DOCSLIB.ORG

Frauds, Myths, a N D Mysteries

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Frauds, Myths, a N D Mysteries FRAUDS, MYTHS, AND MYSTERIES Science and Pseudoscience in Archaeology THIRD EDITION KENNETH L. FEDER Central Connecticut State University Mayfield Publishing Company Moimtain View, California London • Toronto Contents Preface v Science and Pseudoscience Belief in the Unbelievable 2 The Morning of the Magicians 6 Pseudoscience and Archaeology 8 Why I Wrote This Book 10 Frequently Asked Questions 13 Critical Thinking Exercises 13 Best of the Web 14 Epistemology: How You Know What You Know 15 Knowing Things 15 Collecting Information: Seeing Isn't Necessarily Believing 16 Collecting Information: Relying on Others 18 Science: Playing by the Rules 19 There Is a Real and Knowable Universe 20 The Universe Operates According to Understandable Laws 22 The Laws Are Immutable 22 The Laws Can Be Understood 24 The Workings of Science 24 The Case of Childbed Fever 26 Science and Nonscience: The Essential Differences 28 A Cheap— But Effective— Trick 29 A Rule in Assessing Explanations 30 XI XII Contents The Art of Science 32 Where Do Hypotheses Come From? 32 Testing Hypotheses 34 The Human Enterprise of Science 35 Science and Archaeology 37 Frequently Asked Questions 38 Best of the Web 39 Critical Thinking Exercises 39 The Goliath of New York: The Cardiff Giant 40 The Cardiff Giant 42 The Discovery 42 The Beginning of the End 46 Hull's Confession 48 The End of the Giant 49 Why Did They Do It? 50 Current Perspectives; Frauds 52 Frequently Asked Questions 53 Best of the Web 54 Critical Thinking Exercise 54 4 Dawson's Dawn Man: The Hoax at Piltdown 55 The Evolutionary Context 56 A Remarkable Discovery in Sussex 59 The Piltdown Enigma 65 Unmasking the Hoax 67 Whodunnit? 68 Suspect: Charles Dawson 68 Suspect: Arthur Smith Woodward 69 Suspect: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 70 Suspect: Sir Arthur Keith 71 Suspect: Martin A. C. Hinton 71 Suspect: Sir Grafton Elliot Smith 72 Suspect: W. /. Sollas 72 Suspect: Lewis Abbott 73 Suspect: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle 73 The Lesson of Piltdown 74 Current Perspectives: Human Evolution 74 Frequently Asked Questions 77 Best of the Web 78 Critical Thiriking Exercises 78 Contents XIII 5 Who Discovered America? 79 The Discovery of a New World 80 Biblical Exegesis and American Indians 84 American Indians: From Israelites to Atlanteans 85 Joseph de Acosta and Gregoria Garcia 86 Tracing the Movement of Ancient People 87 Tracing People by Their Culture 87 Tracing People by Their Biology 89 Tracing People by Their Materials 89 Out of Asia 90 An "American Genesis"? 90 Current Perspectives: The Peopling of the Americas 92 Frequently Asked Questions 96 Best of the Web 97 Critical Thinking Exercise 97 After the Indians, Before Columbus? 98 A Trail of Artifacts: Sixteenth-Century Visitors to the New World 99 Martin Frobisher and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado 99 The Spanish Entrada into the American Southeast 100 St. Brendan and His Ox-Hide Boat 102 Fusang: The Chinese Discovery of America? 103 Prince Madoc and Welshmen in the New World 104 Africans in Ancient America? 105 Afrocentrism 110 Africans in Ancient America: The Verdict 110 America b .c .? I ll Linguistics 112 Inscriptions 112 Architecture 113 The Archaeological Verdict 115 The Viking Discovery of America 119 A New Found Land 122 Where Was Vinland and Who Were the Skraelings? 124 The Vinland Map 124 Archaeological Evidence of the Viking Presence 125 The Newport Tower 126 Current Perspectives: The Norse Discovery of America 127 Frequently Asked Questions 131 Critical Thinking Exercise 131 Best of the Web 132 XIV Contents The Myth of the Moundbuilders 133 The Myth of a Vanished Race 137 Who Were the Moundbuilders? Identifying the Vanished Race 139 The Walum Olum 140 The Archaeology of the Myth 140 The Moundbudder Mystery Solved 143 Rationale for the Myth of a Vanished Race 151 Current Perspectives: The Moundbuilders 152 Frequently Asked Questions 157 Best of the Web 158 Critical Thinking Exercise 158 8 Lost: One Continent—Reward 159 Atlantis: The Source of the Legend 160 The Timaeus Dialogue 160 The Critias Dialogue 162 The Source and Meaning of Timaeus and Critias 163 Who Invented Atlantis? 