.Bergius) Druce BRASSICACEAE Heliophila linearis (Thunb.) DC. var. linearifolia (Burch. ex DC.) Marais BRASSICACEAE Heliophila meyeri Sond. var. meyeri BRASSICACEAE Heliophila meyeri Sond. var. minor Marais BRASSICACEAE Heliophila pusilla L.f. var. pusilla BRASSICACEAE Heliophila scoparia Burch. ex DC. var. scoparia BRASSICACEAE Heliophila subulata Burch. ex DC. BRASSICACEAE Lepidium africanum (Burm.f.) DC. subsp. africanum BRASSICACEAE Raphanus raphanistrum L. BRUNIACEAE Audouinia capitata (L.) Brongn. BRUNIACEAE Berzelia abrotanoides (L.) Brongn. BRUNIACEAE Berzelia dregeana Colozza BRUNIACEAE Berzelia ecklonii Pillans BRUNIACEAE Berzelia intermedia (D.Dietr.) Schltdl. BRUNIACEAE Berzelia lanuginosa (L.) Brongn. BRUNIACEAE Berzelia squarrosa (Thunb.) Sond. BRUNIACEAE Brunia albiflora E.Phillips BRUNIACEAE Brunia alopecuroides Thunb. BRUNIACEAE Brunia laevis Thunb. BRUNIACEAE Brunia neglecta Schltr. BRUNIACEAE Brunia noduliflora Goldblatt & J.C.Manning BRUNIACEAE Linconia cuspidata (Thunb.) Sw. BRUNIACEAE Lonchostoma monogynum (Vahl) Pillans BRUNIACEAE Lonchostoma purpureum Pillans BRUNIACEAE Nebelia fragarioides (Willd.) Kuntze BRUNIACEAE Nebelia paleacea (P.J.Bergius) Sweet BRUNIACEAE Nebelia sphaerocephala (Sond.) Kuntze BRUNIACEAE Pseudobaeckea africana (Burm.f.) Pillans BRUNIACEAE Pseudobaeckea cordata (Burm.f.) Nied. BRUNIACEAE Raspalia angulata (Sond.) Nied.
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BRUNIACEAE Raspalia globosa (Lam.) Pillans BRUNIACEAE Raspalia microphylla (Thunb.) Brongn. BRUNIACEAE Raspalia variabilis Pillans BRUNIACEAE Raspalia virgata (Brongn.) Pillans BRUNIACEAE Staavia capitella (Thunb.) Sond. BRUNIACEAE Staavia radiata (L.) Dahl BRUNIACEAE Thamnea massoniana Dummer BRYACEAE Bryum radiculosum Brid. BUDDLEJACEAE Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam. CAMPANULACEAE Merciera azurea Schltr. CAMPANULACEAE Merciera brevifolia A.DC. CAMPANULACEAE Merciera eckloniana H.Buek CAMPANULACEAE Merciera leptoloba A.DC. CAMPANULACEAE Merciera tenuifolia (L.f.) A.DC. CAMPANULACEAE Prismatocarpus alpinus (Bond) Adamson CAMPANULACEAE Prismatocarpus brevilobus A.DC. CAMPANULACEAE Prismatocarpus debilis Adamson var. debilis CAMPANULACEAE Prismatocarpus diffusus (L.f.) A.DC. CAMPANULACEAE Prismatocarpus fruticosus L'Hér. CAMPANULACEAE Prismatocarpus nitidus L'Hér. var. nitidus CAMPANULACEAE Roella ciliata L. CAMPANULACEAE Roella compacta Schltr. CAMPANULACEAE Roella dregeana A.DC. var. dregeana CAMPANULACEAE Roella incurva A.DC. CAMPANULACEAE Roella prostrata E.Mey. ex A.DC. CAMPANULACEAE Roella spicata L.f. var. spicata CAMPANULACEAE Siphocodon debilis Schltr. CAMPANULACEAE Siphocodon spartioides Turcz. CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia cernua (Thunb.) A.DC. CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia obovata Brehmer CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia parvifolia (P.J.Bergius) Lammers CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia procumbens (Thunb.) A.DC. CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia rubioides (Banks ex A.DC.) Lammers var. rubioides CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia subulata (L'Hér.) Lammers var. subulata CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia unidentata (L.f.) Lammers CARYOPHYLLACEAE Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) Ball & Heywood CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene crassifolia L. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene gallica L. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene undulata Aiton CARYOPHYLLACEAE Spergularia media (L.) C.Presl CELASTRACEAE Cassine peragua L. subsp. peragua CELASTRACEAE Cassine schinoides (Spreng.) R.H.Archer CELASTRACEAE Maytenus lucida (L.) Loes. CELASTRACEAE Maytenus oleoides (Lam.) Loes. CHENOPODIACEAE Atriplex semibaccata R.Br. var. appendiculata Aellen CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium multifidum L.
75 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium murale L. var. murale CHENOPODIACEAE Chenopodium pumilio R.Br. CLADONIACEAE Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl. CLADONIACEAE Cladonia bacillaris Nyl. COLCHICACEAE Baeometra uniflora (Jacq.) G.J.Lewis COLCHICACEAE Wurmbea stricta (Burm.f.) J.C.Manning & Vinn. CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus arvensis L. CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus capensis Burm.f. CONVOLVULACEAE Cuscuta angulata Engelm. CRASSULACEAE Crassula capensis (L.) Baill. var. capensis CRASSULACEAE Crassula coccinea L. CRASSULACEAE Crassula fascicularis Lam. CRASSULACEAE Crassula filiformis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) D.Dietr. CRASSULACEAE Crassula obtusa Haw. CRASSULACEAE Crassula pellucida L. subsp. pellucida CRASSULACEAE Crassula rupestris Thunb. subsp. rupestris CRASSULACEAE Crassula saxifraga Harv. CRASSULACEAE Crassula subulata L. var. subulata CRASSULACEAE Crassula tetragona L. subsp. tetragona CRASSULACEAE Crassula umbellata Thunb. CUNONIACEAE Cunonia capensis L. CUPRESSACEAE Widdringtonia nodiflora (L.) Powrie CYATHEACEAE Alsophila capensis (L.f.) J.Sm. CYPERACEAE Capeobolus brevicaulis (C.B.Clarke) Browning CYPERACEAE Carpha glomerata (Thunb.) Nees CYPERACEAE Chrysitrix capensis L. var. capensis CYPERACEAE Chrysitrix capensis L. var. subteres C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Chrysitrix junciformis Nees CYPERACEAE Cyathocoma hexandra (Nees) Browning CYPERACEAE Epischoenus cernuus Levyns CYPERACEAE Epischoenus complanatus Levyns CYPERACEAE Epischoenus quadrangularis (Boeck.) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Ficinia acuminata (Nees) Nees CYPERACEAE Ficinia angustifolia (Schrad.) Levyns CYPERACEAE Ficinia brevifolia Kunth CYPERACEAE Ficinia bulbosa (L.) Nees CYPERACEAE Ficinia capitella (Thunb.) Nees CYPERACEAE Ficinia deusta (P.J.Bergius) Levyns CYPERACEAE Ficinia ecklonea (Steud.) Nees CYPERACEAE Ficinia indica (Lam.) Pfeiff. CYPERACEAE Ficinia ixioides Nees subsp. ixioides CYPERACEAE Ficinia levynsiae T.H.Arnold & Gordon-Gray CYPERACEAE Ficinia minutiflora C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Ficinia monticola Kunth CYPERACEAE Ficinia nigrescens (Schrad.) J.Raynal CYPERACEAE Ficinia nodosa (Rottb.) Goetgh., Muasya & D.A.Simpson
76 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
CYPERACEAE Ficinia oligantha (Steud.) J.Raynal CYPERACEAE Ficinia pallens (Schrad.) Nees var. lithosperma (Boeck.) T.H.Arnold & Gordon-Gray CYPERACEAE Ficinia paradoxa (Schrad.) Nees CYPERACEAE Ficinia radiata (L.f.) Kunth CYPERACEAE Ficinia ramosissima Kunth CYPERACEAE Ficinia tristachya (Rottb.) Nees CYPERACEAE Ficinia zeyheri Boeck. CYPERACEAE Isolepis digitata Schrad. CYPERACEAE Isolepis levynsiana Muasya & D.A.Simpson CYPERACEAE Isolepis ludwigii (Steud.) Kunth CYPERACEAE Isolepis sepulcralis Steud. CYPERACEAE Isolepis tenuissima (Nees) Kunth CYPERACEAE Neesenbeckia punctoria (Vahl) Levyns CYPERACEAE Tetraria bolusii C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria bromoides (Lam.) Pfeiff. CYPERACEAE Tetraria burmannii (Vahl) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria capillacea (Thunb.) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria compar (L.) T.Lestib. CYPERACEAE Tetraria crassa Levyns CYPERACEAE Tetraria crinifolia (Nees) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria cuspidata (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke var. cuspidata CYPERACEAE Tetraria cuspidata (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke var. lorea (Nees) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria exilis Levyns CYPERACEAE Tetraria eximia C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria fasciata (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria fimbriolata (Nees) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria flexuosa (Thunb.) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria involucrata (Rottb.) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria ligulata (Boeck.) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria microstachys (Vahl) Pfeiff. CYPERACEAE Tetraria pillansii Levyns CYPERACEAE Tetraria pubescens Schönland & Turrill CYPERACEAE Tetraria pygmaea Levyns CYPERACEAE Tetraria sylvatica (Nees) C.B.Clarke var. pseudolorea Kük. CYPERACEAE Tetraria sylvatica (Nees) C.B.Clarke var. sylvatica CYPERACEAE Tetraria thermalis (L.) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria triangularis (Boeck.) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Tetraria ustulata (L.) C.B.Clarke CYPERACEAE Trianoptiles capensis (Steud.) Harv. DICRANACEAE Campylopus introflexus (Hedw.) Brid. DICRANACEAE Campylopus pilifer Brid. var. pilifer DICRANACEAE Dicranella subsubulata (Hampe ex Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger DICRANACEAE Dicranoloma billardieri (Brid.) Paris DICRANACEAE Leucoloma sprengelianum (Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger DIPSACACEAE Cephalaria attenuata (L.f.) Roem. & Schult. DITRICHACEAE Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. subsp. stenocarpus (Bruch & Schimp. ex Müll.Hal.) Dixon 77 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
DROSERACEAE Drosera aliciae Raym.-Hamet DROSERACEAE Drosera capensis L. DROSERACEAE Drosera cistiflora L. DROSERACEAE Drosera glabripes (Harv.) Stein DROSERACEAE Drosera hilaris Cham. & Schltdl. DROSERACEAE Drosera pauciflora Banks ex DC. DROSERACEAE Drosera ramentacea Burch. ex DC. DROSERACEAE Drosera trinervia Spreng. DRYOPTERIDACEAE Rumohra adiantiformis (G.Forst.) Ching EBENACEAE Diospyros glabra (L.) De Winter ELAPHOGLOSSACEAE Elaphoglossum acrostichoides (Hook. & Grev.) Schelpe ERICACEAE Erica abietina L. subsp. aurantiaca E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica accommodata Klotzsch ex Benth. var. accommodata ERICACEAE Erica albens L. var. albens ERICACEAE Erica amphigena Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica ampullacea Curtis var. ampullacea ERICACEAE Erica anguliger (N.E.Br.) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica ardens Andrews ERICACEAE Erica aristata Andrews var. aristata ERICACEAE Erica armata Klotzsch ex Benth. var. armata ERICACEAE Erica armata Klotzsch ex Benth. var. breviaristata Bolus ERICACEAE Erica artemisioides (Klotzsch) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica articularis L. var. articularis ERICACEAE Erica articularis L. var. meyeriana Bolus ERICACEAE Erica atricha Dulfer ERICACEAE Erica autumnalis L.Bolus ERICACEAE Erica axillaris Thunb. ERICACEAE Erica azaleifolia Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica banksii Andrews subsp. banksii ERICACEAE Erica barbigeroides E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica benthamiana E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica bergiana L. var. bergiana ERICACEAE Erica bicolor Thunb. ERICACEAE Erica blandfordii Andrews ERICACEAE Erica blenna Salisb. var. blenna ERICACEAE Erica bokkeveldia E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica borboniifolia Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica brachysepala Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica brevifolia Sol. ex Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica bruniades L. ERICACEAE Erica bruniifolia Salisb. var. barbigera (Klotzsch ex Benth.) Dulfer ERICACEAE Erica bruniifolia Salisb. var. bruniifolia ERICACEAE Erica bruniifolia Salisb. var. stellata (Lodd.) Dulfer ERICACEAE Erica cabernetea E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica caledonica A.Spreng. ERICACEAE Erica calycina L. var. calycina
78 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
ERICACEAE Erica calycina L. var. fragrans (Andrews) Bolus ERICACEAE Erica calycina L. var. periplociflora (Salisb.) Bolus ERICACEAE Erica campanularis Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica capillaris Bartl. var. capillaris ERICACEAE Erica capitata L. ERICACEAE Erica carduifolia Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica cerinthoides L. var. cerinthoides ERICACEAE Erica chartacea Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica coarctata J.C.Wendl. var. coarctata ERICACEAE Erica coccinea L. subsp. coccinea ERICACEAE Erica corifolia L. var. corifolia ERICACEAE Erica corydalis Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica crassisepala Benth. ERICACEAE Erica cristata Dulfer ERICACEAE Erica cruenta Sol. ERICACEAE Erica cryptanthera Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica cubica L. var. cubica ERICACEAE Erica cumuliflora Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica curviflora L. ERICACEAE Erica curviflora L. var. curviflora ERICACEAE Erica curvifolia Salisb. var. curvifolia ERICACEAE Erica curvirostris Salisb. var. curvirostris ERICACEAE Erica cyathiformis Salisb. var. cyathiformis ERICACEAE Erica daphniflora Salisb. var. daphniflora ERICACEAE Erica daphniflora Salisb. var. muscari (Andrews) Bolus ERICACEAE Erica denticulata L. var. denticulata ERICACEAE Erica denticulata L. var. longiflora Bolus ERICACEAE Erica desmantha Benth. var. desmantha ERICACEAE Erica desmantha Benth. var. urceolata H.A.Baker ERICACEAE Erica discolor Andrews var. discolor ERICACEAE Erica dodii Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica duthieae L.Bolus ERICACEAE Erica eglandulosa (Klotzsch) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica elimensis L.Bolus var. elimensis ERICACEAE Erica embothriifolia Salisb. var. longiflora Bolus ERICACEAE Erica equisetifolia Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica ericoides (L.) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica erina (Klotzsch ex Benth.) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica eriocephala Lam. ERICACEAE Erica eugenea Dulfer ERICACEAE Erica exleeana E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica extrusa Compton ERICACEAE Erica fascicularis L.f. var. fascicularis ERICACEAE Erica fascicularis L.f. var. imperialis (Andrews) Bolus ERICACEAE Erica fastigiata L. var. fastigiata ERICACEAE Erica fausta Salisb.
