Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84104-7 — Citizenship Reimagined Allan Colbern , S

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-84104-7 — Citizenship Reimagined Allan Colbern , S. Karthick Ramakrishnan Index More Information

Index

36°300 parallel 126 authoritarian enclaves 8, 77 autonomous rights 34, 55 abolition 52, 85, 86, 91, 94, 103, 109, 119, 127, 133, 134, 135, 138, 152, 156, 158, 164, badges and incidents of slavery 109 175, 319, 320, 323 banner of states’ rights 7, 97 accommodate 17, 87, 307 Black rights exclusionary executives afﬁrmative action 106, 107, 112, 113, 117, 120, Connor, Eugene “Bull” 177 123, 128, 187, 204, 243 Hayes, US President Rutherford B. 168 alien suffrage 102 Johnson, US President Andrew 94, 103, alienage law 96, 266, 267 109, 157 alternative citizenship concepts Nixon, US President Richard 81, 106, 119, Athenian citizenship 21, 38 120, 123, 131, 183, 200, 369 citizenship regimes 16, 17, 32, 56, 105, 127, Pierce, US President Franklin 87, 321 142, 240, 269, 284 Thurmond, Governor Strom (D-SC) 173 effective citizenship 5, 20, 27 Tilden, Governor Samuel J. (D-NY) 163, 168 global citizenship 27 Tuck, Governor William M. (D-VA) 175 local bureaucratic membership 29 Wallace, Governor George (D-AL) 118, 119 local citizenship 14, 28, 29, 30, 45, 55 Wilson, US President Woodrow 172, 187 multilevel citizenship 29, 30 Black rights exclusionary legislators noncitizen citizenship 33 Bilbo, US Senator Theodore (D-MS) 184 postnational citizenship 5, 24, 27, 30 Connally, US Senator Thomas (D-TX) 184 Roman citizenship 38 Dirksen, US Senate leader Everett (R) 119 second-class citizenship 27, 33 Douglas, US Senator Stephen (D-IL) 144 semicitizenship 33 George, US Senator James Z. (D-MS) 178 supranational citizenship 20, 24 Hammond, US Representative James transnational citizenship 5, 25, 27, 30, 32 (D-SC) 152 urban citizenship 5, 20, 29, 35, 42 Hardwick, State Representative Thomas American citizenship 5, 27, 101 W. (D-GA) 181 American Civil War, the 85, 126 Polk, US House Speaker James (D-TN) 152 Americans in waiting 25 Taney, State Senator Octavius (D-MD) 151 amnesty 103, 157, 243, 250, 267 Thurmond, US Senator Strom (D-SC) 195 anti-Chinese 18, 59, 192, 207, 217, 218, 221, Toombs, Robert Augustus (D-GA) 181 222, 223, 226, 227, 240, 241 Black rights exclusionary organizations and apportionment 41, 52, 67, 89, 90, 102, 127, activists 167, 298, 319, 356 American Colonization Society (ACS) 210

425

426 Index

Black rights exclusionary organizations (cont.) Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP) American Federation of Labor (AFL) (pre- 185, 186 1930 period) 185 Communist Party 185 Congress of Industrial Organizations (early Congress on Racial Equality (CORE) 1900s period) 185 122, 175 Knights of the White Camelia 170 Deveaux, John H. 181 Ku Klux Klan (KKK) 95, 162, 170, 177, 367 Douglass, Frederick (abolitionist) 91, 155, White Citizens’ Council 177 210, 365, 368 White Leagues 170 Du Bois, W. E. B. 79, 180, 351, 369 Black rights inclusionary executives Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) 175 Carter, US President Jimmy 124, 192 Garrison, William Lloyd (abolitionist) 91, Clayton, Governor Powell (AR) 161 133, 134, 150, 320, 321, 362, 400 Davis, Governor Edmund (TX) 161 GI Forum 119 Eisenhower, US President Dwight D. 105, Inter Civic Council (ICC) 177, 186 177, 191 King Jr., Martin Luther 106, 117, 119, 176 Grant, US President Ulysses S. 158, 168, Leadership Conference on Civil Rights 199 366 Liberty Party 140, 321 Harris, US President Benjamin 179 Lundy, Benjamin (abolitionist) 150 Hart, Governor Ossian (FL) 161 Marshal, US Supreme Court Justice Johnson, US President Lyndon 118, 119 Thurgood 174, 193 Lincoln, US President Abraham 87, 103, 106, Massachusetts Abolition Society (MAS) 156, 157, 164 140, 321 Pinchback, Governor P. B. S. (LA) 161 Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society (MASS) Roosevelt, US President Franklin D. 53, 104, 141, 321 173, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 231, NAACP’s Legal Defense and Educational 233, 234 Fund 174 Scott, Governor Robert (SC) 161 National Association for the Advancement of Truman, US President Harry S. 103, 105, Colored People (NAACP) 46, 78, 103, 173, 189, 190, 191, 237 106, 119, 121, 122, 124, 167, 172, 173, Warmoth, Governor Henry (LA) 161 174, 175, 176, 177, 180, 182, 187, 188, Black rights inclusionary legislators 189, 190, 191, 193, 368 Adams, US Representative John Quincy National Committee Against Discrimination (MA) 152 106, 119, 357 Arnall, Governor Ellis Gibbs (D-GA) 183 National Urban Coalition 192 Mead, US Senator James (D-NY) 188 New England Anti-Slavery Society (NEASS) Pledger, US Representative William 320, 321 A. (R-GA) 181 Niagara Movement 175, 180, 368 Revels, US Senator Hiram (R-MS) 161 Pennsylvania Abolitionist Society (PAS) 136, Black rights inclusionary organizations and 137, 138, 139, 319, 320, 321 activists Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of AFL-CIO 124 Slavery 135 Alabama Christian Movement for Human Phillips, Wendell (abolitionist) 141 Rights (ACMHR) 177 Providence Society for Abolishing the Slave American Anti-Slavery Society (AASS) Trade 135 320, 321 Quaker (abolitionists) 133, 134, 135, 319 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) Randolph, A. Philip (abolitionist) 185, 186, 131 188, 190, 191 Atlanta Conference of Negro Problems 180 Shuttleworth, Reverend Frederick Lee 177 Benezet, Anthony (abolitionist) 86, 133 Society of Friends (abolitionists) 133 Black churches 151, 176, 185, 210 Southern Christian Leadership Conference Black Panther Party 119 (SCLC) 122, 177, 368 Booth, Sherman (abolitionist) 155 Steele, Reverend Charles Kenzie 177

