THE STRATFORD CHOOK FARM PROJECT

22 July 2012 Monitoring and evaluation report TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

Treeforce, together with the Stratford/Freshwater community is undertaking revegetation of the ‘Old Stratford Chook Farm’, located on the banks of the Barron River, north of Cairns. Site inspections found that the species mix used in revegetation largely reproduces that found in the surrounding natural vegetation. Revegetation of the site will improve connectivity and wildlife habitat richness in the Barron River delta. Long term success of the project will require ongoing maintenance, including weed control.

Page 1 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

MONITORING AND EVALUEVALUATIONATION REPORT

PREPARED FOR TREEFORCE BY STUART WORBOYS OF THE CAIRNS AND FAR NORTH ENVIRONMENT CENTRE INC, AUGUST 2012.

INTRODUCTION Treeforce’s revegetation of the ‘Old Stratford Chook Farm’ is a substantial community- focused revegetation project on the banks of the Barron River, adjacent to the northern Cairns suburb of Stratford.

The goal of this project is to engage and bring together a large number of community groups, schools and the general public from the Stratford/Freshwater community in the rehabilitation of an historic site on the Barron River through hands-on revegetation activities (PlatePlate 11) and educational NRM guest speakers. The project site is within walking distance of these two neighbouring suburbs and is located in a highly significant but fragile and fragmented ecosystem. The emphasis is to not only bring awareness and appreciation to the community of the special place that they live in (so close to the Barron River), but also to provide access to a local site that they have never been to before, and engage people who would not usually be involved in natural resource activities.

As with any revegetation project, monitoring and evaluation is an essential part of the process. The Cairns and Far North Environment Centre Inc. has been engaged to undertake an early evaluation of the project. Outcomes of the evaluation are presented in the following pages. The scope of this report is to provide:

 a brief technical overview of the site, its geographical context and significance;

Page 2 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

 an evaluation of species planted at site in comparison to species occurring in adjoining remnant forest communities;

 an assessment of the significance of weed threats across the site; and

 a listing of native and exotic species occurring on and immediately adjacent to the site.

Limitations

Plantings at the site are not yet complete, therefore final tree numbers cannot be reported at this point.

Where species could not be identified due to lack of flowering or fruiting material (e.g. some and Lauraceae used in revegetation), these were omitted from species lists.

The location of weeds (illustrated in Figure 33) was recorded with an accuracy of approximately 20 m.

METHODS Revegetation activities are currently concentrating on a cleared area of the Barron River Esplanade, directly north of the Stratford Chook Farm. The ‘revegetation area’ (FigureFigure 11) comprises only the section of the Barron River esplanade subject to revegetation works, however surrounding vegetation was assessed to provide additional site context (‘survey area’, Figure 11).

A site inspection was carried out on 20 July 2012. A species list was compiled, and notes were made on the different ecological communities present across and adjacent to the survey area. The survey area includes the revegetation area, the western bank of the Barron River, and adjoining areas of remnant forest and mangroves.

Page 3 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

ESPLANADE

SURVEY AREA REVEGETATION AREA

FIGURE 1. AREA SURVEYED (RED OOUTLINE)UTLINE) AND APPROXIMATE BARRON RIVER ESPLANAESPLANADEDE (YELLOW OUTLINE)

Significant weed species were noted, and the location and approximate size of infestations were recorded. Significant weeds are here defined as:

 Weeds of National Significance (Australian Weeds Committee 2012).

 Species declared as State-significant pest in the schedules of the Land Protection (Pest and Stock Route Management) Regulation 2003 (LP Regulation);

 Locally and regionally significant pest plants identified as medium or high priorities for control (CCC 2005, Werren 2004); and

 Environmental weeds prioritized by Werren (2001). names follow Bostock and Holland (2010).

Location data is given in decimal degrees, datum = WGS84.

Page 4 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project SURVEY RESULTS

Site context

The revegetation area lies in the Barron River delta, approximately 6.3 km river kilometres (or 4.2 km in a straight line) from the mouth. It is gazetted as Esplanade, and is bounded to the west by Lot 87 on NR1384 (the Chook Farm proper) and to the east by the Barron River estuary. The original purpose of the clearing on the Esplanade proper is not clear, however freehold land on the western side of the survey area supports a small citrus orchard.

