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Chapter 4: Land Degradation Second Order Draft Chapter 4: IPCC SRCCL 1 Chapter 4: Land Degradation 2 3 Coordinating Lead Authors: Humberto Barbosa (Brazil), Lennart Olsson (Sweden) 4 Lead Authors: Suruchi Bhadwal (India), Annette Cowie (Australia), Kenel Delusca (Haiti), Dulce 5 Flores-Renteria (Mexico), Kathleen Hermans (Germany), Esteban Jobbagy (Argentina), Werner Kurz 6 (Canada), Diqiang Li (China), Denis Jean Sonwa, (Cameroon), Lindsay Stringer (United Kingdom) 7 Contributing Authors: Timothy Crews (United States of America), Martin Dallimer (United 8 Kingdom), Eamon Haughey (Ireland), Richard Houghton (United States of America), Mohsin Iqbal 9 (Pakistan), Woo-Kyun Lee (Korea), John Morton (United Kingdom), Jan Petzold (Germany), Florence 10 Renou-Wilson (Ireland), Murray Scown (Australia), Anna Tengberg (Sweden), Louis Verchot 11 (Colombia), Katharine Vincent (South Africa), 12 Review Editors: Jose Manuel Moreno (Spain), Carolina Vera (Argentina) 13 Chapter Scientist: Aliyu Salisu Barau (Nigeria) 14 Date of Draft: 16/11/2018 15 Do Not Cite, Quote or Distribute 4-1 Total pages: 157 Second Order Draft Chapter 4: IPCC SRCCL 1 2 Table of Contents 3 Chapter 4: Land Degradation ......................................................................................................... 4-1 4 4.1 Executive summary .............................................................................................................. 4-4 5 4.2 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 4-6 6 4.2.1 Scope of the chapter ..................................................................................................... 4-6 7 4.2.2 Perspectives of land degradation .................................................................................. 4-7 8 4.3 Land degradation in previous IPCC reports ......................................................................... 4-8 9 4.3.1 Definitions of land degradation and land management ................................................ 4-8 10 4.3.2 Sustainable land and forest management ................................................................... 4-10 11 4.3.3 The human dimension of land and forest degradation ............................................... 4-13 12 4.4 Land degradation in the context of climate change ........................................................... 4-13 13 4.4.1 Processes of land degradation .................................................................................... 4-15 14 4.4.2 Drivers of land degradation ........................................................................................ 4-22 15 4.4.3 Attribution in the case of land degradation ................................................................ 4-24 16 4.4.4 Approaches to assessing land degradation ................................................................. 4-26 17 4.5 Status and current trends of land degradation .................................................................... 4-29 18 4.5.1 Land degradation........................................................................................................ 4-29 19 4.5.2 Forest degradation ...................................................................................................... 4-32 20 4.6 Projections of land degradation in a changing climate ...................................................... 4-34 21 4.6.1 Direct impacts on land degradation............................................................................ 4-34 22 4.6.2 Indirect impacts on land degradation ......................................................................... 4-38 23 4.7 Impacts of bioenergy provision on land degradation ......................................................... 4-39 24 4.7.1 Provision of bioenergy and land-based negative emission technologies (NETs) ...... 4-39 25 4.7.2 Potential risks of land-based NET impacts on land degradation ............................... 4-40 26 4.7.3 Potential contributions of land-based NETs to land restoration ................................ 4-40 27 4.7.4 Traditional biomass provision and land degradation ................................................. 4-41 28 4.7.5 Reducing deforestation and forest degradation .......................................................... 4-42 29 4.7.6 Sustainable forest management and negative emissions ............................................ 4-43 30 4.8 Impacts of land degradation on climate systems ................................................................ 4-44 31 4.8.1 Impacts on net CO2 emissions.................................................................................... 4-44 32 4.8.2 Impacts on non-CO2 greenhouse gases ...................................................................... 4-45 33 4.8.3 Physical impacts ......................................................................................................... 4-46 34 4.9 Impacts of climate-related land degradation on people and nature .................................... 4-46 35 4.9.1 Poverty, livelihood and vulnerability impacts of climate related land degradation ... 4-47 36 4.9.2 Food Security ............................................................................................................. 4-49 Do Not Cite, Quote or Distribute 4-2 Total pages: 157 Second Order Draft Chapter 4: IPCC SRCCL 1 4.9.3 Impacts of climate related land degradation on migration and conflict ..................... 4-49 2 4.9.4 Impacts of climate related land degradation on cultural practices ............................. 4-51 3 4.9.5 Impacts of climate related land degradation on nature .............................................. 4-52 4 4.10 Addressing/targeting land degradation in the context of climate change .......................... 4-52 5 4.10.1 Actions on the ground to address land degradation ................................................... 4-55 6 4.10.2 Higher-level responses to land degradation ............................................................... 4-59 7 4.10.3 Resilience and tipping points ..................................................................................... 4-61 8 4.10.4 Barriers to implementation ......................................................................................... 4-62 9 4.11 Hotspots and case-studies .................................................................................................. 4-65 10 4.11.1 The role of urban green infrastructure in land degradation, climate change adaptation 11 and mitigation ............................................................................................................................ 4-66 12 4.11.2 Perennial Grains and Soil Organic Carbon ................................................................ 4-67 13 4.11.3 Reversing Land Degradation, examples of large scale restoration and rehabilitation of 14 degraded lands (South Korea and China)................................................................................... 4-70 15 4.11.4 Degradation and management of peat soils ............................................................... 4-73 16 4.11.5 Hurricane induced land degradation .......................................................................... 4-79 17 4.11.6 Saltwater intrusion ..................................................................................................... 4-81 18 4.11.7 Biochar ....................................................................................................................... 4-84 19 4.11.8 Avoiding coastal degradation induced by maladaptation to sea-level rise on small islands 20 4-86 21 4.12 Knowledge gaps and key uncertainties .............................................................................. 4-88 22 Frequently Asked Questions .......................................................................................................... 4-88 23 References ...................................................................................................................................... 4-89 24 25 Do Not Cite, Quote or Distribute 4-3 Total pages: 157 Second Order Draft Chapter 4: IPCC SRCCL 1 4.1 Executive summary 2 Land degradation resulting in a decline in productive capacity, ecological integrity or value to 3 humans, is linked to climate change in many complex ways (very high confidence). In this report, 4 land degradation is defined as a negative trend in land condition resulting in long term reduction or 5 loss of the biological productivity of land, its ecological integrity or its value to humans, caused by 6 direct or indirect human-induced processes, including climate change. Therefore, in this context, if it 7 is not accompanied by a decline in productive capacity, a decrease in carbon stock does not necessarily 8 indicate land degradation. Forest degradation is land degradation which occurs in forested land {4.3.1, 9 4.3.2}. 10 Climate change exacerbates many land degradation processes in terms of rates and magnitudes 11 of degradation, therefore sustainable land management is even more urgently required to avoid, 12 reduce and reverse degradation (very high confidence). Climate change exacerbates processes 13 through increasing heat stress and drought, more intense rainfall, sea-level rise, and increased wind and 14 wave action, yet land management determines whether the land becomes degraded or not (high 15 agreement, robust evidence). Agriculture and clearing of land for food and timber production
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