164 Where Did Plato Get the Story? A Minoan Source 165 After Plato 168 Ignatius Donnelly: The Minnesota Congressman 169 Atlantis After Donnelly 178 Current Perspectives: Atlantis 179 Frequently Asked Questions 182 Critical Thinking Exercise 182 Best of the Web 183 Prehistoric E.T.: The Fantasy of Ancient Astronauts 184 Gods in Fiery Chariots 184 Hypothesis 1 185 Hypothesis 2 193 Hypothesis 3 195 Ancient Egypt 195 Von Ddniken's Response 200 More Mysteries of Ancient Egypt? 202 More Ancestors, More Dummies 203 Extraterrestrial Calendars? 203 Extraterrestrial Aliens in the Pacific? 205 The Archaeology of Mars 207 Current Perspectives: The von Daniken Phenomenon 212 Contents XV Frequently Asked Questions 214 Best of the Web 215 Critical Thinking Exercise 215 10 Good Vibrations: Psychics, Dowsers, and Photo-Fields 216 Psychic Archaeology 218 The Roots of Psychic Archaeology 219 Psychic Site Location 220 Psychic Excavation 221 Psychic Cultural Reconstruction 223 Psychic Archaeology: The Verdict 1T7 Dowsing Instead of Digging 227 Testing the Dowsers 228 Electromagnetic Photo-Fields 229 Current Perspectives; Archaeology Without Digging 231 Frequently Asked Questions 232 Best of the Web 234 Critical Thinking Exercise 234 11 Old Time Religion—New Age Harmonics 235 Scientific Creationism 236 Noah's Ark 238 Footprints in Time 245 Other Guises of Creationism 248 The Shroud of Turin 249 Testing the Shroud 253 New Age Prehistory 258 Arizona in the New Age 259 Current Perspectives: Religions Old and New 261 Frequently Asked Questions 263 Critical Thiriking Exercise 263 Best of the Web 264 12 Real Mysteries of a Veritable Past 265 The Ice Man 265 The Cave Painters of Europe 267 Explaining the Cave Paintings 269 The Civilization of the Maya 271 XVI Contents Explaining the Maya T71 Stonehenge 275 Explaining Stonehenge 279 Circular Reasoning About Stonehenge 281 An Ancient Astronomy? 282 Why Was Stonehenge Built? 283 Conclusion: A Past We Deserve 284 Frequently Asked Questions 285 Critical Thmking Exercise 285 Best of the Web 286 References 287 Index 305.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UFO Film / a a AS and Psi Martin Gardners 'Notes of a Psi-Watcher'
    the Skeptical Inquirer ^ *^' ) Randi's Project Alpha: Magicians in the Psi Lab American Disingenuous: Cult Archaeology Responding to Pseudoscience Bogus UFO Film / A A AS and Psi Martin Gardners 'Notes of a Psi-Watcher' VOL. VII NO. 4 / SUMMER 1983 Published by the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal Skeptical Inquirer THE SKEPTICAL INQUIRER is the official journal of the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal. Editor Kendrick Frazier. Editorial Board George Abell, Martin Gardner, Ray Hyman, Philip J. Klass, Paul Kurtz, James Randi. Consulting Editors James E. Alcock, Isaac Asimov, William Sims Bainbridge, John Boardman, Milbourne Christopher, John R. Cole, C.E.M. Hansel, E.C. Krupp, James E. Oberg, Robert Sheaffer. Assistant Editors Doris Hawley Doyle, Andrea Szalanski. Production Editor Betsy Offermann. Office Manager Mary Rose Hays Staff Laurel Smith, Barry Karr, Richard Seymour (computer operations), Lynette Nisbet, Alfreda Pidgeon, Maureen Hays, Stephanie Doyle Cartoonist Rob Pudim The Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal Paul Kurtz, Chairman; philosopher, State University of New York at Buffalo. Lee Nisbet, Executive Director; philosopher, Medaille College. Fellows of the Committee: George Abell, astronomer, UCLA; James E. Alcock, psychologist, York Univ., Toronto; Isaac Asimov, chemist, author; Irving Biederman, psychologist, SUNY at Buffalo; Brand Blanshard, philosopher, Yale; Bart J. Bok, astronomer, Steward Observatory, Univ. of Arizona; Bette Chambers, A.H.A.; Milbourne Christopher, magician, author; L. Sprague de Camp, author, engineer; Bernard Dixon, European Editor, Omni; Paul Edwards, philosopher, Editor, Encyclopedia of Philosophy; Charles Fair, author, Antony Flew, philosopher, Reading Univ., U.K.; Kendrick Frazier, science writer, Editor, THE SKEPTICAL INQUIRER; Yves Galifret, Exec.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychic Archaeology the Anatomy of Irrationalist Prehistoric Studies