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ERICACEAE Erica filiformis Salisb. var. filiformis ERICACEAE Erica floccifera Zahlbr. ERICACEAE Erica foliacea Andrews subsp. foliacea ERICACEAE Erica genistifolia Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica glabella Thunb. subsp. laevis E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica glandulosa Thunb. subsp. glandulosa ERICACEAE Erica glauca Andrews var. elegans (Andrews) Bolus ERICACEAE Erica globiceps (N.E.Br.) E.G.H.Oliv. subsp. consors (N.E.Br.) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica globiceps (N.E.Br.) E.G.H.Oliv. subsp. consors (N.E.Br.) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica glutinosa P.J.Bergius var. glutinosa ERICACEAE Erica gnaphaloides L. ERICACEAE Erica goatcheriana L.Bolus var. drakensteinensis L.Bolus ERICACEAE Erica grisbrookii Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica gysbertii Guthrie & Bolus var. gysbertii ERICACEAE Erica haemastoma J.C.Wendl. ERICACEAE Erica hameriana L.Bolus ERICACEAE Erica hirta Thunb. ERICACEAE Erica hirtiflora Curtis var. hirtiflora ERICACEAE Erica hispidula L. var. hispidula ERICACEAE Erica holosericea Salisb. var. holosericea ERICACEAE Erica imbricata L. ERICACEAE Erica inaequalis (N.E.Br.) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica infundibuliformis Andrews ERICACEAE Erica intervallaris Salisb. var. intervallaris ERICACEAE Erica irbyana Andrews ERICACEAE Erica jacksoniana H.A.Baker ERICACEAE Erica jasminiflora Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica krugeri E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica labialis Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica lachnaeifolia Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica laeta Bartl. ERICACEAE Erica lananthera L.Bolus ERICACEAE Erica lanuginosa Andrews ERICACEAE Erica lasciva Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica lateralis Willd. ERICACEAE Erica lawsonii Andrews ERICACEAE Erica leucanthera L.f. ERICACEAE Erica leucopelta Tausch var. ephebioides Bolus ERICACEAE Erica leucotrachela H.A.Baker subsp. leucotrachela ERICACEAE Erica leucotrachela H.A.Baker subsp. monicae E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica lutea P.J.Bergius ERICACEAE Erica lycopodiastrum Lam. ERICACEAE Erica macowanii Cufino subsp. macowanii ERICACEAE Erica macroloma Benth. ERICACEAE Erica mammosa L. ERICACEAE Erica maritima Guthrie & Bolus
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ERICACEAE Erica massonii L.f. var. massonii ERICACEAE Erica massonii L.f. var. minor Benth. ERICACEAE Erica melastoma Andrews subsp. melastoma ERICACEAE Erica monsoniana L.f. var. monsoniana ERICACEAE Erica multumbellifera P.J.Bergius ERICACEAE Erica muscosa (Aiton) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica nigrimontana Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica niveniana E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica nudiflora L. ERICACEAE Erica obliqua Thunb. ERICACEAE Erica obtusata Klotzsch ex Benth. ERICACEAE Erica odorata Andrews ERICACEAE Erica pageana L.Bolus ERICACEAE Erica palliiflora Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica paniculata L. ERICACEAE Erica parviflora L. var. exigua (Salisb.) Bolus ERICACEAE Erica parviflora L. var. hispida Bolus ERICACEAE Erica parviflora L. var. parviflora ERICACEAE Erica patens Andrews ERICACEAE Erica patersonii Andrews ERICACEAE Erica paucifolia (J.C.Wendl.) E.G.H.Oliv. subsp. ciliata (Klotzsch) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica paucifolia (J.C.Wendl.) E.G.H.Oliv. subsp. paucifolia ERICACEAE Erica paucifolia (J.C.Wendl.) E.G.H.Oliv. subsp. squarrosa (Benth.) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica peltata Andrews ERICACEAE Erica penicilliformis Salisb. var. chrysantha (Klotzsch ex Benth.) Dulfer ERICACEAE Erica perplexa E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica perspicua J.C.Wendl. subsp. perspicua ERICACEAE Erica peziza Lodd. ERICACEAE Erica phacelanthera E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica physodes L. ERICACEAE Erica pilosiflora E.G.H.Oliv. subsp. pilosiflora ERICACEAE Erica pilulifera L. ERICACEAE Erica placentiflora Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica plukenetii L. subsp. breviflora (Dulfer) E.G.H.& I.M.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica plukenetii L. subsp. penicellata ERICACEAE Erica plukenetii L. subsp. plukenetii ERICACEAE Erica plumigera Bartl. ERICACEAE Erica pogonanthera Bartl. ERICACEAE Erica propendens Andrews ERICACEAE Erica puberuliflora E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica pubescens L. var. pubescens ERICACEAE Erica pulchella Houtt. var. pulchella ERICACEAE Erica purgatoriensis H.A.Baker ERICACEAE Erica quadrangularis Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica recta Bolus ERICACEAE Erica regerminans L.
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ERICACEAE Erica retorta Montin ERICACEAE Erica rhodopis (Bolus) Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica rhopalantha Dulfer var. rhopalantha ERICACEAE Erica ribisaria Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica rigidula (N.E.Br.) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica rosacea (L.Guthrie) E.G.H.Oliv. subsp. glabrata E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica rubens Thunb. ERICACEAE Erica rubiginosa Dulfer var. rubiginosa ERICACEAE Erica russakiana E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica sacciflora Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica savileae Andrews var. savileae ERICACEAE Erica serrata Thunb. ERICACEAE Erica sessiliflora L.f. ERICACEAE Erica setacea Andrews ERICACEAE Erica sexfaria F.A.Bauer ERICACEAE Erica similis (N.E.Br.) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica sitiens Klotzsch ERICACEAE Erica sonderiana Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica spumosa L. ERICACEAE Erica squarrosa Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica stagnalis Salisb. subsp. minor E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica stagnalis Salisb. subsp. stagnalis ERICACEAE Erica stokoei L.Bolus ERICACEAE Erica strigosa Sol. ERICACEAE Erica subdivaricata P.J.Bergius ERICACEAE Erica suffulta J.C.Wendl. ex Benth. ERICACEAE Erica taxifolia F.A.Bauer ERICACEAE Erica tegulifolia Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica tenella Andrews var. tenella ERICACEAE Erica tenuifolia L. ERICACEAE Erica tenuis Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica thomae L.Bolus ERICACEAE Erica tomentosa Salisb. ERICACEAE Erica totta Thunb. ERICACEAE Erica transparens P.J.Bergius ERICACEAE Erica trichroma Benth. var. trichroma ERICACEAE Erica triflora L. var. triflora ERICACEAE Erica uberiflora E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica urceolata (Klotzsch) E.G.H.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica ustulescens Guthrie & Bolus ERICACEAE Erica utriculosa L.Bolus ERICACEAE Erica velitaris Salisb. var. velitaris ERICACEAE Erica ventricosa Thunb. var. ventricosa ERICACEAE Erica venustiflora E.G.H.Oliv. subsp. venustiflora ERICACEAE Erica versicolor Andrews ERICACEAE Erica viridimontana E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv. subsp. viridimontana
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ERICACEAE Erica viscaria L. subsp. gallorum (L.Bolus) E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica viscaria L. subsp. macrosepala E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica viscaria L. subsp. pendula E.G.H.Oliv. & I.M.Oliv. ERICACEAE Erica walkeri Andrews var. walkeri ERICACEAE Erica xanthina Guthrie & Bolus ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum brevipes Baker ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum capense (L.) Thunb. subsp. capense ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum capense (L.) Thunb. subsp. stoloniferum (Marloth) P.L.Perry ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum cernuum Baker ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum cordiforme Salter ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum inconspicuum P.L.Perry ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum lanceifolium Jacq. ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum parvifolium Jacq. ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum proliferum Baker ERIOSPERMACEAE Eriospermum schlechteri Baker EUPHORBIACEAE Adenocline acuta (Thunb.) Baill. EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia alaternoides L. var. alaternoides EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia alaternoides L. var. brevifolia E.Mey. ex Sond. EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia ericoides Thunb. var. tenuis Sond. EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia polygonoides L. EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia pterogona Müll.Arg. EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia rubricaulis Eckl. ex Sond. EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia genistoides P.J.Bergius EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia rhombifolia Boiss. EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia silenifolia (Haw.) Sweet FABACEAE Acacia implexa Benth. FABACEAE Acacia longifolia (Andrews) Willd. FABACEAE Acacia mearnsii De Wild. FABACEAE Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. FABACEAE Acacia pycnantha Benth. FABACEAE Amphithalea biovulata (Bolus) Granby FABACEAE Amphithalea bodkinii Dummer FABACEAE Amphithalea bowiei (Benth.) A.L.Schutte FABACEAE Amphithalea ciliaris Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Amphithalea cuneifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Amphithalea ericifolia (L.) Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. ericifolia FABACEAE Amphithalea ericifolia (L.) Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. scoparia Granby FABACEAE Amphithalea intermedia Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Amphithalea stokoei L.Bolus FABACEAE Amphithalea tomentosa (Thunb.) Granby FABACEAE Argyrolobium filiforme (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Argyrolobium harveyanum Oliv. FABACEAE Argyrolobium lunare (L.) Druce subsp. lunare FABACEAE Argyrolobium lunare (L.) Druce subsp. sericeum (Thunb.) T.J.Edwards FABACEAE Aspalathus abietina Thunb. FABACEAE Aspalathus acuminata Lam. subsp. acuminata
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FABACEAE Aspalathus alopecurus Benth. FABACEAE Aspalathus alpestris (Benth.) R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus angustifolia (Lam.) R.Dahlgren subsp. angustifolia FABACEAE Aspalathus araneosa L. FABACEAE Aspalathus arida E.Mey. subsp. arida FABACEAE Aspalathus arida E.Mey. subsp. procumbens (E.Mey.) R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus aspalathoides (L.) R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus astroites L. FABACEAE Aspalathus attenuata R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus batodes Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. spinulifolia R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus bracteata Thunb. FABACEAE Aspalathus caledonensis R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus callosa L. FABACEAE Aspalathus carnosa P.J.Bergius FABACEAE Aspalathus cephalotes Thunb. subsp. cephalotes FABACEAE Aspalathus cephalotes Thunb. subsp. obscurifolia R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus cephalotes Thunb. subsp. violaceae R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus chenopoda L. subsp. chenopoda FABACEAE Aspalathus ciliaris L. FABACEAE Aspalathus citrina R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus cliffortioides Bolus FABACEAE Aspalathus concava Bolus FABACEAE Aspalathus cordata (L.) R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus crenata (L.) R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus cytisoides Lam. FABACEAE Aspalathus divaricata Thunb. subsp. divaricata FABACEAE Aspalathus dunsdoniana Alston ex R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus ericifolia L. subsp. ericifolia FABACEAE Aspalathus filicaulis Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Aspalathus forbesii Harv. FABACEAE Aspalathus fusca Thunb. FABACEAE Aspalathus globosa Andrews FABACEAE Aspalathus heterophylla L.f. FABACEAE Aspalathus hispida Thunb. subsp. hispida FABACEAE Aspalathus humilis Bolus FABACEAE Aspalathus incurvifolia Vogel ex Walp. FABACEAE Aspalathus intervallaris Bolus FABACEAE Aspalathus juniperina Thunb. subsp. grandis R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus juniperina Thunb. subsp. juniperina FABACEAE Aspalathus laricifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. canescens (L.) R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus laricifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. laricifolia FABACEAE Aspalathus lebeckioides R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus leptocoma Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Aspalathus linguiloba R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus marginata Harv. FABACEAE Aspalathus microphylla DC.
