Master Thesis Universitätslehrganges Library and Information Studies

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Master Thesis Universitätslehrganges Library and Information Studies Master Thesis im Rahmen des Universitätslehrganges Library and Information Studies MSc an der Universität Innsbruck Schattenbibliotheken, die moralische Verpflichtung des Teilens und das Vermächtnis des Aaron Swartz zur Erlangung des Grades Master of Science eingereicht von Michaela Rossini bei Mark Buzinkay Wien, 2016 Inhaltsverzeichnis N.B. Sämtliche Links im nachfolgenden Text wurden am 31.8.2016 auf ihre Richtigkeit überprüft, unterliegen jedoch den gängigen, oft unvermeidbaren Änderungen von URLs im Netz. Die verwendeten Quellen sind in digitaler Form beigefügt. 1. Einleitung ............................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Selbstverschuldete Unmündigkeit .............................................................................................. 8 2.1 Das Oligopol wissenschaftlicher Verlage .......................................................................... 8 2.2 The Cost of Knowledge ........................................................................................................... 11 3. Akademische Piraten .................................................................................................................... 22 3.1 Aaron Swartz – Held oder Dieb? ........................................................................................ 23 3.2 Fernleihe reloaded: #ICanHazPDF ................................................................................... 29 3.3 Teilen, Nutzen, nicht Besitzen: von Library.nu zu Custodians Online ............... 35 4. Rebellische Schattenbibliotheken ............................................................................................ 53 4.1 Das Vermächtnis des Aaron Swartz ................................................................................. 53 4.2 Ist Teilen unmoralisch? .......................................................................................................... 75 5. Ziviler Ungehorsam 3.0 – eine digitale Sammlung ............................................................ 82 5.1 Blogs & Media............................................................................................................................. 82 5.2 Interviews & Stellungnahmen ............................................................................................ 97 5.3 Präsentationen & Videos ................................................................................................... 102 6. „Open Access – die Revolution bleibt aus” ......................................................................... 103 7. Bibliographie .................................................................................................................................. 113 8. Anhang………………………………………………………………………………………………...…….133 2 Abstract (deutsch) Schattenbibliotheken bieten umfangreiche illegale Textsammlungen, welche kostenfrei und ohne Beschränkung jeglicher Art weltweit genutzt werden können. Sie ermöglichen damit einen noch nie dagewesenen Wissenstransfer rund um den Globus. Während etwa die Hälfte der NutzerInnen aus Entwicklungsländern stammt, für die Schattenbibliotheken sonst unzugängliche Werke bieten, zeigt sich erstaunlicherweise eine ebenso hohe Anzahl von Downloads in Ländern, in denen die Pro-Kopf -Ausgaben für Forschung und Bildung relativ hoch, Buchmärkte gut entwickelt und Bibliotheken zum Großteil gut finanziert und genutzt sind. Schattenbibliotheken füllen klar eine Lücke, indem sie einen bestimmten Service kostenlos und dazu noch in der Handhabung einfacher und vernetzter anbieten als die meisten öffentlichen oder Forschungsbibliotheken. Wie funktionieren diese Bibliotheken? Wie wurden sie im Laufe der Zeit entwickelt? Was sind die Folgen dieses neuen Phänomens für traditionelle Bibliotheken? Und vor allem - ist es illegal oder moralisch, Informationen zu teilen? Schattenbibliotheken sind nicht DIE ultimative Lösung – solange Verlage ihre Geschäftsmodelle nicht ändern und Forschung weiterhin auf Bewertungen nach Impact-Faktoren basiert, wird Wissen hinter Barrieren verschwinden. Allerdings haben Schattenbibliotheken wesentlich dazu beigetragen, die Debatte neu zu entfachen und somit mitgeholfen, einen kulturellen Wandel in der Bewegung hin zum freien Zugang zu beschleunigen. 