The revegetation area (PlatePlate 2, Plate 33) is low lying, prone to wet-season flooding, and surrounded by mangroves (PlatePlate 44). The delta portion of the river is tidal with a mean spring tide range of 1.8m (Connolly et al. 1996). Soils at the site have developed on Quaternary alluvium some 40-50 m deep (Jones 1985).

Surrounding vegevegetationtation

What is a regional ecosystem? Queensland’s uncleared native vegetation has been mapped at a broad, 1:100 000 scale by the Queensland Herbarium. The maps not only shows remnant vegetation across the state, but has identified hundreds of distinct ecological communities, or regional ecosystems. A regional ecosystem is described in terms of its bioregion of occurrence, the geology on which it occurs, and the structure and species composition of the vegetation (DEHP 2012).

Regional ecosystems are assigned a code number ( e.g. 7.1.1) and a conservation status. Each regional ecosystem is assigned a conservation status, or vegetation management class (VM Class) according to the estimated uncleared proportion of that regional ecosystem. The conservation status, or vegetation management class (VM Class) of a particular area of remnant vegetation has proved to be an important management tool, with legislation restricting clearing in regional ecosystems that are classed as Of Concern or Endangered.

Page 5 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

Regional ecosystems of the Chook Farm area Regional ecosystem mapping shows the revegetation area as non-remnant ( i.e. cleared) but surrounded by a large area of remnant vegetation (FigureFigure 22). Mapped regional ecosystems surrounding the revegetation area are:

 7.1.1 (Mangrove closed forest to open shrubland of areas subject to regular tidal inundation). VM Class = Not of Concern;

 7.3.10 (Simple to complex mesophyll to notophyll vine forest on moderate to poorly drained alluvial plains of moderate fertility). VM Class = Of Concern;

 7.3.19 ( Corymbia intermedia or C. tessellaris +/- Eucalyptus tereticornis open forest (or vine forest with these species as emergents), on well drained alluvium). VM Class = Of Concern; and

 7.3.25 ( Melaleuca leucadendra +/- vine forest species, open to closed forest, on alluvium fringing streams). VM Class = Of concern.

FIGURE 22:: EXTRACT OF QUEENSLANQUEENSLANDD GOVERNMENT REGIONAREGIONALL ECOSYSTEM MAPPING CENTRED ON THE REVEGETATION AREAAREA.. GREEN AREAS ARE ‘‘NOTNOT OF CONCERN’ REMNREMNANTANT VEGETATION, ORANORANGEGE INDICATES ‘OF CONCERCONCERN’N’ REMNANT VEGETATIOVEGETATION.N.

Page 6 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

The revegetation area itself has previously been cleared right to the bank of the river, but now supports high value regrowth, with isolated canopy trees scattered across the site. The species composition of the regrowth appears consistent with regional ecosystem 7.3.10.

Floristics

A total of 125 species were recorded in the area surveyed (AttachmentAttachmentAttachment). Ninety six species appeared to be growing naturally ( i.e. native and exotic plants growing at the site without human intervention), the remainder being native species introduced as part of the revegetation effort. The list includes trees, shrubs, herbs, vines and epiphytes, with a quarter of the total found to be weeds, or exotic species. Twenty seven species were recorded growing along the river bank, whilst nine mangrove species were recorded growing in tidally influenced areas. Only 49 species were recorded as growing naturally in the revegetation area, reflecting the history of disturbance at this location. No threatened or near-threatened species were seen during surveys.

Treeforce has utilized more than 37 species in its revegetation 1, including thirteen species which were not observed during site surveys.

Weeds

Some 31 exotic species were recorded during surveys. Of these, the highest priorities for control are listed in Table 1, below. Approximate weed locations are shown in Figure 33. Guinea Grass is not illustrated – it is widespread across the revegetation area.

1 This is an underestimate – several species could not be confidently identified due to lack of suitable reproductive material.