    Psychic Archaeology The Anatomy Of Irrationalist Prehistoric Studies Kenneth L. Feder As a scientific enterprise, archaeology is relatively young. The use of objective, consistent, and meticulous field-techniques is barely 100 years old. As recently as 25 years ago archaeological theory—that is, a body of general theory explaining the nature of the relationship between human societies and the material remains of these societies—was so deficient that those who discussed it could state that it lacked even a name (Willey and Phillips 1958, p. 5). In the past twenty years archaeology has experienced a methodological and theoretical revolution characterized by the explicit application of statistical analysis, use of computers, a heavy emphasis on ecological relationships, and the growth of cultural evolutionary theory. Though scientific or anthropological archaeology is new, archaeology has never lacked fringe-area, pseudoscientific, and, at times, decidedly antiscientific approaches and theory. Archaeology and astronomy are probably the two sciences that have attracted the greatest number of serious and dedicated amateurs who go on to make valuable contributions. These two fields have also attracted the greatest number of individuals whose time would be better spent selling incense. It is truly mind-boggling to consider the number of frauds (Piltdown Man, the Cardiff Giant, the Davenport Stones), racist ideologies (Nazism), religions (Mormonism), and just plain crazy theories (ancient astronauts) that have utilized archaeology to "prove" their often preposterous hypotheses. It should come as no surprise that a "new" field of endeavor involving archaeology and the paranormal has been introduced: "psychic archaeology." After all, what could be more obvious? Psychics can find missing things; why shouldn't they be able to find archaeological sites? Kenneth L.
    [Show full text]
  • Fantastic Archaeology and Pseudoscience Lost Tribes, Sunken Continents, and Ancient Astronauts
    SOUTHERN METHODIST UNIVERSITY TAOS SUMMER TERM 2019 ANTH 3334: FANTASTIC ARCHAEOLOGY AND PSEUDOSCIENCE LOST TRIBES, SUNKEN CONTINENTS, AND ANCIENT ASTRONAUTS Professor: Whitney A. Goodwin, Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Anthropology Contact: [email protected] Course Time: Monday-Friday, 9:00am-12:00pm, 1:00-4:00pm Course Location: Fort Burgwin Archaeology Laboratory Office Hours: By appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION: Archaeology, like any other science, is no stranger to today’s world of half-truths and ‘alternative facts’. Fantastic claims have been made about everything in the field, from crystal skulls to entire civilizations. In this course, you will acquire the tools to form critical opinions about archaeological phenomena and become able to take apart shaky arguments based on incomplete, false or nonexistent evidence. At the same time, you will learn that science is never straightforward, neat, and simple. When it comes to many issues, legitimate controversies among scientists about what is known and what is knowable can turn into speculations about the past that go beyond any possibility of documentation. In fact, you will learn that sometimes these frontiers between the legitimate and the lunatic are the most dynamic and interesting of all. In this course we will also consider, thematically and periodically, the difference between legitimate controversy within scientific archaeology, what is termed a “Paradigm controversy”, and controversy pitting scientists against pseudoscientists and charlatans. As Ken Feder describes in the first two chapters of his book, Frauds, Myths and Mysteries, a controversy between legitimate scientists operates by clear and consistent rules of evidence, even if those scientists have very different interpretations of evidence.