Index 427

Student Nonviolent Coordinating conservative backlash 78, 196, 200 Committee (SNCC) 122, 175 constitutional convention 71, 104, 142, 158, Truth, Sojourner 163 178, 181, 208, 214, 223 Turner, Nat (abolitionist) 151, 368 constitutional crisis 85, 87 United Automobile Workers Union 176 Constitutional provisions Urban League 185 Anti-commandeering (Tenth Amendment) War Resisters League 176 75, 85, 283, 391 Washington, Booker T. 180, 368 Articles of Confederation 17, 71, 86 Wells, Ida B. 172 Bill of Rights 71, 91, 95, 365 Women’s Political Council (WPC) 176 Diversity Jurisdiction Clause 90 Wright, Elizur (abolitionist) 140, 321, 362 Electoral College 90, 119, 132 blockbusting 110, 357 Fifteenth Amendment 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, Bloody Sunday 118 108, 109, 110, 118, 121, 122, 156, 163, Burns, Anthony (fugitive slave) 140, 321, 322 165, 168, 169, 170, 178, 179, 180, 182, Bush, US President George H. W. 123 183, 197, 296, 299 Bush, US President George W. 242, 275 Fourteenth Amendment 12, 28, 43, 45, 50, 51, 52, 58, 72, 75, 77, 81, 84, 85, 90, 94, carceral state 81, 107, 196 95, 96, 97, 98, 108, 110, 111, 112, 113, census 89, 121, 124, 380 114, 116, 117, 120, 121, 124, 129, 130, Central American sanctuary movement 3 158, 159, 165, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, city-states 21 174, 176, 178, 179, 183, 192, 194, 195, Civil Rights Section of the Justice 196, 201, 202, 219, 221, 227, 228, 231, Department 105 238, 263, 272, 276, 285, 288, 299, 301, Civilian Conservation Corps 104 302, 323, 324, 353, 363, 367, 400 Clinton, US President Bill 50, 107, 124, Fourth Amendment 95, 202, 276, 284 199, 200 Fugitive Slave Clause (Article IV) 90, 132, colonization programs 88 136, 142, 318 colorblind approach 106, 121, 123 Necessary and Proper Clause 75, 84 combative federalism 11 Nineteenth Amendment 58, 95, 182, commission on civil rights 105 183, 323 Commission on Urban Housing 119 Privileges and Immunities Clause 71, 75, 92, communities of color 13, 73, 107, 197, 200, 94, 97, 131, 151, 156, 159, 183, 263 299 Reconstruction Amendments 107, 126, 127, compel 13, 85, 94, 108, 136, 138, 193, 242, 129, 162, 169, 170 283, 302, 317 Supremacy Clause 84 compelling governmental interests 117 Tenth Amendment 11, 71, 74, 75, 77, 84, 85, comprehensive federal slave code 87 91, 108, 109, 138, 139, 145, 184, comprehensive immigration reform (CIR) 317 197, 283 Concept Formation Thirteenth Amendment 94, 103, 108, 109, Classical Subtype 37, 55, 60 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 164, 219, 227 Conceptual Stretching 6, 16, 30, 32, 36, Three-Fifths Clause 52, 89, 127, 132 40, 55 Twenty-Fourth Amendment 17, 106, Diminished Subtype 37, 55 118, 195 Indicators 6, 15, 17, 20, 35, 60, 61, 62, 63, contraction of state citizenship rights 4, See Our 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 208, 271 Conceptual Framework of Citizenship Kind Hierarchy 55 conventional concept of citizenship Ladder of Abstraction 37, 55 binary 4, 5, 15, 21, 24, 25, 26, 30, 31, 33, Operationalize 35, 55, 56, 60, 61 132 Part–Whole Hierarchy 55 devaluation of national citizenship 25 Root Concepts 31, 37, 342 exclusively national 4, 19, 21, 26, 322 Congressional Reconstruction 100, 158, modern citizenship 22, 23, 26 160, 163 territorial closure 23

428 Index

court cases De Canas v. Bica (1976) 113, 239, 358, 382 Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña (1995) Doe v. Bolton (1973) 112, 357 116, 358 Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) 92, 126, 127, Arizona v. Inter Tribal Council of Arizona 156, 353, 360, 365 (2013) 14 Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972) 111, 357 Arizona v. United States (2012) 115, 275, Equal Access Educ. v. Merten (2004) 395 284, 358, 379, 390, 395 Evenwel v. Abbott (2016) 52, 347 Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Ex Parte Ah Cue (1894) 229, 380 Development Corporation (1977) Floyd v. City of N.Y. (2013) 345 120, 359 Foley v. Connelie (1978) 358 Batson v. Kentucky (1985) 201, 373 Fong Yue Ting v. United States (1893) 96, Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) 112, 196, 230, 354, 380 358, 371 Fullilove v. Klutznick (1980) 111, 357 Boynton v. Virginia (1960) 176, 368 Galarza v. Lehigh County (2014) 284, 391 Breedlove v. Suttles (1937) 183, 369 General Building Contractors Association, Browder v. Gayle (1956) 176 Inc. v. Pennsylvania (1982) 358 Brown v. Board of Education in Topeka George Latimer Case (1842) 140, 321 (1954) 47, 84, 98, 174, 176, 195, 228, Georgia Latino Alliance for Human Rights 285, 346, 353, 355, 368, 371, 379 v. Governor of Georgia (2012) 390 Brown v. Mississippi (1936) 174, 368 Gong Lum v Rice (1927) 220, 378 Brown v. Plata (2011) 203, 373 Graham v. Richardson (1971) 113, 238, Buchanan v. Warley (1917) 98, 192, 355, 371 358, 382 Buquer v. City of Indianapolis (2011) Gratz v. Bollinger (2003) 113, 358 302, 396 Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) 110, 357 Buquer v. City of Indianapolis et al. Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) 111, 357 (2013) 396 Grovey v. Townsend (1935) 183, 370 Chae Chan Ping v. United States (1889) 95, Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) 113, 358 229, 354, 380 Guinn v. United States (1915) 182, 369 Chamber of Commerce of the United States Hall v. de Cuir (1877) 97 v. Whiting (2011) 114 Harmon v Tyler (1927) 192, 371 Chamber of Commerce v. Whiting (2011) Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections (1996) 294, 358, 395 356, 371 Chambers v. Florida (1940) 174, 368 Henderson v. Mayor of the City of New York Chy Lung v. Freeman (1875) 95, 227, 228, (1875) 227 354, 379 Henderson v. United States (1950) 176, 368 City and County of San Francisco v. Trump Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. (2018) 318 v. National Labor Relations Board City of New York v. United States (1999) (2002) 115, 293, 358 283, 284, 392 Hollins v. Oklahoma (1935) 174, 368 Civil Rights Cases (1883) 97, 170, 192, Hunter v. Pittsburgh (1907) 13, 337 354, 367 In re Ah Yup (1878) 96, 354 Clinton v Cedar Rapids and the Missouri In re Rodriguez (1897) 95, 354 River Railroad (1868) 337 In re Sergio C. Garcia on Admission (2014) Commonwealth v. Allison (1917) 100, 355 385, 393 Commonwealth v. Jennison (1783) 135, 136 In re Tiburcio Parrott (1880) 226 Community Communications v. City of Jones v. Mayer (1968) 50 Boulder (1982) 337 Katzenbach v. Morgan (1966) 109, 197, Corrigan v. Buckley (1926) 49, 98, 193, 346, 357, 372 355, 371 Ku Klux Klan trials (1871–1872) 95, Crawford v. Marion County (2008) 198, 372 354, 367 Day v. Bond (2007) 393 Lawrence v. Texas (2003) 50, 112, 346, Day v. Sebelius (2005) 393 358