Page 7 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

TATATABLETA BLE 1: STRATSTRATFORDFORD CHOOK FARM ––– DECLARED PEST PLANTS AND ENVIRONMENTAL WEWEEDSEDS RECORDED DURING SURVSURVEYSEYS

Species Significance

Shoe-button Ardisia  Although not widely established in 2001, Werren (2001) reported this species to be one of the world’s worst invasive species. Ardisia elliptica (also called Ardisia cf. humilis or Ardisia solanacea )

Lantana  Weed of National Significance  Listed as a class 3 pest plant in the LP Regulation. Lantana camara  Regionally, it is recommended To be contained and reduce with a long term view of eventual elimination from the region if possible. Guinea Grass  Ranked among the top 25 worst environmental weeds by Werren (2001) Megathyrsus maximus (also called Panicum maximum ) Guava  Regionally, it is recommended control be effected consistent with level of Declaration &/or local adverse impact (Werren 2004). Psidium guajava  Ranked very high amongst the top 25 worst environmental weeds by Werren (2001). Kudzu  Listed as a Class 2 pest plant in the LP Regulation.

Pueraria montana var. lobata

Brazilian Nightshade  Ranked among the top 25 worst environmental weeds by Werren (2001) Solanum seaforthianum

African Tulip  Listed as a class 3 pest plant in the LP Regulation.  Regionally, it is recommended control be effected consistent with Spathodea campanulata level of Declaration &/or local adverse impact (Werren 2004).

 Identified as a Medium priority weed in the CCC Pest Management Plan. It is considered to pose a critical threat to conservation and riparian areas.  Ranked among the top 25 worst environmental weeds by Werren (2001)

Page 8 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

Species Significance

Singapore Daisy  Listed as a class 3 pest plant in the LP Regulation.  Regionally, it is recommended that isolated outbreaks be Sphagneticola trilobata eliminated, populations reduced and spread suppressed (Werren 2004)  Identified as a Medium priority weed in the CCC Pest Management Plan. It is considered a threat to conservation and riparian areas  Ranked very high amongst the top 25 worst environmental weeds by Werren (2001). Snakeweeds  Regionally, it is recommended control be effected consistent with level of Declaration &/or local adverse impact (Werren 2004). Stachytarpheta spp.  Ranked among the top 25 worst environmental weeds by Werren (2001) Turbina  Regionally, it is recommended that isolated outbreaks be eliminated, populations reduced and spread suppressed (Werren Turbina corymbosa 2004)  Identified as a Medium priority weed in the CCC Pest Management Plan. It is considered to pose a critical threat to conservation areas.  Ranked among the top 25 worst environmental weeds by Werren (2001)

Page 9 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

FIGURE 3. WEED LOCALOCATIONS.TIONS. AE = ARDISIA ELLIPTICA , LC = LANTANA CAMARA , PG = PSIDIUM GUAJAVA , PM = PUERARIA MONTANA VAR LOBATA , SC = SPATHODEA CAMPANULATCAMPANULATAAAA, SD = SPHAGNETICOLA TRILOBTRILOBATAATA , SJ = STACHYTARPHETA SPP , SS = SOLANUM SEAFORTSEAFORTHIANUMHIANUM , TC = TURBINA CORYMBOSA ...

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Site significance

Revegetation of the Chook Farm site will rehabilitate a locally important patch of a rare ecological community. Regional ecosystem 7.3.10 (which is being recreated at the Chook Farm Site) is an ‘Of Concern’ ecological community, meaning its cover has been reduced to less than 30% of its pre-European settlement distribution. Rehabilitating a small area of this forest will improve vegetation connectivity along the lower Barron River and help recover an ecological community that has largely been cleared from the coastal plain around Cairns.

