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UNIT 3 DAILY ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:

1. What were the 2. What laws causes and effects improved society of the Progressive during the Movement? Progressive Era?

EQ #1. WHAT WERE THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT?

WHAT WAS THE PROGRESSIVE ERA?

Progressivism was a reform movement that responded to the social, political, and economic issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration in the 1890s and 1900s. Causes/issues included: 1. Corrupt political machines 2. Trusts and 3. Safety in the workplace 4. City services 5. Women’s suffrage (vote!) 6. Temperance (anti-alcohol) 7. Education How did The Progressive these Era dealt with lead to the social, reform? economic, and political problems and negatives of the Gilded Age. WHO AND WHAT WERE ?

Muckrakers used investigative reporting to uncover and dramatize society’s problems.

Examples: 1. Ida Tarbell - wrote The History of Standard Oil

2. Jacob Riis exposed the conditions of poor people through his photography and in How the Other Half Lives.

3. Lincoln Steffens – muckraking author of Shame of the Cities; exposed corruption in urban government http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/pioneering-social-reformer-jacob-riis-revealed-how- other-half-lives-america-180951546/?no-ist 4. Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle provided a shocking look at meatpacking in Chicago’s stockyards.

“You would smile, perhaps, to see [Jadvyga and Mikolas dancing together] – but you would not smile if you knew all the story. This is the fifth year, now, that Jadvyga has been engaged to Mikolas, and her heart is sick. They would have been married in the beginning, only Mikolas has a father who is drunk all day, and he is the only other man in a large family. Even so they might have managed it (for Mikolas is a skilled man) but for cruel accidents which have almost taken the heart out of them. He is a beef-boner, and that is a dangerous trade, especially when you are on piecework and trying to earn a bride. Your hands are slippery, and your knife is slippery, and you are toiling like mad, when somebody happens to speak to you, or you strike a bone. Then your hand slips up on the blade, and there is a fearful gash. And that https://www.youtube.com/wa would not be so bad, only for the deadly contagion. The tch?v=Xxe9nosWawM 6min cut may heal, but you never can tell.” HOW DID WOMEN IMPACT THE PROGRESSIVE ERA?

1. Suffragettes! – Many women wanted the right to vote. • Carrie Chapman Catt – started the National American Women’s Suffrage Association - lobbied state legislatures to get the woman’s vote state by state • Alice Paul – used marches, picketing, and hunger strikes. Wanted a constitutional amendment. Formed the National Woman’s Party in 1917. • (These ladies disagreed about tactics!) 2. Birth Control Movement - Margaret Sanger - opened the first birth control clinic. She believed that having fewer children would lead to healthier women. (jailed!)

3. Settlement Houses – Jane Addams started Hull House –a settlement house that was a community center that provided services for the urban poor. 4. The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union grew steadily until the passage of the 18th Amendment which banned the sale and production of alcohol in 1919.

States gradually granted suffrage to women, starting in the western states. EQ #2: WHAT LAWS IMPROVED SOCIETY DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA?

HOW WERE CHILDREN AFFECTED?

1. Progressives succeeded in reducing child labor and improving school enrollment. • The United States Children’s Bureau was created in 1912. WHAT EVENT PROMPTED WORKER SAFETY LAWS?

In the 1900s, the U.S. had the world’s highest rate of industrial accidents.

In 1911, 146 workers died in the Triangle Shirtwaist Fire. Many young women burned or jumped to their deaths. WHAT LAWS WERE PASSED AT THE CITY AND STATE LEVEL? (TO COMBAT POLITICAL MACHINES)

1. In Wisconsin, Robert M. La Follette and other Progressives reformed state government to give more political control to the people.

• direct primaries -allowed voters to select candidates rather than having them selected by party leaders • Initiatives -process in which citizens put a proposed new law directly on the ballot • Referendums -process that allows citizens to reject or accept laws passed by their legislature • Recalls -process by which voters can remove elected officials from office before their terms end

2. Progressive governors achieved state-level reforms of the railroads and taxes. (Munn v. Illinois) WHAT WAS PRESIDENT TEDDY ROOSEVELT’S ?

1. The Square Deal was Roosevelt’s program to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor.

2. Roosevelt was known as a trustbuster. He used the Sherman Antitrust Act to file suits against that bullied small businesses or cheated consumers.

3. He signed bills into law for food safety, railroad regulations, and for federal government land preservation – national parks.

4. Republican President from 1901-1909. He ran for President with the Progressive Party setting up a three-way race for the presidency in 1912. He lost that race.

5. Roosevelt closed off more than 100 million acres of forestland. WHAT WERE PRESIDENT WILSON’S PROGRESSIVE IDEAS?

• 1. President from 1913 – 1921 - His New Freedom plan called for strict government controls over corporations. • 2. Promised to bring down the “triple wall of privilege,” tariffs, banks, and trusts. • Examples: • Underwood Tariff Act cut tariffs, leading to lower consumer prices • 16th Amendment - Progressives like Wilson felt it was fair that the wealthy should pay a higher % of their income in taxes than the poor. • Note: Did not want to give women the vote at first! WHAT LEGISLATION WAS PASSED DURING THE PROGRESSIVE ERA?

Progressive Era Legislation and Amendments

Sherman Antitrust Act Outlawed monopolies and practices that (1890) restrained trade

National Reclamation Provided for federal irrigation projects in Act (1902) arid Western states Elkins Act Imposed fines on railroads that gave special (1903) rates to favored shippers

Hepburn Act Allowed the government to regulate and (1906) sets maximum rates for railroads Meat Inspection Act Provided federal inspection of packing plants (1906) and meat sold across state lines

Pure Food and Drug Act Provided federal inspection of foods, (1906) medicines for purity

Sixteenth Amendment Gave Congress the power to collect an (1913) income tax Progressive Era Legislation and Amendments (continued)

Seventeenth Provided for the direct election of Senators Amendment (1913) by the voters of each state Underwood Tariff Act Lowered tariffs on imported goods, (1913) established a graduated income tax Federal Reserve Act Created the Federal Reserve Board to (1913) oversee banks and reserve funds

Federal Trade Established the Federal Trade Commission to Commission Act (1914) monitor business Clayton Antitrust Act Spelled out specific activities that businesses (1914) can not engage in

Eighteenth Amendment Banned the making, selling, or transporting (1919) of alcoholic beverages

Nineteenth Amendment Gave women the right to vote in all elections (1920)