367-372 Sinonasal Complex.P65

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367-372 Sinonasal Complex.P65 Artigo de Revisão Complexo nasossinusal: anatomia radiológica COMPLEXO NASOSSINUSAL: ANATOMIA RADIOLÓGICA* Ricardo Pires de Souza1, Joel Pinheiro de Brito Júnior2, Olger de Souza Tornin3, Ademar José de Oliveira Paes Junior4, Cristiano Ventorim de Barros5, Felipe Amstalden Trevisan6, Carlos Neutzling Lehn7 Resumo Este estudo propõe-se a avaliar o complexo nasossinusal, a fim de identificar os principais achados e deter- minar as doenças desta área. A análise precisa da extensão local e disseminação tumoral, dada pela tomo- grafia computadorizada e ressonância magnética, desempenha papel importante no planejamento terapêutico, influenciando também o prognóstico. Unitermos: Nasossinusal; Tomografia computadorizada; Ressonância magnética. Abstract Sinonasal complex: radiological anatomy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the sinonasal complex to identify the main findings and to determine the diseases in this area. An accurate analysis of the local extent and tumoral dissemination through computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging plays a significant role in the therapeutic planning, also affect- ing the prognosis. Keywords: Nasal sinuses; Computed tomography; Magnetic resonance imaging. INTRODUÇÃO nância magnética (RM) permite melhor metades direita e esquerda(17,18). O septo visualização dos tecidos moles do que a nasal, facilmente identificável tanto nos Os achados clínicos nas afecções da ca- TC, porém não representa adequadamente cortes tomográficos coronais quanto nos vidade nasal e dos seios paranasais podem, as paredes ósseas e os óstios dos seios pa- cortes axiais, estende-se por toda a cavida- muitas vezes, ser inespecíficos, sendo, des- ranasais(1–3,12–15). de nasal. Sua porção anterior é composta sa forma, essencial a avaliação radiológica Este trabalho visa a descrever a anato- por cartilagem e sua porção posterior é no seu diagnóstico(1,2). mia da cavidade nasal e seios paranasais, óssea, constituída principalmente pelo vô- Embora as radiografias simples possam que é fundamental para o diagnóstico e pro- mer e pela lâmina perpendicular do etmói- retratar as mudanças por doenças inflama- gramação do tratamento das afecções des- de(3,17) (Figura 1). tórias nos seios paranasais, a tomografia sa região, possibilitando assegurar uma me- A parede lateral da cavidade nasal apre- computadorizada (TC), em particular, ava- lhor qualidade de assistência ao paciente, senta vários marcos anatômicos, tais como lia melhor a cavidade nasal, os seios para- bem como discorre sobre as variações ana- as conchas nasais superior, média e infe- nasais e estruturas adjacentes, permitindo tômicas mais freqüentes dessa área(1–3). rior, que dividem a cavidade nasal em três a visualização dos canais óstio-meatais e passagens de ar distintas: os meatos supe- (1,2,8,9) facilitando a percepção da morfologia des- ANATOMIA E FISIOLOGIA rior, médio e inferior (Figura 2A). sa região, característica que tem sido bas- DO COMPLEXO NASOSSINUSAL A concha nasal superior é a menor das tante explorada nos últimos anos em fun- três, abaixo da qual se situa o meato supe- ção do uso crescente de técnicas de cirur- Balanço mucociliar – O revestimento rior, por onde drenam as células etmoidais gia endoscópica nasossinusal(1–11). A resso- mucoso dos seios paranasais é feito por posteriores através de vários óstios (Figu- epitélio colunar pseudo-estratificado ciliar, ra 2A). Póstero-superiormente à concha su- * Trabalho realizado no Serviço de Diagnóstico por Imagem estando os cílios em constante movimento perior, entre a parede anterior do seio es- do Hospital Heliópolis, São Paulo, SP. e propulsionando o muco em direção aos fenoidal e a parede posterior do seio etmoi- 1. Radiologista, Coordenador da Residência Médica em Diag- (1,2,16) nóstico por Imagem do Hospital Heliópolis, Doutor pela Univer- óstios sinusais . O padrão de fluxo é dal, localiza-se o recesso esfenoetmoidal, sidade de São Paulo. específico para cada seio e persiste mesmo por onde drena o seio esfenoidal(2,3,8,9) (Fi- 2. Radiologista, Mestre em Ciências da Saúde pelo Hospital Heliópolis. que sejam feitas algumas aberturas alterna- gura 5). 3. Radiologista, Mestre em Ciências da Saúde pelo Hospital tivas(1,2,8,9). Isto é observado nitidamente no A concha nasal média cobre o meato Heliópolis, Prática Profissionalizante em Ressonância Magnética pela Universidade de São Paulo. seio maxilar, onde o fluxo mucoso é des- médio, onde se localiza a unidade óstio- 4. Radiologista, Doutor pela Universidade de São Paulo. locado em direção ao óstio primário, de meatal, a mais complexa região da parede 5. Radiologista, Doutorando pela Universidade de São Paulo. 