    [Show full text]
  • (AP) Module 8: Fools for Gold
    i2P • AP Module 8 • Fools for Gold Fools for Gold Module 8 - Akshayuk Pass Expedition i2P • Akshayuk Pass Education Resource • High School 1 i2P • AP Module 8 • Fools for Gold TO THE NORTH Ray and the team are well into the Akshayuk Pass now, making their way past towering walls of rock, and over terrain tilled by the great hand of glaciers. Would-be explorers, mining knowledge and experience, a gift rarely afforded to prior generations. A gift we are privileged to acknowledge, bequeathed by the wealth and technology of our day. Indeed, explorers from an earlier age did not have the advantages afforded by our cur- rent technology. Global Positioning Systems (GPS) to keep one from getting lost, satel- lite phones to call for help, and airplanes to come to the rescue. Historically those who traveled to the Arctic were gone for years, and lost to communication until they returned. Many never re- turned. What drove people to explore the north: to risk their lives and expose themselves to profound privation? The exploration of the Arctic spans almost 450 years, and continues to this day. While early explor- ers were looking for spices from China, current ex- ploration is focused on precious resources like oil, diamonds and gold. Caught in the mix has been the Inuit people, and the welfare of those who call the Arctic home has often been overlooked in the drive to explore. GETTING THERE The principal means of travel for early explorers was by boat; sailing ships to cross the ocean and freigh- ter canoes to travel inland waterways.
    [Show full text]
  • Bibliography of Occult and Fantastic Beliefs Vol.4: S - Z
    Bruno Antonio Buike, editor / undercover-collective „Paul Smith“, alias University of Melbourne, Australia Bibliography of Occult and Fantastic Beliefs vol.4: S - Z © Neuss / Germany: Bruno Buike 2017 Buike Music and Science [email protected] BBWV E30 Bruno Antonio Buike, editor / undercover-collective „Paul Smith“, alias University of Melbourne, Australia Bibliography of Occult and Fantastic Beliefs - vol.4: S - Z Neuss: Bruno Buike 2017 CONTENT Vol. 1 A-D 273 p. Vol. 2 E-K 271 p. Vol. 3 L-R 263 p. Vol. 4 S-Z 239 p. Appr. 21.000 title entries - total 1046 p. ---xxx--- 1. Dies ist ein wissenschaftliches Projekt ohne kommerzielle Interessen. 2. Wer finanzielle Forderungen gegen dieses Projekt erhebt, dessen Beitrag und Name werden in der nächsten Auflage gelöscht. 3. Das Projekt wurde gefördert von der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Sozialamt Neuss. 4. Rechtschreibfehler zu unterlassen, konnte ich meinem Computer trotz jahrelanger Versuche nicht beibringen. Im Gegenteil: Das Biest fügt immer wieder neue Fehler ein, wo vorher keine waren! 1. This is a scientific project without commercial interests, that is not in bookstores, but free in Internet. 2. Financial and legal claims against this project, will result in the contribution and the name of contributor in the next edition canceled. 3. This project has been sponsored by the Federal Republic of Germany, Department for Social Benefits, city of Neuss. 4. Correct spelling and orthography is subject of a constant fight between me and my computer – AND THE SOFTWARE in use – and normally the other side is the winning party! Editor`s note – Vorwort des Herausgebers preface 1 ENGLISH SHORT PREFACE „Paul Smith“ is a FAKE-IDENTY behind which very probably is a COLLCETIVE of writers and researchers, using a more RATIONAL and SOBER approach towards the complex of Rennes-le-Chateau and to related complex of „Priory of Sion“ (Prieure de Sion of Pierre Plantard, Geradrd de Sede, Phlippe de Cherisey, Jean-Luc Chaumeil and others).
    [Show full text]
  • Unfrozen Sea: Sailing the Northwest Passage
    UNFROZEN SEA: SAILING THE NORTHWEST PASSAGE Michael Byers In late October 2006, Michael Byers travelled through Bellot Strait in the Canadian North, on the the first ship ever to do so in October. “We were 700 kilometres north of the Artic Circle“ he writes, “but there was no ice.” The shrinking sea of Canada’s Arctic region poses challenges both for the ecosystem and for animals such as the polar bear, as well as for Canada’s claims of Arctic sovereignty over disputed waters such as the Northwest Passage. Where explorers once died in search of the “Arctic Grail,” a northern route from Europe to Asia, the Northwest Passage is now open water in the summer. “In March 2006,” writes Byers, “the area covered during the winter by sea-ice was at an all-time low: 300,000 square kilometres less than the previous year. At this rate the Arctic could lose all its sea-ice by 2030.” Fin octobre 2006, Michael Byers s’est rendu dans le Nord canadien par le détroit de Bellot, à bord du premier bateau à faire cette traversée en octobre. « Nous étions à 700 kilomètres au nord du cercle arctique et il n’y avait pas de glace », écrit-il. Le retrait de la mer dans la région arctique du Canada constitue un défi pour l’écosystème et les populations animales, notamment les ours polaires, mais aussi pour la souveraineté revendiquée par notre pays sur des eaux contestées comme celles du passage du Nord- Ouest. Là où sont morts des explorateurs en quête du « Graal arctique » — une route du Nord entre l’Europe et l’Asie —, ce passage est devenu en été une étendue d’eau libre.
