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(CHRYSOCYON BRACHYURUS) HELD EX SITU by Lauren E. Reiter

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(CHRYSOCYON BRACHYURUS) HELD EX SITU by Lauren E. Reiter UNDERSTANDING POOR REPRODUCTION IN THE MANED WOLF (CHRYSOCYON BRACHYURUS) HELD EX SITU by Lauren E. Reiter A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Interdisciplinary Studies Understanding Poor Reproduction in the Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) Held Ex Situ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies at George Mason University by Lauren E. Reiter Bachelor of Arts Miami University, 2006 Director: Michael P. Gilmore, Professor New Century College Summer Semester 2012 George Mason University Fairfax, VA This work is licensed under a creative commons attribution-noderivs 3.0 unported license. ii DEDICATION This is dedicated to my parents, Mark and Colleen, and my three fur children, Tigger, Lucy and Gypsy. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the many friends, relatives and supporters who have made this happen. I would like to thank my committee, Dr. Nucharin Songsasen, Dr. Elizabeth Freeman and Dr. Gilmore, for their endless patience, guidance and support. This work was possible thanks to the generosity and support of Dr. Nucharin Songsasen, sharing her data, knowledge and experience with me. Many thanks go out to the Smithsonian Institution and Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute for providing a well-equipped repository for conducting laboratory analyses and to Sarah Putman, Nicole Presley, Nicole Parker and Natalia Prado-Oviedo for teaching me how to use the technology available and assisting me with laboratory troubleshooting. I would like to acknowledge my colleagues, Amy Johnson, Mayako Fujihara, Jennifer Nagashima, Stacie Castelda, Marieke Kester, Megan Brown and Tathiana Motheo, for their support and patience. I would like to express my endless gratitude to all the zoological facilities and staff that helped me collect data: Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Front Royal, VA; White Oak Conservation Center, Yulee, FL; Connecticut’s Beardsley Zoo, Bridgeport, CT; Houston Zoo, Houston, TX; Wildlife World Zoo, Litchfield Park, AZ; Pueblo Zoo, Pueblo, CO; Louisville Zoo, Louisville, KY; Buffalo Zoo, Buffalo, NY; Birmingham Zoo, Birmingham, AL; San Antonio Zoo, San Antonio, TX; Sedgwick County Zoo, Wichita, KS; Oklahoma City Zoo; Oklahoma City, OK; Omaha’s Henry Doorly Zoo and Aquarium, Omaha, NE; Little Rock Zoo, Little Rock, AR; and Dickerson Park Zoo, Springfield, MO. Lastly, my research would not have been possible without the continuous support and confidence from my loving parents, Mark and Colleen, and the furry assistance from my three rescued dogs, Tigger, Lucy and Gypsy. This research was made possible by the financial support from the Maned Wolf Species Survival Plan and Smithsonian’s Women’s Committee. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables ................................................................................................................... viii List of Figures .................................................................................................................... ix List of Equations ................................................................................................................. x List of Abbreviations or Symbols ...................................................................................... xi Abstract ............................................................................................................................ xiv I. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 18 II. Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 24 Natural History of the Maned Wolf .............................................................................. 24 Physical Description .................................................................................................. 24 Free-Ranging Maned Wolves .................................................................................... 26 The North American Population of Captive Maned Wolves ........................................ 28 Reproductive Endocrinology of the Maned Wolf ..................................................... 31 Non-Invasive Hormone Monitoring .......................................................................... 35 Stress .......................................................................................................................... 36 Nutritional Management ............................................................................................... 39 Leptin ............................................................................................................................ 40 III. Reproductive and Stress Hormone Monitoring in the Captive Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) .................................................................................................. 44 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 44 Hypothesis ..................................................................................................................... 46 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 46 Animals and Facilities ................................................................................................... 47 Sample Collection ......................................................................................................... 48 Hormone Extraction from Feces ................................................................................... 48 Hormone Analysis ......................................................................................................... 49 Fecal Estrone Conjugate (EC) Enzyme Immunoassay ................................................. 49 v Fecal Progestagen (Pg) Enzyme Immunoassay ............................................................ 50 Fecal Cortisol (F) Enzyme Immunoassay ..................................................................... 51 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) .................................................... 51 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 52 Characterization of Glucocorticoid Metabolites by HPLC ........................................... 54 Hormone Analysis ......................................................................................................... 54 Fecal Progestagen Hormone Analysis ........................................................................... 54 Fecal Cortisol Hormone Analysis ................................................................................. 55 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 56 IV. Non-invasive Assessment of Leptin Concentrations in the Captive Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) .................................................................................................. 70 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 70 Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 74 Animals and Facilities ................................................................................................... 74 Urine Samples ............................................................................................................... 75 Blood Samples ............................................................................................................... 76 Leptin Radioimmunoassay ............................................................................................ 76 Creatinine Enzyme Immunoassay ................................................................................. 76 Assay Validation ........................................................................................................... 77 Statistical Analysis ........................................................................................................ 78 Serum and Urinary Leptin Assay Validation ................................................................ 79 Measuring Urinary Leptin Concentrations .................................................................... 79 Effect of Sex .................................................................................................................. 79 Effect of Body Weight, Length and Body Mass Index ................................................. 79 Effect of Age ................................................................................................................. 80 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 80 V. Conclusion ................................................................................................................... 90 Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 96 Appendix A ......................................................................................................................
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