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New Anatidae Population Estimates for Eastern China: Implications for Current flyway Estimates

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New Anatidae Population Estimates for Eastern China: Implications for Current flyway Estimates BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 141 (2008) 2301– 2309 available at www.sciencedirect.com journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/biocon New Anatidae population estimates for eastern China: Implications for current flyway estimates Lei Caoa,*, Mark Barterb, Gang Leic aSchool of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China b21 Chivalry Avenue, Glen Waverley, Victoria 3150, Australia cWWF China, Room 607, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 340 Xudong Road, Wuchang 43007, Hubei Province, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Soundly-based conservation plans for Anatidae require abundance and distributional data Received 10 January 2008 to provide accurate estimation of population sizes and trends and to identify key sites for Received in revised form protection. Here, we report the first ever extensive surveys throughout eastern China’s wet- 24 June 2008 lands for Anatidae, 80% of which occurred in the Yangtze floodplain. Population estimates Accepted 28 June 2008 for 24 species with sufficient data are provided, allowing assessment of the accuracy of cur- Available online 9 August 2008 rent flyway population estimates; fourteen species are far less numerous than previously believed and three far more numerous. Further improvement of the population estimates Keywords: for eastern China will need coordinated counts across the region requiring a large, skilled Anatidae counter network. China Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. East Asia Population estimate Yangtze 1. Introduction declines result from habitat loss and hunting on the staging and non-breeding areas (Syroechkovskiy, 2006). Evidence for Anatidae populations are being adversely affected worldwide declines in eastern China’s Anatidae populations comes by wetland habitat degradation and loss (Wetlands mostly from the Russian breeding and staging sites International, 2006). This is particularly critical in eastern (Rogacheva, 1992; Melnikov, 2000; Poyarkov, 2001; Syroechkov- China, where rapid economic development since the early skiy, 2006) and, to a lesser extent, from Chinese studies in the 1980s has caused land claim, pollution and human distur- non-breeding areas (Hu and Cui, 1990; Lu, 1996; Cao et al., bance in coastal and inland wetlands (Lu, 1996; State Forestry 2008). Breeding populations of greater white-fronted goose Administration, 2002; He and Zhang, 2001), which have his- (Anser albifrons) and bean goose (Anser fabalis) migrating to torically supported large numbers of a diverse range of China have declined by about 80% and 65%, respectively, since Anatidae species during the non-breeding period (Callaghan the mid-1980s (Syroechkovskiy, 2006). Ten of the thirteen and Harshman, 2005; Wetlands International, 2006). migratory populations of dabbling ducks and six of the four- Eastern China’s Anatidae mainly breed in northern China, teen populations of diving ducks have also decreased in abun- Mongolia, and central and eastern Siberia (Wetlands dance (E. Syroechkovskiy Jr. in litt.). International, 2006), where low human population densities Pressures on eastern China’s wetlands can be expected to result in few pressures; it is most likely that population intensify as declining and controlled river flows (from water * Corresponding author: Tel.: +86 1396 6714569; fax: +86 551 3601443. E-mail addresses: [email protected] (L. Cao), [email protected] (M. Barter), [email protected] (G. Lei). 0006-3207/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2008.06.022 2302 BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 141 (2008) 2301– 2309 extraction and damming) increasingly affect seasonal water culture ponds and salt pans are widespread (pers. obs.). The levels of inland lakes and sediment and nutrient inputs to moderating influence of the sea on air temperatures means both inland and coastal wetlands, thus affecting biological that the much of the coastal areas immediately north of the productivity (UNEP, 2005; Wang, 2006; Li et al., 2007). Acceler- average January 0 °C isotherm remain unfrozen and can be ating coastal land claim (Barter, 2002; pers. obs.) and reducing used by Anatidae during the winter months; however, most accretion rates (Yang et al., 2007) will also affect future inter- of the northern Bo Sea and Korea Bay coasts are frozen at this tidal habitat extent. time and unsuitable for Anatidae (Lanzhou Institute of To ensure the survival and future recovery of eastern Glaciology and Geocryology, 1988). China’s Anatidae populations, effective conservation plans Relatively few Anatidae are likely to occur to the west of need to be developed based on accurate knowledge of the dis- 110°E during the non-breeding season, as this part of China tribution, size and status of individual populations. Existing is mostly highly elevated, containing limited suitable habitat, data for the region are temporally