Page 10 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

It is important to realise that the surrounding mangroves also play an important role in the ecology of the lower Barron. Connolly (1996) notes:

“The mangrove environment in this zone plays an important role in the estuarine system as mangroves have a higher level of primary productivity than other wetland communities… They are considered to be important refuges for birds in winter or in time of drought… and are also thought to act as wildlife corridors for reptiles between patches of other forest habitat…

Given the proximity of this zone to Cairns and other urban areas all of the remnant native vegetation and habitat in the area represents refuge for native fauna in the area. In the past it has been demonstrated that mangrove habitat provides an isolated or protected breeding and foraging site for many species (eg herons, flying foxes, fruit-doves)… They also provide an important food source for many terrestrial vertebrates during low tides…”

The proximity of two productive but ecologically distinct communities (mangroves and rainforest) is a potential boon for local wildlife. Mangrove and lowland rainforest communities each have their own set of specialist wildlife, the diversity of which is constrained by resource availability. The availability of food resources, such as fresh new leaves, nectar, fruit, or invertebrates, in the two different communities may vary with season, restricting species to those that can survive seasonal resource droughts. However, where the two different communities lie next to each other, each with their own independent cycles of feast and famine, the variety of species which can take advantage of these conditions is greatly increased.

Other ecological communities are contiguous with the forest at the revegetation site (FigureFigure 222),2 and will provide some contribution to the area’s biodiversity – Melaleuca leucadendra -dominated open forest and Corymbia/Eucalyptus-dominated open forest occur on the banks of Barron River. Close by, but separated by suburbia, are the rainforests and open forests of the Whitfield Range.

The diversity of habitats in close proximity to the Chook Farm site, combined with its geographical location, makes it an important link in a vegetated riparian corridor that stretches, with some cleared interruptions, from the Barron Gorge to Redden Island.

Page 11 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

Rehabilitation of the site will improve natural linkages between the World Heritage area and coastal environments, providing movement corridors and habitats for wildlife in the largely cleared and urbanised Cairns’ lowlands.

Revegetation

Ideally revegetation would only contain species which are either currently or historically present on or around the site. This is largely the case at the Chook Farm, – of the 37 species that were identified in revegetation works (AttachmentAttachmentAttachment), only 13 were absent from the surveyed area. However most of these, for instance Homalanthus novoguineense , Deplanchea tetraphylla and Cryptocarya hypospodia , occur in the Barron Delta (the author was actually surprised at the absence of these species from the survey area!). It is therefore reasonable that they form part of the revegetation. Only two species could be considered geographically inappropriate for this site – Maniltoa lenticellata , an attractive tree native to Cape York, and (arguably) forte , a tree that has almost no records from the Barron Delta area 2. However the presence of these may add resilience to the revegetation in face of climate change

Several coconuts were present on the site when work commenced. Being strandline species, they are not appropriate for the site, however it is understood they are to be retained at the request of the adjoining landowner. Cultivated bananas are also present.

In the long term, floristic composition and the structure of the community are likely to be influenced by frequency, duration, depth and season of flooding (Connolly et al. 1996). A few species that are ecologically inappropriate for the site – mostly those that are intolerant of seasonal flooding – will be weeded out, allowing those that like these conditions to survive and thrive.

Weeds

Weeds pose the greatest threat to the success of revegetation at the Chook Farm site. The most significant weeds are listed in Table 111;1 however there are several small vine species that will hinder the early growth of the plantings if not managed appropriately. These include Merremia quinquefolia and Centrosema molle. The ubiquitous

2 I have not seen Syzygium forte growing naturally in the Barron Delta.

Page 12 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

Sphagneticola trilobata covers an area of approximately 360 m 2 near the entrance to the site (FigureFigure 33), and will require attention.

The weeds listed in Table 1 pose the greatest threat to the long term success of revegetation at the site. Large robust vines, such as Pueraria montana and Turbina corymbosa (PlatePlate 55) should be removed, whilst Spathodea campanulata (PlatePlate 66), present both within and around the revegetation area, will require attention in the long term.

Conclusion

Revegetation at the Old Stratford Chook Farm site not only provides a local focus for active community engagement in conservation, but will rehabilitate a section of a degraded lowland riparian corridor. The conservation outcomes from this project will include improved habitat connectivity along the lower Barron River, increased coverage of the rainforest regional ecosystem 7.3.10 in the Cairns lowlands, and a localised improvement in habitat diversity.