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FABACEAE Aspalathus millefolia R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus monosperma (DC.) R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus mundiana Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Aspalathus neglecta T.M.Salter FABACEAE Aspalathus nigra L. FABACEAE Aspalathus nudiflora Harv. FABACEAE Aspalathus oblongifolia R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus pachyloba Benth. subsp. pachyloba FABACEAE Aspalathus pachyloba Benth. subsp. villicaulis R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus parviflora P.J.Bergius FABACEAE Aspalathus pigmentosa R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus pinguis Thunb. subsp. pinguis FABACEAE Aspalathus radiata Garab. ex R.Dahlgren subsp. radiata FABACEAE Aspalathus ramulosa E.Mey. FABACEAE Aspalathus recurva Benth. FABACEAE Aspalathus retroflexa L. subsp. retroflexa FABACEAE Aspalathus rosea Garab. ex R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus securifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Aspalathus sericea P.J.Bergius FABACEAE Aspalathus serpens R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus smithii R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus spicata Thunb. FABACEAE Aspalathus spinosa L. subsp. spinosa FABACEAE Aspalathus stenophylla Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Aspalathus steudeliana Brongn. FABACEAE Aspalathus submissa R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus subulata Thunb. FABACEAE Aspalathus tridentata L. subsp. rotunda R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Aspalathus tridentata L. subsp. tridentata FABACEAE Aspalathus tuberculata Walp. FABACEAE Aspalathus uniflora L. FABACEAE Bolusafra bituminosa (L.) Kuntze FABACEAE Crotalaria capensis Jacq. FABACEAE Cyclopia burtonii Hofmeyr & E.Phillips FABACEAE Cyclopia genistoides (L.) R.Br. FABACEAE Cyclopia meyeriana Walp. FABACEAE Dolichos decumbens Thunb. FABACEAE Erythrina caffra Thunb. FABACEAE Hypocalyptus coluteoides (Lam.) R.Dahlgren FABACEAE Hypocalyptus oxalidifolius (Sims) Baill. FABACEAE Indigofera alopecuroides (Burm.f.) DC. var. alopecuroides FABACEAE Indigofera alopecuroides (Burm.f.) DC. var. minor E.Mey. FABACEAE Indigofera angustifolia L. var. tenuifolia (Lam.) Harv. FABACEAE Indigofera brachystachya (DC.) E.Mey. FABACEAE Indigofera capillaris Thunb. FABACEAE Indigofera cytisoides (L.) L.
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FABACEAE Indigofera digitata Thunb. FABACEAE Indigofera filicaulis Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Indigofera filifolia Thunb. FABACEAE Indigofera filiformis L.f. FABACEAE Indigofera glomerata E.Mey. FABACEAE Indigofera gracilis Spreng. FABACEAE Indigofera heterophylla Thunb. FABACEAE Indigofera incana Thunb. FABACEAE Indigofera mauritanica (L.) Thunb. FABACEAE Indigofera ovata L.f. FABACEAE Indigofera procumbens L. FABACEAE Indigofera sarmentosa L.f. FABACEAE Lebeckia pauciflora Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Lebeckia wrightii (Harv.) Bolus FABACEAE Lessertia capensis (P.J.Bergius) Druce FABACEAE Lessertia margaritacea E.Mey. FABACEAE Liparia bonaespei A.L.Schutte FABACEAE Liparia calycina (L.Bolus) A.L.Schutte FABACEAE Liparia capitata Thunb. FABACEAE Liparia latifolia (Benth.) A.L.Schutte FABACEAE Liparia myrtifolia Thunb. FABACEAE Liparia splendens (Burm.f.) Bos & de Wit subsp. comantha (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Bos & De Wit FABACEAE Liparia splendens (Burm.f.) Bos & de Wit subsp. splendens FABACEAE Liparia vestita Thunb. FABACEAE Lotononis fastigiata (E.Mey.) B.-E.van Wyk FABACEAE Lotononis involucrata (P.J.Bergius) Benth. subsp. peduncularis (E.Mey.) B.-E.van Wyk FABACEAE Lotononis prostrata (L.) Benth. FABACEAE Lotononis rostrata Benth. subsp. rostrata FABACEAE Lotononis varia (E.Mey.) Steud. FABACEAE Lotus subbiflorus Lag. subsp. subbiflorus FABACEAE Lupinus angustifolius L. FABACEAE Ornithopus sativus Brot. FABACEAE Otholobium bracteolatum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) C.H.Stirt. FABACEAE Otholobium parviflorum (E.Mey.) C.H.Stirt. FABACEAE Otholobium polyphyllum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) C.H.Stirt. FABACEAE Otholobium rotundifolium (L.f.) C.H.Stirt. FABACEAE Otholobium spicatum (L.) C.H.Stirt. FABACEAE Otholobium virgatum (Burm.f.) C.H.Stirt. FABACEAE Otholobium zeyheri (Harv.) C.H.Stirt. FABACEAE Podalyria argentea Salisb. FABACEAE Podalyria biflora Lam. FABACEAE Podalyria buxifolia (Retz.) Willd. FABACEAE Podalyria calyptrata (Retz.) Willd. FABACEAE Podalyria canescens E.Mey. FABACEAE Podalyria cordata R.Br. FABACEAE Podalyria hirsuta (Aiton) Willd.
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FABACEAE Podalyria montana Hutch. FABACEAE Podalyria myrtillifolia (Retz.) Willd. FABACEAE Podalyria oleaefolia Salisb. FABACEAE Podalyria racemulosa Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Podalyria reticulata Harv. FABACEAE Priestleya laevigata (L.) Druce FABACEAE Psoralea aculeata L. FABACEAE Psoralea affinis Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Psoralea aphylla L. FABACEAE Psoralea arborea Sims FABACEAE Psoralea asarina (P.J.Bergius) T.M.Salter FABACEAE Psoralea ensifolia (Houtt.) Merr. FABACEAE Psoralea fascicularis DC. FABACEAE Psoralea imbricata (L.) T.M.Salter FABACEAE Psoralea laxa T.M.Salter FABACEAE Psoralea monophylla (L.) C.H.Stirt. FABACEAE Psoralea oreophila Schltr. FABACEAE Psoralea pinnata L. var. pinnata FABACEAE Psoralea restioides Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Psoralea speciosa Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Psoralea tenuissima E.Mey. FABACEAE Rafnia acuminata (E.Mey.) G.J.Campbell & B.-E.van Wyk FABACEAE Rafnia angulata Thunb. subsp. angulata FABACEAE Rafnia capensis (L.) Schinz subsp. capensis FABACEAE Rafnia capensis (L.) Schinz subsp. ovata (P.J.Bergius) G.J.Campbell & B.-E.van Wyk FABACEAE Rafnia elliptica Thunb. FABACEAE Rhynchosia angustifolia (Jacq.) DC. FABACEAE Rhynchosia chrysoscias Benth. ex Harv. FABACEAE Rhynchosia leucoscias Benth. ex Harv. FABACEAE Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R.Br. FABACEAE Trifolium pratense L. var. pratense FABACEAE Vicia benghalensis L. FABACEAE Vicia sativa L. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. FABACEAE Vicia villosa Roth subsp. villosa FABACEAE Wiborgiella inflata (Bolus) Boatwr. & B.-E.van Wyk FABACEAE Xiphotheca fruticosa (L.) A.L.Schutte & B.-E.van Wyk FABACEAE Xiphotheca lanceolata (E.Mey.) Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Xiphotheca reflexa (Thunb.) A.L.Schutte & B.-E.van Wyk FABACEAE Xiphotheca tecta (Thunb.) A.L.Schutte & B.-E.van Wyk FUNARIACEAE Funaria hygrometrica Hedw. GENTIANACEAE Chironia baccifera L. GENTIANACEAE Chironia decumbens Levyns GENTIANACEAE Chironia jasminoides L. GENTIANACEAE Chironia linoides L. subsp. nana I.Verd. GENTIANACEAE Chironia melampyrifolia Lam. GENTIANACEAE Chironia tetragona L.f.
87 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
GENTIANACEAE Orphium frutescens (L.) E.Mey. GENTIANACEAE Sebaea aurea (L.f.) Roem. & Schult. GENTIANACEAE Sebaea exacoides (L.) Schinz GENTIANACEAE Sebaea pusilla Eckl. ex Cham. GENTIANACEAE Sebaea scabra Schinz GENTIANACEAE Sebaea schlechteri Schinz GERANIACEAE Pelargonium alchemilloides (L.) L'Hér. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium caledonicum L.Bolus GERANIACEAE Pelargonium candicans Spreng. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium capitatum (L.) L'Hér. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium carneum Jacq. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium crispum (P.J.Bergius) L'Hér. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Hér. subsp. cucullatum GERANIACEAE Pelargonium cucullatum (L.) L'Hér. subsp. strigifolium Volschenk GERANIACEAE Pelargonium dipetalum L'Hér. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium ellaphieae E.M.Marais GERANIACEAE Pelargonium elongatum (Cav.) Salisb. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium fergusoniae L.Bolus GERANIACEAE Pelargonium fruticosum (Cav.) Willd. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium grossularioides (L.) L'Hér. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium hermanniifolium (P.J.Bergius) Jacq. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium incarnatum (L'Hér.) Moench GERANIACEAE Pelargonium iocastum (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium myrrhifolium (L.) L'Hér. var. coriandrifolium (L.) Harv. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium myrrhifolium (L.) L'Hér. var. myrrhifolium GERANIACEAE Pelargonium patulum Jacq. var. patulum GERANIACEAE Pelargonium petroselinifolium G.Don GERANIACEAE Pelargonium pinnatum (L.) L'Hér. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium proliferum (Burm.f.) Steud. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium radulifolium (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium setulosum Turcz. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium tetragonum (L.f.) L'Hér. GERANIACEAE Pelargonium triste (L.) L'Hér. GLEICHENIACEAE Gleichenia polypodioides (L.) Sm. GRAMMITIDACEAE Grammitis poeppigiana (Mett.) Pic.Serm. GRUBBIACEAE Grubbia rosmarinifolia P.J.Bergius subsp. rosmarinifolia var. rosmarinifolia GRUBBIACEAE Grubbia rourkei Carlquist GRUBBIACEAE Grubbia tomentosa (Thunb.) Harms HAEMODORACEAE Dilatris pillansii W.F.Barker HAEMODORACEAE Dilatris viscosa L.f. HAEMODORACEAE Wachendorfia paniculata Burm. HAEMODORACEAE Wachendorfia thyrsiflora Burm. HEDWIGIACEAE Rhacocarpus purpurascens (Brid.) Paris HYACINTHACEAE Albuca aurea Jacq. HYACINTHACEAE Albuca cooperi Baker HYACINTHACEAE Albuca viscosa L.f.