and spatially limited and much of it lies well to the north of the average January (Perennou et al., 1994; Lopez and Mundkur, 1997; Li and 0 °C isotherm. Mundkur, 2004, 2007), and unsuitable for estimating popula- tion sizes and trends or identifying key sites for inclusion in 2.2. Survey methodology the Protected Area system. In response to this pressing need for up-to-date, systematically-collected abundance and distri- We used the ‘‘look-see’’ counting method (Bibby et al., 2000; bution data we initiated new waterbird surveys in eastern Delany, 2005a,b), which has been commonly employed to cen- China. These were conducted first in the Yangtze floodplain, sus waterbirds in large wetland complexes (e.g. Wadden Sea: the most important waterbird region in eastern China and Meltofte et al., 1994; Asia: Li and Mundkur, 2007). The objec- threatened by downstream hydrological changes from the tive of our surveys was to identify and count all Anatidae Three Gorges Dam (BirdLife International, 2003). Surveys of (and other waterbirds) present in a wetland; most Anatidae the majority of the other key wetland areas in eastern China gather in visible, often large, flocks during the non-breeding followed to provide the first comprehensive regional waterbird season making them easy to locate and count. Surveys were dataset for the non-breeding season, filling an important gap conducted during the 2002/03–2006/07 non-breeding seasons: in knowledge of the abundance and distributions of northern the Yangtze floodplain was surveyed in 2002/03, 2003/04 and hemisphere Anatidae. 2004/05 (Barter and Lei, 2003; Barter et al., 2005, 2006), the This paper provides new population estimates for Huai River floodplain (unpub. data) and the coasts of Anatidae species occurring in eastern China and discusses Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang (unpub. data) and Fujian (Barter the implications of these for current flyway estimates. A et al., 2007) were covered in 2005/06 and 2006/07 (Fig. 1); all planned companion paper will focus on Anatidae distribu- surveys were carried out in the late-January/February period, tion, key sites and conservation status. except those of the Jiangsu coast and Huai River floodplain Waterbird Population Estimates Fourth Edition (Wetlands which took place during mid-November to early-December. International, 2006) has been used as the source for common Surveys took from 5 to 20 days to complete, and it is esti- and scientific names, core non-breeding ranges and popula- mated that total linear lengths of approximately of 2500 km tion estimates. of inland waterways and 3500 km of coastline were covered. We used geo-referenced satellite images, often in combi- 2. Methods nation with advice from local people, to locate wetlands. Count sites were selected that enabled as much as possible 2.1. Study area and habitat availability of each wetland to be satisfactorily covered; normally these sites were 3–4 km apart (since birds could be identified and In inland areas of eastern China (defined here as east of 110°E), counted at distances up to 2 km), but less under conditions suitable Anatidae non-breeding habitat is mainly confined to of poor visibility. Access to wetlands in China is often chal- the central part; most of the south (i.e. the region between lenging due to lack of topographic maps and we relied heavily the Yangtze River and the coast) is elevated and provides little on GPS units with pre-entered site coordinates to reach count wetland habitat, whilst the north is too cold during winter. positions; GPS track logs were also recorded so that we could The most important regions occur along the floodplains of check how well the wetland had been surveyed and calculate the Yangtze and Huai Rivers (Fig. 1), where falling water levels the coverage achieved. We are confident that our methods en- during the autumn and winter provide suitable non-breeding abled us to identify the great majority of the key Anatidae- habitat for a wide range of Anatidae species. The Yellow River supporting wetlands in the survey regions and to cover them wetlands are of less importance due to lack of water (Zhu as completely as possible. One type of habitat that we were et al., 2003); they also lie north of the average January 0 °C unable to survey adequately comprised the numerous reser- isotherm (Liu, 1997) and are consequently often frozen during voirs, but we believe these were unlikely to support large much of the non-breeding season. numbers of Anatidae (see Section 4). Along the coast there is much suitable Anatidae habitat. There are very extensive intertidal areas in the Yellow and 2.3. Data collection and organisation Bo Seas, and Korea Bay, often consisting of long stretches of continuous mudflat, and numerous bays and estuaries with Species counts and coordinates were recorded for each site, large mudflats in the East China and South China Seas (Wang together with information on survey conditions (e.g. weather, et al., 2002); sub-coastal wetlands mainly comprising aqua- visibility, accessibility, count problems). Databases were BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 141 (2008) 2301– 2309 2303 Fig.
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