    [Show full text]
  • An Evaluation Report of Shrub Roses Richard G
    Issue 11, 1997 Plant Evaluation Notes An Evaluation Report of Shrub Roses Richard G. Hawke, Coordinator of Plant Evaluation Programs he popularity of roses is centuries old, over 80 hybrids of English roses with blos- Midwestern landscapes with hardy, disease- but the care and attention required to soms in pastels, rich pinks, reds, purples and resistant plants. Both breeding programs have Tgrow hybrid roses successfully may no yellows. Many of these “old-fashioned” plants produced a broad palette of shrub roses for longer fit the lifestyle of today’s gardeners. are now in the United States and gaining pop- many uses—for growing singly, for including Roses that require less maintenance and fewer ularity with modern gardeners. in shrub and mixed borders or for massing and biocides to provide a brilliant show are now At the same time, two Agriculture naturalizing. Modern shrub roses hold the more important to gardeners, homeowners and Canada breeding programs were developing promise of being better plants for today’s land- landscapers. The solution to this challenge winter-hardy shrub roses for Northern land- scapes. But which shrub roses are best suited may be modern shrub roses with their lower scapes. The Explorer series, bred in Ottawa, for the gardens of the northern Midwest? Ontario, recognizes famous explorers in maintenance requirements, increased disease Evaluation Project Canada’s history. These roses are of three resistance, greater winter hardiness and, of The English, Explorer and Parkland roses types—Rosa rugosa hybrid, shrub and course, the blossoms that are highly cherished. were developed to expand the availability of climber.
    [Show full text]
  • Dowsing and Archaeology Is There Something Underneath?
    Dowsing and Archaeology Is There Something Underneath? An examination of the available published evidence for dowsers' ability to trace hidden archaeological features shows that field tests were badly designed and executed. MARTUN VAN LEUSEN ext to buried treasure and water, archaeological remains have long been the object of dowsers' Nefforts. Professional and student archaeologists reg- ularly encounter local dowsers during fieldwork, sometimes accepting their offers to provide help by dowsing the site under excavation. Archaeological dowsing techniques are essentially identical to the techniques used for water dows- ing. The position of the dowsing rods, one held in each hand, is inherently unstable so the points easily deviate up to 90 degrees either side of the "straight forward" or resting position. The dowser moves over the area, interpreting and mapping the movement of the rods until archaeological fea- tures have been located (see Figure 1). SKEPTICAL INQUIRER March/April 1999 33 Figure I: The technique of archaeological dowsing as portrayed in Bailey et al. (1988, Plate 14 and figure 32). Note that the movement of the dows- ing rods at B and C precludes any uncertainty about the nature of the interfaces. The photo at right shows proper stance and hand position for dowsing. In my own work, studying the buried Roman city of Viroconium and its hinterland in modern-day Shropshire (U.K.), I have been offered help by local dowsers whose activ- ity at the site went back at least sixty years: A diviner who believed that gold treasure lay under the ruins theme within psychic archaeology in general (Cole 1980, 14), of Viroconium, the Roman city near Shrewsbury, was permit- ted to excavate at a spot where the divining rod appeared to such views do not win many converts among professional give the most pronounced indications of metal.
    [Show full text]
  • A Selection of Books, Maps and Manuscripts on the Northwest Passage in the British Library
    A selection of books, maps and manuscripts on the Northwest Passage in the British Library Early approaches John Cabot (1425-c1500 and Sebastian Cabot (1474-1557) "A brief somme of Geographia" includes description of a voyage made by Roger Barlow and Henry Latimer for Robert Thorne in company with Sebastian Cabot in 1526-1527. The notes on a Northern passage at the end are practically a repetition of what Thorne had advocated to the King in 1527. BL: Royal 18 B XXVIII [Manuscripts] "A note of S. Gabotes voyage of discoverie taken out of an old chronicle" / written by Robert Fabyan. In: Divers voyages touching the discouerie of America / R. H. [i.e. Richard Hakluyt]. London, 1582. BL: C.21.b.35 Between the title and signature A of this volume there are five leaves containing "The names of certaine late travaylers"etc., "A very late and great probabilitie of a passage by the Northwest part of America" and "An epistle dedicatorie ... to Master Phillip Sidney Esquire" Another copy with maps is at BL: G.6532 A memoir of Sebastian Cabot; with a review of the history of maritime discovery / [by Richard Biddle]; illustrated by documents from the Rolls, now first published. London: Hurst, Chance, 1831. 333p BL: 1202.k.9 Another copy is at BL: G.1930 and other editions include Philadelphia, 1831 at BL: 10408.f.21 and Philadelphia 1915 (with a portrait of Cabot) at BL: 10408.o.23 The remarkable life, adventures, and discoveries of Sebastian Cabot / J. F. Nicholls. London: Sampson, Low and Marston, 1869.