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HYACINTHACEAE Drimia dregei (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt HYACINTHACEAE Drimia filifolia (Jacq.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt HYACINTHACEAE Drimia media Jacq. HYACINTHACEAE Eucomis regia (L.) L'Hér. HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia contaminata Aiton HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia juncifolia Baker var. juncifolia HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia lutea G.D.Duncan HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia montana Schltr. ex W.F.Barker HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia orchioides (L.) Aiton var. orchioides HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia peersii Marloth ex W.F.Barker HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia rosea Andrews HYACINTHACEAE Lachenalia unifolia Jacq. var. unifolia HYACINTHACEAE Ornithogalum dubium Houtt. HYACINTHACEAE Ornithogalum esterhuyseniae Oberm. HYACINTHACEAE Ornithogalum juncifolium Jacq. var. juncifolium HYACINTHACEAE Ornithogalum multifolium Baker HYACINTHACEAE Ornithogalum niveum Aiton HYACINTHACEAE Ornithogalum rupestre L.f. HYACINTHACEAE Ornithogalum thyrsoides Jacq. HYPNACEAE Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw. var. cupressiforme HYPNACEAE Isopterygium strangulatum (Hampe ex Müll.Hal.) Broth. HYPOXIDACEAE Pauridia minuta (L.f.) T.Durand & Schinz HYPOXIDACEAE Spiloxene aquatica (L.f.) Fourc. HYPOXIDACEAE Spiloxene capensis (L.) Garside HYPOXIDACEAE Spiloxene curculigoides (Bolus) Garside HYPOXIDACEAE Spiloxene flaccida (Nel) Garside HYPOXIDACEAE Spiloxene monophylla (Schltr.) Garside HYPOXIDACEAE Spiloxene schlechteri (Bolus) Garside ICACINACEAE Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. subsp. dimidiata ICACINACEAE Apodytes geldenhuysii A.E.van Wyk & Potgieter IRIDACEAE Aristea africana (L.) Hoffmanns. IRIDACEAE Aristea bakeri Klatt IRIDACEAE Aristea biflora Weim. IRIDACEAE Aristea cantharophila Goldblatt & J.C.Manning IRIDACEAE Aristea capitata (L.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Aristea cuspidata Schinz IRIDACEAE Aristea dichotoma (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Aristea juncifolia Baker IRIDACEAE Aristea latifolia G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Aristea oligocephala Baker IRIDACEAE Aristea pauciflora Wolley-Dod IRIDACEAE Aristea racemosa Baker var. inflata Weim. IRIDACEAE Aristea racemosa Baker var. racemosa IRIDACEAE Aristea spiralis (L.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Aristea teretifolia Goldblatt & J.C.Manning IRIDACEAE Babiana montana G.J.Lewis
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IRIDACEAE Babiana patersoniae L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Babiana patula N.E.Br. IRIDACEAE Babiana purpurea (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Babiana ringens (L.) Ker Gawl. subsp. ringens IRIDACEAE Babiana stricta (Aiton) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Bobartia filiformis (L.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Bobartia gladiata (L.f.) Ker Gawl. subsp. gladiata IRIDACEAE Bobartia gladiata (L.f.) Ker Gawl. subsp. teres Strid IRIDACEAE Bobartia indica L. IRIDACEAE Bobartia longicyma J.B.Gillett subsp. longicyma IRIDACEAE Bobartia longicyma J.B.Gillett subsp. magna J.B.Gillett ex Strid IRIDACEAE Bobartia macrospatha Baker subsp. macrospatha IRIDACEAE Freesia caryophyllacea (Burm.f.) N.E.Br. IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza aspera Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza burchellii R.C.Foster IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza erosa (Salisb.) R.C.Foster IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza foliosa Klatt IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza grandiflora Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza hesperanthoides Schltr. IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza hispidula (R.C.Foster) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza imbricata (D.Delaroche) Ker Gawl. subsp. imbricata IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza inflexa (D.Delaroche) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza juncea (Link) A.Dietr. IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza nubigena Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza ornithogaloides Klatt subsp. ornithogaloides IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza ovata (Burm.f.) Asch. & Graebn. IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza pappei Baker IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza parva Baker IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza ramosa Ker Gawl. ex Klatt IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza schinzii (Baker) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza scillaris A.Dietr. IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza setacea (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza similis Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Geissorhiza umbrosa G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Gladiolus abbreviatus Andrews IRIDACEAE Gladiolus acuminatus F.Bolus IRIDACEAE Gladiolus alatus L. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus blommesteinii L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Gladiolus brevifolius Jacq. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus brevitubus G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Gladiolus bullatus Thunb. ex G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Gladiolus carinatus Aiton IRIDACEAE Gladiolus carneus D.Delaroche IRIDACEAE Gladiolus debilis Sims IRIDACEAE Gladiolus floribundus Jacq. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus gracilis Jacq.
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IRIDACEAE Gladiolus guthriei F.Bolus IRIDACEAE Gladiolus hirsutus Jacq. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus liliaceus Houtt. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus maculatus Sweet IRIDACEAE Gladiolus martleyi L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Gladiolus permeabilis D.Delaroche subsp. permeabilis IRIDACEAE Gladiolus priorii (N.E.Br.) Goldblatt & M.P.de Vos IRIDACEAE Gladiolus rudis Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus subcaeruleus G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Gladiolus teretifolius Goldblatt & M.P.de Vos IRIDACEAE Gladiolus trichonemifolius Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus tristis L. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus undulatus L. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus vaginatus F.Bolus IRIDACEAE Gladiolus virescens Thunb. IRIDACEAE Hesperantha falcata (L.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Hesperantha fibrosa Baker IRIDACEAE Hesperantha pilosa (L.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Hesperantha pseudopilosa Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Hesperantha radiata (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Ixia capillaris L.f. IRIDACEAE Ixia dubia Vent. IRIDACEAE Ixia erubescens Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Ixia esterhuyseniae M.P.de Vos IRIDACEAE Ixia flexuosa L. IRIDACEAE Ixia fucata Ker Gawl. var. filifolia G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Ixia longituba N.E.Br. var. longituba IRIDACEAE Ixia micrandra Baker var. micrandra IRIDACEAE Ixia micrandra Baker var. minor G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Ixia odorata Ker Gawl. var. odorata IRIDACEAE Ixia orientalis L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Ixia paniculata D.Delaroche IRIDACEAE Ixia patens Aiton var. patens IRIDACEAE Ixia polystachya L. var. polystachya IRIDACEAE Ixia reclinata Goldblatt & J.C.Manning IRIDACEAE Ixia scillaris L. var. scillaris IRIDACEAE Ixia stricta (Eckl. ex Klatt) G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Ixia trinervata (Baker) G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Klattia flava (G.J.Lewis) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Klattia partita Baker IRIDACEAE Klattia stokoei L.Guthrie IRIDACEAE Lapeirousia corymbosa (L.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Lapeirousia falcata (L.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Lapeirousia jacquinii N.E.Br. IRIDACEAE Lapeirousia micrantha (E.Mey. ex Klatt) Baker IRIDACEAE Lapeirousia neglecta Goldblatt
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IRIDACEAE Lapeirousia pyramidalis (Lam.) Goldblatt subsp. pyramidalis IRIDACEAE Micranthus alopecuroides (L.) Rothm. IRIDACEAE Micranthus junceus (Baker) N.E.Br. IRIDACEAE Moraea angusta (Thunb.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Moraea anomala G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Moraea atropunctata Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Moraea barnardiella Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Moraea bellendenii (Sweet) N.E.Br. IRIDACEAE Moraea bituminosa (L.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Moraea bulbillifera (G.J.Lewis) Goldblatt subsp. bulbillifera IRIDACEAE Moraea cantharophila Goldblatt & J.C.Manning IRIDACEAE Moraea ciliata (L.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Moraea comptonii (L.Bolus) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Moraea cooperi Baker IRIDACEAE Moraea debilis Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Moraea elegans Jacq. IRIDACEAE Moraea fergusoniae L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Moraea flaccida (Sweet) Steud. IRIDACEAE Moraea fugacissima (L.f.) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Moraea inconspicua Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Moraea lewisiae (Goldblatt) Goldblatt subsp. lewisiae IRIDACEAE Moraea longiaristata Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Moraea longistyla (Goldblatt) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Moraea lugubris (Salisb.) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Moraea lurida Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Moraea miniata Andrews IRIDACEAE Moraea neglecta G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Moraea ochroleuca (Salisb.) Drapiez IRIDACEAE Moraea papilionacea (L.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Moraea polyanthos L.f. IRIDACEAE Moraea pyrophila Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Moraea ramosissima (L.f.) Druce IRIDACEAE Moraea setifolia (L.f.) Druce IRIDACEAE Moraea tripetala (L.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Moraea unguiculata Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Moraea versicolor (Salisb. ex Klatt) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Nivenia concinna N.E.Br. IRIDACEAE Nivenia levynsiae Weim. IRIDACEAE Nivenia stokoei (L.Guthrie) N.E.Br. IRIDACEAE Pillansia templemannii (Baker) L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Romulea atrandra G.J.Lewis var. atrandra IRIDACEAE Romulea cruciata (Jacq.) Baker var. intermedia (Bég.) M.P.de Vos IRIDACEAE Romulea flava (Lam.) M.P.de Vos var. flava IRIDACEAE Romulea gigantea Bég. IRIDACEAE Romulea hirsuta (Steud. ex Klatt) Baker var. cuprea (Bég.) M.P.de Vos IRIDACEAE Romulea hirsuta (Steud. ex Klatt) Baker var. hirsuta
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IRIDACEAE Romulea monticola M.P.de Vos IRIDACEAE Romulea rosea (L.) Eckl. var. australis (Ewart) M.P.de Vos IRIDACEAE Romulea rosea (L.) Eckl. var. rosea IRIDACEAE Romulea schlechteri Bég. IRIDACEAE Romulea triflora (Burm.f.) N.E.Br. IRIDACEAE Sparaxis fragrans (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Sparaxis grandiflora (D.Delaroche) Ker Gawl. subsp. fimbriata (Lam.) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Sparaxis grandiflora (D.Delaroche) Ker Gawl. subsp. violacea (Eckl.) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Syringodea longituba (Klatt) Kuntze var. longituba IRIDACEAE Thereianthus bracteolatus (Lam.) G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Thereianthus juncifolius (Baker) G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Thereianthus spicatus (L.) G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Tritonia cooperi (Baker) Klatt subsp. cooperi IRIDACEAE Tritonia cooperi (Baker) Klatt subsp. quadrialata M.P.de Vos IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis antholyza (Poir.) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis burchellii (N.E.Br.) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis caledonensis (R.C.Foster) G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis dodii (G.J.Lewis) G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis elongata (L.Bolus) G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis lata (L.Bolus) G.J.Lewis var. lata IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis nervosa (Baker) G.J.Lewis IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis parviflora (Jacq.) G.J.Lewis var. parviflora IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis pulchella G.J.Lewis var. pulchella IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis pulchra (Baker) Goldblatt IRIDACEAE Tritoniopsis ramosa (Eckl. ex Klatt) G.J.Lewis var. ramosa IRIDACEAE Watsonia aletroides (Burm.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Watsonia angusta Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Watsonia borbonica (Pourr.) Goldblatt subsp. borbonica IRIDACEAE Watsonia coccinea Herb. ex Baker IRIDACEAE Watsonia distans L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Watsonia humilis Mill. IRIDACEAE Watsonia laccata (Jacq.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Watsonia marginata (L.f.) Ker Gawl. IRIDACEAE Watsonia marlothii L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Watsonia meriana (L.) Mill. var. meriana IRIDACEAE Watsonia rogersii L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Watsonia schlechteri L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Watsonia spectabilis Schinz IRIDACEAE Watsonia stenosiphon L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Watsonia zeyheri L.Bolus IRIDACEAE Witsenia maura Thunb. JUNCACEAE Juncus capensis Thunb. JUNCACEAE Juncus dregeanus Kunth subsp. dregeanus JUNCACEAE Juncus lomatophyllus Spreng. LAMIACEAE Plectranthus fruticosus L'Hér. LAMIACEAE Salvia africana-caerulea L.
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LAMIACEAE Salvia chamelaeagnea P.J.Bergius LAMIACEAE Salvia runcinata L.f. LANARIACEAE Lanaria lanata (L.) T.Durand & Schinz LAURACEAE Cassytha filiformis L. LEMNACEAE Spirodela punctata (G.Mey.) C.H.Thomps. LENTIBULARIACEAE Utricularia bisquamata Schrank LINACEAE Linum acuticarpum C.M.Rogers LINACEAE Linum thunbergii Eckl. & Zeyh. LOBARIACEAE Pseudocyphellaria crocata (L.) Vain. LOBELIACEAE Cyphia digitata (Thunb.) Willd. subsp. digitata LOBELIACEAE Cyphia incisa (Thunb.) Willd. var. incisa LOBELIACEAE Cyphia linarioides C.Presl ex Eckl. & Zeyh. LOBELIACEAE Cyphia phyteuma (L.) Willd. var. phyteuma LOBELIACEAE Cyphia volubilis (Burm.f.) Willd. var. volubilis LOBELIACEAE Cyphia zeyheriana C.Presl ex Eckl. & Zeyh. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia capillifolia (C.Presl) A.DC. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia chamaepitys Lam. var. ceratophylla (C.Presl) E.Wimm. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia chamaepitys Lam. var. chamaepitys LOBELIACEAE Lobelia comosa L. var. comosa LOBELIACEAE Lobelia coronopifolia L. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia cuneifolia Link & Otto var. cuneifolia LOBELIACEAE Lobelia erinus L. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia jasionoides (A.DC.) E.Wimm. var. jasionoides LOBELIACEAE Lobelia linearis Thunb. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia pinifolia L. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia pubescens Dryand. ex Aiton var. jaquiniana Sond. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia pubescens Dryand. ex Aiton var. pubescens LOBELIACEAE Lobelia setacea Thunb. var. setacea LOBELIACEAE Lobelia stenosiphon (Adamson) E.Wimm. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia tomentosa L.f. LOBELIACEAE Monopsis lutea (L.) Urb. LOBELIACEAE Unigenes humifusa A.DC. LOBELIACEAE Wimmerella arabidea (C.Presl) L.Serra, M.B.Crespo & Lammers LYCOPODIACEAE Huperzia saururus (Lam.) Trevis. LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodiella caroliniana (L.) Pic.Serm. LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.Serm. LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium clavatum L. LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodium zanclophyllum J.H.Wilce MALVACEAE Anisodontea scabrosa (L.) Bates MALVACEAE Hermannia angularis Jacq. MALVACEAE Hermannia confusa T.M.Salter MALVACEAE Hermannia diversistipula C.Presl ex Harv. var. diversistipula MALVACEAE Hermannia diversistipula C.Presl ex Harv. var. graciliflora I.Verd. MALVACEAE Hermannia filifolia L.f. var. robusta I.Verd. MALVACEAE Hermannia flammula Harv. MALVACEAE Hermannia grossularifolia L.