Index 429

Lin Sing v. Washburn (1862) 221, 379 Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co. (1989) Louisville, New Orleans, and Texas Railroad 116, 358 v. Mississippi (1890) 97 Roe v. Wade (1973) 84, 111, 353, 357 Loving v. Virginia (1967) 50, 84, 111, 196, Rogers v. Lodge (1982) 121 346, 353, 357, 371 Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Afﬁrmative Lozano v. City of Hazelton (2013) 395 Action (2014) 113, 358 LULAC v. Wilson (1995) 383 Sei Fujii v. California (1952) 231 McLaughlin v. Florida (1964) 196, 371 Shapiro v. Thompson (1969) 237, 382 McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents for Shaw v. Reno (1993) 121, 359 Higher Education (1950) 98, 194, Shelby County v. Holder (2013) 15, 122, 355, 371 130, 197, 198, 199, 359, 360, 371 Mendez v. Westminster (1947) 98, 194 Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) 193, 368, 371 Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. FCC (1990) Slaughter House Cases (1873) 96, 169 116, 358 Smith v. Alright (1944) 96, 183 Miller v. Johnson (1995) 121, 359 Smith v. Turner (1849) 95, 354 Miranda-Olivares v. Clackamas County South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966) 108, (2014) 284, 392 109, 197, 356, 357, 372 Missouri ex rel. Gaines v. Canada (1938) 98, Speer v. See Yup Co. (1859) 218 194, 355, 371 Stanton v. Stanton (1975) 112, 357 Mobile v. Bolden (1980) 120, 198, 359, 372 Steelworkers v. Weber (1979) 110, 357 Moore v. Dempsey (1923) 174, 368 Sugarman v. Dougall (1973) 114, 358 Morgan v. Virginia (1946) 175, 368 Sweatt v. Painter (1950) 98, 194, 355, National Federation of Independent Business 368, 371 (NFIB) v. Sebelius (2012) 85 Takahashi v. Fish & Game Commission Negro Flora v. Joseph Graisberry (1802) 134 (1948) 231, 380 New York v. United States (1992) 85, 353 Tape v. Hurley (1885) 220, 378 Nixon v. Herndon (1927) 183, 369 The People, ex. rel. The Attorney General Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) 9, 50, 58, 85, v. Naglee (1850) 216, 377 111, 346, 353, 357 The People, ex. Rel. The Attorney General Orr v. Orr (1979) 112, 358 v. Naglee (1850) 216, 377 Oyama v. California (1948) 231 Thornburg v. Gingles (1986) 121, 359 Pace v. Alabama (1883) 50, 111, 194, 346, Toll v. Moreno (1982) 114, 358 357, 371 United States v. Alabama (2012) 391, 392 Passenger Cases (1849) 92, 156, 222, 227, United States v. California (2018) 400 354, 379 United States v. Cruikshank (1876) 97, 169, People v. Downer (1857) 221, 379 171, 354, 366, 367 People v. Hall (1854) 218, 222, 378 United States v. Reese (1876) 97, 169, People v. SS Constitution (1872) 222, 379 354, 367 Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) United States v. South Carolina (2013) 390, 112, 358 United States v. Wong Kim Ark (1898) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) 97, 98, 170, 176, 96, 354 178, 195, 220, 354, 367, 378 Valle del Sol Inc. v. Whiting (2013) 391 Plyler v. Doe (1982) 47, 84, 114, 240, 285, Villas at Parkside Partners v. City of Farmers 288, 293, 346, 353, 358 Branch (2013) 391 Powell v. Alabama (1932) 174, 368 Ward v. Flood (1874) 219, 378 Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842) 139, 140, 156, Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio (1989) 321, 362 110, 116, 357, 358 Printz v. United States (1997) 85, 353 Washington v. Davis (1976) 228, 379 Regents of the University of California Weinberger v. Wiesenfeld (1975) 112, 357 v. Bakke (1978) 113, 358 Westminster School Dist. of Orange Reynolds v. Sims (1964) 52, 347, 356 County v. Mendez (1947) 221, 355, Ricci v. DeStefano (2009) 117, 358 371, 378