    [Show full text]
  • English Colonial Stirrings, 1558-1603
    English Colonial Stirrings, 1558-1603 Topics of Discussion I. Two shifts in English Orientation II. Factors Driving English Colonial Efforts III. Putting Colonial Thought into Action IV. The Ideology of Colonization V. Methods of Establishing Colonies Elizabeth I English Colonial Stirrings, 1558-1603 I. Two shifts in English Orientation A. Domestic Issue: 1. Collapse of Antwerp wool market 2. Need for new markets. B. International Issue: 1. Shift from pro-Spanish to anti-Spanish foreign policy under Elizabeth I 2. Defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. 3. Foreign policy driven by Protestantism. Armada Portrait English Colonial Stirrings, 1558-1603 II. Factors Driving English Colonial Efforts A. Rise of semi-piratical raiding 1. John Hawkins 2. Sir Francis Drake B. Rise of joint stock companies C. Search for a Northwest passage 1. Sir Humphrey Gilbert 2. Martin Frobisher Sir Francis Drake Discovered in 1545, Potosi remained the world’s largest silver mine until the late 17th century. From the nearby Port of Arica, the Spanish shipped out some 11,000 tons of silver between 1580 and 1626. Santiago, Cape Verde: Drake’s fleet left Plymouth on September 14, 1585, sailing down the Spanish coast and on to the town of Santiago in the Cape Verde Islands. On November 17th Drake looted and burned the town before crossing the Atlantic. Santo Domingo (Dominican Republic): On New Year’s Day 1586 Drake reached Santo Domingo on Hispaniola Island (present-day Haiti & Dominican Republic). He captured and plundered the town then demanded, and received, a ransom of 25,000 ducats. This image shows the English fleet in the bay, and the infantry battalions attacking the town.
    [Show full text]
  • Martin Frobisher
    MARTIN FROBISHER by John H. Lienhard Click here for audio of Episode 932. Today, we go after gold -- and gain education instead. The University of Houston's College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. The early exploration of the New World was full of misadventure. Take Frobisher's quest for the Northwest Passage: Martin Frobisher, born in 1535, took up sailing at 19. He became an excellent pirate. Piracy against Spain was legal in England, but Frobisher was too good at it. He got in the way of Queen Elizabeth's negotiations with Spain. She finally had to draft his talents into the English Navy. Then he met Elizabeth's counselor, John Dee. Dee helped convince Frobisher that he could find a Northwest passage to Asia through Arctic Canada. In 1576, Frobisher set out in three tiny ships to look for China. The largest had only an 18-man crew. Frobisher got to Greenland and thought it was one of the Faeroe Islands. A storm sank one of his three ships. Another defected back to England. He finally reached two large bodies of land. He thought the northern one must be Asia and the southern one America. Actually he'd found a 150-mile bay running into Baffin Island. On land he met Inuit Indians who laughed at his alien band. They'd been hearing about Europeans since Leif Ericson. Then Inuits kidnapped five of his crew. Frobisher snatched up some mineral samples, took a hostage, and headed home.
    [Show full text]
  • Uva-DARE (Digital Academic Repository)
    UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) The problem of disenchantment: scientific naturalism and esoteric discourse, 1900-1939 Asprem, E. Publication date 2013 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Asprem, E. (2013). The problem of disenchantment: scientific naturalism and esoteric discourse, 1900-1939. General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:26 Sep 2021 8 Laboratories of Enchantment Parapsychology in Search of a Paradigm A collection of facts is not yet a science any more than a heap of stones is an edifice. They must be collated, sifted and ordered, according to a definite point of view, in order that we may draw conclusions from them. Baron Albert von Schrenck-Notzing, Phenomena of Materialisation (1923), 28.
    [Show full text]