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MALVACEAE Hermannia hyssopifolia L. MALVACEAE Hermannia lavandulifolia L. MELIANTHACEAE Melianthus major L. MENYANTHACEAE Villarsia capensis (Houtt.) Merr. MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Acrodon parvifolius R.du Plessis MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Acrodon subulatus (Mill.) N.E.Br. MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Carpobrotus acinaciformis (L.) L.Bolus MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Drosanthemum ambiguum L.Bolus MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Drosanthemum flavum (Haw.) Schwantes MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Drosanthemum hispifolium (Haw.) Schwantes MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Drosanthemum intermedium (L.Bolus) L.Bolus MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Drosanthemum lavisii L.Bolus MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Erepsia anceps (Haw.) Schwantes MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Erepsia aspera (Haw.) L.Bolus MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Erepsia bracteata (Aiton) Schwantes MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Erepsia gracilis (Haw.) L.Bolus MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Glottiphyllum grandiflorum (Haw.) N.E.Br. MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Lampranthus filicaulis (Haw.) N.E.Br. MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Lampranthus furvus (L.Bolus) N.E.Br. MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Lampranthus leptaleon (Haw.) N.E.Br. MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Lampranthus scaber (L.) N.E.Br. MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Lampranthus vallis-gratiae (Schltr. & A.Berger) N.E.Br. MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Mesembryanthemum longistylum DC. MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Oscularia deltoides (L.) Schwantes MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Ruschia schollii (Salm-Dyck) Schwantes MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE Trichodiadema fergusoniae L.Bolus MNIACEAE Mielichhoferia bryoides (Harv.) Wijk & Margad. MOLLUGINACEAE Adenogramma lichtensteiniana (Schult.) Druce MOLLUGINACEAE Adenogramma rigida (Bartl.) Sond. MOLLUGINACEAE Adenogramma sylvatica (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Fenzl MOLLUGINACEAE Polpoda capensis C.Presl MONTINIACEAE Montinia caryophyllacea Thunb. MYRICACEAE Morella diversifolia (Adamson) Killick MYRICACEAE Morella kraussiana (Buchinger ex Meisn.) Killick MYRICACEAE Morella quercifolia (L.) Killick MYRICACEAE Morella serrata (Lam.) Killick MYRTACEAE Metrosideros angustifolia (L.) Sm. OLEACEAE Jasminum tortuosum Willd. OLEACEAE Olea capensis L. subsp. capensis OLINIACEAE Olinia ventosa (L.) Cufod. ONAGRACEAE Epilobium tetragonum L. subsp. tetragonum ORCHIDACEAE Acrolophia capensis (P.J.Bergius) Fourc. ORCHIDACEAE Acrolophia ustulata (Bolus) Schltr. & Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Bartholina burmanniana (L.) Ker Gawl. ORCHIDACEAE Bartholina etheliae Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Bonatea speciosa (L.f.) Willd.
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ORCHIDACEAE Ceratandra atrata (L.) T.Durand & Schinz ORCHIDACEAE Ceratandra bicolor Sond. ex Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Ceratandra globosa Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Ceratandra harveyana Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Corycium bicolorum (Thunb.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Corycium carnosum (Lindl.) Rolfe ORCHIDACEAE Corycium excisum Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa atricapilla (Harv. ex Lindl.) Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Disa atrorubens Schltr. ORCHIDACEAE Disa begleyi L.Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Disa bifida (Thunb.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Disa bivalvata (L.f.) T.Durand & Schinz ORCHIDACEAE Disa bolusiana Schltr. ORCHIDACEAE Disa brachyceras Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa bracteata Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Disa caulescens Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa comosa (Rchb.f.) Schltr. ORCHIDACEAE Disa cornuta (L.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Disa cylindrica (Thunb.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Disa fasciata Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa ferruginea (Thunb.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Disa filicornis (L.f.) Thunb. ORCHIDACEAE Disa flexuosa (L.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Disa glandulosa Burch. ex Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa graminifolia Ker Gawl. ex Spreng. ORCHIDACEAE Disa harveiana Lindl. subsp. harveiana ORCHIDACEAE Disa inflexa (Lindl.) Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Disa longicornu L.f. ORCHIDACEAE Disa longifolia Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa maculata L.f. ORCHIDACEAE Disa micropetala Schltr. ORCHIDACEAE Disa multifida Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa neglecta Sond. ORCHIDACEAE Disa obliqua (Lindl.) Bolus subsp. clavigera (Lindl.) Bytebier ORCHIDACEAE Disa obliqua (Lindl.) Bolus subsp. obliqua ORCHIDACEAE Disa obtusa Lindl. subsp. hottentotica H.P.Linder ORCHIDACEAE Disa obtusa Lindl. subsp. obtusa ORCHIDACEAE Disa obtusa Lindl. subsp. picta (Sond.) H.P.Linder ORCHIDACEAE Disa oligantha Rchb.f. ORCHIDACEAE Disa ophrydea (Lindl.) Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Disa pillansii L.Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Disa pygmaea Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Disa racemosa L.f. ORCHIDACEAE Disa richardiana Lehm. ex Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Disa rosea Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa rufescens (Thunb.) Sw.
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ORCHIDACEAE Disa satyrioides (L.) Bytebier ORCHIDACEAE Disa telipogonis Rchb.f. ORCHIDACEAE Disa tenuicornis Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Disa tenuifolia Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Disa tenuis Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa tripetaloides (L.f.) N.E.Br. ORCHIDACEAE Disa uncinata Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Disa uniflora P.J.Bergius ORCHIDACEAE Disa vaginata Harv. ex Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa venosa Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Disperis capensis (L.f.) Sw. var. capensis ORCHIDACEAE Disperis circumflexa (L.) T.Durand & Schinz subsp. circumflexa ORCHIDACEAE Disperis cucullata Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Disperis paludosa Harv. ex Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disperis villosa (L.f.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia tabularis (L.f.) Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Evotella rubiginosa (Sond. ex Bolus) Kurzweil & H.P.Linder ORCHIDACEAE Holothrix cernua (Burm.f.) Schelpe ORCHIDACEAE Holothrix villosa Lindl. var. condensata (Sond.) Immelman ORCHIDACEAE Holothrix villosa Lindl. var. villosa ORCHIDACEAE Liparis capensis Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Pachites bodkinii Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Pterygodium acutifolium Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Pterygodium alatum (Thunb.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Pterygodium caffrum (L.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Pterygodium catholicum (L.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Pterygodium inversum (Thunb.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Pterygodium platypetalum Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Pterygodium volucris (L.f.) Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium acuminatum Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium bicallosum Thunb. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium bicorne (L.) Thunb. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium bracteatum (L.f.) Thunb. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium carneum (Dryand.) Sims ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium coriifolium Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium erectum Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium humile Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium ligulatum Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium lupulinum Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium odorum Sond. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium pumilum Thunb. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium retusum Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium rhynchanthum Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium stenopetalum Lindl. subsp. brevicalcaratum (Bolus) A.V.Hall OROBANCHACEAE Harveya bodkinii Hiern OROBANCHACEAE Harveya capensis Hook.
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OROBANCHACEAE Harveya purpurea (L.f.) Harv. ex Hook. subsp. purpurea OROBANCHACEAE Hyobanche sanguinea L. OROBANCHACEAE Orobanche ramosa L. var. ramosa ORTHOTRICHACEAE Orthotrichum subexsertum Schimp. ex Müll.Hal. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis bifida Thunb. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis commutata Sond. var. commutata OXALIDACEAE Oxalis compressa L.f. var. compressa OXALIDACEAE Oxalis depressa Eckl. & Zeyh. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis duriuscula Schltr. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis eckloniana C.Presl var. montigena (Schltr.) R.Knuth OXALIDACEAE Oxalis eckloniana C.Presl var. sonderi T.M.Salter OXALIDACEAE Oxalis heterophylla DC. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis imbricata Eckl. & Zeyh. var. imbricata OXALIDACEAE Oxalis luteola Jacq. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis melanosticta Sond. var. melanosticta OXALIDACEAE Oxalis nidulans Eckl. & Zeyh. var. denticulata (Wolley-Dod) T.M.Salter OXALIDACEAE Oxalis obtusa Jacq. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis polyphylla Jacq. var. polyphylla OXALIDACEAE Oxalis purpurea L. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis tenuifolia Jacq. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis truncatula Jacq. OXALIDACEAE Oxalis zeekoevleyensis R.Knuth PENAEACEAE Brachysiphon acutus (Thunb.) A.Juss. PENAEACEAE Endonema retzioides Sond. PENAEACEAE Glischrocolla formosa (Thunb.) R.Dahlgren PENAEACEAE Penaea cneorum Meerb. subsp. lanceolata R.Dahlgren PENAEACEAE Penaea cneorum Meerb. subsp. ovata (Eckl. & Zeyh. ex A.DC.) R.Dahlgren PENAEACEAE Penaea mucronata L. PENAEACEAE Saltera sarcocolla (L.) Bullock PENAEACEAE Sonderothamnus petraeus (W.F.Barker) R.Dahlgren PENAEACEAE Stylapterus barbatus A.Juss. PENAEACEAE Stylapterus ericoides A.Juss. subsp. pallidus R.Dahlgren PENAEACEAE Stylapterus fruticulosus (L.f.) A.Juss. PENAEACEAE Stylapterus micranthus R.Dahlgren PHYLLANTHACEAE Lachnostylis hirta (L.f.) Müll.Arg. PLAGIOCHILACEAE Plagiochila sarmentosa (Lehm. & Lindenb.) Lindenb. PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago lanceolata L. PLUMBAGINACEAE Limonium sinuatum (L.) Mill. subsp. sinuatum POACEAE Agrostis avenacea C.C.Gmel. POACEAE Agrostis bergiana Trin. var. laeviuscula Stapf POACEAE Aira cupaniana Guss. POACEAE Anthoxanthum tongo (Trin.) Stapf POACEAE Aristida diffusa Trin. subsp. diffusa POACEAE Arundo donax L. POACEAE Brachypodium distachyon (L.) P.Beauv. POACEAE Briza maxima L.
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POACEAE Bromus catharticus Vahl POACEAE Bromus diandrus Roth POACEAE Bromus hordeaceus L. subsp. ferronii (Mabille) P.M.Sm. POACEAE Bromus hordeaceus L. subsp. molliformis (J.Lloyd) Maire & Weiller POACEAE Bromus pectinatus Thunb. POACEAE Cymbopogon marginatus (Steud.) Stapf ex Burtt Davy POACEAE Cymbopogon pospischilii (K.Schum.) C.E.Hubb. POACEAE Dactylis glomerata L. POACEAE Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. POACEAE Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. POACEAE Ehrharta calycina Sm. POACEAE Ehrharta capensis Thunb. POACEAE Ehrharta dura Nees ex Trin. POACEAE Ehrharta erecta Lam. var. natalensis Stapf POACEAE Ehrharta longiflora Sm. POACEAE Ehrharta longifolia Schrad. POACEAE Ehrharta ottonis Kunth ex Nees POACEAE Ehrharta ramosa (Thunb.) Thunb. subsp. aphylla (Schrad.) Gibbs Russ. POACEAE Ehrharta ramosa (Thunb.) Thunb. subsp. ramosa POACEAE Ehrharta rehmannii Stapf subsp. filiformis (Stapf) Gibbs Russ. POACEAE Ehrharta rupestris Nees ex Trin. subsp. dodii (Stapf) Gibbs Russ. POACEAE Ehrharta rupestris Nees ex Trin. subsp. rupestris POACEAE Ehrharta rupestris Nees ex Trin. subsp. tricostata (Stapf) Gibbs Russ. POACEAE Ehrharta setacea Nees subsp. setacea POACEAE Ehrharta setacea Nees subsp. uniflora (Burch. ex Stapf) Gibbs Russ. POACEAE Ehrharta villosa J.H.Schult. var. villosa POACEAE Eragrostis capensis (Thunb.) Trin. POACEAE Eragrostis cilianensis (All.) Vignolo ex Janch. POACEAE Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees POACEAE Eragrostis heteromera Stapf POACEAE Eragrostis sarmentosa (Thunb.) Trin. POACEAE Eragrostis tef (Zuccagni) Trotter POACEAE Eustachys paspaloides (Vahl) Lanza & Mattei POACEAE Festuca scabra Vahl POACEAE Hainardia cylindrica (Willd.) Greuter POACEAE Helictotrichon capense Schweick. POACEAE Helictotrichon hirtulum (Steud.) Schweick. POACEAE Heteropogon contortus (L.) Roem. & Schult. POACEAE Holcus lanatus L. POACEAE Hordeum capense Thunb. POACEAE Hordeum murinum L. subsp. leporinum (Link) Arcang. POACEAE Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf POACEAE Koeleria capensis (Steud.) Nees POACEAE Lagurus ovatus L. POACEAE Leptochloa fusca (L.) Kunth POACEAE Lolium multiflorum x L. perenne
99 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
POACEAE Lolium temulentum L. POACEAE Panicum schinzii Hack. POACEAE Panicum stapfianum Fourc. POACEAE Pennisetum macrourum Trin. POACEAE Pentameris hirtiglumis N.P.Barker POACEAE Pentameris macrocalycina (Steud.) Schweick. POACEAE Pentameris oreophila N.P.Barker POACEAE Pentaschistis airoides (Nees) Stapf subsp. airoides POACEAE Pentaschistis colorata (Steud.) Stapf POACEAE Pentaschistis pallida (Thunb.) H.P.Linder POACEAE Phalaris angusta Nees ex Trin. POACEAE Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud. POACEAE Polypogon viridis (Gouan) Breistr. POACEAE Pseudopentameris brachyphylla (Stapf) Conert POACEAE Puccinellia angusta (Nees) C.A.Sm. & C.E.Hubb. POACEAE Setaria geniculata (Lam.) P.Beauv. POACEAE Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult. POACEAE Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Stapf & C.E.Hubb. ex M.B.Moss var. torta (Stapf) Clayton POACEAE Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth POACEAE Stipagrostis zeyheri (Nees) De Winter subsp. zeyheri POACEAE Themeda triandra Forssk. POACEAE Thinopyrum distichum (Thunb.) A.Löve POACEAE Tribolium brachystachyum (Nees) Renvoize POACEAE Tribolium hispidum (Thunb.) Desv. POACEAE Tribolium obliterum (Hemsl.) Renvoize POACEAE Tribolium obtusifolium (Nees) Renvoize POACEAE Tribolium uniolae (L.f.) Renvoize POLYGALACEAE Muraltia alopecuroides (L.) DC. POLYGALACEAE Muraltia aspalathoides Schltr. POLYGALACEAE Muraltia caledonensis Levyns POLYGALACEAE Muraltia capensis Levyns POLYGALACEAE Muraltia chamaepitys Chodat POLYGALACEAE Muraltia concava Levyns POLYGALACEAE Muraltia cuspifolia Chodat POLYGALACEAE Muraltia divaricata Eckl. & Zeyh. POLYGALACEAE Muraltia empleuridioides Schltr. var. empleuridioides POLYGALACEAE Muraltia ericaefolia DC. POLYGALACEAE Muraltia ericoides (Burm.f.) Steud. POLYGALACEAE Muraltia heisteria (L.) DC. POLYGALACEAE Muraltia hyssopifolia Chodat POLYGALACEAE Muraltia macropetala Harv. POLYGALACEAE Muraltia montana Levyns POLYGALACEAE Muraltia muirii F.Bolus POLYGALACEAE Muraltia muraltioides (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Levyns POLYGALACEAE Muraltia ononidifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. POLYGALACEAE Muraltia rubeacea Eckl. & Zeyh.