430 Index

court cases (cont.) 294, 297, 300, 302, 309, 311, 312, 314, Westminster School Dist. Of Orange 393, 394 County v. Mendez (1947) 221, 355, Eisenhower’s Executive Order 10590 371, 378 (1955) 191 White v. Regester (1973) 109, 121, 197, General Sherman’s Special Field Orders 357, 372 (January 16, 1865) 158 Williams v. Mississippi (1898) 97, 180, 354 Johnson’s Executive Order 11246 (1965) 123 Yick Wo v. Hopkins (1886) 227 President Lincoln’s wartime Emancipation creatures of the state 13 Proclamation (January 1, 1863) 164 Roosevelt’s Executive Order 8802 dark side of federalism 9 (1941) 188 de facto 21, 29, 42, 44, 62, 149, 174, 177, 178, Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9066 211, 213, 223, 236 (1942) 231 de jure 29, 62, 211, 213, 215, 220, 236 Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9346 declarant aliens 51, 102 (1943) 189 Department of Homeland Security (DHS) 205, Roosevelt’s Executive Order 9808 249, 284, 285, 288, 300, 307, 308, (1946) 190 315, 383 Truman’s Executive Order 9981 (1948) 103 Department of Housing and Urban federal laws, treaties, and programs (enacted) Development (HUD) (1965) 119, 120, Affordable Care Act (2010) 48, 85, 250, 291 123, 124 Aid to Families with Dependent Children Department of Justice’s Civil Rights (AFDC) 7, 239 Division 124 Alien and Sedition Acts (1798) 351 Department of Labor 123, 290 Americans with Disability Act (1990) 48 detainer 46, 62, 63, 209, 252, 255, 259, 280, Anti-terrorism and Effective Death Penalty 284, 315, 317, 391, 392 Act (1996) 267 disability status 47 Bracero Program 207, 237, 238, 267 don’t ask, don’t tell 50 Burlingame Treaty (1868) 53, 227, 228, Double-V Campaign 190 241, 266 DREAM Act (2010) 242 Children’s Health Insurance Program (CHIP) 48, 244, 291, 293, 294 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Chinese Exclusion Act (1883) 53, 59, 96, (EEOC) 123 103, 115, 207, 209, 210, 225, 226, 228, equal protection 25, 47, 50, 72, 75, 84, 94, 96, 229, 347 98, 105, 106, 108, 111, 112, 113, 114, Civil Rights Act (1870) 218, 227 116, 120, 121, 129, 130, 139, 165, 169, Civil Rights Act (1875) 97, 98, 129, 162, 170, 173, 176, 183, 192, 194, 195, 196, 170, 192 201, 202, 219, 227, 228, 231, 238, 240, Civil Rights Act (1957) 105, 195 272, 285, 288, 299, 317 Civil Rights Act (1960) 105, 195 erode citizenship rights 4, See Our Conceptual Civil Rights Act (1964) 17, 48, 105, 106, 107, Framework of Citizenship 110, 117, 123, 130, 195 expansion of state citizenship rights 84, See Our Civil Rights Act (1991) 110 Conceptual Framework of Citizenship Civil Service Reform Act (1978) 192 Community Reinvestment Act (1977) 124 Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) Compromise of 1850 155 189, 190, 191 Comstock Act, the (1873) 99, 100 federal “pre-clearance” 106, 108, 118, 122, 124 Crime Control and Safe Streets Act (1968) Federal Executive Actions 122, 200 Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Defense of Marriage Act (1996) 107 (DACA) (2012) 46, 48, 249, 250, 255, Emergency Medical Treatment and Active 256, 258, 260, 262, 264, 272, 289, 291, Labor Act (EMTALA) (1986) 47, 294

Index 431

Emergency Relief and Construction Act National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) (1932) 234 (1993) 199, 298 Enforcement Acts (1870 and 1871) 95, 158, Naturalization Act (1870) 95 179, 180 New Deal (1932–1941) 8, 81, 104, 118, 127, Fair Housing Act (1968) 17, 106, 110, 119, 128, 130, 168, 171, 187, 188, 193, 209, 123, 124, 196, 357 233, 234, 335, 338, 352, 355, 381 Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) (1938) Northwest Ordinance (1787) 90, 132, 142 234 Page Act, the (1875) 207, 228 Federal Emergency Relief Administration Pendleton Act (1883) 104, 186, 187 (FERA) (1933) 234 Personal Responsibility and Work Fitzgerald Act (1937) 188 Opportunity Reconciliation Act Freedmen’s Bureau (1865–1872) 103, (PRWORA) (1996) 48, 242, 267 104, 158 Public Works Employment Act (1977) 111 Fugitive Slave Law (1793) 139, 140, 143, Railway Labor Act (1926) 186 147, 153, 319, 320 REAL ID Act (2005) 14, 271, 275, 305, Fugitive Slave Law (1850) 140, 147, 155, 307, 308 156, 210 Reconstruction Act (1867) 104, 158, Help America Vote Act (HAVA) (2002) 198 160, 161 Home Owner’s Loan Act (1933) 193 Rehabilitation Act (1973) 48 Housing and Community Development Act Social Security Administration (1972) (1974) 120 239, 288 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Soldier Voting Act (1942) 102, 184 Responsibility Act (IIR-IRA) (1996) 51, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 248, 267, 284, 288, 293, 294, 299 (SNAP) 48, 293 Immigration and Nationality Act (1924) Supplemental Security Income (SSI) (1972) 356, 380 48, 239, 293 Immigration and Nationality Act (1952) Temporary Assistance for Needy Families 242, 284 (TANF) 48, 293 Immigration and Nationality Act (1965) Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act 17, 207 107, 123 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) 213, (1986) 48, 115, 239, 243, 267, 268, 284, 214, 215, 216, 376 295, 391 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Indian Citizenship Act (1924) 52, 89, 95, Act (1994) (referred to as Federal Crime 101 Bill) 200 Jones-Shafroth Act (1917) 101 Voting Rights Act (VRA) (1965) 17, 28, 89, Kansas–Nebraska Act (1854) 87 106, 108, 109, 111, 118, 121, 122, 123, Land Claims Act (1851) 213 128, 130, 195, 197, 198, 199, 299 Law Enforcement Assistance Act (1965) Wagner-Connery Act (1934) 186 122, 200 Wagner-Peyser Act (1933) 104, 188, 356 Lindbergh Kidnapping Act (1932) 173 Work Projects Administration (WPA) 234 Luce-Celler Act (1946) 103 federal preemption 10, 81, 113, 114, 227, 382 Magnuson Act (1943) 103, 356 ﬁlibuster 99, 105, 172, 184, 195, 248, 323, 324 McCarran-Walter Act (1952) 103, See forceful federalism 80 Immigration and Nationality Act (1952) freedom papers 88 Medicaid 7, 48, 59, 239, 267, 292, 293, 294, Freedom Rides 175 335, 347, 383 freedom suits 133, 135, 148 Missouri Compromise (1820) 126, 138, 151, fugitive slaves 43, 46, 90, 132, 319 155, 320, 322 National Housing Act (1934) 49, 193 Gag Rule (1836–1844) 91, 137, 152 National Labor Relations Act (1935) 110, Great Migration 49, 102, 184, 192, 366 115, 293 gridlock 10, 310, 322