3 Abstract (english) Illegal online collections of research papers offer fast and modern access to scholarly knowledge, without charging or limiting their users. Hence they simplify and promote an unrivaled exchange of knowledge around the world. As expected, for a large group of users (about 50%) from developing countries this is the only opportunity to track down inaccessible (expensive) research papers. Surprisingly the other half come from western countries where in general research is properly funded, the publishing industry is thriving and libraries are highly used. Libraries created in the shadows include large numbers of texts meticulously organized and shared, which, unlike music- or film piracy, have an impact beyond the publisher’s website. Shadow libraries have proved to offer certain services faster and to a bigger audience than most university or research libraries. This study investigates how these libraries work and how they have developed over time. What are the consequences of this new reality for long-established libraries? And most of all – is it illegal or moral to share information? Shadow libraries are not THE ultimate solution - as long as publishers do not change their business models, and research is still based on ratings by impact factor, the knowledge will disappear behind barriers. Nevertheless have they substantially contributed to re-ignite the debate and thus helped to accelerate cultural change within the movement towards open access. 4 1. Einleitung Während die (legale) Forderung nach und Förderung von Open-Access in den letzten 10 Jahren gewaltigen Auftrieb erhalten haben und sich mittlerweile weder Verlage noch Bibliotheken der Notwendigkeit entziehen können, sich mit der Weiterentwicklung neuer Publikationsmodelle auseinanderzusetzen (in kommerzieller Hinsicht oder um ihrer Pflicht gegenüber der Gesellschaft nachzukommen), bestehen neue Herausforderungen für die Bewegung mittlerweile nicht mehr nur seitens der Verlage, welche Open Access als lukratives Neben- oder Ersatzgeschäft entdeckt haben; am Rande der Legalität entstehen „Schattenbibliotheken“ – weltweit betrieben von meist nur unter ihrem Pseudonym agierenden Individuen oder Gruppierungen – und bieten freien, anonymen und kostenlosen Zugriff auf wissenschaftliche Publikationen. Die zugrundeliegende Motivation: Die Idealvorstellung, dass Wissen und Information ein Gemeingut sind, welches nicht zur Bereicherung einiger weniger (d.h. der Verlagsindustrie) dienen, sondern der gesamten Menschheit zugutekommen soll – wenn man so will, eine radikale Auslegung des Open- Access-Gedankens und nicht umsonst meist im Zusammenhang mit der argumentativen Grundlage des Initiators dieser Bewegung, Aaron Swartz, als „Guerilla Open Access“ bezeichnet. Doch der Aufruf, dass das Teilen von Wissen nicht illegal, sondern moralische Notwendigkeit sei, ist nur der Anfang eines neuen Bewusstseins dafür, dass Zugang zur Information kein ausschließliches Privileg sein dürfe, und trägt gleichzeitig dazu bei, im Wissenschaftsbetrieb vorherrschende Moralvorstellungen zur Diskussion zu stellen. Aus dieser Motivation heraus und aufgrund ihrer eigenen Erfahrungen als junge Studentin und später Forscherin, deren Universität sich die teuren Zeitschriften nicht leisten kann, lancierte Aleksandra Elbakyan vor nunmehr 6 Jahren 5 „Library Genesis“ (auch unter Lib Gen bekannt), eine Webpräsenz, die sich zur Aufgabe macht, kostspielige Artikel hinter Paywalls zu „befreien“. Mittlerweile hat die Anzahl der dort verfügbaren Papers Millionenhöhe erreicht, und selbst eine Klage von Elsevier konnte (noch) nicht viel mehr bewirken, als dass die betreffenden Webseiten einige Tage nicht erreichbar waren, nur um dann in verbesserter Art und Weise wieder über russische Server aufzutauchen.1 Nicht genug damit: Eine immer weiterwachsende Schar von ForscherInnen bekennt sich immer öfter offen dazu, Befürworter der mittlerweile parallel existierenden „Sci-Hub“-Community zu sein, die ganz im Sinne von Aaron Swartz agiert: „We need to fight for Guerilla Open Access. With enough of us, around the world, we'll not just send a strong message opposing the privatization of knowledge — we'll make it a thing of the past. Will you join us?" Parallel dazu kursierte bald auf Twitter ein ganz neuer Hashtag: #icanhazpdf entstand ursprünglich als ein effizienter Weg für Wissenschaftsjournalisten und Blogger (die in der Regel keinen institutionellen Zugang zu Fachzeitschriften haben), um schnell die PDF-Versionen wissenschaftlicher Artikel zu erhalten. Das Verfahren ist denkbar einfach: Zusammen mit dem #icanhazpdf Hashtag wird ein Link zum Artikel getwittert. Andere BenutzerInnen können dann auf die Anfrage reagieren, indem sie die PDF-Datei durch ihren eigenen institutionellen Zugang abrufen und per Email an den anfordernden Twitterer senden. Sobald das PDF empfangen worden ist, löscht der Anforderer seinen ursprünglichen Tweet. Diese Trends sind kein kurzfristiges Phänomen - ob wir sie nun gutheißen und aktiv unterstützen oder als illegal ablehnen und eher als Bedrohung der Open- Access-Bewegung sehen wollen: Über die Jahre wurden Millionen von Dokumenten „befreit“, Links getweetet, PDFs verschickt, Server migriert, Klagen ausgefochten
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