100 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
POLYGALACEAE Muraltia satureioides DC. var. satureioides POLYGALACEAE Muraltia schlechteri Levyns POLYGALACEAE Muraltia stenophylla Levyns POLYGALACEAE Muraltia stokoei Levyns POLYGALACEAE Muraltia tenuifolia (Poir.) DC. POLYGALACEAE Muraltia vulpina Chodat POLYGALACEAE Polygala bracteolata L. POLYGALACEAE Polygala fruticosa P.J.Bergius POLYGALACEAE Polygala garcinii DC. POLYGALACEAE Polygala myrtifolia L. var. myrtifolia POLYGALACEAE Polygala pappeana Eckl. & Zeyh. POLYGALACEAE Polygala pottebergensis Levyns POLYGALACEAE Polygala refracta DC. POLYGALACEAE Polygala umbellata L. POLYGALACEAE Polygala virgata Thunb. var. decora (Sond.) Harv. POLYGONACEAE Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Gray POLYGONACEAE Polygonum undulatum (L.) P.J.Bergius POLYGONACEAE Rumex acetosella L. subsp. angiocarpus (Murb.) Murb. POLYPODIACEAE Polypodium vulgare L. POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton schweinfurthii A.Benn. POTAMOGETONACEAE Potamogeton trichoides Cham. & Schltdl. POTTIACEAE Hypodontium dregei (Hornsch.) Müll.Hal. POTTIACEAE Pseudocrossidium crinitum (Schultz) R.H.Zander POTTIACEAE Tortella xanthocarpa (Schimp. ex Müll.Hal.) Broth. POTTIACEAE Tortula muralis Hedw. POTTIACEAE Trichostomum brachydontium Bruch PRIMULACEAE Anagallis arvensis L. subsp. arvensis PROTEACEAE Aulax cancellata (L.) Druce PROTEACEAE Aulax pallasia Stapf PROTEACEAE Aulax umbellata (Thunb.) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Brabejum stellatifolium L. PROTEACEAE Diastella divaricata (P.J.Bergius) Rourke subsp. divaricata PROTEACEAE Diastella divaricata (P.J.Bergius) Rourke subsp. montana Rourke PROTEACEAE Diastella fraterna Rourke PROTEACEAE Diastella proteoides (L.) Druce PROTEACEAE Diastella thymelaeoides (P.J.Bergius) Rourke subsp. thymelaeoides PROTEACEAE Hakea drupacea (C.F.Gaertn.) Roem & Schult. PROTEACEAE Hakea salicifolia (Vent.) B.L.Burtt PROTEACEAE Hakea sericea Schrad. & J.C.Wendl. PROTEACEAE Leucadendron comosum (Thunb.) R.Br. subsp. comosum PROTEACEAE Leucadendron cryptocephalum Guthrie PROTEACEAE Leucadendron daphnoides (Thunb.) Meisn. PROTEACEAE Leucadendron elimense E.Phillips subsp. salteri I.Williams PROTEACEAE Leucadendron elimense E.Phillips subsp. vyeboomense I.Williams PROTEACEAE Leucadendron gandogeri Schinz ex Gand. PROTEACEAE Leucadendron glaberrimum (Schltr.) Compton subsp. glaberrimum
101 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
PROTEACEAE Leucadendron globosum (Kenn. ex Andrews) I.Williams PROTEACEAE Leucadendron grandiflorum (Salisb.) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Leucadendron lanigerum H.Buek ex Meisn. var. laevigatum Meisn. PROTEACEAE Leucadendron laureolum (Lam.) Fourc. PROTEACEAE Leucadendron linifolium (Jacq.) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Leucadendron meridianum I.Williams PROTEACEAE Leucadendron microcephalum (Gand.) Gand. & Schinz PROTEACEAE Leucadendron platyspermum R.Br. PROTEACEAE Leucadendron rubrum Burm.f. PROTEACEAE Leucadendron salicifolium (Salisb.) I.Williams PROTEACEAE Leucadendron salignum P.J.Bergius PROTEACEAE Leucadendron spissifolium (Salisb. ex Knight) I.Williams subsp. phillipsii (Hutch.) I.Williams PROTEACEAE Leucadendron spissifolium (Salisb. ex Knight) I.Williams subsp. spissifolium PROTEACEAE Leucadendron strobilinum (L.) Druce PROTEACEAE Leucadendron teretifolium (Andrews) I.Williams PROTEACEAE Leucadendron tinctum I.Williams PROTEACEAE Leucadendron xanthoconus (Kuntze) K.Schum. PROTEACEAE Leucospermum bolusii Gand. PROTEACEAE Leucospermum calligerum (Salisb. ex Knight) Rourke PROTEACEAE Leucospermum conocarpodendron (L.) H.Buek subsp. conocarpodendron PROTEACEAE Leucospermum conocarpodendron (L.) H.Buek subsp. viridum Rourke PROTEACEAE Leucospermum cordatum E.Phillips PROTEACEAE Leucospermum cordifolium (Salisb. ex Knight) Fourc. PROTEACEAE Leucospermum cuneiforme (Burm.f.) Rourke PROTEACEAE Leucospermum gracile (Salisb. ex Knight) Rourke PROTEACEAE Leucospermum grandiflorum (Salisb.) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Leucospermum heterophyllum (Thunb.) Rourke PROTEACEAE Leucospermum oleifolium (P.J.Bergius) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Leucospermum prostratum (Thunb.) Stapf PROTEACEAE Leucospermum truncatulum (Salisb. ex Knight) Rourke PROTEACEAE Leucospermum vestitum (Lam.) Rourke PROTEACEAE Mimetes argenteus Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Mimetes capitulatus (L.) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Mimetes cucullatus (L.) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Mimetes fimbriifolius Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Mimetes splendidus Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Orothamnus zeyheri Pappe ex Hook.f. PROTEACEAE Paranomus abrotanifolius Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Paranomus adiantifolius Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Paranomus bolusii (Gand.) Levyns PROTEACEAE Paranomus capitatus (R.Br.) Kuntze PROTEACEAE Paranomus dispersus Levyns PROTEACEAE Paranomus sceptrum-gustavianus (Sparrm.) Hyl. PROTEACEAE Paranomus spathulatus (Thunb.) Kuntze PROTEACEAE Protea acaulos (L.) Reichard PROTEACEAE Protea amplexicaulis (Salisb.) R.Br.
102 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
PROTEACEAE Protea angustata R.Br. PROTEACEAE Protea aspera E.Phillips PROTEACEAE Protea caespitosa Andrews PROTEACEAE Protea compacta R.Br. PROTEACEAE Protea cordata Thunb. PROTEACEAE Protea coronata Lam. PROTEACEAE Protea cynaroides (L.) L. PROTEACEAE Protea grandiceps Tratt. PROTEACEAE Protea lacticolor Salisb. PROTEACEAE Protea lepidocarpodendron (L.) L. PROTEACEAE Protea longifolia Andrews PROTEACEAE Protea lorea R.Br. PROTEACEAE Protea magnifica Link PROTEACEAE Protea mundii Klotzsch PROTEACEAE Protea nana (P.J.Bergius) Thunb. PROTEACEAE Protea neriifolia R.Br. PROTEACEAE Protea nitida Mill. PROTEACEAE Protea obtusifolia H.Buek ex Meisn. PROTEACEAE Protea recondita H.Buek ex Meisn. PROTEACEAE Protea repens (L.) L. PROTEACEAE Protea repens (L.) L. PROTEACEAE Protea restionifolia (Salisb. ex Knight) Rycroft PROTEACEAE Protea revoluta R.Br. PROTEACEAE Protea scabra R.Br. PROTEACEAE Protea scolopendriifolia (Salisb. ex Knight) Rourke PROTEACEAE Protea speciosa (L.) L. PROTEACEAE Protea stokoei E.Phillips PROTEACEAE Protea subulifolia (Salisb. ex Knight) Rourke PROTEACEAE Serruria acrocarpa R.Br. PROTEACEAE Serruria adscendens (Lam.) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Serruria aemula Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Serruria altiscapa Rourke PROTEACEAE Serruria brownii Meisn. PROTEACEAE Serruria collina Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Serruria elongata (P.J.Bergius) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Serruria fasciflora Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Serruria flagellifolia Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Serruria fucifolia Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Serruria glomerata (L.) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Serruria gremialis Rourke PROTEACEAE Serruria heterophylla Meisn. PROTEACEAE Serruria inconspicua L.Guthrie & T.M.Salter PROTEACEAE Serruria meisneriana Schltr. PROTEACEAE Serruria nivenii R.Br. PROTEACEAE Serruria phylicoides (P.J.Bergius) R.Br. PROTEACEAE Serruria rubricaulis R.Br.