432 Index

harboring 44, 128, 137, 144, 154, 209, 275, 175, 176, 177, 195, 202, 203, 206, 228, 277, 319, 320, 390, 391 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 258, home rule 66 260, 261, 289, 297, 298, 306, 308, 309, 310, 314, 316, 333, 334, 335, 346, 347, “I Have a Dream” speech 106 386, 397, 399 illegal immigrants 237, 293 Cuomo, Governor Andrew (D-NY) 311, 313, immediate abolitionists 134 314, 398 immediate emancipation 138, 320 Malloy, Governor Dannel (D-CT) 3 Immigrant Rights exclusionary executives Newsom, Governor Gavin (D-CA) 260, 261, Arthur, US President Chester A. 228 298, 373, 388 Bigler, Governor John (CA) 218 Obama, US President Barack (D) 1, 85, 124, Burnett, Governor Peter H. (D-CA) 208, 375 205, 206, 242, 249, 251, 252, 253, 259, Coolidge, US President Calvin 231 269, 270, 272, 278, 285, 294, 308, 309, Reagan, Governor Ronald (R-CA) 237, 310, 315, 316, 317, 323, 374 238, 267 immigrant rights inclusionary executives, Reagan, US President Ronald 106, 115, 116, Brown, Governor Jerry (D-CA) 47 121, 123, 124, 196, 200 Immigrant Rights inclusionary legislators Rolph, Governor James (CA) 234 Alejo, Assemblyman Luis (D-CA) 309, Schwarzenegger, Governor Arnold (R-CA) 310, 397 244, 245, 246, 247, 302, 305, 307, 308 Ammiano, Assemblyman Tom (D-CA) 251, Stanford, Governor Leland (CA) 221 252, 386 Stephens, Governor William D. (CA) 231 Cedillo, State Senator Gil (D-CA) 249, 250, Wilson, Governor Pete (R-CA) 240, 306 258, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 396, 397 Young, Governor Clement Calhoun Dalip Singh Saund 103 (CA) 233 Lara, State Senator Ricardo (D-CA) 309, Immigrant Rights exclusionary legislators 388 Chacon, Assemblyman Pete (CA) 238 Latino Legislative Caucus (CA) 304, Green, State Senator Thomas Jefferson 305, 308 (D-CA) 215 León, State Senate leader Kevin De (D-CA) McClintock, State Senator Tom (R-CA) 307 64, 205, 252, 257, 299, 318, 348 McSally, Representative Martha (R-AZ) 263, Mendoza, State Senator Tony (D-CA) 69, Sensenbrenner, US Representative Jim 257, 348, 387 (R-WI) 245, 246, 269, 292, 315, 384 Salazar, State Senator Julia (D-NY) 313, 397 immigrant rights exclusionary organizations & immigrant rights inclusionary organizations activists and activists California’s Federation of Labor (AFL-CIO) ACLU of San Diego 246 (pre-1980 period) 238 ACLU of South Carolina 276 Federation for American Immigration ACLU’s Immigrants’ Rights Project 301 Reform (FAIR) 246, 268, 269, 298 Advancing Justice–Asian Law Caucus 253 Immigration Reform Law Institute 246, 268 AFL-CIO (post-1990 period) 243, 383 Kearney, Denis 226, 241 AFL-CIO’s California Immigrant Workers Kobach, Kris 60, 198, 246, 268, 269, 277, Association (CIWA) 243, 383 285, 288, 347, 348 AFL-CIO’s Labor Immigrant Assistance Native Sons and Daughters of the Golden Project (LIAP) 243 West 231 America’s Voice 269 NumbersUSA 246, 268 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) United Farm Workers Organizing Committee 276 (UFWOC) (pre-1980 period) 238 Asian Americans Advancing Justice Workingmen’s Party 223, 225, 226, 241 (AAAJ) 309 immigrant rights inclusionary executives Asian Law Caucus 251, 252, 315, 316 Brown, Governor Jerry (D-CA) 1, 2, 8, 47, California Immigrant Policy Center (CIPC) 84, 85, 98, 105, 112, 113, 114, 135, 174, 245, 252, 309, 312, 315

Index 433

California Immigrant Welfare Collaborative Systematic Alien Veriﬁcation for (CIWA) 245 Entitlements (SAVE) Program 298 Catholic Church 245 Immigrations and Customs Enforcement (ICE) CAUSA (Oregon) 270, 273 62, 251, 252, 253, 259, 261, 278, 281, Central American Resource Center 284, 285, 290, 315, 316, 317, 386, (CARECEN) 243 391, 392 Coalition for Humane Immigrant Rights of impeach 158, 366 Los Angeles (CHIRLA) 243, 244 insurrection 87, 93, 152 Georgia Latino Alliance for Human Rights 276, 390 Journey of Reconciliation 175 Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee judicial review 75, 96, 102, 318 Rights 270 jus sanguinis 21 Koreatown Immigrant Workers Association jus soli 21, 25 (KIWA) 243 Lowcountry Immigration Coalition 276 language minority groups 118, 198 Massachusetts Immigrant and Refugee legal permanent residents 19, 26, 52, 114, Advocacy Coalition (MIRA) 270 269, 296 Mexican American League Defense and legal personhood 152 Education Fund (MALDEF) 244 legal status 4, 5, 13, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, National Day Laborer Organizing Network 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 40, 42, 45, 46, 55, (NDLON) 243, 245, 251, 252, 253, 314, 63, 64, 65, 66, 90, 114, 115, 132, 147, 315, 316, 384 234, 248, 255, 257, 258, 260, 274, 276, National Immigration Forum 269 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 288, 289, 291, National Immigration Law Center 292, 294, 296, 297 (NILC) 315 litmus test 16, 20, 21 National Partnership for New Americans Louisiana Purchase 92 (NPNA) 270, 317 lynching 46, 78, 105, 128, 171, 172, 173, 174, New York Immigration Coalition (NYIC) 175, 181, 184, 191, 200, 227 310, 311, 312, 313 Northwest Immigration Rights Project majority-Black districts 98, 161 298 March on Washington (1963) 106 People for the American Way 246 Mason-Dixon line 87, 155 Service Employees International Union mass incarceration 43, 131, 200, 201, 202 (SEIU) 243 Mexican-American War 208, 212, 214, 376 Services, Immigrant Rights and Education Montgomery boycott 176 Network (SIREN) 315 South Asian Network (SAN) 243 National Day of Immigrant Dignity and Southern Poverty Law Center 276 Respect 1 The Six Companies 221 Native Americans 42, 45, 59, 89, 95, 101, 198, Unite-HERE 243 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 232 immigration enforcement programs naturalization 4, 24, 25, 26, 33, 46, 71, 88, 90, 287(g) Agreements 242, 245, 267, 268, 284, 92, 96, 102, 103, 237, 243, 260, 315, 383, 392 262, 299 Criminal Alien Program (CAP) 284, 392 Naturalization Law 88, 89, 96 E-Verify 13, 49, 115, 248, 264, 288, 289, 290, 291, 294, 295, 298, 317, 385 one-party rule 178, 183 Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) 285 Our Conceptual Framework of Citizenship Secure Communities (S-Comm) program Dimension 1 205, 242, 251, 252, 259, 278, 284, 285, Right to Free Movement 42, 61, 129, 131, 315, 316, 333, 374, 386, 398 140, 143, 144, 145, 151, 152, 153, 154, State Criminal Alien Assistance Program 159, 161, 164, 171, 201, 202, 222, 225, (SCAAP) 284, 392 233, 246, 270, 271, 273, 275, 283, 293