6. Radioterapeuta, Médico Assistente da Clínica Radium em onde é transportado através do infundíbulo nasal lateral, e que drena os seios nasais Campinas e do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina para o hiato semilunar e dali para o meato frontais, maxilares e etmoidais anteriores de Ribeirão Preto – Universidade de São Paulo. (1–9,17,19) 7. Chefe do Serviço de Cabeça e Pescoço do Hospital Helió- médio. A partir do meato médio, as secre- e médios (Figuras 2A e 2B). polis, Doutor pela Universidade Federal de São Paulo. ções dos seios maxilares, frontais e etmoi- Anteriormente, a concha nasal média Endereço para correspondência: Dr. Ricardo Pires de Souza. (1,2) Rua Cônego Xavier, 276, 10º andar, Bairro Sacomã. São Paulo, dais seguem para a nasofaringe . prende-se à parede medial das células de SP, 04231-010. E-mail: [email protected] A cavidade nasal é formada pelos os- agger e à extremidade superior do proces- Recebido para publicação em 28/10/2004. Aceito, após re- visão, em 15/12/2004. sos nasais e dividida pelo septo nasal em so uncinado. Superiormente, adere-se à Radiol Bras 2006;39(5):367–372 367 Souza RP et al. o meato médio. Lateral e inferiormente, o hiato semilunar comunica-se com o infun- díbulo. A bulla etmoidal, geralmente con- siste de uma única célula aerada, que se projeta ínfero-medialmente sobre o hiato semilunar(1–8) (Figuras 2A e 2B). Abaixo da concha nasal inferior, a maior das três, situa-se o meato inferior, que recebe a drenagem do ducto nasolacri- mal, que é visto em cortes axiais de TC(1–3). Há dois canais principais de drenagem dos seios paranasais: Figura 1. Imagem de tomo- 1. A unidade óstio-meatal, sistema que grafia computadorizada, cor- drena os seios frontal, maxilar e etmoidais te axial, evidenciando a por- anterior e médio, e que inclui o óstio do ção anterior cartilaginosa e a porção posterior óssea do seio frontal, o recesso frontal, o óstio do septo nasal (setas). seio maxilar, o infundíbulo, o processo uncinado, a bulla etmoidal, o hiato semi- lunar, a concha nasal e o meato médios lâmina cribriforme e, posteriormente, fixa- margem póstero-medial do ducto nasolacri- (Figuras 2A e 2B). se à parede nasal lateral pela lamela basal mal. Lateralmente ao processo uncinado, 2. O recesso esfenoetmoidal, que drena (Figura 5). A lamela basal é um prolonga- situa-se o infundíbulo, que conecta o óstio apenas as células etmoidais posteriores e os mento ósseo lateral da concha média, que dos seios maxilares e dos seios etmoidais seios esfenoidais(1–9,17,18) (Figura 5). se funde à lâmina papirácea — estrutura ao hiato semilunar. A borda ínfero-medial O ciclo nasal é um fenômeno fisioló- que separa as células etmoidais da órbita da órbita define o limite lateral do infun- gico que descreve a abertura e o fecha- posteriormente à bulla etmoidal(2,3,8,9). díbulo(1–8) (Figura 2B). mento, de maneira alternada, dos lados da O processo uncinado, uma fina proemi- O hiato semilunar é envolvido superior- cavidade nasal. Este ciclo dura de 20 mi- nência óssea revestida por mucosa, possui mente pela bulla etmoidal, lateralmente nutos a seis horas, e os fatores que o con- uma extremidade livre em sua porção sú- pela órbita, inferiormente pelo processo trolam ainda são desconhecidos(1,16,20,21) pero-posterior. Anteriormente, origina a uncinado e medialmente comunica-se com (Figuras 3A e 3B). A B Figura 2. A: Corte coronal de tomografia computadorizada evidenciando conchas nasais superior, média e inferior (setas) e bulla etmoidal (cabeça de seta). B: Corte coronal de tomografia computadorizada evidenciando processo uncinado (seta grande), infundíbulo (seta curva), hiato semilunar (seta pequena) e bulla etmoidal (cabeça de seta). 368 Radiol Bras 2006;39(5):367–372 Complexo nasossinusal: anatomia radiológica A B Figura 3. A: Corte coronal de tomografia computadorizada evidenciando conchas nasais média e inferior mais volumosas à esquerda (setas). B: Imagem de ressonância magnética ponderada em T2, corte coronal, evidenciando conchas nasais média e inferior mais volumosas e com aumento da intensidade do sinal à esquerda (setas). Tais achados são considerados normais e atribuídos ao ciclo nasal. A RM demonstra tais alterações pelo entre o seio frontal e o meato médio ante- rias carótidas internas, os seios cavernosos, aumento da intensidade do sinal do reves- rior, geralmente localizado na porção ânte- as órbitas e os nervos ópticos na sua saída timento mucoso durante a fase edematosa ro-superior do infundíbulo, e prosseguem das órbitas(1). do ciclo nasal, porém tal aumento é bas- através do hiato semilunar para a porção tante similar à aparência da inflamação mu- anterior do meato médio, onde se junta ao VARIAÇÕES ANATÔMICAS cosa, que costuma ter intensidade de sinal fluxo do seio maxilar ipsilateral (Figura 4). E ANORMALIDADES CONGÊNITAS muito brilhante nas seqüências T2. Já as Podem ainda drenar diretamente no meato neoplasias geralmente apresentam sinal de médio, acima do infundíbulo(1,2,15,17,19,25). Embora a anatomia nasal apresente intensidade intermediária e as afecções Os seios esfenoidais são os mais poste- muitas diferenças de um indivíduo para fúngicas têm sinal de intensidade bem bai- riores dos seios paranasais. Eles são geral- outro, certas variações anatômicas são ob- xa nas seqüências T2(1,12–14,22–24). mente “embebidos” no clivo e limitados servadas comumente na população geral e As células etmoidais estão presentes ao póstero-superiormente pela sela turca.
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