103 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
PROTEACEAE Serruria zeyheri Meisn. PROTEACEAE Sorocephalus alopecurus Rourke PROTEACEAE Sorocephalus clavigerus (Salisb. ex Knight) Hutch. PROTEACEAE Sorocephalus palustris Rourke PROTEACEAE Sorocephalus tenuifolius R.Br. PROTEACEAE Spatalla argentea Rourke PROTEACEAE Spatalla barbigera Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Spatalla confusa (E.Phillips) Rourke PROTEACEAE Spatalla curvifolia Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Spatalla longifolia Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Spatalla mollis R.Br. PROTEACEAE Spatalla parilis Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Spatalla prolifera (Thunb.) Salisb. ex Knight PROTEACEAE Spatalla propinqua R.Br. PROTEACEAE Spatalla racemosa (L.) Druce PROTEACEAE Spatalla setacea (R.Br.) Rourke PROTEACEAE Spatalla thyrsiflora Salisb. ex Knight PTERIDACEAE Adiantum aethiopicum L. PTERIDACEAE Pteris dentata Forssk. RANUNCULACEAE Anemone tenuifolia (L.f.) DC. RANUNCULACEAE Knowltonia anemonoides H.Rasm. subsp. anemonoides RANUNCULACEAE Knowltonia capensis (L.) Huth RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus muricatus L. RESEDACEAE Reseda lutea L. subsp. lutea var. nutans Boiss. RESTIONACEAE Anthochortus crinalis (Mast.) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Anthochortus graminifolius (Kunth) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Anthochortus laxiflorus (Nees) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Askidiosperma andreaeanum (Pillans) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Askidiosperma chartaceum (Pillans) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Askidiosperma esterhuyseniae (Pillans) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Askidiosperma paniculatum (Mast.) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Askidiosperma rugosum Esterh. RESTIONACEAE Calopsis membranacea (Pillans) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Calopsis paniculata (Rottb.) Desv. RESTIONACEAE Calopsis sparsa Esterh. RESTIONACEAE Calopsis viminea (Rottb.) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Cannomois congesta Mast. RESTIONACEAE Cannomois nitida (Mast.) Pillans RESTIONACEAE Cannomois parviflora (Thunb.) Pillans RESTIONACEAE Cannomois scirpoides (Kunth) Mast. RESTIONACEAE Cannomois virgata (Rottb.) Steud. RESTIONACEAE Ceratocaryum argenteum Kunth RESTIONACEAE Ceratocaryum fimbriatum (Kunth) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Ceratocaryum persistens H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Elegia aggregata (Mast.) Moline & H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Elegia asperiflora (Nees) Kunth
104 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
RESTIONACEAE Elegia caespitosa Esterh. RESTIONACEAE Elegia capensis (Burm.f.) Schelpe RESTIONACEAE Elegia coleura Mast. RESTIONACEAE Elegia cuspidata Mast. RESTIONACEAE Elegia ebracteata (Kunth) Moline & H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Elegia filacea Mast. RESTIONACEAE Elegia grandis (Nees) Kunth RESTIONACEAE Elegia intermedia (Steud.) Pillans RESTIONACEAE Elegia juncea L. RESTIONACEAE Elegia neesii Mast. RESTIONACEAE Elegia persistens Mast. RESTIONACEAE Elegia racemosa (Poir.) Pers. RESTIONACEAE Elegia spathacea Mast. RESTIONACEAE Elegia stipularis Mast. RESTIONACEAE Elegia tectorum (L.f.) Moline & H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Elegia thyrsifera (Rottb.) Pers. RESTIONACEAE Elegia vaginulata Mast. RESTIONACEAE Hydrophilus rattrayi (Pillans) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Hypodiscus albo-aristatus (Nees) Mast. RESTIONACEAE Hypodiscus alternans Pillans RESTIONACEAE Hypodiscus argenteus (Thunb.) Mast. RESTIONACEAE Hypodiscus aristatus (Thunb.) C.Krauss RESTIONACEAE Hypodiscus laevigatus (Kunth) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Hypodiscus rugosus Mast. RESTIONACEAE Hypodiscus striatus (Kunth) Mast. RESTIONACEAE Hypodiscus willdenowia (Nees) Mast. RESTIONACEAE Mastersiella digitata (Thunb.) Gilg-Ben. RESTIONACEAE Nevillea obtusissima (Steud.) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Platycaulos callistachyus (Kunth) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Platycaulos compressus (Rottb.) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Platycaulos depauperatus (Kunth) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Platycaulos subcompressus (Pillans) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Restio bifarius Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio bifidus Thunb. RESTIONACEAE Restio bifurcus Nees ex Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio bolusii Pillans RESTIONACEAE Restio burchellii Pillans RESTIONACEAE Restio corneolus Esterh. RESTIONACEAE Restio debilis Nees RESTIONACEAE Restio degenerans Pillans RESTIONACEAE Restio dispar Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio distans Pillans RESTIONACEAE Restio distichus Rottb. RESTIONACEAE Restio echinatus Kunth RESTIONACEAE Restio egregius Hochst. RESTIONACEAE Restio festuciformis Nees ex Mast.
105 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
RESTIONACEAE Restio filiformis Poir. RESTIONACEAE Restio fusiformis Pillans RESTIONACEAE Restio leptostachyus Kunth RESTIONACEAE Restio multiflorus Spreng. RESTIONACEAE Restio nuwebergensis Esterh. RESTIONACEAE Restio occultus (Mast.) Pillans RESTIONACEAE Restio pachystachyus Kunth RESTIONACEAE Restio pedicellatus Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio perplexus Kunth RESTIONACEAE Restio pillansii H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Restio pulvinatus Esterh. RESTIONACEAE Restio purpurascens Nees ex Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio quadratus Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio sarocladus Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio scaber Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio sejunctus Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio similis Pillans RESTIONACEAE Restio stereocaulis Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio stokoei Pillans RESTIONACEAE Restio strictus N.E.Br. RESTIONACEAE Restio strobolifer Kunth RESTIONACEAE Restio subtilis Mast. RESTIONACEAE Restio triticeus Rottb. RESTIONACEAE Restio tuberculatus Pillans RESTIONACEAE Restio verrucosus Esterh. RESTIONACEAE Restio versatilis H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Restio zwartbergensis Pillans RESTIONACEAE Rhodocoma fruticosa (Thunb.) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Staberoha aemula (Kunth) Pillans RESTIONACEAE Staberoha cernua (L.f.) T.Durand & Schinz RESTIONACEAE Staberoha distachyos (Rottb.) Kunth RESTIONACEAE Staberoha vaginata (Thunb.) Pillans RESTIONACEAE Thamnochortus arenarius Esterh. RESTIONACEAE Thamnochortus dumosus Mast. RESTIONACEAE Thamnochortus fruticosus P.J.Bergius RESTIONACEAE Thamnochortus gracilis Mast. RESTIONACEAE Thamnochortus guthrieae Pillans RESTIONACEAE Thamnochortus lucens (Poir.) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Thamnochortus pulcher Pillans RESTIONACEAE Thamnochortus sporadicus Pillans RESTIONACEAE Willdenowia glomerata (Thunb.) H.P.Linder RESTIONACEAE Willdenowia humilis Mast. RESTIONACEAE Willdenowia purpurea Pillans RESTIONACEAE Willdenowia sulcata Mast. RESTIONACEAE Willdenowia teres Thunb. RHAMNACEAE Noltea africana (L.) Endl.
106 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
RHAMNACEAE Phylica acmaephylla Eckl. & Zeyh. RHAMNACEAE Phylica amoena Pillans RHAMNACEAE Phylica anomala Pillans RHAMNACEAE Phylica atrata Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. RHAMNACEAE Phylica brevifolia Eckl. & Zeyh. RHAMNACEAE Phylica callosa L.f. RHAMNACEAE Phylica comosa Steud. RHAMNACEAE Phylica constricta Pillans var. constricta RHAMNACEAE Phylica debilis Eckl. & Zeyh. var. debilis RHAMNACEAE Phylica diffusa Pillans var. diffusa RHAMNACEAE Phylica diosmoides Sond. RHAMNACEAE Phylica disticha Eckl. & Zeyh. var. disticha RHAMNACEAE Phylica dodii N.E.Br. RHAMNACEAE Phylica ericoides L. var. ericoides RHAMNACEAE Phylica ericoides L. var. zeyheri Pillans RHAMNACEAE Phylica excelsa J.C.Wendl. var. excelsa RHAMNACEAE Phylica gracilis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) D.Dietr. RHAMNACEAE Phylica humilis Sond. RHAMNACEAE Phylica imberbis P.J.Bergius var. eriophoros (P.J.Bergius) Pillans RHAMNACEAE Phylica imberbis P.J.Bergius var. imberbis RHAMNACEAE Phylica laevis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Steud. RHAMNACEAE Phylica lasiocarpa Sond. RHAMNACEAE Phylica linifolia Pillans RHAMNACEAE Phylica longimontana Pillans RHAMNACEAE Phylica minutiflora Sond. RHAMNACEAE Phylica nigrita Sond. RHAMNACEAE Phylica nodosa Pillans RHAMNACEAE Phylica parviflora P.J.Bergius RHAMNACEAE Phylica pubescens Aiton var. orientalis Pillans RHAMNACEAE Phylica variabilis Pillans RHAMNACEAE Phylica vulgaris Pillans var. vulgaris RHIZOGONIACEAE Pyrrhobryum spiniforme (Hedw.) Mitt. RORIDULACEAE Roridula dentata L. RORIDULACEAE Roridula gorgonias Planch. ROSACEAE Cliffortia apiculata Weim. ROSACEAE Cliffortia atrata Weim. ROSACEAE Cliffortia carinata Weim. ROSACEAE Cliffortia complanata E.Mey. ROSACEAE Cliffortia cuneata Aiton ROSACEAE Cliffortia denticulata (Weim.) C.M.Whitehouse ROSACEAE Cliffortia erectisepala Weim. ROSACEAE Cliffortia eriocephalina Cham. ROSACEAE Cliffortia ferruginea L.f. ROSACEAE Cliffortia filicaulis Schltdl. var. filicaulis ROSACEAE Cliffortia glauca Weim. ROSACEAE Cliffortia graminea L.f. var. graminea
107 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
ROSACEAE Cliffortia hirsuta Eckl. & Zeyh. ROSACEAE Cliffortia intermedia Eckl. & Zeyh. ROSACEAE Cliffortia marginata Eckl. & Zeyh. ROSACEAE Cliffortia monophylla Weim. ROSACEAE Cliffortia oligodonta C.M.Whitehouse ROSACEAE Cliffortia ovalis Weim. ROSACEAE Cliffortia pedunculata Schltr. ROSACEAE Cliffortia polygonifolia L. var. trifoliata (L.) Harv. ROSACEAE Cliffortia pungens C.Presl ROSACEAE Cliffortia ruscifolia L. var. ruscifolia ROSACEAE Cliffortia sericea Eckl. & Zeyh. ROSACEAE Cliffortia stricta Weim. ROSACEAE Cliffortia strobilifera L. ROSACEAE Cliffortia subsetacea (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Diels ex Bolus & Wolley-Dod ROSACEAE Cliffortia tenuis Weim. ROSACEAE Cliffortia tuberculata (Harv.) Weim. var. tuberculata ROSACEAE Rubus affinis Wight & Arn. ROSACEAE Rubus rigidus Sm. RUBIACEAE Anthospermum aethiopicum L. RUBIACEAE Anthospermum bicorne Puff RUBIACEAE Anthospermum ericifolium (Licht. ex Roem. & Schult.) Kuntze RUBIACEAE Anthospermum herbaceum L.f. RUBIACEAE Anthospermum prostratum Sond. RUBIACEAE Anthospermum spathulatum Spreng. subsp. ecklonianum (Cruse) Puff RUBIACEAE Anthospermum spathulatum Spreng. subsp. tulbaghense Puff RUBIACEAE Carpacoce spermacocea (Rchb.f.) Sond. subsp. spermacocea RUBIACEAE Carpacoce vaginellata T.M.Salter RUBIACEAE Galium subvillosum Sond. var. subglabrum Puff RUTACEAE Acmadenia candida I.Williams RUTACEAE Acmadenia teretifolia (Link) E.Phillips RUTACEAE Adenandra acuta Schltr. RUTACEAE Adenandra brachyphylla Schltdl. RUTACEAE Adenandra coriacea Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. RUTACEAE Adenandra fragrans (Sims) Roem. & Schult. RUTACEAE Adenandra marginata (L.f.) Roem. & Schult. subsp. humilis (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Strid RUTACEAE Adenandra marginata (L.f.) Roem. & Schult. subsp. serpyllacea (Bartl.) Strid RUTACEAE Adenandra multiflora Strid RUTACEAE Adenandra villosa (P.J.Bergius) Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. subsp. robusta Strid RUTACEAE Adenandra villosa (P.J.Bergius) Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. subsp. umbellata (J.C.Wendl.) Strid RUTACEAE Adenandra villosa (P.J.Bergius) Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. subsp. villosa RUTACEAE Adenandra viscida Eckl. & Zeyh. RUTACEAE Agathosma abrupta Pillans RUTACEAE Agathosma anomala E.Mey. ex Sond. RUTACEAE Agathosma betulina (P.J.Bergius) Pillans RUTACEAE Agathosma bifida (Jacq.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. RUTACEAE Agathosma bisulca (Thunb.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl.