434 Index

Our Conceptual Framework (cont.) federal “ceiling” 10, 28, 116 Dimension 2 federal “floor” 1, 10, 11, 28, 58, 258, 288, Right to Due Process and Legal Protection 293, 324 45, 62, 63, 131, 138, 140, 143, 144, 150, federal legislative baseline 84 153, 154, 164, 171, 196, 201, 215, 222, federalism conflicts 16, 70, 137, 138, 146, 225, 233, 278, 283, 296 154, 156, 206, 305, 314, 317 Dimension 3 federal–state conflicts 16 Right to Human Capital Formation 46, 65, legal actions 6, 195 131, 144, 150, 151, 154, 159, 160, 161, legislative actions 17, 72, 73, 105, 127, 157, 163, 164, 165, 185, 186, 190, 191, 194, 158, 188, 196, 201, 262, 268, 269, 299 201, 202, 212, 215, 219, 222, 225, 226, permissible 2, 16, 73, 74, 77, 83, 85, 125, 234, 246, 285, 291, 293 207, 229, 274 Dimension 4 political will 6, 10, 72, 80, 104, 125 Right to Political Participation and probable 73, 77, 125, 252, 281, 284, 317 Representation 50, 67, 129, 130, 144, our periodization of federated citizenship 152, 161, 163, 196, 201, 213, 215, 226, “separate and unequal” period 81 296, 299 Civil Rights period 16, 17, 81, 108, 110, Dimension 5 114, 197 Right to Identify and Belong 52, 68, 131, Framers’ period 17 140, 161, 171, 181, 201, 225, 233, 257, Reconstruction period 17, See “separate and 299, 301, 303 unequal” period federated citizenship 16, 17, 25, 70, 72, 74, 77, 80, 81, 126, 130 partisanship 206, 374 full citizenship rights 55 Permanently Residing Under Color of Law multidimensional citizenship 5, 6, 17, 20, 25, (PRUCOL) 48, 291 27, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 72, 77, 81, policy laboratories 9 126, 128, 132, 209, 213, 271 public accommodations 68, 94, 97, 106, 161, political jurisdiction 35, 36, 37, 40, 70 166, 168, 170, 195 political membership 19, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, public charge 43, 48, 260 40, 101, 296 progressive federalism 9, 10, 11, 60, 157, 348 race-conscious 106, 107, 110, 116, 117, 120, provision of rights 5, 6, 12, 14, 32, 34, 35, 36, 121, 123, 196 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 45, 54, 56, 58, 59, 60, racial alliances 77, 81 61, 70, 143, 149, 167, 203, 211, 216, racial classification 215 224, 236, 324 racial orders 7, 11, 15, 77 rights-based framework 5, 16, 34, 35, 41, 42 racial state 81 our explanatory framework racially disproportionate impact 120 Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF) 18, Radical Reconstruction 43, 94 79, 305, 311, 312, 314, 317, 318, 321, reapportionment 102, 109, 121, 197 322, 324 Redeemer governments 163, 168, 171, American Political Development (APD) 7, 54, 178 55, 74, 79, 83, 208, 352 redistricting 41, 52, 109, 120, 121, 122, 124, bureaucratic capacity 6, 72, 81, 125 197, 203 Constitutional amendment activity 17, 72 redlining 49, 50, 110, 124, 357 Constitutional frameworks 6, 32 relative rights 34, 55 Constitutional opportunities 17, 72, 73, 127, Remain in Mexico 261 157, 262, 264, 283 rendition 85, 138, 139, 140, 145, 148, 319, court interpretation 17, 72, 96, 116, 293, 299 321, 322 deployable 73, 125 repatriation 207, 235 executive actions 17, 72, 73, 105, 127, Revolutionary War 133, 153, 154 164, 187, 261, 262, 269, 270, 272, runaway slaves 43, 45, 62, 74, 84, 85, 87, 88, 285, 322 94, 132, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 142,