Success of this project will require ongoing maintenance, including removal of weeds such as Turbina corymbosa, Spathodea campanulata and Pueraria montana.

REFERENCES Australian Weeds Committee 2012. Weeds of National Significance. URL: www.weeds.org.au/WoNS/ Date accessed: 22 July 2012.

Bostock , P.D. and Holland, A.E. 2010. Census of the Queensland Flora 2010. Queensland Herbarium. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Sciences, Department of Environment and Resource Management, Brisbane.

CCC (Cairns City Council) 2005. Cairns City Council Pest Management Plan. URL: www.cairns.qld.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/9820/ CCCPestManagementPlan.pdf Date accessed: 22 July 2012.

Connolly, N., Doak, N. and Pearson, R. 1996. Environmental Literature Scan of the Barron River Catchment. ACTFR Report No. 96/20. Report to the Queensland Department of Natural Resources by the Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, James Cook University, Townsville..

Page 13 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

DEHP (Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage Protection) 2012. Regional Ecosystems. URL: www.ehp.qld.gov.au/ecosystems/biodiversity/re_introduction.html Date accessed: 31 July 2012.

Jones, M.R. 1985. Quaternary Geology and Coastline Evolution of Trinity Bay, North Queensland. Geological Survey of Queensland, Publication 386.

NRM (Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Mines) 2001. Weed Pocket Guide. Agricultural and Environmental Weeds. Far North Queensland. Wet Tropics Management Authority, Far North Queensland Local Government Pest Plant Advisory Committee and the Department of Natural Resources and Mines, with assistance from the Natural Heritage Trust.

Werren, G.L. 2001. Environmental Weeds of the Wet Tropics Bioregion: Risk Assessment and Priority Ranking. Report prepared for the Wet Tropics Management Authority, Cairns

Werren, G.L. 2004. FNQLGPPAC Regional Pest Management Plan Integration. Stage 4 – Regional Pest Management Plan. Report to the Far North Queensland Local Government Pest Plan Advisory Committee. ACTFR/School of Tropical Biology, James Cook University Cairns.

Page 14 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project PLATES

PLATE 11:: TREE PLANTING, 15 JULY 2012.

PLATE 22:: ENTRANCE TO THE SSITEITE ––– LOOKING NORTHNORTH,, 22 JULY 2012

Page 15 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

PLATE 33:: LOOKING SOUTH FROFROMM THE NORTHERN END OOFF THE REVEGETATION AAREAREAREA,, 22 JULY 2012.

PLATE 44:: MANGROVES SURROUND TTHEHE REVEGETATION AREA

Page 16 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

PLATE 55:: TURBINA CORYMBOSA: FLOWERS AND ROPEROPE----LIKELIKE STEM.

PLATE 6: SEEDLING SPATHODEA CAMPANULATCAMPANULATAAAA

Page 17 ATTACHMENT: FLORA SPECIES LIST * Indicates exotic species.

Species Species Species growing growing growing natura lly Species used naturally in naturally on within survey Family Species Common Name in reveg reveg area Mangroves river bank area Acanthaceae Acanthus ilicifolius Holly-leaved Mangrove 1 1 Amaranthaceae * Alternanthera ficoidea 1 1 Anacardiaceae Buchanania arborescens Jam Jam 1 1 Apocynaceae Dischidia nummularia Button Orchid 1 1 Apocynaceae Cerbera sp. Plum 1 Apocynaceae Gymnanthera oblonga 1 1 Apocynaceae Ichnocarpus frutescens 1 1 1 Apocynaceae Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Banana Bush 1 Araliaceae Schefflera actinophylla Umbrella Tree 1 1 Arecaceae * Cocos nucifera Coconut 1 1 Arecaceae Ptychosperma elegans Solitaire Palm 1 1 Asteraceae * Ageratum conyzoides Bluetop 1 1 1 Asteraceae * Crassocephalum crepidioides 1 1 Asteraceae * Praxelis clematidea Praxelis 1 1 Asteraceae * Sphagneticola trilobata Singapore Daisy 1 1 Asteraceae * Synedrella nodiflora Cinderella Weed 1 1 Avicenniaceae Avicennia marina Grey mangrove 1 1 1 Bignoniaceae Deplanchea tetraphylla Golden Bouquet 1 Bignoniaceae * Spathodea campanulata African Tulip 1 Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpinia crista 1 1 Caesalpiniaceae iripa Wrinklepod Mangrove 1 1 Caesalpiniaceae Maniltoa lenticallata Cascading Maniltoa Cleomaceae * Cleome aculeata Prickly Spider Flower 1 1 Combretaceae Terminalia sericocarpa Sovereignwood 1 1 1 1 Convolvulaceae * Merremia quinquefolia Rock Rosemary 1 1 Convolvulaceae * Turbina corymbosa Christmas Vine 1 1 Euphorbiaceae Aleurites rockinghamensis Candlenut 1 Euphorbiaceae Excoecaria agallocha Blind-your-eye Mangrove 1 1 1

TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

Species Species Species growing growing growing natura lly Species used naturally in naturally on within survey Family Species Common Name in reveg reveg area Mangroves river bank area Euphorbiaceae Homalanthus novoguineense Bleeding Heart 1 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga involucrata var. mallotoides Brown Macaranga 1 Euphorbiaceae Macaranga tanarius Macaranga 1 Euphorbiaceae Mallotus philippensis Red Kamala 1 1 * Centrosema molle Centro 1 1 1 Fabaceae * Crotalaria pallida Streaked Rattlepod 1 1 Fabaceae Derris trifoliata 1 1 Millettia sp. McIlwraith (B.Hyland Fabaceae 3295RFK) 1 1 Fabaceae Mucuna gigantea 1 1 1 Fabaceae * Pueraria montana var. lobata Kudzu 1 1 Flacourtiaceae Scolopia braunii Brown Birch 1 Flagellariaceae Flagellaria indica Supplejack 1 Goodeniaceae Scaevola taccada Cardwell cabbage 1 1 Lamiaceae Clerodendrum inerme Scrambling Clerodendrum 1 1 Lauraceae Beilschmiedia obtusifolia Blush Walnut 1 1 Lauraceae Cryptocarya hypospodia Northern Laurel 1 Lauraceae Cryptocarya triplinervis var. riparia Brown Laurel 1 1 Laxmanniaceae Cordyline sp. Palm Lily 1 Laxmanniaceae Lomandra sp. Mat Rush 1 Loranthaceae Amyema conspicua Mistletoe 1 1 Malvaceae Hibiscus tiliaceus Cottonwood 1 1 Malvaceae Thespesia populneoides Tulip Tree 1 1 Malvaceae * Urena lobata Urena Burr 1 1 Meliaceae Aglaia elaeagnoidea Coastal Boodyarra 1 Meliaceae Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum Ivory Mahogany 1 1 Meliaceae Melia azedarach White Cedar 1 Meliaceae Xylocarpus sp. Mimosaceae Acacia polystachya Wattle 1 1 Mimosaceae Albizia procera Forest Siris 1 1

Page 19 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

Species Species Species growing growing growing natura lly Species used naturally in naturally on within survey Family Species Common Name in reveg reveg area Mangroves river bank area Mimosaceae * Mimosa pudica Sensitive weed 1 1 Mimosaceae Paraserianthes toona Mackay Cedar 1 Moraceae Ficus fraseri Fraser's Fig 1 1 Moraceae Ficus hispida Hairy Fig 1 Moraceae Ficus obliqua Small-leaved Fig 1 Moraceae Ficus racemosa Cluster Fig 1 1 Moraceae Ficus variegata Variegated Fig 1 Moraceae Streblus brunonianus Axehandle Tree 1 1 Moraceae Trophis scandens 1 1 Musaceae * Musa cv. Banana 1 1 Myrsinaceae * Ardisia elliptica Shoe Button Ardisia 1 1 Myrtaceae Acmena hemilampra Blush Satinash 1 Myrtaceae Corymbia tessellaris Moreton Bay Ash 1 1 Myrtaceae Melaleuca leucadendra Weeping Paperbark 1 1 1 Myrtaceae Melaleuca viminalis 1 Myrtaceae * Psidium guajava Guava 1 1 Myrtaceae Syzygium cormiflorum Bumpy Satinash 1 Myrtaceae Syzygium forte White Apple 1 Myrtaceae Syzygium luehmanii Riberry 1 Myrtaceae Xanthostemon chrysanthus Golden Penda 1 Nyctaginaceae Pisonia aculeata Thorny Pisonia 1 Oleaceae Chionanthus ramiflora Northern Olive 1 1 Oleaceae Jasminum simplicifolium Native Jasmine 1 1 Orchidaceae Dendrobium teretifolium Rats Tail Orchid 1 1 1 Passifloraceae Adenia heterophylla Lacewing Vine 1 1 Passifloraceae * Passiflora foetida Stinking Passionfruit 1 1 1 Phyllanthaceae Breynia stipitata Fart Bush 1 Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus cuscutiflorus Pink Phyllanthus 1 1 Phyllanthaceae Glochidion harveyanum 1 Phyllanthaceae Glochidion philippicum Buttonwood 1 1 1

