PALAZZO PUBBLICO a SIENA…E DINTORNI I Palazzi Pubblici Nel Medioevo

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PALAZZO PUBBLICO a SIENA…E DINTORNI I Palazzi Pubblici Nel Medioevo PALAZZO PUBBLICO A SIENA…E DINTORNI I Palazzi pubblici nel Medioevo •I Palazzi Pubblici si diffusero dal XIII secolo, a partire dall’Italia settentrionale. Prima della loro realizzazione, fino al Duecento, le rappresentanze delle magistrature civili erano costrette ad essere itineranti o a riunirsi nelle chiese. I nuovi palazzi erano posti in diretto rapporto con lo spazio urbano, generalmente una piazza, separata da quella della chiesa principale. Il Palazzo pubblico era generalmente separato dalla cattedrale, a testimonianza di una palese contrapposizione politica tra i due sistemi di potere. Nell’Italia settentrionale, generalmente, il palazzo presentava portici al piano terra, dove si svolgevano il mercato o assemblee pubbliche; al piano superiore era un ampio e luminoso salone per le riunioni del consiglio, con un balcone prospettante sulla piazza. Vedi Palazzo pubblico a Bologna Nell’Italia centrale, i palazzi civici fungevano spesso anche da residenza dei magistrati e degli amministratori, per cui viene eliminata la loggia, luogo pubblico per eccellenza. Ne sono esempio il Palazzo della Signoria a Firenze e il Palazzo Pubblico di Siena. PIAZZA DEL CAMPO •1169, è questo l’anno in cui viene diffuso un primo documento che parla di questa piazza. E’ l’anno in cui la comunità di Siena acquista questo terreno fragile e fangoso su cui convergevano le piccole strade dell’antica città. Verso la fine del 1100 il grande spazio viene diviso, probabilmente, da un ampio muro divisorio contribuendo a creare la caratteristica forma a conchiglia. •Piazza del Campo è un unicum tra le piazze realizzate in epoca medievale, notoriamente legate da una planimetria convenzionale. •Per qualche decennio la piazza adempie alla sua funzione di mercato e di sede per fiere •Nasce poi un grande progetto civico, che porta alla costruzione dell’edificio più importante della piazza: il Palazzo Comunale. PALAZZO COMUNALE • Siamo negli anni novanta del XII secolo quando, dopo una riunione tra i magistrati e i rappresentanti dei cittadini residenti in zona, prendono finalmente avvio i lavori per la realizzazione dell’edificio. Per creare uniformità con lo spazio che via via prendeva forma, il governo senese emana una serie di norme volte alla modifica e alla ristrutturazione di tutte le abitazioni private poste nelle vicinanze dell’edificio. Un provvedimento tanto singolare quanto severo, ma che aveva un obiettivo ben preciso: nessuno doveva competere, né superare in grandezza, eleganza e originalità il Palazzo Comunale. I lavori durano all’incirca 11 anni. E’ nel 1308 che il palazzo viene ultimato nelle forme visibili ancora oggi. L’evento però coincide con un periodo difficile per la città di Siena. Una prima epidemia colpisce la città quarant’ anni prima di un’altra più devastante, che decimerà la popolazione. Il palazzo nel corso dei secoli non ha subito particolari modifiche, tranne che per alcune minime variazioni nel corso del Seicento. Questo è un aspetto interessante perché a tutt’oggi è possibile ammirare l’edificio nella sua originale configurazione, senza avere particolari differenze da quello che potevano vedere i cittadini senesi nel corso del Trecento. Palazzo Comunale, conosciuto anche come Palazzo Pubblico, diventa subito la sede del potere della Repubblica, all’epoca gestita dal cosiddetto Governo dei Nove, una rappresentanza eletta dal popolo. SALA DEL MAPPAMONDO •L’ambiente più grande all’interno del palazzo Comunale è quello della Sala del Mappamondo. Il suo utilizzo, vista la grande capienza, è finalizzato alle riunioni del Consiglio Generale della Repubblica, che in questo ambiente si trovava a discutere dei problemi dei cittadini senesi e delle norme da varare. •La sala non è importante solo per il suo ruolo politico, ma anche per quello artistico. E’ infatti il primo ambiente dove prende vita un vasto programma di decorazione che prevede l’abbellimento di tutto il palazzo. La Maestà di Simone Martini Nella Sala del Mappamondo viene realizzata l’opera più grande dell’intero edificio, la “Maestà” realizzata da Simone Martini. Per Simone Martini, un giovane e talentuoso artista, la realizzazione di quest’opera è un’occasione da non perdere, una grande opportunità professionale da portare a compimento nel migliore dei modi. Riesce infatti nel suo intento, realizzando un dipinto definito unanimemente sublime, accuratamente definito in ogni minimo dettaglio. Il soggetto preso in considerazione è la Madonna, una figura a cui i senesi sono da sempre particolarmente devoti. Maria è al centro del dipinto, seduta su un trono e circondata dai Santi. Due angeli sono inginocchiati in primo piano, e sono raffigurati mentre porgono alla Madonna dei cesti di