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Childhood Pesticide Poisoning Information for Advocacy and Action

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Childhood Pesticide Poisoning Information for Advocacy and Action childhood couverture 28/06/04 14:42 Page 1 ChildhoodChildhood PesticidePesticide PoisoningPoisoning Information for Advocacy and Action Printed in Switzerland GE.04-00690-May 2004-2000 WHO maquette childhood last 28/06/04 14:46 Page 1 Childhood Pesticide Poisoning Information for Advocacy and Action Prepared for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) The main text was prepared for the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), and the World Health Organization (WHO) by Dr. Lynn Goldmann, Professor, Environmental Health Sciences, John Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, USA. These organizations wish to acknowledge the contributions to the report from Mr. Bill Murray, FAO, Dr. Bo Wahlström, UNEP and Dr. Jenny Pronczuk, WHO. Published in May 2004 by the Chemicals Programme of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP Chemicals) with the assistance of UNEP’s Information Unit for Conventions. For more information please contact UNEP Chemicals, International Environment House, 11-13 Chemin des Anémones, CH-1219 Châtelaine, Switzerland, or [email protected]. 1 maquette childhood last 28/06/04 14:46 Page 2 I. Introduction Pesticide poisoning is a serious health Tackling the risks to children of pesticide problem that disproportionately affects exposure and poisoning requires compre- infants and children. Pesticides are hensive strategies. These strategies designed to kill, reduce or repel insects, should be designed for the local level and weeds, rodents, fungi, and other organ- supported nationally, regionally and inter- isms that can threaten public health and nationally. They should include research national economies. However, when activities on how to develop effective eco- Introduction improperly used or stored, these chemical nomic and legal instruments. In addition, agents can also harm humans. Key risks they should ensure that the public is are cancer, birth defects, and damage to informed, health conditions are monitored the nervous system and the functioning of and, where necessary, treatment pro- the endocrine system. grams are established. People can be exposed to excessive pes- The need for such strategies is confirmed ticide levels while working; via food, soil, by a number of international agreements water or air; or by directly ingesting pesti- that call for actions to protect children cide products. Pesticides are known to and the environment from the negative cause millions of acute poisoning cases effects of human activities. These include per year, of which at least one million the United Nations Convention on the require hospitalization. The number of Rights of the Child as well as Agenda 21, which was adopted by the United Nations children involved in such incidents is Conference on Environment and unknown but, based on the experience of Development. many countries, likely to be large. Between one and three agricultural workers per The purpose of this document is to provide every 100 worldwide suffer from acute you with information for advocacy and pesticide poisoning [1, 2], and adolescents action directed at reducing pesticide are often the victims.[3, 4] The contribution poisoning and addressing its effects on of pesticides to chronic diseases, on the children and women. other hand, is unknown. 2 3 maquette childhood last 28/06/04 14:46 Page 4 Selected extracts from the 1989 Selected extracts from Agenda 21, adopted Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1992 by the United Nations Conference dealing with the environment on Environment and Development, that deal with children are: Preamble Chapter 25: Children and youth in ledge of child health and nutrition, the Chapter 6: Protecting and The States Parties to the present sustainable development Convention, advantages of breastfeeding, hygiene and promoting human health environmental sanitation and the preven- 25.12. Children not only will inherit the …Convinced that the family, as the funda- 6.1 Action items under Agenda 21 must tion of accidents; responsibility of looking after the Earth, mental group of society and the natural address the primary health needs of the but in many developing countries they environment for the growth and well- world's population, since they are integral comprise nearly half the population. being of all its members and particularly Article 29 to the achievement of the goals of sus- Furthermore, children in both developing children, should be afforded the neces- 1. States Parties agree that the education tainable development and primary envi- and industrialized countries are highly sary protection and assistance so that it of the child shall be directed to: ronmental care… vulnerable to the effects of environmental can fully assume its responsibilities 6.19 The health of children is affected (e) The development of respect for the degradation. They are also highly aware within the community … more severely than other population natural environment. supporters of environmental thinking. The Introduction groups by malnutrition and adverse envi- specific interests of children need to be Article 24 ronmental factors… taken fully into account in the participatory 1. States Parties recognize the right of the 6.24. Specific major goals for child sur- process on environment and development child to the enjoyment of the highest vival, development and protection were in order to safeguard the future sustain- attainable standard of health and to facil- agreed upon at the World Summit for ability of any actions taken to improve the ities for the treatment of illness and reha- Children and remain valid also for Agenda environment. bilitation of health. States Parties shall 21. Supporting and sectoral goals cover 25.13. National governments, according strive to ensure that no child is deprived women's health and education, nutrition, to their policies, should take measures to: of his or her right of access to such health child health, water and sanitation, basic care services. education and children in difficult circum- a. Ensure the survival, protection and development of children, in accordance 2. States Parties shall pursue full imple- stances. with the goals endorsed by the 1990 World mentation of this right and, in particular, 6.27. National Governments, in coopera- Summit for Children. shall take appropriate measures: tion with local and non-governmental (c) To combat disease and malnutrition, organizations, should initiate or enhance including within the framework of primary programmes in the following areas: health care, through, inter alia, the appli- a. Infants and children: cation of readily available technology and i. Strengthen basic health-care services through the provision of adequate nutri- for children in the context of primary tious foods and clean drinking-water, health-care delivery, including prenatal taking into consideration the dangers and care, breast-feeding, immunization and risks of environmental pollution; … nutrition programmes; (e) To ensure that all segments of society, iv. Protect children from the effects of in particular parents and children, are environmental and occupational toxic informed, have access to education and compounds; are supported in the use of basic know- 4 5 maquette childhood last 28/06/04 14:46 Page 6 II. What do we know about pesticide poisoning and why are children at greater risk? Summary Hazardous by design Unintended – but harmful – effects countries, where safeguards typically are inadequate or lacking altogether.[6][1] The unintended but harmful effects of Children are often more vulnerable Pesticides are toxic substances designed Although developing countries use pesticides have become clearer in recent than adults to the effects of pesticides to kill, repel or inhibit the growth of living 25% of the world’s production of decades, which has increased the as a result of several risk factors. organisms. They are used against insects, pesticides, they experience 99% of the urgency for taking action. For example, These include their smaller size; mammals, plants, fungi, nematodes and deaths.[1] greater rates of exposure to food, other creatures that can pose problems if used on a broad scale, pesticides can soil, water, and air; differing for agriculture, public health, or homes, disrupt the ecological balance of agricul- The total health impact of pesticide expo- metabolism; and rapidly growing schools, buildings and communities.[6] tural areas by killing natural biological sure is probably much greater than these figures suggest. The symptoms of pesti- and developing organ Pesticides impair the functioning of controls; this can lead to outbreaks of cide poisoning, which may involve a skin systems. They tend to explore their biological processes essential for life, pests that were previously of minor impor- rash or mild gastroenteritis, are frequently immediate environment more than such as the nervous and reproductive tance and consequently to lower crop similar to other health problems, so the adults do and to put things in their systems. Very often, these processes are yields. Once used, pesticides may accu- link to pesticides may go undetected. mouths. Inexperience, lack of similar among different organisms, mulate in the air or water or on land, maturity, illiteracy and an inability whether insects or humans, adults or chil- where they can harm non-target species People suffering from acute poisoning to assess risk make children more dren. and diminish biodiversity. By contaminat- may lack
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