Page 20 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

Species Species Species growing growing growing natura lly Species used naturally in naturally on within survey Family Species Common Name in reveg reveg area Mangroves river bank area Poaceae * Megathyrsus maximus Guinea Grass 1 1 1 Polypodiaceae Drynaria rigidula Basket Fern 1 Polypodiaceae Platycerium hillii Elkhorn Fern 1 1 Proteaceae Grevillea baileyana 1 1 1 Pteridaceae Acrostichum speciosum Mangrove Fern 1 1 Rhamnaceae Alphitonia petriei Red Ash 1 Rhizophoraceae Carallia brachiata Carallia 1 1 1 Rubiaceae Atractocarpus fitzalanii Brown Gardenia 1 1 1 Rubiaceae Ixora timorensis Native Ixora 1 1 1 Rubiaceae Morinda citrifolia Cheesefruit 1 Rubiaceae * Spermacoce latifolia 1 1 Rutaceae * Citrus x jambhiri Bush Lemon 1 Rutaceae Melicope elleryana Pink Euodia 1 Rutaceae Melicope rubra Little Evodia 1 Rutaceae Micromelum minutum Lime Berry 1 Rutaceae Glycosmis trifoliata Pink-fruited Glycosmis 1 Sapindaceae Allophyllus cobbe Bailey's Silky Oak 1 Sapindaceae Cupaniopsis anacardioides Tuckeroo 1 1 Sapindaceae Diploglottis diphyllostegia Northern Tamarind 1 Sapindaceae Ganophyllum falcatum Daintree Hickory 1 Sapindaceae Guioa acutifolia Northern Guioa 1 1 1 Sapindaceae Jagera pseudorhus Foambark 1 Solanaceae * Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum Bird's Eye Chilli 1 Solanaceae * Solanum nodiflorum Deadly Nightshade 1 1 Solanaceae * Solanum seaforthianum Brazilian Nightshade 1 Solanaceae * Solanum torvum Devil's Apple 1 1 Sparmanniaceae * Triumfetta rhomboidea Chinese burr 1 1 1 Sterculiaceae Brachychiton acerifolius Flame Tree 1 Sterculiaceae Helicteres isora 1 1

Page 21 TreeForce: Stratford Chook Farm project

Species Species Species growing growing growing natura lly Species used naturally in naturally on within survey Family Species Common Name in reveg reveg area Mangroves river bank area Sterculiaceae Heritiera littoralis Looking Glass Mangrove 1 1 1 Thymeleaceae Phaleria clerodendron Scented Phaleria 1 Ulmaceae Trema orientalis Large Poison Peach 1 Verbenaceae * Lantana camara Lantana 1 1 Verbenaceae * Stachytarpheta cayennensis Snakeweed 1 1 Verbenaceae * Stachytarpheta jamaicensis Snakeweed 1 1 Vitaceae Cissus hastata 1 1 Vitaceae Leea indica Leea 1 Xanthophyllaceae Xanthophyllum octandrum McIntyres Boxwood 1

Page 22