fiori. Mentre i Santi al suo cospetto presentano suppliche per proteggere la città. La Madonna nel dipinto è intenta ad accogliere tali suppliche, assicurando la sua protezione su Siena e al tempo stesso rassicurando così coloro che sono accorsi da lei, ma ad una condizione ben precisa, governare con criterio. Il tema scelto è coerente con le ambizioni e con la politica della Repubblica senese, rappresentando senza ombra di dubbio quello che può essere considerato un vero e proprio primo richiamo al Buon Governo. Maria si rivolge al Consiglio dei Nove, esortandoli a governare secondo principi morali e religiosi. La Maestà non è soltanto un’opera da ammirare con gli occhi, ma anche da • leggere: infatti, il colloquio che «Dilecti mie, ponete nelle intercorre tra la Vergine e la corte menti/ Che li devoti vostri celeste non è lasciato preghi onesti/Come vorrete all’immaginazione dello spettatore, ma è ricostruibile attraverso la lettura delle voi farò contenti,/ Ma se i molte iscrizioni che compaiono potenti a’debil fien molesti/ nell’affresco e che ne evidenziano l’alto significato civile, oltre che religioso. Gravando loro con vergogna Nei versetti in lingua volgare, dunque o danni,/ Le vostre orazion comprensibili a tutti, posti alla base del trono, Maria si rivolge ai non son per questi/ Né per committenti, al Consiglio dei Nove, qualunque la mia terra esortandoli a governare secondo principi morali e religiosi. inganni». •Vengono indicati i princìpi morali su cui deve sostenersi il buon governo. Sono espressi come se si trattasse di consigli pronunciati dalla Madonna e rivolti ai governanti della città. Del resto, anche nel cartiglio che il Bambino reca – realizzato in vera carta applicata e scritto con autentico inchiostro – si legge un imperativo di uguale significato, tratto dal Libro della Sapienza: «Diligite Iustitiam qui iudicatis terram», concetto sul quale si fonda anche la complessa Allegoria del Buon Governo, affrescata da Ambrogio Lorenzetti nella sala attigua a quella della Maestà. Simone Martini, qualche anno dopo, nel 1328 realizza un altro dipinto destinato a diventare un altro suo celebre capolavoro, “Guidoriccio da Fogliano all’assedio di Monte Massi”. E’ un’opera dal tema insolito per l’arte di quel tempo, è infatti una delle prime vedute a volo d’uccello nella storia dell’arte. Ed in questo caso uno degli esempi di raffigurazione delle conquiste di Siena di quegli anni. Come a voler dimostrare il successo della politica intrapreso in quel periodo. E’ di fatto una vera e propria pittura di cronaca, molto distante dalle innumerevoli opere a carattere religioso che raffiguravano figure sacre o in cui figure umane venivano rappresentate solo ed esclusivamente in funzione di raccordo alle tematiche sacre, in una sorta di intermediazione tra uomo e divinità. L’affresco è assai controverso, sia per quanto riguarda il soggetto, sia per quanto riguarda l’autore, che a lungo, comunque, è stato identificato in Simone Martini. A tutt’oggi, la questione rimane insoluta: alcuni studiosi continuano a considerarlo un capolavoro martiniano, riconoscendovi in particolare «la dipentura…di Montemassi et Sassoforte nel Palazzo del Comune», ricordata dai documenti archivistici, per la quale Simone fu pagato sedici lire; altri, invece, sostengono si tratti dell’affresco con La presa del castello di Giuncarico, attribuito dalle fonti a Duccio di Buoninsegna; infine, altri ancora avanzano i nomi di Pietro Lorenzetti e Memmo di Filippuccio. In ogni caso, si tratta di un’immagine di grande bellezza. Che – nonostante le traversie ed i rifacimenti subìti nei secoli – conserva ancora la sua suggestione, dominata dalla figura del cavaliere silente che, con solennità, passa attraverso le crete brulle del paesaggio maremmano. Degna di un grande artista è l’invenzione della palizzata che, in calce all’affresco, digrada sino a scomparire sotto la cornice, per poi riemergere a destra, nei pressi dell’accampamento. Guidoriccio da Fogliano, che nel 1328 – data storica della presa del castello di Montemassi – era capitano dell’esercito senese, appare ammantato, così come la sua cavalcatura, da una veste ricamata con le insegne familiari: losanghe blu scuro da cui si dipartono stilizzati pampini su fondo d’oro. In origine, la veste e la gualdrappa erano ricoperte di sottili lamine di stagno argenteo, che, applicate a secco, andarono presto perdute. La struttura difensiva che si trova quasi al centro della scena, tra il castello e l’accampamento dei senesi, è un «battifolle», ossia una fortezza, che veniva eretta dagli assedianti per proteggersi, ma anche per attaccare. Sotto al "Guidoriccio" è stato rinvenuto una ventina d'anni indietro un altro affresco di tema analogo, anch'esso di eccelsa mano, raffigurante "Due personaggi e un castello". Il fatto che l'opera sia stata presto ricoperta da uno strato
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