Index 435

144, 153, 155, 210, 305, 319, 320, 321, Lewis, Paul G. 343 322, 323 Lieberman, Robert 80 Litwack, Leon 140, 142 scholars (select) Luedtke, Adam 375 Alexander, Michelle 201, 345, 352 Maas, Willem 29, 339 Bateman, David A. 78, 186 Markowitz, Peter 11, 28 Bauböck, Rainer 22, 338, 340, 342 Marshal, T.H. 5, 30, 32, 35, 55, 342, 345 Blank, Yishai 28 Massey, Douglass 49, 120 Bloemraad, Irene 5, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 37, 55, Mettler, Suzanne 8, 80, 336 334, 342, 343, 383, 384, 389, 398 Michener, Jamila 7, 59 Bosniak, Linda 25, 30, 33, 39, 341 Mickey, Robert 78 Boushey, Graeme 375 Milkis, Sidney 78, 123 Brubaker, Rogers 19, 23, 24 Motomura, Hiroshi 25, 114, 285, 341 Bulman-Pozen, Jessica 10, 11, 79, 351 O’Brien, Benjamin Gonzalez 398 Cohen, Elizabeth 5, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, Omi, Michael 83 44, 55, 160, 338, 342, 343, 345, 347, Orren, Karen 79 366, 367 Parker, Christopher 103 Collier, David 16, 37, 55 Parker, Kunal M. 344 Collingwood, Loren 398 Patterson, James T. 8 Cover, Robert 11 Provine, Doris Marie 343 Filindra, Alexandra 375, 379, 395 Riker, William 59 Finkelman, Paul 74 Robertson, David Brian 7, 74, 77 Foner, Eric 74, 162 Rodriguez, Cristina 29 Fortner, Michael 5, 27 Rogers, Joel 9 Fox, Cybelle 8, 80, 234 Sanchez, Gabriel R. 375 Fraga, Bernard 199, 354, 360 Sanchez, Lisa M. 375 Francis, Megan Ming 46, 78, 174, 336, 344, Sartori, Giovanni 16, 36, 55 351, 368 Smith, Rogers 5, 15, 27, 29, 109 Franklin, John Hope 102 Thurston, Chloe 79 Freeman, Richard 9, 11 Tichenor, Daniel 78, 123, 338, 351, 352, Frymer, Paul 78, 110, 143 355, 360, 379, 395 García, Angela S 343 Torpey, Jonathan 24, 42 Gerken, Heather 10, 11, 60, 336 Valelly, Richard 15, 78, 81, 97, 118, 337, Gerring, John 16, 347 338, 344, 350, 352, 354, 355, 356, 359, Ghosh, Cyril 37, 343 360, 366, 367, 369, 370, 372 Gleeson, Shannon 345 Varsanyi, Monica 334, 343 Gonzales, Roberto G. 343 Villazor, Rose Cuison 28 Goodman, Sarah Wallace 24, 37 Voss, Kim 383, 389, 398 Graauw, Els de 29, 30 Weber, Max 23 Gulasekaram, Pratheepan 79, 81, 113, 250, Weir, Margaret 8 264, 266, 268, 272 Winant, Howard 83 Hayduk, Ron 51, 347, 348, 355, 369, 395 Wong, Tom K. 389, 391, 398 Jones, Martha S. 156 Yashar, Deborah J. 32 Katznelson, Ira 78, 80, 186, 187 Ybarra, Vickie D. 375 Kettner, James H. 74 Yurdakul, Gökçe 5, 30, 31, 33, 37, 55 King, Desmond S. 15, 80, 109, 186, 189 secession 35, 69, 87, 154, 156, 157 Korteweg, Anna 5, 30, 31, 33, 37, 55 second-wave feminism 101 Kousser, Morgan J. 78, 181 segregation 43, 48, 49, 50, 51, 81, 97, 106, 111, Lapinski, John S. 78, 186, 334, 350, 370 112, 118, 119, 120, 128, 140, 141, 142, Law, Anna 15, 74, 77, 80, 264 161, 164, 165, 167, 168, 170, 171, 175, Lee, Taeku 389, 398 176, 177, 178, 188, 190, 192, 193, 194, Levitsky, Steve 36, 37, 347, 349 195, 219, 220, 223

436 Index

separate but equal 12, 96, 97, 98, 130, 165, criminalizing harboring 274 170, 171, 176, 194, 195, 220 criminalizing unlawful presence 274 sexual minorities 73, 112 defense of marriage statutes 107 slavery 7, 12, 15, 52, 77, 80, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, drivers’ licenses 271 88, 90, 91, 92, 94, 103, 108, 109, 126, English-only laws 256 127, 129, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, entry tax on alien passengers 95 138, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 152, equal accommodations 295 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 164, foreign miner’s tax 209, 210, 211, 215, 216 165, 194, 208, 210, 212, 225, 227, 319, health care access 291 320, 321, 337, 364, 365 housing covenants 167, 221 slaves in transit 88, 155, 321 international entry 146 Solid South 169, 178, 182 interracial sexual relations 149 Southern strategy 119, 130, 196 inter-state entry 146 sovereignty lawful settlement 42 demi-sovereigns 25 mandatory sentencing 201 federal plenary powers 25, 77, 114, 139 marriage laws 149 national sovereignty 42, 77, 86, See office holding rights 67, 209, 296 Supremacy Clause organizing and protest bans 167 squatter sovereignty 87, 155 personal liberty laws 45, 92, 138, 147, 154, state sovereignty 13, 77, 87, 283 165, 319, 320 state citizenship (types) post-secondary education in-state tuition 264 progressive state citizenship 2, 4, 16, 18, 35, post-secondary education financial aid 286 56, 59, 60, 61, 69, 70, 87, 88, 93, 100, professional licenses 264 129, 130, 131, 132, 136, 138, 139, 140, proof of freedom 146 142, 150, 152, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163, residential segregation 167 164, 169, 197, 199, 202, 204, 206, 240, safe spaces 271 241, 242, 251, 254, 257, 258, 262, 263, sanctuary (noncooperation) 3, 13, 18, 28, 44, 266, 270, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 312, 84, 205, 259, 263, 273, 278, 280, 305, 314, 323 314, 315, 316, 318, 322 regressive state citizenship 4, 6, 18, 35, 58, segregated carriers 166 59, 69, 70, 72, 94, 98, 100, 105, 107, segregated public accommodations 166 127, 130, 131, 157, 169, 170, 171, 172, segregated schools 167 173, 174, 175, 177, 180, 181, 182, 183, sodomy laws 50, 112, 164, 167, 194, 196 184, 185, 190, 195, 196, 201, 206, 207, state enforcement of fugitive slave law 147 208, 210, 213, 215, 216, 217, 221, 232, state identification documents 256 233, 237, 240, 241, 262, 264, 266 state-led removal 148 reinforcing state citizenship 17, 58, 59, 70, stop and frisk 43, 128, 201, 202 129, 153, 154, 197, 200, 206, 237, three strikes 201, 203 337, 364 traffic stops (“show me your papers”) 274 state laws (select) trial by jury rights 46, 87, 128, 140, 148, 149, alien land laws 49, 96, 231 321, 322 anti-E-Verify law 248, 288 Trust Acts 1, 3, 205, 250, 251, 252, 253, 258, anti-kidnapping laws 144 278, 310, 316, 317, 318 anti-lynching laws 167 vagrancy laws 44, 159, 166, 209, 211, 213, anti-miscegenation laws 215, 216 167 voting rights 9, 12, 14, 15, 51, 56, 58, 59, 66, anti-sanctuary 282 79, 88, 89, 94, 95, 99, 100, 101, 102, ban on entry into state 92 106, 108, 118, 119, 121, 122, 128, 129, Black codes 43, 50, 92, 94, 128, 156, 130, 131, 149, 150, 156, 158, 162, 163, 157, 159 169, 178, 179, 180, 182, 184, 195, 196, convict lease laws 166 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 209, 215, 296, court access rights 148 297, 299, 312