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RUTACEAE Agathosma capensis (L.) Dummer RUTACEAE Agathosma cerefolium (Vent.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. RUTACEAE Agathosma ciliaris (L.) Druce RUTACEAE Agathosma crenulata (L.) Pillans RUTACEAE Agathosma imbricata (L.) Willd. RUTACEAE Agathosma odoratissima (Montin) Pillans RUTACEAE Agathosma orbicularis (Thunb.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. RUTACEAE Agathosma ovata (Thunb.) Pillans RUTACEAE Agathosma serpyllacea Licht. ex Roem. & Schult. RUTACEAE Agathosma tabularis Sond. RUTACEAE Agathosma virgata (Lam.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. RUTACEAE Coleonema album (Thunb.) Bartl. & H.L.Wendl. RUTACEAE Coleonema juniperinum Sond. RUTACEAE Coleonema nubigenum Esterh. RUTACEAE Diosma hirsuta L. RUTACEAE Diosma oppositifolia L. RUTACEAE Diosma passerinoides Steud. RUTACEAE Empleurum unicapsulare (L.f.) Skeels RUTACEAE Euchaetis elata Eckl. & Zeyh. RUTACEAE Euchaetis glabra I.Williams RUTACEAE Euchaetis linearis Sond. RUTACEAE Euchaetis schlechteri Schinz SALICACEAE Populus x canescens (Aiton) Sm. SANTALACEAE Osyris compressa (P.J.Bergius) A.DC. SANTALACEAE Thesidium fruticulosum A.W.Hill SANTALACEAE Thesium bathyschistum Schltr. SANTALACEAE Thesium capitellatum A.DC. SANTALACEAE Thesium carinatum A.DC. var. carinatum SANTALACEAE Thesium commutatum Sond. SANTALACEAE Thesium cornigerum A.W.Hill SANTALACEAE Thesium densiflorum A.DC. SANTALACEAE Thesium diversifolium Sond. SANTALACEAE Thesium ericaefolium A.DC. SANTALACEAE Thesium ericaefolium A.DC. SANTALACEAE Thesium euphorbioides L. SANTALACEAE Thesium euphrasioides A.DC. SANTALACEAE Thesium glomeruliflorum Sond. SANTALACEAE Thesium impeditum A.W.Hill SANTALACEAE Thesium juncifolium DC. SANTALACEAE Thesium nigromontanum Sond. SANTALACEAE Thesium paniculatum L. SANTALACEAE Thesium pinifolium A.DC. SANTALACEAE Thesium quinqueflorum Sond. SANTALACEAE Thesium scabrum L. SANTALACEAE Thesium spicatum L. SANTALACEAE Thesium strictum P.J.Bergius
109 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
SANTALACEAE Thesium translucens A.W.Hill SANTALACEAE Thesium virgatum Lam. SAPOTACEAE Sideroxylon inerme L. subsp. inerme SCHIZAEACEAE Schizaea pectinata (L.) Sw. SCHIZAEACEAE Schizaea tenella Kaulf. SCROPHULARIACEAE Chaenostoma caeruleum (L.f.) Kornhall SCROPHULARIACEAE Chaenostoma hispidum (Thunb.) Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE Chaenostoma revolutum (Thunb.) Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE Diascia elongata Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE Freylinia helmei Van Jaarsv. SCROPHULARIACEAE Freylinia longiflora Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE Freylinia undulata (L.f.) Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE Globulariopsis adpressa (Choisy) Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Halleria elliptica Thunb. SCROPHULARIACEAE Halleria lucida L. SCROPHULARIACEAE Hebenstretia dentata L. SCROPHULARIACEAE Hebenstretia repens Jaroscz SCROPHULARIACEAE Lyperia antirrhinoides (L.f.) Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Manulea cheiranthus (L.) L. SCROPHULARIACEAE Microdon dubius (L.) Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia affinis Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia anfracta Hiern SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia barbata (Thunb.) Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia diffusa Benth. var. diffusa SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia gracilis Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia lucida Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia versicolor E.Mey. ex Benth. var. versicolor SCROPHULARIACEAE Oftia africana (L.) Bocq. SCROPHULARIACEAE Phyllopodium alpinum N.E.Br. SCROPHULARIACEAE Pseudoselago ascendens (E.Mey.) Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Pseudoselago gracilis Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Pseudoselago serrata (P.J.Bergius) Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Pseudoselago subglabra Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Pseudoselago verbenacea (L.f.) Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago canescens L.f. SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago diffusa Thunb. SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago fruticosa L. SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago gracilis (Rolfe) Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago impedita Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago pinea Link SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago scabrida Thunb. SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago seticaulis Hilliard SCROPHULARIACEAE Teedia lucida (Sol.) Rudolphi SEMATOPHYLLACEAE Sematophyllum gueinzii (Hampe) Magill SOLANACEAE Solanum linnaeanum Hepper & Jaeger SOLANACEAE Solanum retroflexum Dunal
110 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
SPHAGNACEAE Sphagnum perichaetiale Hampe STILBACEAE Campylostachys cernua (L.f.) Kunth STILBACEAE Kogelbergia verticillata (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Rourke STILBACEAE Retzia capensis Thunb. STILBACEAE Stilbe albiflora E.Mey. STILBACEAE Stilbe rupestris Compton STILBACEAE Stilbe vestita P.J.Bergius TECOPHILAEACEAE Cyanella lutea L.f. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia anomala Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia chrysophylla Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia decurrens Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia galpinii C.H.Wright THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia humilis Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia juniperifolia Lam. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia linearifolia (Wikstr.) B.Peterson THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia linoides Wikstr. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia nana (L.f.) Wikstr. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia oppositifolia L. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia parviflora Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia penicillata Licht. ex Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia pinifolia L. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia setosa Wikstr. THYMELAEACEAE Gnidia tomentosa L. THYMELAEACEAE Lachnaea densiflora Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE Lachnaea grandiflora (L.f.) Baill. THYMELAEACEAE Lachnaea laxa (C.H.Wright) Beyers THYMELAEACEAE Lachnaea macrantha Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE Lachnaea uniflora (L.) Crantz THYMELAEACEAE Passerina burchellii Thoday THYMELAEACEAE Passerina corymbosa Eckl. ex C.H.Wright THYMELAEACEAE Passerina falcifolia (Meisn.) C.H.Wright THYMELAEACEAE Passerina obtusifolia Thoday THYMELAEACEAE Passerina paleacea Wikstr. THYMELAEACEAE Passerina paludosa Thoday THYMELAEACEAE Struthiola ciliata (L.) Lam. THYMELAEACEAE Struthiola dodecandra (L.) Druce THYMELAEACEAE Struthiola eckloniana Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE Struthiola martiana Meisn. THYMELAEACEAE Struthiola myrsinites Lam. THYMELAEACEAE Struthiola tomentosa Andrews VIOLACEAE Viola decumbens L.f. var. decumbens VIOLACEAE Viola decumbens L.f. var. scrotiformis (DC.) Jessop ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Zygophyllum fulvum L. ZYGOPHYLLACEAE Zygophyllum sessilifolium L.
111 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
8.5 Appendix 5: Species protected under the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act 10 of 2004) (as updated in R. 1187, 14 December 2007)
CRITICALLY ENDANGERED SPECIES Reptilia Loggerhead sea turtle Leatherback sea turtle Hawksbill sea turtle
Aves Wattled crane Blue swallow Egyptian vulture Cape parrot
Mammalia Riverine rabbit Rough-haired golden mole
Flora Adenium swazicum Aloe pillansii Diaphananthe millarii Dioscorea ebutsniorum Encephalartos aemulans Encephalartos brevifoliolatus Encephalartos cerinus Encephalartos dolomiticus Encephalartos heenanii Encephalartos hirsutus Encephalartos inopinus Encephalartos latifrons Encephalartos middelburgensis Encephalartos nubimontanus Encephalartos woodii
ENDANGERED SPECIES Reptilia Green turtle Giant girdled lizard Olive ridley turtle Geometric tortoise
Aves Blue crane Grey crowned crane Saddle-billed stork Bearded vulture White-backed vulture Cape vulture Hooded vulture 112 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Pink-backed pelican Pel’s fishing owl Lappet-faced vulture
Mammalia Robust golden mole Tsessebe Black rhinoceros Mountain zebra African wild dog Gunning’s golden mole Oribi Red squirrel Four-toed elephant-shrew
Flora Angraecum africae Encephalartos arenarius Encephalartos cupidus Encephalartos horridus Encephalartos laevifolius Encephalartos lebomboensis Encephalartos msinganus Jubaeopsis caffra Siphonochilus aethiopicus Warburgia salutaris Newtonia hilderbrandi
VULNERABLE SPECIES Aves White-headed vulture Tawny eagle Kori bustard Black stork Southern banded snake eagle Blue korhaan Taita falcon Lesser kestrel Peregrine falcon Bald ibis Ludwig’s bustard Martial eagle Bataleur Grass owl
Mammalia Cheetah Samango monkey Giant golden mole Giant rat Bontebok Tree hyrax
113 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Roan antelope Pangolin Juliana’s golden mole Suni Large-eared free-tailed bat Lion Leopard Blue duiker
Flora Aloe albida Encephalartos cycadifolius Encephalartos Eugene-maraisii Encephalartos ngovanus Merwilla plumbea Zantedeschia jucunda
PROTECTED SPECIES Amphibia Giant bullfrog African bullfrog
Reptilia Gaboon adder Namaqua dwarf adder Smith’s dwarf chameleon Armidillo girdled lizard Nile crocodile African rock python
Aves Southern ground hornbill African marsh harrier Denham’s bustard Jackass penguin
Mammalia Cape clawless otter South African hedgehog White rhinoceros Black wildebeest Spotted hyaena Black-footed cat Brown hyaena Serval African elephant Spotted-necked otter Honey badger Sharpe’s grysbok Reedbuck Cape fox
114 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
Flora Adenia wilmsii Aloe simii Clivia mirabilis Disa macrostachya Disa nubigena Disa physodes Disa procera Disa sabulosa Encephelartos altensteinii Encephelartos caffer Encephelartos dyerianus Encephelartos frederici-guilielmi Encephelartos ghellinckii Encephelartos humilis Encephelartos lanatus Encephelartos lehmannii Encephelartos longifolius Encephelartos natalensis Encephelartos paucidentatus Encephelartos princeps Encephelartos senticosus Encephelartos transvenosus Encephelartos trispinosus Encephelartos umbeluziensis Encephelartos villosus Euphorbia clivicola Euphorbia meloformis Euphorbia obesa Harpagophytum procumbens Harpagophytum zeyherii Hoodia gordonii Hoodia currorii Protea odorata Stangeria eriopus
115 Proposed Langhoogte Windfarm Date: November 2012 Flora and Fauna Specialist EIA Study
David Hoare Consulting cc Postnet Suite #116 Reg no. CC 2001/034446/23 Private Bag X025 VAT reg. no. 4120228392 Lynnwood Ridge, 0040 Environmental & Natural tel: (012) 804 2281
41 Soetdoring Ave, fax: 086 550 2053 Resource Consultants cellular: 083 284 5111 Lynnwood Manor, e-mail: [email protected] Pretoria, Gauteng
Ref: J30284A
7 February 2013
LANGHOOGTE WIND FARM: ROAD AND OVERHEAD POWERLINE LAYOUT AMENDMENTS
Background
Towards the end of 2012, all specialists appointed for the Langhoogte WEF EIA concluded their assessment of anticipated impacts based on the finalised turbine layout, internal road layout, and proposed alignment of the proposed overhead powerline options. All specialists presented their findings in their specialist reports which were presented in the draft EIR in Dec 2012.
Subsequently, Dean Ollis of the Freshwater Consulting Group recommended that some small alterations were to be made to the road and southern powerline route layouts which would reduce the impact on wetlands.
The purpose of this addendum is to confirm whether or not these recommended changes would influence the findings of other specialists in any way.
Changes to the Internal Road Layout
The proposed changes to the road layout are described below and presented in Figure 1.
• The connection road to the east of turbine 41 should not be built. Instead, turbines 3, 35 and 41 should connect with the road leading to turbines 17 and 19 via the loop between turbines 3 and 24. This would eliminate the need for a road crossing of the drainage channel of moderate conservation importance immediately south of turbine 41. • The road to the north of turbine 10 should be moved at least 30 m (although preferably > 100 m) away from the edge of the wetland of high conservation importance to the north. • The loop road north of turbine 20 should be moved at least 30 m away from the edge of the drainage channel of moderate conservation importance. • The road to the east of turbine 29 should be moved at least 30 m away from the edge of the section of drainage channel marked as being of moderate conservation importance. • The road immediately to the east of turbine 32 should be moved at least 30 m away from the edge of the wetland of moderate conservation importance. • The road to the west of turbine 26 should not cross the wetland of moderate conservation importance twice. Instead, a single crossing at the northern end of the wetland (against the railway line) should suffice. From this crossing the road could link with turbine 26, making sure that the road does not encroach within 30 m of the eastern edge of this wetland.
The changes described above are presented in the Figure 1, where red indicates those roads which are no longer being proposed, and green indicates new additions to the road layout.
Member: Dr D.B.Hoare (PhD Botany/Ecology, Pr. Sci. Nat., Professional member: SAIE&ES)
1
Figure 1: Updated road layout.
Changes to the Proposed Overhead Powerline Route
The draft EIR concluded that Southern Option Route 1 is the most preferable of the southern route options, however from a freshwater ecology perspective, there is an area of concern where the three southern route options share a common pathway (before they split into three) towards the northern section of the southern route. It is therefore recommended that, after crossing the wetland of high importance (to the north of the N2 freeway), that the power line should run along the northern edge of this wetland at a distance of at least 30 m from the wetland edge rather than crossing it twice before reaching the split for Option 1, as is the current scenario.
Specialist Review
I, David Hoare the appointed ecological specialist for the Langhoogte WEF EIA, have considered and assessed the above internal road and powerline amendments and conclude that this alters the findings of our report, dated 7 December 2012 as follows:
General comment on impacts and mitigation:
• No change
Assessment of impact significance:
• No change
Member: Dr D.B.Hoare (PhD Botany/Ecology, Pr. Sci. Nat., Professional member: SAIE&ES)
2 Recommendations:
• No change
Figure 2 (A) shows the powerline route as assessed previously,
Figure 2 (B) shows the recommended diversion. The route has been altered so the line does not cross the wetland and valley. The red section in (B) indicates the section that has been abandoned.
Member: Dr D.B.Hoare (PhD Botany/Ecology, Pr. Sci. Nat., Professional member: SAIE&ES)
3
It is my opinion that the proposed changes to the powerline route are an improvement and the changes to this alignment are supported. Although the overall significance of impacts does not change, the extent of natural vegetation being potentially affected is reduced.
Yours Sincerely
Signed Date: 7 February 2013
D.B. Hoare
Member: Dr D.B.Hoare (PhD Botany/Ecology, Pr. Sci. Nat., Professional member: SAIE&ES)
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