Index 437

states Louisiana 87, 92, 109, 118, 156, 160, 161, Alabama 1, 18, 87, 94, 108, 109, 117, 118, 168, 169, 170, 171, 178, 183, 184, 192, 120, 124, 156, 160, 168, 176, 177, 182, 194, 197, 290 183, 184, 194, 197, 274, 277, 282, 284, Maine 140, 199 285, 286, 288, 290, 291, 292, 301, 354, Maryland 66, 86, 133, 138, 139, 145, 149, 369, 392 150, 151, 152, 164, 182, 199, 286, Alaska 118, 199 296, 317 Arizona 14, 18, 44, 58, 59, 60, 101, 113, 114, Massachusetts 8, 9, 86, 89, 95, 100, 129, 133, 115, 118, 160, 198, 199, 209, 237, 238, 135, 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 146, 147, 263, 264, 266, 268, 272, 274, 275, 276, 148, 149, 152, 191, 219, 222, 270, 291, 277, 281, 282, 284, 286, 288, 292, 294, 317, 318, 320, 321 295, 298, 301, 306, 315, 318 Michigan 102, 113, 140, 146, 148, 193, 199 Arkansas 6, 102, 118, 159, 160, 161, Minnesota 286, 292 168, 174 Mississippi 13, 87, 97, 102, 109, 118, 156, California 1, 3, 4, 9, 13, 14, 18, 58, 59, 64, 159, 160, 161, 168, 173, 178, 179, 180, 68, 69, 74, 95, 98, 101, 107, 113, 131, 184, 194, 197, 282 192, 194, 196, 199, 202, 203, 204, 205, Missouri 92, 98, 126, 138, 192, 194, 282, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 288, 320 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, Nebraska 199, 286, 292 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, Nevada 2, 273 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 237, 238, New Jersey 86, 136, 191, 199, 273, 278, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 288, 314 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, New Mexico 1, 272, 286, 306 255, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, New York 1, 18, 86, 91, 95, 118, 129, 136, 264, 266, 267, 269, 270, 272, 273, 278, 141, 146, 149, 155, 163, 164, 176, 191, 280, 281, 286, 288, 289, 291, 292, 293, 193, 222, 270, 272, 273, 286, 289, 291, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 305, 310, 311, 312 302, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, North Carolina 13, 86, 103, 110, 118, 121, 311, 312, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318 124, 145, 157, 160, 168, 178, 183, 199 Colorado 100, 199, 273, 317 North Dakota 283, 291, 298 Connecticut 3, 4, 9, 86, 100, 111, 117, 135, Ohio 102, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 168, 193 140, 191, 199, 278, 286, 314, 317 Oklahoma 182, 183, 195, 286 Delaware 86, 145, 273 Oregon 3, 4, 101, 199, 270, 271, 273, 278, Florida 87, 156, 159, 160, 161, 168, 169, 282, 284, 288, 294 173, 178, 179, 181, 183, 184, 202, 264, Pennsylvania 43, 86, 113, 129, 134, 135, 289, 293, 306 136, 138, 139, 141, 142, 238, 268, 272, Georgia 13, 18, 58, 86, 87, 109, 112, 118, 318, 319, 320, 321 121, 124, 133, 148, 156, 160, 164, 168, Rhode Island 135, 140, 199, 282 171, 178, 180, 181, 183, 184, 192, 194, South Carolina 13, 86, 87, 89, 105, 109, 110, 197, 198, 199, 274, 276, 282, 288, 118, 132, 133, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 290, 292 153, 154, 156, 159, 160, 161, 162, 164, Hawaii 2, 118 168, 178, 194, 274, 282, 283, 284, 288, Idaho 118 290, 301 Illinois 2, 3, 87, 101, 102, 126, 144, 145, 147, Tennessee 18, 152, 157, 159, 160, 168, 148, 155, 168, 172, 199, 234, 270, 278, 194, 301 286, 288, 289, 291, 296, 300, 314, 317 Texas 13, 47, 50, 87, 102, 109, 112, 114, Indiana 102, 144, 145, 147, 148, 198, 118, 156, 159, 160, 167, 178, 183, 194, 288, 301 197, 199, 209, 233, 237, 264, 269, 283, Iowa 9, 13 286, 306 Kansas 14, 60, 87, 101, 144, 155, 186, 198, Utah 2, 100, 107, 274, 282, 286 272, 282, 286, 288, 299 Vermont 2, 134, 140, 199, 296, Kentucky 6, 192 301

438 Index

states (cont.) vigilante violence 158, 162, 171, 173, 174 Virginia 86, 109, 111, 118, 133, 136, 145, 148, 151, 160, 168, 178, 183, 192, 197, War on Drugs 107, 131, 196, 200 288, 298, 321 War on Poverty 119, 356, 381 Washington 2, 101, 191, 199, 286, 291, westward expansion 143 298, 310 White European immigrants 8 West Virginia 199, 282 White supremacists 129, 144, 160, 161, 163, Wisconsin 102, 155 165, 170, 178 Story, Chief Justice Joseph 139 women’s rights exclusionary executives subcaste 47 Wilson, US Vice President Henry 99 suffrage 9, 15, 51, 89, 90, 99, 101, 108, 132, women’s rights exclusionary organizations and 163, 168, 179, 182, 183, 299, 322 activists superpredators 201 Barnum, Phineas T. 100 Comstock, Anthony 99 totality of circumstances 109, 197 Joint Standing Committee on Temperance 100 unauthorized immigrants 2, 14, 19, 26, 28, 46, Social Purity Alliance 100 48, 62, 64, 238, 239, 240, 242, 243, 247, The New York Society for the Suppression of 250, 251, 254, 259, 267, 278, 288, 293, Vice 99 294, 310, 316, 383 women’s rights inclusionary organizations and uncooperative federalism 11, 336 activists undocumented immigrants 1, 2, 19, 28, 29, 44, “Winning Plan” 101, 182 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 58, 59, 62, 65, 66, American Woman Suffrage Association 68, 69, 74, 84, 85, 113, 114, 115, 217, (AWSA) 100, 101 237, 238, 239, 240, 243, 244, 245, 246, National American Woman Suffrage 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 254, 257, 258, Association (NAWSA) 101 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 267, 268, National Woman Suffrage Association 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277, 278, (NWSA) 100, 101 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 288, 289, National Women’s Party (NWP) 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 101 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 304, 306, 307, Stone, Lucy (also abolitionist) 100 308, 309, 310, 312, 313, 315, 316, 348, World War I 42, 58, 102, 171, 192, 232, 271 387, 390, 391, 395, 397, 398, 399 World War II 39, 80, 95, 102, 103, 105, 171, unlawful presence 209, 240, 245, 246, 269, 173, 184, 188, 189, 190, 195, 221, 271, 274, 275, 277, 283 231, 344